IEEE ISIE 200,Nu-F]UAqq 1tSR M O4M INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Maizonave, G. B.; Dos Reis, F. S., IEEE Member; Lima, J. C. M.; Bombardieri, A. J.;
Chiapetta F., E.; Ceccon, G.B.; Souza, R.R.N.; Tonkoski Jr., R., IEEE Student Member; Dos Reis, R. W.
Pontificia Universidade Cat6lica do Rio Grande do Sul
Avenida Ipiranga, 6681 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil CEP: 90619-900
f.dosreis dieee.org
Abstract - This reports the study and hardware
implementation of a dimmable electronic ballast for high
pressure sodium lamps, and a microprocessor-based system for
control and energy measurement for this ballast, which uses a
power line communications system to send and receive status
and commands from another ballasts plugged in the same
mains subcircuit. These ballasts are connected in the topology of
a logic network, one of them being defined as the master of the
subcircuit, and the others as slaves. The master unit
distinguishes from the slaves by the additional communications
system, which works through a cell phone, and enables the
wireless connection to a PC-based central supervisory system.
This way, any locale or town becomes able to control its entire
main lighting system, in addition to the obtainment of more
accurate data about energy billing, which together with the
ability to control luminosity and the better power factor, will
result in financial and energetic economy.
Index Terms - Street Lighting, High Pressure Sodium
Lamp, HPSL, Power Line Communications, PLC, Cellular
Telephony, GPRS, SMS.
I INTRODUCTION
Before incandescent lamps came out, street lighting was
obtained by the burning of gas or combustible oil. Street lighting
was registered for the first time in London, in 1417, when Sir Henry
Barton mayor, ordered torches and animal oil lamps to be hanged
between Hallowtide e Candlemasse [1]. Benjamin Franklin
achieved a drastic reduction on the number of murder deaths in
Philadelphia, by means of a campaign for illumination of the
streets, using whale oil.
The first electrical means of street lighting for large areas used a
model of arc lamp developed by the Russian Pavel Yablochkov in
1875. Such lamps became known by the names "electric candle" or
"Yablochkov's candle". With the creation of the incandescent
filament lamps, during the 19th century, cheaper, trustful and highly
bright, the arc lamps where quickly replaced in the street lighting,
although its industrial application has lasted for a long period yet.
The incandescent lamps, employed in street lighting up to the
advent of the high intensity discharge lamps, operated normally as
series circuits connected to an alternating high voltage source.
A. State ofArt
Nowadays street lighting uses mostly discharge lamps, usually
high pressure sodium lamps. There are streets that use sodium
lamps in one side and high pressure mercury in the other. There are
still places that, in opposition to every technical recommendation,
still use incandescent-mercury lamps on street lighting.
Almost all ballasts used in street lighting are of the
electromagnetic type, since the market for the electronic ballasts is
still incipient.
There exist several kinds of high pressure discharge lamps,
which characterize by the excellent luminous efficiency and long
lifetime, overcoming the other types of lamp in both features. The
HID lamps are divided in three distinct families: High Pressure
Mercury (including the incandescent-mercury lamps), Metal Halide
and High Pressure Sodium Lamps.
B. The Negative Resistance Behavior
Arc discharge lamps must operate with a ballast which limits it's
current, because they present a feature usually named "Negative
Resistance".
After gas ionization inside the internal lamp bulb, the free
electrons, emitted by an electrode (cathode) migrate to the other
1-4244-0497-5/06/$20.00 C 2006 IEEE 721
electrode (anode), and this migration causes collisions between the
electrons and the atoms on the gas.
The collisions cause the transfer of electrons from internal orbits
in the atom to more external ones, leading to an excitation state. As
the electrons jump back to their original orbits, photon emissions
occur, radiating in this way energy at several wavelengths, so much
in visible bands as in the invisible ones. Another consequence of
this process, almost always undesirable, is the chafing occurring in
these collisions.
In a specific amount of these collisions the liberation of electrons
from their atoms. These electrons, once free, collide with other
atoms in the gas, originating again the described process. The
repetition of this phenomenon causes an electronic flood, which
initiates more electric current in the gas, making thus the
conductance of the ionized path to be directly proportional to the
intensity of its current. To this behavior, opposite to the one
described in Ohm's law, the name "negative resistance" was given.
Consequently it becomes necessary to limit the current circulating
through the lamp, by some impedance in series with the source
circuit, without which the lamp would destroy itself. Fig.1 depicts
the typical negative resistance behavior of a discharge lamp.
Positive resistance
Larp
current
)
Neclative resistance
Lamp voltage
Rupture voltage
Fig. 1 Negative resistance behavior.
The breakage voltage of the lamp is the required voltage for its
ignition, and it depends on, among some other factors, the arc bulb
geometry (basically the diameter and length), on the type of gases
used in the lamp's structure, on the pressure and temperature of
these gases and on the type of the used electrode. Typical values of
breakage voltage for low pressure lamps are between 50 V and 1.2
kV.
C. The Adopted Inverter Topology
The power stage of the circuitry is accomplished by one full
bridge inverter and a filter of the type series LC, parallel C. This
kind of resonant filter allows limiting the lamp current by the series
capacitor C, and the L inductor, at the same time performing the
lamp ignition, with the high voltage developed at the Cp capacitor
terminals, which is connected in parallel with the lamp. This voltage
appears at the Cp capacitor only if: a) the inverter operation
frequency is equivalent to its resonance frequency or a multiple of
this frequency; b) the lamp is off, since it can be considered an open
circuit in this situation. Fig. 2 presents the complete circuitry of this
ballast, which is composed by: a) a full bridge rectifier associated to
a very small value capacitor; b) a full bridge inverter; c) an LC filter
in the converter input, in order to minimize the conducted EMI
generated by the structure. It is important to mention that the Rlamp
resistor represents the circuit's equivalent resistance when the lamp
is on.
L~~~~Q
Rede
Fig.2 Full bridge resonant inverter with a series LC, parallel C filter.
 The main advantages of the proposed structure are: a) high
power factor (PF), in spite of the absence of a conventional PFP; b)
an extreme topological simplicity if compared with conventional
electronic ballasts; c) acoustic resonance minimization since the
lamp current becomes zero at every mains semi cycle (Fig.5) and
remains in this state until a new cycle begins, in a way very similar
to what occurs in electromagnetic ballasts. The main disadvantage
of this structure is the crest factor (CF) of two (CF _ 2) which is
slightly higher than 1.8 (maximum value recommended to
fluorescent lamps although there are no regulations with a Fig.5 Wavefo ,v) at the lamp, in
maximum CF value for HID lamps). the mains' frequency.

D. Experimental Results
From the implemented prototype, as Fig.3 illustrates, it was
performed a set of waveforms acquisitions which are illustrated as
follows.
Fig.6 shows the voltage and current waveforms at the lamp in
high frequency cycles. In this figure it is possible to remark the
resistive behavior of the HPS lamp when operating in high
frequency, because both waves are in phase and present almost the
same form. Minor differences may be observed at the MOSFET
commutation instant, due to the interference in the oscilloscope
cables.

Fig.6 Voltage (above) and current (below)

cycles. waveforms at the lamp, in 68 kHz

Fig.7 displays the high frequency power waveform, acquired

from the product of the voltage and the current at the lamp (VIamp x
Iamp) in reduced intensity, during a period of mains peak voltage.
Fig.4 shows the voltage and current waveforms at the electronic The measured instantaneous average value was about 160 W.
ballast's input, with nominal power. One may conclude that the
input current is in phase with the mains voltage waveform, what can
result in high power factor. It can also be observed that during the
reigniting periods that occur in every semi cycle, the input current
behaves exactly the same as an electromagnetic ballast, but it
becomes perfectly resistive, as soon as the arc is established inside
the lamp.

14.3%

%9%%

Fig.41 power.
It is important to take note that the implementation of an EMI 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16) 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46) 48 50
ft asbid
Harmoic h it6d6 as a %S of the fundametal
e pl6'it"ude
am

filter attached to the circuit significantly improves the input current Fig 8 Percent values of the ballast's input current harmonics.
waveform, which would behave as the one from a discontinuous
mode converter, if it was not present between the mains and the Z.% r -

ballast. 1 M%-
/-
1% H-
The obtained power factor at the device's input was 0.98, with a
current THD of 19.8%. The mains in the lab presented a THD of II03%-
]9K
2.5% during the performed measurements. 1.%
=X
Fig.5 below presents the voltage and current waveforms at the
lamp, during one entire mains cycle, at 60 Hz frequency. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 10 2D 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Fig. cntvanitudae
o a %mf the tinsdvontagehapl.tude
Observance of the current waveform at the lamp leads to the Fig 9 Percent values of the mansvltg harois
conclusion that it turns off and on at each semi cycle.

722
 B. Sampling ofthe mains voltage
In order to sample the mains voltage, a voltage transformer with
220 VAC input and 9+9 VAC output and a resistive voltage divider
were used, as shown in Fig. 12.
Several transformer models were tested, until a commercial
model that causes the least possible distortion on the sampled
voltage waveform was found.
A resistive voltage divider was added in order to make the
sample compatible with the multiplier circuit. The transforming
relation is given by (2).
Vout 0,307Vin (2)

E. Additional Features
Being an intelligent ballast, the developed device aggregates 220 F2 V s
several functions, as control, supervision, power metering and C.ain s input the nagog
a
communications with other ballasts of the same model, as well as AHall Effect(MSA Control's model SCR2 )ws
ustiplier
with the supervisory central. N
The metering of the power consumption for taxing purposes was
implemented with a power meter, which was specially designed for
this purpose. It uses a voltage transformer and a Hall Effect sensor Fig. 12 Voltage sensor.
in order to sample the input voltage and current. Such devices are
linked to an analog multiplier which acquaints the power C. Input current sampling
information. The proposed system is described in details by A Hall Effect (MSA Control's model SC-50) was used to obtain
schematic diagrams and theoretical fundamentals. the input current sample. Its use requires a current source,
The communication between ballasts, detailed in the fourth accomplished with a transistor. Fig. 13 represents the proposed
section, is accomplished through the mains power wires. The circuit, where one can remark an operational amplifier in
communication process with the supervisory central is made with differential configuration. The result of this circuit is the obtainment
cellular telephony. The main supervisory software can operate in of a voltage signal, proportional to the measured current. Its
any low cost personal computer with serial or USB amplitude is adjusted before the application in the multiplier circuit.
communications, linked to a cell phone.
The control and supervision system bases itself in a Tothe muttiplier circuit
microprocessor which permits high level programming (so enabling
portability). The processor has a high frequency clock and high
processing speed, what is necessary because of the great volume of
tasks under its control.

II THE POWER METER

A. Introduction
The power meter circuit is used to measure the power absorbed
by the lighting device and to protect the circuit, allowing it to turn
off in case of overload.
The calculation of the instant power in a circuit is made by the
product of instant voltage and current, thus the active power Fig. 13 Current sensor.
delivered to the load may be obtained by integration of the instant
power, as shown in (1). The R21 trimmer can be used to correct offset voltages as much
in the Hall Effect sensor, as in the operational amplifier itself. This
P = p(Idt
T pJt" (1) adjustment is accomplished by placing a short-circuited winding
through the sensor's window, and adjusting the trimmer in order to
The following block diagram represents the power meter circuit obtain zero volts at the operational amplifier's output (pin 14).
and the steps that it implements to obtain the measured active D. The Protection Circuit
power. The circuit protection is performed by the microprocessor, Since the power measurement is obtained from the voltage and
which receives the power measurement and decides whether to turn current sensors, from multiplier and the integrator, the
it off or not. It also continuously performs a second integration in microprocessor achieves the tasks of totalization of the energy
the power measurements, in order to compute the total energy
drained by the lighting system. consumption and system protection.
The 370 W limit was used for this purpose, so it must not be
passed beyond. As a security measure, the microcontroller has
F B mrtage access to a control pin which can perform a shutdown operation, in
: Filters Integraor case this limit is reached. The circuit's protection is achieved by a
Current direct action in the suitable pin in the LM3524 oscillator, in order to
turn the inverter MOSFETs off.
Fig. I11 Block diagram of the performed operations. The routines concerning the overload protection system in the
microcontroller were made in order to have an inhibition period,

723
thus not acting during the lamp ignition, since power consumption
can be higer when the lamp is cold.
Since this whole task is only software-based, it may be easily
changed in order to adapt to specific features of the conjugated
ballast and lamp, thus granting much versatility to the system.
As the ignition process finishes, the microprocessor initiates the
protection procedures, checkint whether the measured power does
not reach the 370 W limit.
III THE POWER LINE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Due to the additional features of this electronic ballast, towards
other commercial models, the necessity of communication of the
various ballasts with the sub central became evident. In order to
accomplish this, the mains power line was used as physical media
for data transmission, hence eliminating the need of an additional
physical network.
The development of a PLC (Power Line Carrier) was achieved,
using only basic components, as passive elements and logical ports,
based on a Microchip technical report.
Communication is established by modulation, transmission and
demodulation of the concerning data. The first step (modulation) is
carried out by the transmitter, having as transmission media the
conventional AC power line. The second step (demodulation) is
achieved by the receiver circuit. The basis of this modulation
process is the sampling, which consists of instantaneous
measurements of an analog signal at specific time instants,
generating a sequence of samples uniformly distributed in time.
The reception of this signal is made by the same filters, which
eliminate the low frequency components that come from the mains
power line. The tests carried out with the implemented modem
demonstrated fairly good reliability, as much in the transmission as
in the reception process.
u R;24 ~~~~~~z,--
r 545icS
F 5rS
TRANRFORMER
,f 44 . t
Fig. 14 The developed data transmission circuit.
This performance analysis comprised a data transmission essay
uigthe University mains network, and a power cable, a hundred
meters long. T-1~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~-
Fig. 15 The developed data reception circuit.
The transmission circuit injects a high frequency carrier in the
power line, which is demodulated by the receiving side and again
converted to a digital signal that can be normally read by the
microprocessor. This modem uses a transformer-based coupling
circuit, tuned in the same frequency of the other side. The carrier
signal is generated by the microcontroller. When a "1" bit is
transmitted, the carrier signal is injected on the power line. The
demodulator circuit, perceiving the presence of the carrier signal on
the mains, demodulates it and places the logic level "1" in its
output.
During the tests with both modems, it was noticed that the noise
present in the mains affected their performance, corrupting the
signal just when the transmitter did not inject the carrier signal on
the network (which should correspond to logic "0"). In order to
solve or get around this problem, a signal coding technique was
applied, in such a way that each "0" or "1" symbol is represented by
the injection of the carrier signal, but with different times.
The results were greatly satisfying, as Fig. 16 illustrates the
waveforms collected by a digital oscilloscope. The upper part of the
picture displays the modulated and transmitted signal, while the one
in the bottom depicts the already demodulated and received signal.
I= " ' El ilm
Fig. 16 Sent (above) and decoded (below) signals, with the low-cost
developed modem, through the university's noisy power network.
IV THE MOBILE TELEPHONY COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
A mixed topology built up of master and slave electronic ballasts
was adopted as the solution to this communications system. The
master electronic ballasts receive the commands from the central
station by a cell phone data connection, and the slave ballasts
receive the commands from the master ones through the power line
communications network.
C43
A. The SMS service
The Short Message Service is a mechanism of message delivery
through mobile telephony networks, which makes possible to send
messages from and to mobile phones. The sent (text only) message
is stored at the short message central, and is shipped later to the
receiving mobile phone. This way, if the destination is not
available, the message can be sent afterwards. The SMS system is
limited to 160 text characters per message. This text may be in
ASCII format or in PDU (Protocol Description Unit) format.
The use of SMS for data transmission makes possible the spring
of a new actuation area for the mobile cellular telephony service.
724
This new area is about the using the cell phone between not only
industrial, but also residential electronic devices.
Each cell phone company assigns specific commands, and offers
different medias in order to connect the devices to data transmission
systems. Nevertheless, they are always AT commands:
Sending of an SMS message in PDU mode (AT+CMGF=O):
AT+CMGC=<length><CR>
PDU is given <ctrl-Z/ESC>
<length> Length of the PDU message
V THE DIGITAL CONTROL CENTRAL
A. System Components
Fig. 19 displays, as a block diagram, the way by which the electronic
ballast's design is structured, and how the control units integrates to
this system. The slave units have similar construction, lacking only
the connection to the cell phone.

Reading of an SMS message:

AT+CMGR=?
<stat>, [<alpha>] ,<length><CR><LF><pdu>
0 REC UNREAD.
SC1211 MSC1211 Frequency
1 REC READ.
2 STO UNSENT.
3 STO SENT.
The SMS messages are normally coded in PDU format, and are
structured in the following manner:
Example:
"0791551006000006040BA15081048660F500005001600185032905D4F29C5E06

TRANSLATION: Fig. 19 Block diagram of the electronic ballast (master unit)

SMSC#+550160000060
Sender:05184068065
TimeStamp:06/10/05 10:58:30 B. System Tasks
TP PID:00
TP DCS:00 The control system carries out a series of tasks. These tasks were

TP DCS-popis: Uncompressed Text initially coded in assembly language, and afterwards in ANSI C, by
class 0
Alphabet: Default means of a freeware compiler named SDCC (Small Device C
Teste
Length: 5
Compiler). Fig.20 presents a diagram of the tasks that were written

The sent message was the Portuguese word "Teste". for the MSC121 1Y5 microcontroller and the way they relate to each
The choice of this two physical medias is due to some features of other.
the system, as capillarity and physical extent of the network. It is Save
not possible to use cell phones to control each one of the lamps, due onsurnptii instant
Powe
to the high related costs. Nor yet it is possible to implement the Save
entire network using only the mains power line, due to the technical nfiigu ratic
Proctectic r
restrictions presented by this kind of technology. kWh
Pow
An analysis of the various commercial cell phones and the t Caluulatio 6i6) metet

existing protocols supported the choice to use the GSM mobile

network, due to its technical characteristics, low line maintenance Time giht S6hW
Routin,
costs and ease of comprehension and implantation of the
communications protocol (based on SMS messages exchange) that Luminosity
it permits to access. An algorithm was developed in order to code
the PDU messages, and it is able to convert data packets from PDU nfiguratio
to ASCII text. With this converter it was possible to make the
communication real. MMede

B. The supervisory system

The purpose of this mobile telephony system is to develop a
supervisory system capable of controlling all the street lighting
system of a city. For so much it is necessary to structure the central
connection to the master ballasts, and by this means, command the Dnri
A( Acoustic
slave ballasts. Control

Fig.20 Tasks accomplished by the microcontroller.

VI CONCLUSIONS
The current popularity of the electronic ballasts for discharge
lamps (particularly the ballasts for fluorescent ones) has arisen
Fig Inerac ofth
RSlye suevsr sotaeieeoe ocodnt h because of the great light efficiency of the electronic ballast
- - operating in conjunction with the lamp. Electronic ballasts are also
being developed for high pressure sodium lamps, usually applied in
FItead ofthe ri street lighting, but they do not represent significant increase in light
efficiency. The main advantage of these new electronic ballasts is
-- --- --Irl
-cl.
related to the possibility of controlling the consumption of the
- --

whole system
device, since they present high power factor harmonic distortion in
its input current. In this work, the application is much greater,
allowing total control of the lighting system of a town, state, or even
an entire country. In this point of view the proposed system is
incomparable to the current one, made of photoelectric cells and
conventional electromagnetic ballasts.

725
 The present paper suggests a very attractive design of electronic
ballast for 250 W high pressure sodium lamps. In addition to the
achieved high power factor (0.98 at nominal power), the proposed
model is based on an extremely simple topology, in which the main
concern was providing low cost. During all the conception and
construction processes, the use of the cheapest materials and the
simplest topologies was fetched, without forgetting the need of
technical robustness and functional reliability, since there is real
interest in replacing the electromagnetic ballasts, which are still
used in large scale in street lighting.
The proposed ballast also has some disadvantages. Most of them
are related to the fact that in permits the lamp turn off at each semi
cycle, during the zero crosses times, as in electromagnetic ballasts.
As the arc extinguishes, the lamp impedance instantly increases to a
very high value, placing the LCC filter next to resonance operation,
and generating the necessary voltage to reignite the device. With a
hot bulb, this voltage does not go beyond eight hundred volts.
During this period, the instantaneous input current is lower that the
nominal one and, as the phenomenon lasts for about thirty percent
of the semi cycle, the input current waveform becomes distorted,
thus reducing the power factor, which without this effect would be
next to unit. The same effect occurs with electromagnetic ballasts
(which by the way do not present the same linear behavior after
ignition). Even as the input current is lower in this period, the
overvoltage caused by the absence of the arc in the next semi cycle
can destroy the main MOSFETs of the inverter before the end of
this semi cycle. As this fact certainly happens at the end of the lamp
lifetime, when the electrodes are totally eroded, or when a
mechanical phenomenon or a bad electric contact disconnects the
lamp from the circuit, the power meter system informs the
microcontroller, which in turn performs a system shutdown. In
practice a crest factor of about two was measured, while the
fluorescent lamp regulations recommend a maximum value of 1.8,
in order to prevent the decrease of lamp lifetime. It becomes,
therefore, necessary to perform an analysis in order to verify the
influence of the crest factor at high frequency in this kind of lamp,
since this study is not yet available in the scientific literature.
The acoustic resonance is another problem which was not
studied with the required depth. Anyhow, the fact that the lamp is
turned off each semi cycle, as what occurs with electromagnetic
ballasts, significantly helps to avoid this phenomenon. The use of
the nominal switching frequency of 68 kHz was not randomly
arbitrated, but chosen for being inside a frequency window where
this phenomenon is not observed. Besides this, the digital control
system promotes the periodic variation of the frequency at intervals
of some mains electric cycles. The lamp remained turned on for
several dozens of hours at the lab during the tests and, during all
this time, acoustic resonance was not observed. It is known, though,
that the natural beat frequency of the gas inside the bulb varies
during lamp's lifetime, and that a severe resonance, of the kind that
can turn off, or even explode the lamp can occur in a time smaller
than that of the applied variation. The adopted precautions can,
therefore, prove ineffective, and only a field test, which must last at
least for the lamp lifetime would be capable of validating them.
A huge communications network was developed in order to
allow total control of the system from the supervision central. Using
this central it is possible to individually control every street lighting
network unit, determinate the timetable of its activations,
deactivations and consumption decrease, as well as measuring and
recording the individual and the complete system's energy
consumption. To perform this, a complete communications system
was developed, using mobile telephony and power line
communication (using a PLC modem). The system's structure is so
constituted by the supervising unit and the master ballasts. The
supervising unit sends and receives signals from the master ballasts,
which in turn, provided with cell phone and PLC modem, act as
interface for the data addressed to/from the additional units,
726
denominated "slaves". This interface is carried out through the
power line. This way a great range can be achieved with low cost.
In order to grant the accomplishment of the ballasts' tasks, which
consist of driving the lamp, controlling the luminous intensity,
consumption measurement, sending and receiving data, a digital
microcontroller system was developed.
The real economical viability of this system may be achieved by
a leasing system, in which the provider is responsible of supplying
equipment and services and, in return, receives part of the benefits
got with the use of this system. This way, for example, a part of the
value saved by the city hall would be designated to the provider.
VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors want to thank CEEE (Companhia Estadual de
Energia Eletrica) for the given support, which made possible the
realization of this project.
VIII REFERENCES
[1] Wikipedia-hg
[2] C. Brafnas; F. J. Azcondo; S. Bracho. "Electronic Ballast for
HPS Lamps with Dimming Control by Variation of the
Switching Frequency. Soft Startup Method for HPS and
Fluorescent Lamps",IECON98, 1998, pp. 970-975.
[3] Bum Suk Kang; Hee Jun Kim, "High Power Factor
Electronic Ballast for High Pressure Sodium Lamp",
TENCON 99. Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10
Conference, Volume: 2, 1999 Page(s): 887 -890 vol.2.
Cheju, Korea, Sep. 1999.
[4] F. Dos Reis, R. Tonkoski Jr., G. B. Maizonave, L. C.
Lorenzoni, U. Sarmanho, G. B. Ceccon, F. B. Libano, V.
Canalli and J. C. M. Lima. Full Bridge Single Stage
Electronic Ballast for a 250 W High Pressure Sodium Lamp
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June 12-16, 2005, Recife, Brazil.
[5] Dos Reis, F. S.; Lima, J. C.; Tonkoski, R Jr. ; Canalli, V.M;
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Lorenzoni, L. C..Single Stage Ballast for High Pressure
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[6] Ben-Yaakov, S. and Gulko, M, "Design and performance of
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lamps", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics Vol.
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