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The n n identity matrix is In = e1 e2 en . Furthermore In x = x for all x Rn .
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If A = a1 a2 an , then Aei = ai .
Definition: An n n square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists an n n matrix B such that
AB = BA = In . If B exists, then it is unique and we call it the (multiplicative) inverse of A. We denote the
inverse of A by A1 .
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1 2
Unlike real numbers, not all nonzero matrix A has a multiplicative inverse. Take for example A = .
0 0
Note that if A is an invertible matrix, then for any b Rn , the equation Ax = b has a unique solution given
by x = A1 b. Thus, the linear transformation that it represents must be one-one and onto.
Consider the linear system Ax = b where A Rnn and b Rn . A is invertible if and only if the system has
exactly one solution for any choice of b.
An n n matrix A is invertible if and only if rref(A) has n pivots. That is rref (A) = In .
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a b
A 2 2 matrix A = is invertible if and only if its determinant ad bc 6=. In this case
c d
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1 d b
A1 = .
ad bc c a
Examples:
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2 5
1. Is invertible?
3 7
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3 4
2. Find the inverse of B = .
5 6
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3
3. Using the inverse of B, find the unique solution to Bx = .
7
4. Find the inverse of AB and the inverse of B T .
5. What is the inverse of a diagonal matrix?
6. What is the inverse of a block diagonal matrix?
1
Elementary Matrices
A type I elementary matrix is a matrix that is obtained from the identity matrix by interchanging two rows
(or columns).
Examples when n = 3:
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
A type II elementary matrix is a matrix that is obtained from the identity matrix by multiplying a row (or a
column) by a nonzero scalar.
Examples when n = 3:
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.5
A type III elementary matrix is a matrix that is obtained from the identity matrix by replacing a row (or a
column) by a multiple of another row (or column).
Examples when n = 3:
1 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 2 1 6 0 1
If an n n matrix A is invertible, then A is row equivalent to In , that is there are elementary matrices
Ek Ek1 E2 E1 A = In . Thus, the inverse of A is the matrix A1 = Ek Ek1 E2 E1 .
Examples:
0 1 2
1. A = 1 0 3
4 3 8
1 2 1
2. A = 1 5 6
5 4 5