What is the Primary Function of the Expansion Valve in a Refrigeration System?

The Primary Function of an Expansion Valve in a Refrigeration System is to regulate

the Flow of Refrigerant from the H P side to the L P side of the System.
The pressure drop causes the Saturation Temperature to drop, enabling it to boil off at
the Low Temperature of the Evaporator.

Procedure for Handing Over a Watch

The Engineer Should Not Vacate the Engine Room until his Relief arrives.
He should acquaint the relieving Engineer of any abnormal operating conditions that have
occurred during the Watch.
Any Orders from the Bridge, recorded in the Log Book should be pointed out.
Instructions from Senior Engineer should be passed on.
Any repairs should be reported together with information on any machinery that has
been dismantled.
The presence of any other Members of Ship's Staff in the Engine Room
should be Reported.
The Engineer must ascertain that his Relief if fit and able
before vacating the Machinery Space.

How would you prepare a Main Engine for Sea?

This may vary from Engine to Engine.
Have a visual check all round the Engine.
Start the Engine Lub Oil Pumps, engage Turning Gear and turn the
Engine ensuring Indicator Cocks are open.
Jacket Water Heating should be on ensuring the Engine is warmed through,
Circulated by Circulating Pump.
The Fuel Oil Booster Pumps should also be running, circulating Fuel around the System.
Note: If manoeuvring on High Viscosity Fuel Oil, the Fuel should be heated
and circulated around the Injectors to give the correct viscosity for the
Grade of Fuel in use. Ensure Fuel Injectors are vented and primed.
Drain any water from Air Start Receivers and Starting Air Manifold,
also Control Systems.
Check Jacket Heater Tank Level.
Check all Oil Levels, Sump, Governor, Turbocharger,
Cylinder Lub Oil Tank, Rocker Arm if on 4-stroke.
Operate Cylinder lubricators by hand.
Check Fuel Oil Service Tank, i.e. drain off water/sludge
Disengage Turning Gear.
Inform Bridge that you are about to Blow the Engine Over on Air they
will give you permission. Open Air Start Valve from Receiver.
Once Engine is Blown Over on Air, close Indicator Cocks, start Jacket
Water Pumps, shut off Jacket Heating and Circulating Pump.
If two stroke Engine, start Auxiliary Blower.
Inform Bridge you are ready to start Engine.
Start Engine and Seawater Cooling Pump, have a good visual check
around the Engine and check all parameters are correct.
Inform Bridge that you are ready for Stand-by.

What Instrument measures small changes in Crankcase Pressure?

A Manometer
How does the Overspeed Trip Work?
The Overspeed Trip works by shutting the Fuel Off to the Engine.
There are various types of Trips, Mechanical Types, which work on
the principle of Fly-weights, or Electrical Types, which work on the
principle of a Speed "pick-up" operating a Stop Solenoid.

At what Temperature does the Department of Trade and Industry state

that Fuels must be kept in Storage Tanks?
14C under their Flash Point.

What is the difference between Cylinder Lub Oil of Trunk Piston

Engines and Crosshead Engines?

What is the Importance of "M" Notices?

"M" Notices are important as they convey very useful information such as:

Merchant Shipping Notices (MSNs): which will only be used to

convey mandatory information, which must be complied with under
British Legislation.
Merchant Guidance Notes (MGNs): which will provide advice and
guidance to relevant parties in order to improve the Safety of Shipping
and of Life at Sea.
Marine Information Notes (MINs): which will provide information to a
more limited audience such as Training Establishments or Equipment Manufacturers.

What Preventative Maintenance should be Frequently done to

Diesel Engine Start Air Receivers?
They should be drained of Accumulated Moisture.

What would happen if the Lub Oil Pressure dropped too Low on a Pump?
If the Lub Oil Pressure were to drop too low on the Lub Oil Pump,
the Stand By Lub Oil Pump would cut in.

What causes Blue Smoke in Combustion i.e. in the Exhaust?

Blue Smoke would indicate that Excessive Lub Oil was being burnt in Combustion.

What can you do to prevent Scavenge Fires?

Conscientious maintenance of the Engine and regular inspection and
cleaning of Scavenge Air Spaces will help prevent Scavenge Fires.

What causes White Smoke from Combustion i.e. in the Exhaust?

White Smoke would indicate the presence of Water.

What Safety Devices are Fitted to a Start Air Line?

Non Return Valve, Flame Traps/Arrestors, Bursting Discs and Safety Valves.

Name Main Engine Shutdowns.

Low Lub Oil Pressure
High Jacket Water Temperature
High Main Bearing Temperature
Overspeed
Oil Mist Detection

What are the Safety Devices fitted to an Air Compressor?

Low Lub Oil Pressure Shut Down
High Air Temperature Shut Down
1st Stage Relief Valve
2nd Stage Relief Valve
A Fusible Plug is fitted after the 2nd Stage Cooler, Set at 120C
If Water Cooled, a Jacket Water Safety Valve is fitted.

How does Generator Lub Oil cope with Blow By?

Generator Lub Oil copes with Blow By, by having a TBN of 20-30
(TBN standing for Total Base Number which is an indication of the
quantity of Alkali, i.e. base, which is available to neutralise acids from blow by).

Why carry out Boiler Feed Water Tests?

Boiler Feed Water Tests are carried out to prevent and detect contamination
of the Feed Water i.e. a build up of scale occurring, which could
reduce Boiler efficiency and can cause serious overheating.
Also to prevent corrosion.
Prevent Carry Over - where soluble salts and suspended solids are
carried over with Steam.

How do you purify HFO?

Heavy Fuel Oil is purified using a Centrifugal Separator, which
operates by the principle of Centrifugal Force separating two liquids,
in this case Fuel Oil and Water by means of a Cylindrical Interface
between the two. The positioning of this Interface being very important for the correct operation.

What would you do if you had a High Chloride Level in the Boiler?
To reduce the Chloride Level in the Boiler, the Boiler would be Blown Down,
thus allowing Fresh Feed to the Boiler.

What is the Difference between a Clarifier and a Purifier?

A Purifier removes Water as where a Clarifier removes Solid Impurities.
In some cases, both are used for separation purposes, firstly the Oil is purified, then clarified.

Explain the Bilge System from Bilge Wells to Overboard.

The Bilge Pump (Positive Displacement Pump) takes Suction from the Bilge
Well via a Strum Box, then via a Strainer before entering the Pump where it is
then discharged to the Bilge Holding Tank.
From the Bilge Tank the Oily Water Separator takes Suction,
Bilge Water passes through the Separator before being discharged overboard via
15ppm Monitoring Unit, which will automatically stop the Oily Water Separator
Pump and give an Alarm if the Oily Water Mixture exceeds 15ppm.

Why are Quick Closing Valves fitted in a Fuel System and how can they fail to operate?
Quick Closing Valves are fitted in Fuel Systems so that in the event of a
Fire in the vicinity of these Systems or a Fracture or Break in these Lines,
the System can be shut down rapidly and remotely.
They may fail to operate if not maintained or tested regularly.

How is the Signal from the Bridge when the Helm is Moved Transmitted to the
Hydraulic Rams in Steering Flat?
When the Helm on the Bridge is moved, electrical impulses are produced.
These impulses are transmitted via an amplifier or control unit to the Steering Flat.
In the Steering Flat, these impulses are relayed to a servomotor (telemotor)
which drives an adjusting gear and floating lever which puts the
steering gear variable delivery pump on stroke, thus creating hydraulic pressure
in the system which moves the Rams, thus moving the Tiller and Rudder.
The Pump is only required to deliver Oil when the Helm is moved
i.e. once rudder has matched the Helm Angle, the Control Lever
will put the Pump Off Stroke.

What Action would you take in the event of the Main Engine Oil Sump Level Rising?
What could be the Problem and how would you fix it?
The action to be taken would depend on how fast the level was rising and
what was causing it to rise.
It could be due to the Lub Oil Filling Valve being left open.
But, if it were due to Water or Fuel entering the Sump, the Engine
would have to be Stopped as soon as it was Safe to do so.
Tests would be carried out to tell if it were Water or Fuel.
If it were Fuel, you can normally smell this in the Oil,
but a Flow Stick Test can be done.
Water has a tendency to form the colour of the Oil, depending on
extent of contamination.
If it were Fuel, the most likely cause would be a faulty Injector; therefore
it would be changed.
If it were Water, it could be coming from a Cracked Liner or Liner 'O' Rings,
therefore possible Liner change to solve the Problem.
The Oil may have to be changed, depending on extent of Contamination,
but the Lub Oil Purifier may be able to cope with it.

What would cause an Excessive High Pressure in a Refrigeration System?

High Pressure could be caused by lack of Cooling or a Fouled Condenser or
even Overcharge, but this is usually unlikely.

What type of Safety Valve is Fitted to a Boiler and at what Pressure does it Lift?
The type of Safety Valves fitted to Boilers are High Lift Safety Valves and are
designed to Operate at 10% Boiler working pressure and must also be capable of
releasing all the Steam the Boiler can produce without the pressure rising
more than 10% over a set period: 15 min for Tank Boilers and 7 mins for
Water Tube. The spring pressure, once set, is fixed and sealed by a Surveyor.
Note: The above Test is known as the Accumulation of Pressure Test.

What is the Purpose of a Volute Casing in a Turbo Charger?

The purpose of a Volute Casing in a Turbo Charger is to change the Air
Velocity in to Pressure. It also ensures a Constant Velocity of Air leaving
the Turbo Charger by accommodating for the gradual increase in quantity of
Air that builds up at the circumference of the Compressor.
Give a Shipboard use for Grey Cast Iron and the Properties that make
it suitable for this use.
Freshwater Pump Casings.
It has fairly good machining qualities and is also inexpensive.

What is the Purpose of the Scum Valve on a Boiler?

The Scum Valve on a Boiler is connected to a shallow dish positioned
at the normal water level of the Boiler and enables the Blowing Down
or Removal of Scum and Impurities from the Water Surface.

What type of Pumps are used for Pumping Bilges in an Emergency?

These Pumps are normally High Capacity Centrifugal Pumps.

What would cause Excessive Exhaust Temperatures?

On a Single Cylinder, it could be an Incorrect Fuel Pump Timing
i.e. late Injection causing after-burn, too much Fuel, leaking Fuel Injector
or burnt out Exhaust Valve. If all Exhaust Temperatures were High, it could be
due to High Scavenge Temperature, Charge Air Cooler Fouled, Turbo Charger
Air Filters Dirty or Fouled, High Engine Load.

What are the Properties of Heavy Fuel Oil?

The Properties of Heavy Fuel Oil are: High Viscosity, Long Ignition Delay
i.e. Low Cetane Index

Explain your Company's Bunkering Procedures.

Most Companies will have a Bunkering Procedure which will consist of a
check list containing Procedures such as:
Ensure vessel is securely moored
Scuppers are plugged
There are communication between both parties
No smoking signs placed
No hot work is taking place in the vicinity
Oil spill gear is available
Correct valves are opened for bunkering
The overflow tank is empty
This check list is then signed by both parties plus the Chief Engineer
The time of bunkers starting and finishing are then recorded
The amount to each tank
Place of bunkering
Type of Fuel Oil Bunkered, this is also recorded in the Oil Record Book.

Note: Before Bunkering a set of soundings should be taken; also during

Bunkering to ensure Fuel is going to correct tanks; and at the end of Bunkering.
Samples of Fuel Bunkered should be taken throughout Bunkering for Analysis.

Why is a Gear type Pump used for pumping Oil, while a Centrifugal Pump
is used for pumping Water?
A Gear Pump is used for pumping Oil as it has a high suction lift, is self priming,
able to produce the discharge pressure required by the System and can handle
large amounts of Vapour or Entrained Gases. It is also able to pump High Viscous Fluids.
A Centrifugal Pump is used for pumping Water, as it is unable to pump High Viscous
Fluids such as Oil, the Centrifugal Pump is not Self-Priming.

How does an Oil Mist Detector Work?

The Oil Mist Detector uses a Photoelectric Cell to measure small increases in Oil Density.
A Motor driven Fan continuously draws samples of Crankcase Oil Mist through
a measuring tube. An increased meter reading and an Alarm will result if any
Crankcase sample contains excessive Mist when compared to either Clean Air
or to the other Crankcase Compartments. The Rotary Valve, which draws the
sample, then stops to indicate the Suspect Crankcase Compartment.
The Alarm will cause an Engine Slow Down or Shut Down.

What would happen if the Duty Engineer did not Report In after
Answering an Alarm?
The Dead-Man Alarm would activate, which the Duty Engineer would
have to Accept in the Engine Room, if not Accepted, the Watch-keeper
on the Bridge would send someone to Investigate if there was a Problem.

What would happen to the amps of a Centrifugal Pump if it were run with
the discharge valve shut?
The amps would drop, as there would be no load on the pump.

What Procedure would you go through before Taking Over a Watch?

Before taking over a Watch a Round of the Machinery Space should be taken,
checking various Temperatures and Pressures of Machinery, also checking Oil
and Tank Levels.
Check the Log Book and ensure all Parameters are met.
Also Ensure that you understand any Instructions that are handed over to you
i.e. any Machinery that might be out of Service.

What are the rough Lub Oil Pressures on the following, on a 2 stroke Engine:
Piston Cooling; Crosshead Bearings and Main Bearings?
Piston Cooling: 6-7 bar
Crosshead Bearing: 4-5 bar
Main Bearing: 2.5-3 bar.

What would be your first indication that there was water in the Sump?
Your first indication would be from your Lub Oil Purifier.
Or even possibly from water in Lub Oil Tests, if done Regularly.
If only one inch of water was observed in the Gauge Glass (only one Gauge Glass)
after Blowing Down the Boiler Gauge Glass, what would you do?
Reduce Firing Rate of Burner and increase Feed Water Flow to Boiler by
starting another Feed Pump.

Explain a Main Engine Lub Oil System

Lub Oil for an Engine is stored at the bottom of a Crankcase known as the Sump,
or in a Drain Tank located beneath the Engine. The Oil is drawn from this Tank
through a Strainer by one of two Pumps in parallel, one Pump being on Stand-by.
The Pump discharges the Oil into one of a pair of Fine Filters, it is then passed
through a Cooler before entering the Engine and being distributed to the various
 Branch Pipes. The Branch Pipe for a particular unit may feed the Main Bearing,
for instance. Some of this Oil will pass along a Drilled Passage in the Crankshaft
to the Bottom End Bearing and then up a Drilled Passage in the Con-rod to the Gudgeon
Pin in a Trunk Piston Engine or Crosshead Bearing in a Crosshead Engine.
An Alarm at the end of the Distribution Pipe ensures that adequate Pressure is maintained,
by the Pump. Pumps and Fine Filters are arranged in duplicate with one as standby.
After use in the Engine, the Lub Oil drains back to the Sump or Drain Tank for re-use.

How would you know if you had a Cracked Liner or Cylinder Head?
Your Jacket Water Header Tank would start to Fall.
Possibly higher Temperatures on that Unit
On a medium speed 4 Stroke Engine, if the Liner was cracked,
you would get
Water Contamination of the Sump.
On a 2 Stroke Engine there would be possible Water Leakage from
Stuffing Box Drains.

How would you check that there was excess water in the Sump?
By using Water Finding Paste.

Give a Shipboard use of Spheroidal Cast Iron and the Properties that
make it suitable for this use.
Cylinder Heads and Liners.
It has high compressive strength qualities and also good wear
resistive qualities.

Why is Simultaneous Injection of Fuel Oil and Starting Air into a

Main Engine Cylinder Undesirable and How is it Prevented?
Simultaneous Injection of Fuel and Starting Air into a Cylinder is
Undesirable as it could lead to an Explosion in the Start Air System.
It is prevented by means of Interlock, which prevents Fuel being Injected
when the Air Start Auto Valve is Open.
The Interlock Operates a Stop Solenoid, which keeps the Fuel Rack at Zero Position.

What type of Water Tests would you do on a Low Pressure Auxiliary Boiler/Economiser?
Chlorides test
PH-alkalinity test
Total dissolved solids test - using hydrometer
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity test
Hardness test
Phosphate reserve.

What are the reasons for not enough Scavenge/Charge Air?

Blocked Air Filter on Turbo Charger,
A Faulty Turbo Charger.

Why is Overlap necessary on Air Start Valves?

Overlap is necessary as if there was no Overlap it would be possible for the
Engine to stop in a position where no Valves are Open, i.e. unable to Start

What is the Pressure between an Engine Fuel Pump and Injector?

250-350 bar.

What are the Differences between Crosshead and Trunk Piston Engines?

Explain Heavy Oil Fuel System from Bunker Tanks to Engine.

Fuel is pumped from the Fuel Oil Double Bottoms via a Transfer Pump to
a Fuel Oil Settling Tank where it is heated. The Fuel Oil Purifiers/Centrifuges
take suction from the Settling Tank via Purifier Heaters, pass through the Purifiers,
where any water and impurities are removed and passed on to the Service Tank which
also has a set of Heating Coils.
From the Service Tank the Fuel then passes via a Flowmeter to the Mixing Tank,
from where the Booster Pumps take suction, discharging to the Fuel Oil Heaters,
where the correct Fuel Oil Temperature/Viscosity is achieved for
correct Fuel Combustion in the Engine.
The Fuel then passes through the Viscosity Regulator which controls the
Heater Temperature, then on to the Fuel Oil Filters (which are heated), to the
Fuel Pumps, then to the Fuel Injectors via Double Skin/Wall High Pressure Pipe.
Any surplus Fuel returns via a Regulating Valve from the Fuel Pumps back to the Mixing Tank.
Diesel Oil can also be used in the System and is fed to the System via a three-way valve.
Note: When Diesel is used, no heating is required.

Fresh Water supplied for Drinking and Culinary purposes must meet Specified Purity Standards.
How is this achieved?
These Standards are met by passing the Fresh Water through a
Hypochlorinator where the Water is Sterilised by an excess dose of
Chlorine provided as Hypochloride Tablets. It is then de-chlorinated in a Bed
of Activated Carbon to remove excess Chlorine. Any Colour, Taste and Odour,
which was present in the Water, will also be removed by the Carbon.
Another Method is to pass the Fresh Water through an Ultra Violet Steriliser.

What would you do in the event of a Scavenge Fire?

If a Scavenge Fire were to start, the two main objectives are to confine the Scavenge Fire to the Scavenge Space and
to minimise damage to the Engine.
In the event of the Fire breaking out, inform Bridge that the Engine is to be brought to Dead Slow Ahead and also
inform the Chief Engineer.
The Fuel should be cut off to that particular Cylinder. The Cylinder Lub Oil should be increased to prevent seizure
and wear.
If Fixed Fire Fighting Equipment is attached to the Scavenge Trunking, this can be brought into operation, depending
on severity of situation. But in most cases the Fire will generally subside within 5-15 minutes.
Once the Fire is out and Navigational Circumstances allow it, the Engine must be Stopped.
Do not open Scavenge Space Doors or Crankcase Doors before Site of Fire has cooled down. When opening up, care
must be taken to keep clear of any flame.
After opening up, all scavenge spaces must be thoroughly cleaned and all debris removed. The Piston Rods and
Cylinder Liner should be examined for surface blemishes, straightness, etc., and the Diaphragm Glands (Stuffing Box)
examined to ensure that they are operational and not damaged.
Also Piston Rings should be checked, as Blow By may have been the Ignition Source of the Fire. If possible the
Piston Head in question should be renewed at the earliest possible moment and the damaged Unit overhauled.
On Engines fitted with Tie Bolts, it may be necessary to re-tighten the Bolts adjacent to the Fire.
When starting the Engine again, care must be taken after switching on the Fuel to the Cylinder in question, and that
also the Cylinder Lub Oil quantities are reduced to normal.
What Limit does the Department of Trade and Industry state that the lower limit of Flash Point of Fuels used on board
Ship should be?
65C

How is Fuel supplied from Fuel Pump to the Injector?

Through Double Wall/Skin High Pressure Pipes.

What is Loop Scavenging in a 2-Stroke Engine?

Loop Scavenging is where the Incoming Air passes over the Piston Crown, then rises towards the Cylinder Head
forcing Exhaust Gases down and out the Exhaust Ports, just above the Inlet Port. The advantage of Loop is that no
Exhaust Valve is required.

What is the Critical and Barred Range on an Engine?

This is where the Speed of an Engine in rpm, at which the resonant condition occurs, and is referred to as Critical
Speed.
The high stresses associated with resonant condition start to build up as Critical Speed is approached and do not come
back to a safe value until speed is beyond Critical Speed. The unsafe stresses either side of Critical Speed are known
as Flank Stresses, this is known as the Barred Speed Range.
The Engine must not be continuously operated at speeds within the Barred Range.

What are the Symptoms of a Scavenge Fire?

When a Scavenge Fire has broken out, the Scavenge Air Temperature and the Exhaust Temperature of the Unit in
question will increase considerably and in some cases the Turbocharger may start Surging. Even Hot Spots on the
Scavenge Trunking can be found.

Why is a Jacket Water Safety Valve fitted on Air Compressors?

It is fitted to relieve excess pressure in the Cooling System should a Cooler Tube burst and Compressed Air escape

Where On Board a Ship would you find Information on the Carriage of Hazardous Substances?
Information on the Carriage of Hazardous Substances would be found in the IMDG (International Maritime
Dangerous Goods Code), which would normally be found on the Bridge.

After Stripping and Cleaning a Purifier, what do you have to make sure of on re-assembly?
You have to make sure that the Mark on the Bowl Lock Ring lines up with the Mark on the Bowl.
Also if Vertical Shaft has been removed, that height of Shaft is correct.

What would cause a Crankcase Explosion?

A Crankcase Explosion could be caused by the formation of a Hot Spot i.e. the overheating of a bearing, which in turn
could cause an oil mist to be generated. If this Oil Mist is allowed to build up, an explosive condition could occur
where the Oil Mist can be ignited by Piston Blow By or the Hot Spot itself.

How can Exhaust Valve Leakage be confirmed?

Exhaust Valve Leakage can be confirmed by taking an Indicator Card, the Card should be taken with Fuel "On" and
"Off" the Unit. If the Valve is leaking, the compression pressure and maximum pressure will be low.

How does a Turbo-charger work?

The Turbo-charger mainly consists of a Turbine and a Compressor assembled as a single unit on a Shaft.
The exhaust gas from the Engine flows through a water-cooled gas inlet (cooling from Engine Jacket Water System)
to a nozzle ring, which directs gases at the Turbine Rotor Blading. This force causes the Rotor to rotate at High
Velocity. The gases leaving via a water-cooled gas outlet casing, to an exhaust pipe and to atmosphere.
The air required for the Diesel Engine is drawn in by the Compressor via a combined Silencer/Filter. The entry
passage after the filter is then divided into splitters which prevent draught losses and guide the air to the compressor,
the air being drawn in axially by the compressor and discharged radially at high velocity to the diffuser, which
changes much of the velocity to pressure. From the diffuser the air passes into the Volute Casing, changing the rest of
the airs Kinetic Energy to pressure before being discharged to the Charge Air Cooler and to the Engine for
Combustion.

How many PPM can be Pumped in 'other than' Marpol Restricted Areas?
100ppm.

How is Lub Oil Temperature Controlled?

Lub Oil Temperature is Controlled by means of a Thermostatically Controlled Valve, which will allow Lub Oil to by-
pass the Cooler when too cold and divert Lub Oil through the Cooler when too Hot. Pre-set Wax Elements being
incorporated in these Valves for this purpose.

How are HFO Impurities Removed?

Impurities in Heavy Fuel Oils are removed by centrifugal separators i.e. purifiers and clarifiers. Liquids and Sludges
being removed by Purifiers, Solids by Clarifiers.

What are you looking for when you Pull a Piston?

When you Pull a Piston, you are looking for any damage to the Piston Crown, including cracks.
The Condition of Piston Rings are checked, plus Piston Ring Grooves.
Check for any scuffing of Piston Skirt
Check condition of Top End Bearing Bush and Gudgeon Pin, plus clearance between Pin and Bush.
Check Lubrication Bores are clear on under side of Piston.

What type of Valves are Boiler Feed Check Valves and Why?
The Feed Checks are Non-Return type Valves and are fitted in pairs, one being the Main, the other, the Standby or
Auxiliary and they must give an indication of Open or Closed Positions. They are of Non-Return type to prevent
Back Flow of Boiler Pressure down the Feed Line.

How is the Jacket Water Temperature Controlled?

The Temperature is controlled by means of a Thermostatic Valve, normally known as an "Amot" Valve. This operates
by diverting Jacket Water through the Cooler when too hot or by-passing the Cooler when cooler. The Amot Valves
normally use Wax Elements to operate the Valve.

What is Cross Flow Scavenging

In Cross Flow Scavenging, the Incoming Air is directed upwards, pushing the Exhaust Gases before it. The Exhaust
Gases then travel down and out of the Exhaust Port. Advantage is no Exhaust Valve.

What Steering Gear Checks would you do before Setting Sail?

Prior to a Ship's departure from any Port, the Steering Gear should be tested to ensure satisfactory Operation. These
Tests should include:
Operation of the Main Steering Gear
Operation of the Auxiliary Steering Gear or the use of the Second Pump which acts as the Auxiliary.
Operation of the Remote Control Systems from the Main Bridge Steering Positions.
Operation of Steering Gear using the Emergency Power Supply.
The Rudder Angle Indicator Reading with respect to the actual Rudder Angle should be checked.
The Alarms fitted to the Remote Control System and Steering Gear Power Units should be checked for Correct
Operation.
Steering Gear Header Tank Level should be checked.
During these Tests, the Rudder should be moved through its Full Travel, in both Port and Starboard and the various
equipment items, linkages, etc. visually inspected for damage or wear. The Communication System between Bridge
and Steering Gear Compartment should also be Operated.

How often is the Emergency Steering Tested?

Emergency Steering is Tested at least once every 3 months.

What would happen if the Lub Oil Pressure just dropped to Zero?
The Engine would Shut Down on the Low Lub Oil Pressure Trip.

What are Normal Jacket Water Temperatures and Pressures?

Normal Jacket Water Pressures are between 2-3 bar, temperatures 70-80C, Alarm Point at 85C and Shut Down at
90C

What is the correct method of Starting and Stopping a Centrifugal Pump?

The correct way to Start and Stop a Centrifugal Pump is with the Discharge Valve from the Pump closed, i.e. less load
on the Motor when Starting and Stopping.

What would prevent Water rushing out of the Boiler if the Gauge Glass were to break?
A Ball Valve is fitted below the Gauge Glass Tube to shut off the Water.

What does a Positive Displacement Pump require that a Centrifugal Pump does not?
A Relief Valve.

What is the First Indication of a Leaking Exhaust Valve?

The First Indication of a Leaking Exhaust Valve is a rise of Exhaust Gas Temperature at the outlet of the Valve.

Draw the Timing Diagram of a 4 Stroke Engine.

Give a rough indication of Engine Speed ranges i.e. Slow, Medium and High Speed.
Slow Speed: 100-150 rpm
Medium Speed: 300-850 rpm
High Speed: 850-3000 rpm

How many Starts do you require to get from an Air Receiver without Recharging?
On a Reversible Engine: 12 Starts
On Engines with CPP Propellers: 6 Starts.

Draw a 2 Stroke Timing Diagram

What would you do if you found that you had a Cracked Liner or Cylinder Head?
Inform the Bridge that Engine would have to be Stopped and of the Situation, also inform Chief Engineer and repair
the Unit as soon as it is Safe to do so.

What Measuring Devices are there on the Cylinder Head of a 4 Stroke Engine?
Exhaust Temperature Pyrometer and a Jacket Water Outlet Thermometer.

What would you do in the Event of an Oil Spill?

Raise the Alarm, Inform Bridge and Chief Engineer.
There should be a Set Drill for Oil Spills, which is practised regularly.
If possible contain the Spill on deck and start clean up procedures using appropriate Oil Spill Equipment.
If the Oil has Spilt into the Sea:- If in Port, Port Authorities should be informed. If at Sea, Coastguard should be
informed.
The Time of Spill should be Recorded with the Place or Position of Ship at the Time of Spill along with Approximate
quantity and Type of Oil.
Circumstances of Discharge or Escape would be Logged in Oil Record Book and Engine Room Log Book.

Why are High and Low Suctions fitted on Fuel Oil Service Tanks?
The High and Low Suctions are a Safety Feature to prevent invertent Shut Down of Main Engines, Generators and
Boilers due to Water Contamination of the Fuel. Normally the Low Suction is kept in use. If any Water should find
its way into the Fuel and Service Tank, it will gradually separate towards the Tank Bottom. When it becomes
apparent Water is present by finding it at the Tank Drains or by Operation of the Engine, it is possible to bring the
High Suction into Operation and avoid Shut Down.

Describe the Duties of a Duty Engineer.

Regularly check and record all pressures and temperatures in the Engine Room Log.
Pay attention to Readings for deviation from normal, particular attention being made to Exhaust Gas Temperature,
Scavenge Temperatures and Pressures and Turbo Charger Revs.
Adjustments should be made for Sea Water Temperature Changes to keep Correct Temperatures and Pressures.
Checks should be made on the Pressure Drops across Fuel and Lubrication Filters to see that they are operating within
required limits.
Check all Oil Levels in Auxiliary Machinery: Main Engine Sump Levels, Cylinder Lubricators, Turbo Charges,
Governors.
Check around all Bearings and Crankcase Doors using palm of the hand to feel for any increase in Temperature.
Ensure that Fuel in the Daily Service Tanks is at Correct Levels and that it is Sludged and Drained of Water.
Depending on type of Purifiers fitted, Sludge and Drain, Check Oil Level, Signs of Vibration and Clean if required.
Carry out all Routine Assignments as recommended by Engine Builders or the Company.
At all times use Sight, Smell and Hearing, as this is often the First Sign of a Fault Developing in the Engine Room.
Check Bilge Levels, Stern Gland, Air Start Bottles and maintain correct Levels and Pressures.
Record and Fuel/Lub Oil Transfers and any Irregularities in Log.
Give an example of the density of Heavy Oil, Lub Oil and Diesel Oil.
Heavy Fuel Oil: 950kg/m3
Lub Oil: 870kg/m3
Diesel Oil: 880kg/m3

What are the Alarms and Trips on a Lub Oil System for the Main Engine?
Alarms and Trips on a Lub Oil System on a Main Engine are as follows:
High Lub Oil Temperature Alarm
Low Lub Oil Pressure Alarm
High Lub Oil Filter Differential Alarm
Low Lub Oil Sump Level Alarm
Low Lub Oil Pressure Shut Down Alarm
Stand By Lub Oil Pump Cut In Alarm.

What is the Regulation regarding use of Evaporators Inshore?

Evaporators should not be used within 20 miles from Shore, due to risk of pollutants being taken into the Freshwater
System.

How is 15ppm reached in an Oily Water Separator?

15ppm is achieved in an Oily Water Separator by normally passing through a Two Stage Separator where in the first
stage Oil/Water is passed into the coarse separating compartment. Here some oil will rise to the top of the
Compartment due to its lower density, Heating Coils may aid this. The remaining Oil/Water will flow down into the
Fine separating Compartment and moves slowly between Catch Plates. More Oil will separate out onto the underside
of these Plates and travel outwards until free to rise to the oil collecting space. The almost Oil Free Water (usually
being at 100ppm at this stage) will then pass to the second stage of the separator, which is a Filter Unit comprising of
two Filter Units. The first Filter Stage removes Physical Impurities present and promotes some Fine Separation. The
second Stage Filter uses Coalescer Inserts to achieve the final De-oiling, Oil/Water Mixture leaving this Stage at less
than 15ppm.

How would you Blow Down a Boiler Gauge Glass?

Close the Water and Steam Cocks on the Gauge Glass and open the Drain.
Then open the Steam Cock - a strong jet of Steam should be seen from the Drain.
Close the Steam Cock.
Open the Water Cock - a strong jet of Water should be observed from the Drain.
Close the Water Cock and then close the Drain.
Then open the Water Cock, the water will rise in the Gauge, above normal level.
Then open the Steam Cock, the Water should then settle down, finding its correct level.

Draw a Boiler Gauge Glass.

What Interlocks are there on the Start Air System?

An Interlock to prevent Fuel being Injected
An Interlock on Turning Gear and
An Interlock CCP System, pitch has to be on Zero before Starting Engine.

What is the Pressure of a Start Air Receiver?

25-40 bar depending on the type of Engine.

How is Leakage in the High Pressure PipeLine between the Fuel Pump and Injector, detected?
Leakage between the Double Skin/Wall of the High Pressure PipeLine between the Fuel Pump and Injector is detected
as this space between the Double Skin/Walled Pipe is led via Drain Line to a Small Tank fitted with a Level Alarm.

What are the uses of Centrifugal Pumps, Positive Displacement Pumps and Gear Pumps on board a Ship?
Centrifugal Pumps: Seawater Cooling Pumps, Jacket Water Cooling Pumps, Boiler Feed Pumps (Multi Stage Pumps)
Positive Displacement Pumps: Bilge Pumps, Steering Gear Pumps, Cargo Shipping Pumps.
Gear type Pumps: Fuel Oil Booster Pumps, Fuel Oil Transfer Pumps, Engine Lub Oil Pumps.

How would you know a Refrigeration System was Undercharged?

Undercharge will show as a Low Compressor Pressure and large bubbles in the Liquid Line Sight Glass.

Why are Weighted Cocks fitted to Sounding Pipes of Fuel Oil Tanks?
Weighted Cocks are fitted to Sounding Pipes of Fuel Oil Tanks to prevent Fuel Oil spills from overflows. They also
prevent vapours escaping from Tanks.

What is the Maximum Compressed Air Temperature that should leave an Air Compressor?
93C

How many PPM can be Pumped in Marpol Restricted Areas?

15ppm.

If there was no Water in Gauge Glass after Blowing Down?

Shut down the Boiler immediately and use Easing Gear to relieve Boiler Pressure.

What should you do to ensure that there is no Water Leakage into the Engine Cylinder before preparing Main Engine
for Sea?
The Engine should be Turned using Turning Gear with Indicator Cocks open, keeping a close eye on the Cocks for
any signs of Water Discharge.
Immediately prior to Starting, the Engine should be Kicked on Air.
Note: 2 Stroke Engines should be Turned at least one Revolution, where a 4 Stroke should be Turned two
Revolutions.

What is the Function of an Evaporator in a Refrigeration System?

The Function of the Evaporator is to boil off the liquid Refrigerant, at the same time cooling the air. The design of the
System and Evaporator should be such that all Liquid Refrigerant is boiled off and the gas slightly superheated before
returning to the Compressor.

What are the Impurities in Heavy Fuel Oil?

Impurities in Heavy Fuel Oil come in the form of Solids and Liquids:
Solids: dirt, rust and sand
Liquids: water and sludge.

What is the purpose of Rocker Gear on an Engine?

The purpose of the Rocker Gear is to operate the Inlet and Exhaust Valves on the Cylinder Head.

What could start a Scavenge Fire?

The main cause of a Scavenge Fire is the Fouling of Scavenge Spaces by the blow by of products of incomplete
combustion caused by incorrect cylinder lubrication, faulty fuel injection equipment, accumulation of such mixtures
in the Scavenge Space can be set alight by sparks or flame blow by.

What is the Function of the Condenser in a Refrigeration System?

The function of a Condenser in a Refrigeration System is to condense and sub cool the refrigerant below Saturation
Temperature.

What is a Shipboard use of Stainless Steel and the Properties that make it appropriate?
Stainless Steel could be used for Seawater Pump Shafts.
It has good corrosive properties and also good wear properties.

What is the purpose of the Cylinder Relief Valve and Operating Pressure?
The Cylinder Relief Valve is designed to Relieve Pressures in Excess of 10%-20% above normal.
The Operation of this Device Indicates a fault in the Engine, which should be discovered and corrected immediately.

Describe different types of Cooling Systems i.e. Seawater Cooling System and Central Cooling System.
A Seawater Cooling System is an arrangement that uses individual Coolers for Lub Oil, Jacket Water and the Piston
Cooling System. Each Cooler being circulated by Sea Water.
As where some modern Ships use a Central Cooling System with only one large Sea Water Circulated Cooler. This
cools a supply of Fresh Water, which then circulates to the other individual Coolers. With less equipment in contact
with Sea Water, the corrosion problems are much reduced in this System.

What is the Purpose of a Fusible Plug on an Air Receiver and at what Temperature is it Designed to Melt?
The purpose of the Fusible Plug is to act as a Safety Feature to Release Compressed Air from the Receiver in the
event of a Fire in the Vicinity. The Fusible Plug is designed to melt at 150C.

What are the Marpol Restricted Areas?

The Marpol Restricted Areas are: The Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, "Gulf Areas", North Sea,
Antarctic, wider Caribbean Region including Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.]

What is Uniflow Scavenging?

With Uniflow Scavenging, the Incoming Air enters at the Lower End of the Cylinder and Leaves at the Top. The
Outlet at the Top of the Cylinder being a Large Exhaust Valve. The advantage of Uniflow is the simple design of the
Liner, plus it is the most efficient.

What Procedure does the Duty Engineer Follow when Answering an Alarm on UMS?
Answer Alarm, ensure wearing correct clothing before entering Engine Room.
Never use the Ship's Lift, if fitted use the Stairs.
Once in the Engine Room inform the Bridge
Answer Alarm, Rectify Problem,
Then Inform Bridge when vacating the Engine Room.

What is an indication in the Exhaust Gas of Good Combustion?

Grey Smoke indicates Good Combustion.

How would you Test for a Leaking Air Start Valve in Port?
First ensure all the Engine Indicator Cocks are Open for all Cylinders, then Isolate the Air Supply to the Timing
Valves, this will ensure no Pilot Air is supplied to the Air Start Valves when the Auto Valve is Opened.
Then Operate the Auto Valve, any air discharge from the Indicator Cocks will indicate a leaking or Passing Air Start
Valve.

What Trips are there on a Generator?

The Trips on a Generator are: Lub Oil Low Pressure Shut Down, Jacket Water High Temperature, Overspeed Shut
Down.
How would you get water in the Combustion Spaces?
From Cracked Exhaust Valve Cages
Cracked Cylinder Head or Liner
Fuel Contamination via Fuel Injector
Undercooling of the Charge/Scavenge Air.

What percentage of Engine Speed does the Overspeed Operate at?

10-15% maximum Speed.

What are the Pipes, used for Pumping Fuel around the Ship, Protected by?
Quick Closing Valves: which can be operated remotely. In most cases from the Bridge or a remote location from the
Engine Room.

Why Purge a Boiler Furnace?

A Boiler Furnace is purged before burner operations to ensure that there is no unburned fuel or gases in the Furnace,
which may cause a blowback. Purging should be carried out for at least two minutes.

How many pumps are there in the Engine Room that you can pump Bilges with?
A Bilge Pump which is normally Positive Displacement.
The others may vary from Ship to Ship, but can be the Ballast Pump, General Service Pump and Main Sea Water
Cooling Pump. These Pumps are only used for Pumping Bilges in the event of an emergency and have an Emergency
Bilge Suction/Injection Valve connected to them.

Give possible reasons why the Engine Room Bilge Pump may not be able to Empty Bilges.
The Strum Box from the Bilge may be Fouled.
Bilge Pump Suction Strainer may be blocked.
A Valve may be left open from an Empty Bilge.
There could be a hole in the System on the Suction Side of the Pump.
Depending on type of Bilge Pump, the Pump Suction or Discharge Valves may need overhauling.

Describe the Boiler Hot Well and Cascade Tank. Why is it Fitted and how would you Trace an Oil Leak?
The Boiler Hot Well is where the Condensate Drains return from the Condensor. This Condensate may be
contaminated as some of the Drains are from Fuel Oil Heating Systems or Tank Heating Systems. Normally these
Drains will pass to the Hot Well via an Observation Tank, which permits Inspection of Drains and their Discharge to
an Oily Bilge if contaminated. The Hot Well Tank is also arranged with Internal Baffles to bring about preliminary
Oil Separation from any Contaminated Fuel or Drains. The Feed Water is then passed through Charcoal or Cloth
Filters to complete the Cleaning Process. Any overflow from the Hot Well passes to the Feedwater Tank, which
provides additional Feedwater to the System when required. Feed Pumps take Suction from the Hot Well to the
Boiler.
To Trace an Oil Leak to the System, various Heating Coils to Tanks would be shut off in turn until the Leak stopped,
thus indicating which Heating Coil was Leaking.

What would you do in the Case of a Crankcase Explosion?

When the Alarm sounds, the Engine Speed must be reduced to slow and permission obtained to stop the Engine.
Inform Chief Engineer.
When an Engine has stopped under Alarm Conditions under no circumstances must any doors or inspection windows
be opened.
Oil should continue to be circulated and time allowed for the Hot Spot to cool.
The early opening of doors could cause an explosion due to ingress of air.
During Cooling down Period, the Engine Room Staff must keep clear of the side of the Engine fitted with Explosion
Doors.
After a period of at least 20 minutes, stop the Lubricating Oil Pump, cut off all Air and engage Turning Gear.
The Access Doors should then be opened and Personnel must keep clear of possible flames. Under no circumstances
should naked lights be used nor should anyone be permitted to smoke.
Examination should then take place for any squeezed out bearing metal or loose bearing metal in the Crankcase. Heat
discoloured Metal Parts or blistering of Paintwork must be investigated. The Ceiling of the Crankcase and Guide Bars
should also be observed. If the Crankcase is clear, the Camshaft Drive and Main Thrust Bearing should be inspected
for signs of overheating.

Why would the Bridge need to be informed that the Engine is about to be Stopped?
The Bridge would need to be informed that the Engine was about to be stopped to ensure it was Navigationally Safe
to do so, i.e. not in Busy Shipping Lanes or near Land.

What is the Diffuser Plate in a Turbocharger?

The Diffuser Plate in a Turbocharger is found on the Compressor side, it converts the Velocity/Kinetic Energy from
the Compressor into Pressure.

Give a Shipboard use of Aluminium Bronze and the Properties that make it suitable for this use.
Pump Impellers.
It has good wear, fatigue and corrosive properties.

What is the purpose of the Crankcase Oil Mist Detector?

The purpose of the Oil Mist Detector is to detect the build up of Oil Mist in the Crankcase, generated from a Hot Spot.
The Detector will then give an Alarm, either Shut Down or Slow the Engine Down and give and indication of which
Unit the Oil Mist is generated.

What Fittings would you expect to find on a Start Air Receiver?

Fittings found on a Receiver are: Safety Valve, Fusible Plug, Isolating Valve to Main Air Start System, Filling Valve
from Compressor, Drain Valve, Valve to Control Air, Valve to Whistle, Pressure Gauge.

What would you do if the Jacket water Temperature started to Rise?

Inform Bridge and reduce load on Engine, Investigate Problem, which could be a Fouled Cooler.

Name the two most common types of Coolers.

Shell and Plate type Coolers
Shell being where a Tube Stack is used and Fitted into a Shell and closed at either end with end covers.
Plate type being made up of a number of pressed plates surrounded by seals and held together in a Frame.

Give a Shipboard use of Cupro-Nickel and the Properties that make it suitable for this use.
Heat Exchanger Tubes.
It has good corrosive qualities and very good heat transfer qualities.

Crankcase Inspections: Frequency, Procedure and Reasons they are carried out.
The Frequency may vary from different Engine Manufacturers but is roughly around 5000 hrs.
Also Inspections are carried out after any work has taken place in the Crankcase.
Procedure is as follows:
Remove Crankcase Doors from both sides of the Engine. Relief Valves can be checked at the same time as the Doors
are off.
Inspect condition of all bolt locking devices, replace any damaged components.
Turn Engine over using Turning Gear, ENSURE NO-ONE is in Crankcase while doing this and that the Indicator
Cocks are Open, check condition of Camshaft Drive Gears.
Start Main Lub Oil Pump and check Oil Flow from Bearings and Piston Cooling Parts. Check for any Leakage from
Internal Oil Pipes and Galleries.
Check for any damage of Camshaft Lobes
Check for any evidence of Water Leakage from Lower Cylinder Liner "O" Rings.
Replace any damaged Crankcase Door Joints.
Record any Defects.

What would cause the Level of the Lub Oil Sump or Drain Tank to Rise?
Water entering the oil, or fuel or even a Lub Oil Filling Valve passing.

What would you do if Lub Oil Temperature started to Fall?

Reduce Sea Water Cooling Flow through the Lub Oil Cooler by throttling the Sea Water Discharge Valve from the
Cooler.

What would you do if you had High Jacket Water Cooling Temperatures?
Inform Bridge and then reduce Engine Load and Investigate Problem:
Which could be insufficient Flow through Cooler due to Fouled Cooler or Faulty Thermostatic Valve.

How would you know an Air Start Valve was Leaking or Passing?
The adjacent Start Air Line for that Valve would become very hot.

What type of Clutch is used on an Electric Windlass?

The type of Clutch used is a Dog Clutch.

What is the Purpose of the Fuel Oil Settling Tank?

The purpose of the Fuel Oil Settling Tank is to allow any water to separate from the Fuel Oil due to its higher density.
Heating Coils in the Tank aid this and the water is then drained from the tank using Sludge Cocks/Drains.

What are Crankcase Pressure Relief Valves for?

These Valves act as a Safeguard to relieve excessive Crankcase pressures, which may occur from Oil Vapour igniting
in the occurrence of an Engine Component overheating. They also prevent flames from being emitted from the
Crankcase and must also be self closing to stop the return of atmospheric air into the Crankcase.

What is Compression and Explain what Happens.

Compression is where the Air that is drawn into the Cylinder is compressed on the upward Stroke of the Piston, both
Inlet and Exhaust Valves being closed on this Stroke. As the Air is compressed by the Rise of the Piston, the Air
Temperature is consequently raised. As the Piston reaches the TDC, Fuel is Injected, causing Ignition and very rapid
rise in Pressure of the Gases forcing the Piston down.

How is a Medium Speed Engine Reversed (without CPP)?

In Medium Speed Diesel Engines, reversing is achieved by the use of Duplicate Cams for the Air Inlet Valves,
Exhaust Valves and Fuel Pumps. Air Start Distributor Timing is also changed by means of Camshaft Movement or by
a Directional Air Supply being admitted to the Start Air Distribution, to reposition Cams.
To engage correct Cams for Ahead and Astern Movements, the Camshaft slides axially in its Bearings. This
movement is controlled by the Camshaft Reversing Gear, which is normally a Servo Piston. Motion of the Piston
being directly transmitted to the Camshaft.
Note: In a Slow Speed, only Duplicate Fuel Cams required.

What Safety Devices are fitted to the Main Engine Crankcase?

Explosion Door/Relief Valves and Oil Mist Detectors.
How do you Start Up, and Parallel a Generator?
First check Engine Oil Levels, such as Lub Oil Sump, T/C Oil Level, Governor Oil Level, Rocker Arm Bank Oil
Level (if fitted).
Check Jacket Water Header Tank Level
Ensure Indicator Cocks are Open, Start Lub Oil Priming Pump then bar Engine over (ensure Turning Bar is removed).
Kick Engine on Air. Close Indicator Cocks.
Start the Engine.
Check all Parameters are correct: Lub Oil Pressure/Temperature, Jacket Water Temperature/Pressure, Check Sea
Water Cooling Pressure and Rocker Arm Lub Oil Pressure.
Allow Engine to warm up and when satisfied that everything is okay, Engine may be paralleled as follows:
Ensure the Voltage of the Machine to be paralleled is the same as the Bus-bar Voltage. Ensure the Frequencies of both
Machines are the same (the Frequency of the Incoming Machine can be adjusted using the Speed Control).
Select the Machine to be paralleled on the Synchroscope Selector.
The Synchroscope should then start to Rotate, it should be rotating in a clockwise direction slowly. If it is rotating in
an anti-clockwise direction, this means the speed of the Incoming Machine is too slow or if it is rotating Fast
Clockwise, the speed of the Incoming Machine is too fast, this is adjusted using the Speed Control.
When the Needle of the Synchroscope is Rotating in the Clockwise Direction Slowly, the Breaker of the Incoming
Machine should be Closed. When the Needle of the Synchroscope is at the Five to Twelve Position, this will allow
the Incoming Machine to take a slight amount of load when coming on the Switchboard and also prevent the Machine
tripping on Reverse Power.
The Load is then shared equally between both Machines.

What causes Black Smoke from Combustion i.e. in the Exhaust?

Black Smoke would indicate Faulty Fuel Injection Equipment or it would indicate Insufficient Air Supply.

Explain how you would Start an Air Compressor and Stop It (after overhaul)
Check Oil Level in Crankcase.
Then ensure all drains are open, i.e. Intercooler Drains and also Unloaders.
Check Air Intake Filter is clean.
Ensure Oil Pressure Gauge is Open and that Air Pressure Gauges i.e. 1st and 2nd Stage, are Partially Open to stop
Gauge Fluctuation.
If Water Cooled, check Valves are open and Cooling is supplied. Also check Header Tank.
Bar Machine Over by hand to see if it is Free to Turn.
Start the Machine, check there are no unusual Noises or Vibrations and Oil pressure is Correct.
Then close Drains and Unloader.
If all seem okay, run for 30 minutes, after which, it can be stopped, covers removed and bearings checked. If okay
Machine can be Started on Automatic and run.
To Stop the Machine, always make sure the Machine is unloaded and Drains opened before stopping, unless
Automatic Drains and Unloaders are Fitted.

Why does a Centrifugal Cargo Pump have a Relief Valve?

A Centrifugal Cargo Pump requires a Relief Valve as the Working Pressure of the Pump has to tie in with the Working
Pressure of the Cargo Pipework.