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Mechanical Properties of Wrought Stainless Steel* (All Properties Specified, usually Flat Products)
Specific
Elastic Electrical
Grade or Density 0-100oC 0-315oC 0-538oC At 100oC At 500oC Heat 0-
UNS No Modulus Resistivity
type (kg/m3) m/m/ oC m/m/ oC m/m/ oC W/m.K W/m.K 100oC
(a) GPa nOhms.m
J/kg.K
201 S20100 7800 197 15.7 17.5 18.4 16.2 21.5 500 690
202 S20200 7800 - 17.5 18.4 19.2 16.2 21.6 500 690
301 S30100 8000 193 17.0 17.2 18.2 16.2 21.5 500 720
302 S30200 8000 193 17.2 17.8 18.4 16.2 21.5 500 720
302B S30215 8000 193 16.2 18.0 19.4 15.9 21.6 500 720
303 S30300 8000 193 17.2 17.8 18.4 16.2 21.5 500 720
304 S30400 8000 193 17.2 17.8 18.4 16.2 21.5 500 720
304L S30403 8000 193 17.2 17.8 18.4 16.3 21.5 500 720
302HQ S30430 8000 193 17.2 17.8 - 11.2 21.5 500 720
304N S30451 8000 196 17.2 17.8 18.4 16.3 21.5 500 720
305 S30500 8000 193 17.2 17.8 18.4 16.2 21.5 500 720
308 S30800 8000 193 17.2 17.8 18.4 15.2 21.6 500 720
309 S30900 8000 200 15.0 16.6 17.2 15.6 18.7 500 780
310 S31000 8000 200 15.9 16.2 17.0 14.2 18.7 500 780
314 S31400 7800 200 - 15.1 - 17.5 20.9 500 770
316 S31600 8000 193 15.9 16.2 17.5 16.2 21.5 500 740
316L S31603 8000 193 15.9 16.2 17.5 16.3 21.5 500 740
316N S31651 8000 196 15.9 16.2 17.5 14.4 - 500 740
317 S31700 8000 193 15.9 16.2 17.5 16.2 21.5 500 740
321 S32100 8000 193 16.6 17.2 18.6 16.1 22.2 500 720
347 S34700 8000 193 16.6 17.2 18.6 16.1 22.2 500 730
384 S38400 8000 193 17.2 17.8 18.4 16.2 21.5 500 790
410 S41000 7800 200 9.9 11.4 11.6 24.9 28.7 460 570
416 S41600 7800 200 9.9 11.0 11.6 24.9 28.7 460 570
420 S42000 7800 200 10.3 10.8 11.7 24.9 - 460 550
430 S43000 7800 200 10.4 11.0 11.4 26.1 26.3 460 600
430F S43020 7800 200 10.4 11.0 11.4 26.1 26.3 460 600
431 S43100 7800 200 10.2 12.1 - 20.2 - 460 720
434 S43400 7800 200 10.4 11.0 11.4 - 26.3 460 600
444 S44400 7800 200 10.0 10.6 11.4 26.8 - 420 620
446 S44600 7800 200 10.4 10.8 11.2 20.9 24.4 500 670
630 S17400 7500 196 10.8 11.6 - 18.3 23.0 460 800
631 S17700 7800 204 11.0 11.6 - 16.4 21.8 460 830
3CR12 S41003 7800 205 10.8 11.3 12.0 31.0 32.0 480 570
4565S S34565 8000 190 14.5 16.3 17.2 14.5 - 510 920
304 is not the only stainless steel and is not appropriate in every application. However, an
understanding of the attributes of 304 provides an excellent base for comparing members of the
austenitic family of stainless steels and a practical base for determining the appropriateness of
stainless steel in a given application.
You already have substantial experience of 304 and its properties on which to draw. Chances are
some of your cutlery (look for the telltale 18/8 or 18/10 designation), your saucepans and your
sink are 304 stainless.
Composition
Grade 304L (see Table 1) is a low carbon 304 often used to avoid possible sensitisation
corrosion in welded components. Grade 304H (see Table 1) has a higher carbon content than
304L, which increases the strength (particularly at temperatures above about 500oC). This grade
is not designed for applications where sensitisation corrosion could be expected.
Related Grades
UNS S30403 304L 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.03 18.0-20.0 8.0-12.0
UNS S30409 304H 0.04-0.10 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.03 18.0-20.0 8.0-12.0
Both 304L and 304H are available in plate and pipe, but 304H is less readily available ex-stock.
304L and 304H are sometimes stocked as standard 304 (test certificates will confirm compliance
with the 'L' or 'H' specification).
Corrosion resistance
Grade 304 has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of media. It resists ordinary rusting
in most architectural applications. It is also resistant to most food processing environments, can
be readily cleaned, and resists organic chemicals, dye stuffs and a wide variety of inorganic
chemicals.
In warm chloride environments, 304 is subject to pitting and crevice corrosion and to stress
corrosion cracking when subjected to tensile stresses beyond about 50oC. However, it can be
successful in warm chloride environments where exposure is intermittent and cleaning is a
regular event (such as saucepans and some yacht fittings). Descriptions of these mechanisms
may be found in ASSDA's Reference Manual.
Heat resistance
304 has good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 870oC and in continuous service to
925oC. Continuous use of 304 in the 425-860oC range is not recommended if subsequent
exposure to room temperature aqueous environments is anticipated, but it often performs well in
temperatures fluctuating above and below this range. Grade 304L is more resistant to carbide
precipitation and can be used in the above temperature range. Where high temperature strength is
important, higher carbon values are required. For example, AS1210 Pressure Vessels Code limits
the operating temperature of 304L to 425oC and restricts the use of 304 to carbon values of
0.04% or higher for temperatures above 550oC.
304 has excellent toughness down to temperatures of liquefied gases and finds application at
these temperatures.
Note: Slightly different properties are given in other specifications. Thermal conductivity
at 100oC 16.2W/m.K
at 500oC 21.5W/m.K
Like other austenitic grades, 304 in the annealed condition is virtually non-magnetic (ie very low
magnetic permeability). After being cold worked, however, it can become significantly attracted
to a magnet (reversible by annealing).
Like other austenitic steels, 304 can only be hardened by cold working. Ultimate tensile strength
in excess of 1,000MPa can be achieved and, depending on quantity and product form required, it
may be possible to order to a specific cold-worked strength (see ASTM A666 or EN10088-2).
Annealing is the main heat treatment carried out on grade 304. This is accomplished by heating
to 1,010-1,120oC and rapidly cooling - usually by water quenching.
Fabricability
Grade 304 has excellent forming characteristics. It can be deep drawn without intermediate heat
softening - a characteristic that has made this grade dominant in the manufacture of drawn
stainless parts, such as sinks and saucepans. It is readily brake or roll formed into a variety of
other parts for application in the industrial, architectural and transportation fields.
Grade 304 has outstanding weldability and all standard welding techniques can be used
(although oxyacetylene is not normally used). Post-weld annealing is often not required to
restore 304's corrosion resistance, although appropriate post-weld clean-up is recommended.
304L does not require post-weld annealing and finds extensive use in heavy gauge fabrication.
Machinability of 304 is lower than most carbon steels. The standard austenitic grades like 304
can be readily machined, provided that slower speeds and heavy feeds are used, tools are rigid
and sharp, and cutting fluids are used. An 'improved machinability' version of 304 also exists.
Cost comparisons
'First cost' cost comparisons can only be approximate, but the guidelines in Table 4 are suggested
for sheet material in a standard mill finish suitable for construction projects. Lifecycle cost
parameters will, in many applications, dramatically increase the appeal of stainless over its first
cost competitors.
Approximate
Material
Price ($/kg)
Copper 8.0
Brass 8.5
Bronze 10.0
Forms available
Grade 304 is available in virtually all stainless product forms, including coil, sheet, plate, strip,
tube, pipe, fittings, bars, angles, wire, fasteners, castings and some others. 304 is also available
with virtually all surface finishes produced on stainless steel, from standard to special finishes.
Applications
However, typical applications for 304 include holloware, architecture, food and beverage
processing, equipment and utensils, commercial and domestic kitchen construction, sinks, and
plant for chemical, petrochemical, mineral processing and other industries.
With this breadth of application, grade 304 has become a fundamental alloy in modern industry
and is certainly worth committing to your materials knowledge base.
Wrought product
BS 304S15 W. No 1.4301
Specification S30400 304 SS 2332 JIS SUS 304
En 58E DIN X5CrNi 18 9
Cast product
Standard UNS ASTM BS3100 German AS2074
Note: For fasteners manufactured to ISO3506, 304 is included in the 'A2' designation.
Grade Selection
Stainless steels have diverse properties which provide viable and cost-effective solutions to a
vast range of applications. In practice, development of a hierarchy of required properties reduces
the range to a manageable number of highly versatile materials (ASSDA's Reference Manual
lists about 30 grades commonly available in Australia), enabling users to choose the most
appropriate grade for the particular application.
The family of stainless steels can be divided into five basic alloy groups (see Table 1):
253MATM or
Commonly 321 310 904L 254SMO
2111HTRTM
Ferritic
DIN 1.4003
Commonly 409 430 3CR12TM or 444 446
5CR12TM
Duplex Ferrallium
Commonly 2304 2205 2507 Zeron 100TM
255TM
S30400 is the most specified grade - it accounts for more than 50% of stainless steel produced in
the world and services a wide range of applications. It withstands ordinary rusting in
architecture, is resistant to most food processing environments, and resists organic chemicals,
dye stuffs and a wide variety of inorganic chemicals. It is used extensively in consumer products
and appliances, and equipment for domestic and commercial kitchens, hospitals, transportation
and waste water treatment. S30400 is also available in virtually all product forms and finishes.
When selecting a stainless steel, first consider the fundamental "competitive advantage"
properties required. These basic properties can initially be viewed according to the five basic
alloy groups (see Table 2 below).
Austenitic grades high in Cr, e.g. S31000, and Si, e.g. S31400 (314),
Heat resistance or rare earths, e.g. S30815
For corrosive environments, take advantage of past experience. Even small amounts of some
impurities and/or changes in temperature of flow conditions can have a significant effect on
corrosion resistance. Specialist suppliers and other independent experts, who often provide
advice at no cost, are contactable through ASSDA for assistance with a recommendation.
S43000 Ferritic 17
S30403 Austenitic 18
S31603 Austenitic 24
S31803 Duplex 34
N08904 Austenitic 34
S31254 Austenitic 43
S32750 Duplex 43
Grades with high levels of each element are more resistant. Hence, S31600 (2% Mo) is standard
for marine fittings. Grade S31803 (3% Mo and 0.15% N) is more resistant to higher temperature
chloride environments and the "super duplex" (eg S32750 and S32760) and "super austenitic"
(e.g. S31254) grades have very high levels of each element and can withstand high chloride
environments up to nearly boiling point.
Common austenitic grades (e.g. S30400 and S31600) may suffer from stress corrosion cracking
(SCC) in chloride-containing environments, particularly in temperatures above about 50C and
when a tensile stress is present in the steel. The ferritic and duplex grades are highly resistant,
though not immune, and should be selected if SCC is a possibility.
Fabricability should be considered early in the grade selection process - it greatly influences the
cost of the product. Table 4 below lists some common grades and compares their relative
fabricability on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating excellent fabricability by this method:
S30300 1 8* 1
S30400 8 5* 8
S31600 8 5* 8
S41600 1 10 1
S43000 4 6 2
S31803 5 4 5
DIN 1.4003 5 6 6
*Improved versions of these grades offer higher machinabilities in some products.
A compromise between desirable properties of certain grades may be necessary. For example,
grade S30300 (austenitic steel known as 303) has excellent machinability, but the high sulphur
content which dramatically increases the cutting speed also substantially reduces the grade's
weldability, formability and corrosion resistance (its PRE is wrong because the negative effect of
sulphur is omitted, making it totally inappropriate for applications where there is a likelihood of
corrosive conditions of even a mild nature).
Conclusion
Before selecting a grade of stainless steel, it is essential to consider the required properties such
as corrosion resistance, but it is also important to consider the secondary qualities such as
physical and mechanical properties and fabricability of any competing grade. The appropriate
choice will ultimately provide both short- and long-term benefits: cost-effective fabrication and
installation and a long, trouble-free life.
References
Sedriks, A.J. (1996) Corrosion of Stainless Steels. John Wiley & Sons.
Grade 316 (UNS S31600) is the second most popular grade in the stainless steel family. It
accounts for about 20% of all stainless steel produced.
Composition
Grade 316H has a higher carbon content than 316L, which increases the
strength (particularly at temperatures above about 500oC), but should
not be used for applications where sensitisation corrosion could be expected.
UNS 31600 316 0.08 2.0 0.75 0.045 0.03 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 2.0-3.0 0.10
Related Grades
UNS S31603 316L 0.03 2.0 0.75 0.045 0.03 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 2.0-3.0 0.10
UNS S31609 316H 0.04-0.10 2.0 0.75 0.045 0.03 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 2.0-3.0 -
Both 316L and 316H are available in plate and pipe, but 316H is less readily available ex-stock. 316L and 316H are sometimes
stocked as standard 316 (test certificates will confirm compliance with the 'L' or 'H' specification).
Corrosion resistance
Grade 316 has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of media. Its main advantage over
grade 304 is its increased ability to resist pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride
environments. It resists ordinary rusting in virtually all architectural applications, and is often
chosen for more aggressive environments such as sea-front buildings and fittings on wharves and
piers. It is also resistant to most food processing environments, can be readily cleaned, and
resists organic chemicals, dye stuffs and a wide variety of inorganic chemicals.
In hot chloride environments, grade 316 is subject to pitting and crevice corrosion and to stress
corrosion cracking when subjected to tensile stresses beyond about 50oC. In these severe
environments duplex grades such as 2205 (UNS S31803) or higher alloy austenitic grades
including 6% molybdenum (UNS S31254) grades are more appropriate choices.
The corrosion resistances of the high and low carbon versions of 316 (316L and 316H) are the
same as standard 316. They are mostly chosen to give better resistance to sensitisation in welding
(316L) or for superior high temperature strength (316H).
Descriptions of these corrosion mechanisms are in ASSDA's Reference Manual.
Heat resistance
Like grade 304, 316 has good oxidation resistance in intermittent service
to 870oC and in continuous service to 925oC. Continuous use of 316 in
the 425-860oC range is not recommended if subsequent exposure to room
temperature aqueous environments is anticipated, but it often performs
well in temperatures fluctuating above and below this range.
Like other austenitic stainless steels 316 has excellent toughness down to temperatures of
liquefied gases and has application at these temperatures, although lower cost grades such as 304
are more usually selected for cryogenic vessels.
Table 2: Mechanical properties of grade 316 Table 3: Physical properties of grade 316 typical
(annealed condition) given in ASTM A240M values in annealed condition)
0 - 815oC 20.0m/m/ oC
Thermal conductivity
at 100oC 16.3W/m.K
at 500oC 21.5W/m.K
Another characteristic that 316 has in common with other austenitic steels is that it can only be
hardened by cold working. An ultimate tensile strength in excess of 1,000MPa can be achieved
and, depending on quantity and product form required, it may be possible to order to a specific
cold-worked strength (see ASTM A666 or EN10088-2).
Annealing (also referred to as solution treating) is the main heat treatment carried out on grade
316. This is done by heating to 1,010 1,120oC and rapidly cooling - usually by water quenching.
Fabricability
Like other austenitic stainless steels, grade 316 has excellent forming characteristics. It can be
deep drawn without intermediate heat softening enabling it to be used in the manufacture of
drawn stainless parts, such as sinks and saucepans. However, for normal domestic articles the
extra corrosion resistance of grade 316 is not necessary. 316 is readily brake or roll formed into a
variety of other parts for application in the industrial and architectural fields.
Grade 316 has outstanding weldability and all standard welding techniques can be used
(although oxyacetylene is not normally used). Although post weld annealing is often not required
to restore 316's corrosion resistance, making it suitable for heavy gauge fabrication, appropriate
post-weld clean-up is recommended.
Machinability of 316 is lower than most carbon steels. The standard austenitic grades like 316
can be readily machined if slower speeds and heavy feeds are used, tools are rigid and sharp, and
cutting fluids are used. An 'improved machinability' version of 316 also exists.
Cost comparisons
The guidelines in Table 4 are approximate 'first cost' comparisons for sheet material in a
standard mill finish suitable for construction projects. The appeal of stainless over its first cost
competitors dramatically increases when lifecycle costs are considered.
Approximate Price
Material
($/kg)
Copper 8.0
Brass 8.5
Bronze 10.0
Forms available
Grade 316 is available in virtually all stainless product forms including coil, sheet, plate, strip,
tube, pipe, fittings, bars, angles, wire, fasteners and castings. 316L is also widely available,
particularly in heavier products such as plate, pipe and bar. Most stainless steel surface finishes,
from standard to special finishes, are available.
Applications
Typical applications for 316 include boat fittings and structural members;
architectural components particularly in marine, polluted or industrial
environments; food and beverage processing equipment; hot water
systems; and plant for chemical, petrochemical, mineral processing,
photographic and other industries.
Although 316 is often described as the 'marine grade', it is also seen as the
first step up from the basic 304 grade.
Alternatives
strong reducing acids (alternatives might be 904L, 2205 or a super duplex grade),
environments with temperatures above 50-60 oC and with chlorides present (choose grades
resistant to stress corrosion cracking and higher pitting resistance such as 2205 or a super duplex
or super austenitic), and
applications requiring heavy section welding (316L), substantial machining (an improved
machinability version of 316), high strength or hardness (perhaps a martensitic or precipitation
hardening grade).
Specifications
Wrought product
BS 316S16 W. No 1,4401
Specification S31600 316 SS 2347 JIS SUS 316
En 58H, 58J DIN X5CrNiMo 18 10
Cast product
Note: For fasteners manufactured to ISO3506, 316 is included in the "A4" designation.