DR.

PRADIPDUTTA
DepartmentofMechanical
Engineering
IndianInstituteofScience
Bangalore
 WhatisHeatTransfer?
Energyintransitduetotemperaturedifference.
Thermodynamicstellsus:
Howmuchheatistransferred(dQ)
Howmuchworkisdone(dW)
Finalstateofthesystem
Heattransfertellsus:
How(withwhatmodes) dQistransferred
Atwhatrate dQistransferred
Temperaturedistributioninsidethebody

Heattransfer complementary Thermodynamics

 MODES:
Conduction
needsmatter
molecularphenomenon(diffusionprocess)
withoutbulkmotionofmatter
Convection
heatcarriedawaybybulkmotionoffluid
needsfluidmatter
Radiation
doesnotneedsmatter
transmissionofenergybyelectromagneticwaves
 APPLICATIONSOFHEAT
TRANSFER
Energyproductionandconversion
steampowerplant,solarenergyconversionetc.
Refrigerationandairconditioning
Domesticapplications
ovens,stoves,toaster
Coolingofelectronicequipment
Manufacturing/materialsprocessing
welding,casting,soldering,lasermachining
Automobiles/aircraftdesign
Nature(weather,climateetc)
(Needsmedium,Temperaturegradient)
T1>T2 T2
T1 ......
..........
.....
...........
............
......
.............. q
.....
...........
solidorstationaryfluid
.....
.......
RATE:
q(W)or(J/s)(heatflowperunittime)
 Conduction
(contd)
Rateequations(1Dconduction):
x
A q DifferentialForm
T1
q=kAdT/dx,W
q T2 k=ThermalConductivity,W/mK
A=CrosssectionalArea,m2
T=Temperature,KoroC
k x=Heatflowpath,m
q DifferenceForm
q=kA(T1 T2)/(x1 x2)

Heatflux:q=q/A=kdT/dx(W/m2)
(negativesigndenotesheattransferinthedirectionof
decreasingtemperature)
 Conduction
(contd)
q Example:

The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.2 m

thick fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of 2.0
W/mK. Measurements made during steady state operation
revealtemperaturesof1500and1250Kattheinnerandouter
surfaces, respectively. What is therateof heat loss througha
wallwhichis0.5mby4monaside?
 Ts>T
movingfluid
T
q Ts

vEnergytransferredbydiffusion+bulkmotionoffluid
 Rateequation
(convection)

U
U y y T
u(y) q T(y)
Ts
Heattransferrateq=hA(TsT )W
Heatfluxq=h(TsT )W/ m2

h=heattransfercoefficient(W/m2K)
(notaproperty)dependsongeometry,natureofflow,
thermodynamicspropertiesetc.
 Convection
(contd)

Freeornatural
convection(inducedby
buoyancyforces) Mayoccurwith
phasechange
Convection
Convection (boiling,
condensation)
Forcedconvection
(inducedbyexternal
means)
 Convection(contd)

Typicalvaluesofh(W/m2K)

Freeconvection gases:225
liquid:50100
Forcedconvection gases:25250
liquid:5020,000
Boiling/Condensation 2500100,000
 T1
q1
q2
T2

RATE:
q(W)or(J/s)Heatflowperunittime.
Flux:q(W/m2)
 Rateequations
(Radiation)
RADIATION:

HeatTransferbyelectromagneticwavesorphotons(no
mediumrequired.)

Emissivepowerofasurface(energyreleasedperunitarea):

E=esTs4 (W/m2)

e=emissivity(property)
s=StefanBoltzmannconstant
 Rateequations
(Contd.)

Tsur
qrad. qconv.

Ts Area=A

Radiationexchangebetweenalargesurfaceand
surrounding
Qrad= es(Ts4Tsur4)W/m2
 Radiation(contd)

q Example:
Anuninsulatedsteampipepassesthrougharoominwhichthe
airand walls are at 25C. The outsidediameterof pipe is 80
mm,anditssurfacetemperatureandemissivityare180Cand
0.85, respectively. If the free convection coefficient from the
surfacetotheairis6W/m2K,whatistherateofheatlossfrom
thesurfaceperunitlengthofpipe?