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Abstract This paper proposes a new voltage and power distributed energy storage device (DESD), and loads are
balance control for the cascaded H-Bridge converter-based connected to the 400-V dc distribution bus and then to
SST. The solid-state transformer (SST) is an interface device distribution bus (12-kV three phase or 7.2-kV single phase)
between ac distribution grids and dc distribution systems. The through a SST. The SST is used to enable active management
SST consists of a cascaded multilevel ac/dc rectifier stage, a of DRER, DESD, and loads, rather than a 60-Hz conventional
dual active bridge (DAB) converter stage with high-frequency transformer.
transformers to provide a regulated 400-V dc distribution, and The SST has the features of instantaneous voltage
an optional dc/ac stage that can be connected to the 400-V dc regulation, voltage sag compensation, fault isolation, power
bus to provide residential 120/240 Vac . However, due to dc- factor correction, harmonic isolation, and dc output [1][4].
link voltage and power unbalance in the cascaded modules, The SST has a 400-V dc port that will facilitate more efficient
the unbalanced dc-link voltages and power increase the stress connection of certain classes of DRERs and DESDs. Acting
of the semiconductor devices and cause overvoltage or very much like an energy router, each SST has bidirectional
overcurrent issues. Based on the single-phase dq model, a energy flow control capability allowing it to control active and
novel voltage and the power control strategy is proposed to reactive power flow and to manage the fault currents on both
balance the rectifier capacitor voltages and the real power low- and high-voltage sides. Its large control bandwidth
through parallel DAB modules. Furthermore, the intrinsic provides the plug-and-play feature for distributed resources to
power constraints of the cascaded H-Bridge voltage balance rapidly identify and respond to changes in the system.
control are derived and analyzed. With the proposed control This paper proposes a 20-kVA cascaded H-Bridge
methods, the dc-link voltage and the real power through each multilevel converter-based SST to directly interface with 7.2-
module can be balanced. The SST switching model simulation kV singlephase distribution voltage level. As shown in Fig. 2,
is presented using MATLAB. the SST consists of a cascaded multilevel ac/dc rectifier, dual
active bridge (DAB) converterswith high-frequency
Key words: DAB, cascaded H-Bridge, SST transformers. The regulated 400-V dc bus is distributed for
easier connection of battery and other distributed resources.
I. INTRODUCTION The rectifier stage is a seven-level cascaded H-Bridge
The solid-state transformer (SST) is the interface converter, which controls the input power factor and regulates
device between the distribution system and the electricity the 3.8-kV high-voltage dc link. The DAB converter regulates
consumers in future smart grid systems. As the interface the 400-V-low-voltage dc bus and additional dc/ac inverters
between power transmission grids and the consumers, the can be added to provide a 60 Hz 120/240-V ac residential
distribution power system currently requires 60 Hz voltage. One of the main disadvantages of the cascaded H-
transformers for voltage transformation. These conventional bridge rectifier is the voltage unbalance of the dc-link voltages
copper-and-iron based transformers possess many undesirable at different H-Bridges [5][7], [12], [13], [18], [20]. Relevant
properties including bulky size, environmental concerns and research mainly focuses on the unbalance issues in static
especially power quality susceptibility. As the development of synchronous compensator (STATCOM) or drive applications
the dc distribution system and the increase of the penetration and no powercontrol method has been mentioned. The
of distributed generations, an intelligent transformer with the proposed voltage and balance control in this paper have the
capability to actively manage the power and allowing for the following features: balanced dc-bus voltage, balanced real
easy connection of the distribution resources is becoming power, equally distributed reactive power between H-bridges,
indispensable. and using simple phase-shift pulsewidth modulation (PWM).
In the proposed electric configuration of the smart In [5][7], low-frequency PWM techniques for
grid system shown in Fig. 1, low voltage (120 V), residential STATCOM are presented. The dc-link voltage is balanced by
class distributed renewable energy resource (DRER), using different switching patterns to charge and discharge
each H-Bridge capacitor, but the reactive power is not II. SST MODELING AND CONTROL
controlled. Barrena et al. [8] present an individual voltage-
balancing strategy to balance the dc-link voltage with PWM. The modeling and control of the SST, including the
The method maintains delivered reactive power equally cascaded multilevel ac/dc rectifier, DAB converters with high-
distributed among all H-Bridges. However, the method is frequency transformers are developed in this section.
based on the STATCOM application and no power unbalance
constraints are mentioned in this paper. Iman-Eini et al. [9]
present a method that ensures the dc-link voltages converge to
the reference value when load power is different. The method
results in different switching frequencies for the H-Bridges
and a complicated controller implementation. Leon et al. [10]
and Barrena et al. [11] present different PWM methods to
balance the dc-link voltages, however the balance range and
power control are not included. In contrast to the STATCOM
and drive application, the SST requires a highfrequency
modulation and both real and reactive power control.
Furthermore, due to the intrinsic constraint of the cascaded
rectifier topology, the voltage balance control is limited and
the power balance control is therefore required. In this paper,
the modeling of the SST, including ac/dc rectifier, DAB
Fig. 2 Topology of the proposed SST
converter are developed. A single-phased dq vector controller
is designed for the rectifier stage; therefore the real power and
The basic configuration of the proposed 20-kVASST
reactive power can be controlled independently. Based on the
is shown in Fig. 2. The SST is rated as single-phase input
single-phase dq control, a voltage balance control method is
voltage 60 Hz, 7.2 kV, output voltage 400-V dc. The first
proposed to resolve the voltage unbalance that could appear on
stage of the SST is a high-voltage cascaded H-Bridge ac/dc
the dc links of different H-bridges.
rectifier that converts 60 Hz, 7.2-kV ac to three cascaded 3.8-
The limitation and the power unbalance range of the
kV dc links. The second stage consists of three high-voltage
cascaded H-Bridge rectifier are derived. Meanwhile, a power
high-frequency dc/dc converters that convert 3.8 kV to 400-V
balance control method is proposed to regulate the real power
dc bus and then additional inverter can be connected to 400-V
transferring through the DAB parallel modules. The proposed
dc bus to invert 400-V dc to 60-Hz, 240/120 V. The switching
voltage and power control are verified by the switching model
devices in high-voltage H-bridges and low-voltage H-bridges
simulation. Finally, a SST scale-down prototype is
are 6.5-kV IGBT and 600-V IGBT, respectively. The
implemented by using 600-V insulatedgate bipolar transistor
switching frequency of the 6.5-kV IGBT devices is 1 kHz,
(IGBT) devices. The experiments are presented to verify the
because the device current is very low resulting in low
real and reactive power control, power factor correction,
switching losses. The 20-kVA SST unit is envisioned as a
voltage sag compensation, and proposed voltage balance
building block for construction of a larger rated SST. The
control.
controller of each stage in the SST is independent from each
other. The rectifier controller regulates the input power factor
and 3.8-kV high-voltage dc link. The DAB controller
regulates the 400-V low-voltage dc bus, and the inverter
controller regulates the 240/120-V output ac voltage.
Where
fL is line frequency.
The function of the rectifier controller is to control The DAB topology offers zero voltage switching,
the reactive power (or power factor) and regulate the dc-link relatively low-voltage stress for the switches, low passive
voltages. With the chosen phase-locked loop, the voltage component ratings and complete symmetry of configuration
vector is aligned with the direction of the d-axis during steady that allows seamless control for bidirectional power flow. Real
state. The grid-voltage component in the d-direction is equal power flows from the bridge with leading phase angle to the
to its peak value and the q-component of the grid voltage is bridge with lagging phase angle, the amount of transferred
equal to zero. Thus, the d-component of the current vector (in power is controlled by the phase angle difference and the
steady state parallel to the grid-voltage vector) becomes the magnitudes of the dc voltages at the two ends as given by (10)
power distributions of the H-Bridges. Fig. 6 illustrates the
proposed voltage balance controller. In Fig. 6, the dd and dq
Where, VdcH is input side high dc-link voltage, fH is are calculated according to the single-phase dq vector control.
switching frequency, L is leakage inductance, V _ dcL is The individual dc-link voltages of the first two H-Bridges, E1
output side low dc bus voltage referred to input side, and ddc and E2 are compared with the dc-link voltage reference Eref
is the ratio of time delay between the two bridges to one-half to generate d-axis compensation dd1 and dd2 by a PI
of switching period. For the DAB converter, the phase-shift regulator. Then, dd1 and dd2 are added to the original dd.
control is applied to regulate the low-voltage dc voltage to the Therefore, dd1 for the first H-Bridge and dd2 for the second
reference 400 V under different load conditions. First the H-Bridge are adjusted so that the real power distribution can
difference between the low dc voltage Vdc and the reference be changed. The real power of the H-Bridge with a lower dc-
voltage is compared. Then, the phase-shift angle is adjusted by link voltage is increased, and the real power with a higher dc-
the proportional-integral (PI) controller to regulate VdcL link is decreased to eliminate the voltage unbalance. For the
according to this voltage error. third H-Bridge, dd3 = dd1 dd2, so the total dc-link
voltage regulation is not affected. Meanwhile, the q-axis
III. VOLTAGE AND POWER BALANCE CONTROL current references are still independent form the d-axis, which
Since the rectifier stage of the SST consists of three means the reactive power, can be controlled independently.In
H-Bridges in series, the voltage unbalance could appear on the order to verify the proposed voltage control, the switching
dc-link voltages (E1, E2, and E3, as shown in Fig. 5) due to model simulation of the 20-kVA SST is implemented in
the device loss mismatching and H-Bridge real power MATLAB/Simulink. The SST topology is shown in Fig. 5 and
differences. The unbalance issue worsens when the SST the simulation parameters are shown in Table I. The parameter
operates at no load or light load condition, because a small selections are described in [17]. In the simulation, the real
power difference is a significant percentage of the real power power P1, P2, and P3 of the three H-Bridges are controlled by
and will result in a large voltage unbalance at no load or light connecting different resistors to the 3.8-kV dc links, E1, E2,
load condition. The unbalanced voltage will cause the and E3 as shown in Fig. 5. Before 0.83 s, the three H-Bridges
capacitor or IGBT device overvoltage in the H-Bridge and transfer the same amount of real power, P1 = P2 = P3 = 1.0
trigger the system overvoltage protection. The DAB stage p.u. (20 kW/3). Then, at 0.83 s, P2 and P3 are decreased to 0.8
consists of three DAB modules in parallel. The power p.u., P1 = 1.0 p.u., P2 = P3 = 0.8 p.u. (20% load unbalance).
unbalance (P1, P2, and P3, as shown in Fig. 5) can be caused Two different cases are simulated. The three H-
by the transformer parameter mismatching (such as leakage Bridge dc-link voltages become unbalanced after the power
inductance or turns ratio) and dc-link voltage differences. The change. The H-bridge that transfers more power has the
power unbalance will cause a device overcurrent issue and highest dc-link voltage. With the voltage balance controller,
result in unbalance heat distributions. Section III-A introduces the three dc-link voltages are equally regulated in the steady
the proposed voltage balance control for the cascaded H- state. This simulation demonstrates that with voltage balance
Bridge rectifier and illustrates the three dc-link voltages can be control, even if there is 20% power unbalance from the
balanced in a 20% power unbalance condition. Section III-B parallel dc/dc converters, the dc-link voltages can still be
derives the maximum real power unbalance range in which the balanced. The different resistors simulate a 20% power
voltage balance control can maintain the balanced dc links. If difference, which is caused by no power balance control in the
the power unbalance is out of the derived range, the voltage DAB modules. So when the power balancing control is
balance control will not be able to balance the dc-link implemented in DAB, the power difference is dominated by
voltages, therefore the DAB power balance control is needed converter power losses, the power unbalance is much smaller
to regulate the H-Bridge real power. Section III-C describes than 20%. This guarantees the three dc-link voltage can
the proposed power balance control method, which guarantees always be balanced with the proposed voltage balance control.
the power unbalance of the DAB modules is within the
required range so that the three dc-link voltages can always be
balanced with the proposed voltage balance control.
Substitute Iline in (14) with (19), then d1, d2, and d3 are
derived as
TABLE II
SST PROTOTYPE PARAMETERS
In order to balance the dc-link voltages, the real IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
power of each H-Bridge has to be within the range presented
in (21). In other words, if the power unbalance is too large, the
H-Bridge will not be able to maintain the balanced dc-link
voltage. For the designed SST system, according to (21), the
maximum power unbalance occurs when the maximum power
P1 = 37% Pin. When the SST is under light load condition, the
power unbalance becomes much more severe because the
device loss and transformer parameter mismatch account for a
significant percentage of the total power, the power balance
equation (21) cannot be assured. Therefore, a power balance
control is needed to regulate the H-Bridge real power.
VIII.Acknowledgment
This paper is based on M. Tech. project carried out by the
student of pydah college of engineering & technology,
Kakinada studying M.Tech (Power Electronics) The project
had been completed by MR. B. SATYA VARAPRASAD
Fig 13 inverter voltage & currents
bearing H.T.no.: 126T1D4314 under the guidance of B.
LALITHA KUMARI.
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