Anatomy 100 pointers

Anatomy Forum: Dr. Ashwani Kumar

E-mail: 7ashwani7@gmail.com

General
1. In a female child at birth oocyte is seen arrested in prophase (diplotene) of meiosis-1.
2. Uteroplacental circulation is established at day 12 (week 2)
3. Feto - placental circulation is established at day 22 (week 4).
4. Placenta has 2 components: fetal & maternal. Fetal component is contributed by trophoblast cells of blastocyst & maternal
component is by the decidua basalis.
5. Gap junctions permit cell-to-cell communication of small molecules via their connexon channels.
6. The oral portion of epiglottis is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
7. Thyroid follicles are normally lined by cuboidal epithelium, but they become columnar when stimulated and squamous when inactive.
8. Only the male urethra contains transitional epithelium (in the prostatic portion). Stratied squamous epithelium lines most of the
female urethra and the distal end of the cavernous urethra in males.
9. Membranous urethra is lined by stratified (or pseudo-stratified) columnar epithelium.
10. The olfactory epithelium (neuroepithelium) possesses non motile cilia, which act as receptors for odor. They are extensions of the
bipolar nerve cells that form part of this tall, pseudo-stratied epithelium located in the roof of the nasal cavity.
11. Terminal bronchioles are lined by an epithelium composed of two cell types: secretory (Clara) cells and ciliated cells. Cartilage is not
present in bronchioles.
12. Mucous neck cells are located in the neck of gastric glands in all parts of the stomach, whereas chief (zymogenic) cells are present
mostly at fundus of gastric glands and mostly at the fundus part of stomach.
13. Hyaline cartilage is avascular, contains type II collagen. It is located at the articulating ends of long bones.
14. Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) is present in the Lamina propria of Mucosa.
15. Hassall corpuscles are concentric accretions of epithelial reticular cells (derived from endoderm) found only in the medulla of the
thymus
16. Langerhans cells in the epidermis function as antigen-presenting cells by trapping antigens that penetrate the epidermis and
transporting them to regional lymph nodes, where they are presented to T lymphocytes. They originate in the bone marrow and do
not arise from epithelium.
17. Coracoid process is an atavistic type of epiphysis.
18. Pneumatic bones have air cells present in them for e.g., Maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and temporal bones.
19. Malleus and incus have saddle type of synovial joint. Incus and stapes have ball & socket joint.

Head, Neck & Brain

20. The sensory innervation of the posterior half of the external auditory meatus comes from auricular branch of the vagus.
21. Sensory innervation of the anterior half of the external auditory meatus auriculotemporal nerve
22. Nerve that lies in the posterior tonsilar fossa Glossopharyngeal nerve
23. Nerve runs just anterior to the anterior scalene muscle - Phrenic nerve
24. The only output (efferent) fibres of cerebellar cortex are by the Purkinje cells, which use GABA as their neurotransmitter and are
inhibitory in nature.
25. The efferents from the cerebellum are from the deep nuclei (DEFG)
D Dentate (lateral most), E Emboliform, F Fastigii, G - Globose
26. Ganglion cells are the 'third' order neurons for the optic pathway.
27. Optic nerve is third order neuron and is constituted by the axons of Ganglion cells of retina. Rods /Cones(I) Bipolar cells(II)
Ganglion cells(III) Lateral geniculate body(IV)
28. Visual area (17) receives its blood supply from the calcarine artery, a branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Anastomosis with the
middle cerebral artery may be substantial and leads to macular sparing in the lesions of middle cerebral artery.
29. Hypothalamic nuclei involved with circadian rhythms suprachiasmatic nucleus
30. Lesion of the frontal eye field would cause deviation of the eyes toward the lesion
31. The of the corneal reflex: Afferent arm - CN V, Efferent arm - CN VII
 Anatomy 100 pointers
Anatomy Forum: Dr. Ashwani Kumar
E-mail: 7ashwani7@gmail.com

Thorax & Back

32. Vertebral bodies mainly develop from ventral sclerotome (VS) and hemivertebra occurs due to a defect of VS.
33. Triangle of Auscultation is bounded by 2 muscles and scapula.
Superiorly Trapezius
Inferiorly Latissimus dorsi
Laterally medial wall of Scapula.
34. First costo-chondral joint is a synchondrosis.
35. The first branch (arising separately from the anterior aortic sinus in 36% of individuals) is the arteria coni arteriosi or conus artery.
This is sometimes termed a third coronary' artery,
36. 70 % of the breast lymphatics reach the axillary lymph nodes; 20 % to the parasternal and 5 % to the posterior intercostal LNs.
37. Cooper's ligaments connects mammary glands to the dermis of overlying skin
38. The heart begins to beat in 4th week of gestation.
39. The role of neural crest cells in the development of the heart invade the aorticopulmonary septum

Limbs
40. Winging of scapula is due to the paralysis of serratus anterior muscle.
41. Nerve that causes extension of the thumb Radial nerve
42. Nerve which adducts the thumb Ulnar nerve
43. The Corachobrachialis is pierced by - Musculocutaneous nerve
44. The flexor carpi ulnaris is pierced by - Ulnar nerve
45. The deep branch of the radial nerve pierces - Supinator muscle
46. Ape hand deformity is due to Median nerve injury
47. Palmaris longus passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum.
48. Serratus anterior is a protractor of scapula. It also causes lateral rotation of scapula along with trapezius and both muscles are
involved in overhead abduction.
49. Inferior angle lies opposite the seventh thoracic spine when the arm is by the side.
50. Rotator cuff is contributed by supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis (SIT/S).
51. Scaphoid fracture is the most common hand bone break because it transmits forces from the abducted hand directly to the radius.
Because the blood supply enters distally, the proximal portion of the scaphoid is especially prone to avascular necrosis.
52. Lunate dislocation is most common in falls on the out-stretched hand, compressing the median nerve within the carpal tunnel and
producing carpal tunnel syndrome.
53. The anterior cruciate ligament is a key stabilizer of the knee joint, preventing posterior movement of the femur on the tibial
plateau.
54. The medial meniscus, being more mobile and attached to the medial collateral ligament, is most likely to be injured. Twisting
movements that combine lateral displacement with lateral rotation pull the medial meniscus toward the center of the joint where it
may be trapped and crushed by the medial femoral condyle.
55. Sesamoid is present in the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis.
56. Most of the blood to the head and neck of the femur is supplied by the medial circumex femoral artery
57. The coronary ligaments are portions of the joint capsule extending between the margins of the menisci and most of the periphery of
the tibial condyles.
58. The middle genicular branches of the popliteal artery penetrate the brous layer of the joint capsule and supply the cruciate
ligaments, synovial membrane, and peripheral margins of the menisci.
59. "Unhappy triad" - medial meniscus, medial collateral ligament, and ACL tear
60. Entrapment and compression of tibial nerve (tarsal tunnel syndrome) occurs when there is edema and tightness in the ankle
involving the synovial sheaths of the tendons of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg. The area involved is from the
medial malleolus to the calcaneus (compression of the nerve by the exor retinaculum).
61. The tibiobular joints include a proximal synovial joint, an interosseous membrane, and a distal tibiobular syndesmosis,
62. The tendon of flexor hallucis longus passes in a groove between the two tubercles of the posterior talus and then lower surface of
the sustentaculum tali.
63. Sensory distribution of the anterior leg: the web space between the first and second toes is specific for the fibular nerve (L5)
64. The medial (deltoid) ligament fans out from the malleolus, attaching distally to the talus, calcaneus, and navicular via four adjacent
and continuous parts: the Tibionavicular part, the Tibiocalcaneal part, and the anterior and posterior tibiotalar parts.
65. The spring ligament supports the head of the talus and plays important roles in the transfer of weight from the talus and in
maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Laxity of this ligament results in fallen arches or "flat feet."
66. The lateral ligament of ankle (specically its anterior talobular ligament component) is the most frequently injured ligament of the
body.
67. Subtalar joint is between the talus and the calcaneus, where inversion and eversion occur about an oblique axis.
 Anatomy 100 pointers
Anatomy Forum: Dr. Ashwani Kumar
E-mail: 7ashwani7@gmail.com

Abdomen, pelvis & perineum

68. Coeliac plexus (solar plexus) consists of a pair of coeliac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and a few detached aortico-renal
ganglia. It is located around the origin of coeliac artery around ventral surface of aorta.
69. Liver is divided into functional anatomical segments by following two veins (Couinauds classification):
Hepatic veins
Portal vein branches
70. Calots triangle is bounded by the common hepatic duct medially; inferior border of liver superiorly and cystic duct inferiorly.
Contents are:
Cystic artery
The cystic lymph node
Aberrant / accessory Right Hepatic Artery
71. In Hirschsprung disease the aganglionic segment is in contracted state (Narrowed lumen), whereas, the normal proximal segment is
dilated (Megacolon).
72. Omphalocele is caused by failure of midgut to return to the body cavity from its physiological herniation.
73. The anterior lobe of prostate lies in front of the urethra and devoid of glandular tissue hence adenoma seldom occurs.
The Posterior lobe is situated behind the urethra and below the ejaculatory duct. It also contains glandular tissue and is the most
common site for prostatic carcinoma.
74. During prostectomy both capsules (true and false) are left behind as prostatic venous plexus lies between true and false capsule.
75. There is valveless communication between prostatic plexus and vertebral venous plexus (Batson plexus) through which prostatic
carcinoma can spread to vertebral column and skull.
76. During herniorrhaphy ilio-inguinal nerve is damaged, while working in the inguinal canal, whereas, ilio-hypogastric nerve may be
damaged while putting the incision for herniorrhaphy at the inguinal region.
77. Spermatic cord contains:
3 fascial layers: external spermatic, internal spermatic, cremasteric
3 arteries: artery to vas deferens, testicular artery, cremasteric artery
3 other vessels: pampiniform plexus, ductus deferens, lymphatics
1 nerve: genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
78. Each ovary lies in the ovarian fossa on the lateral pelvic wall which is bound anteriorly by obliterated umblical artery and posteriorly
by ureter and internal iliac artery.
79. Ovarian pain may also referred along distribution of obturator nerve on medial side of thigh.
80. Lower 2/3 of vagina develops from endoderm of urogenital sinus.
81. Gubernaculum is attached to 'caudal end' of the gonads aids in the descent of the gonads
82. Gartners cyst arises from the remnant of mesonephric duct.
83. Pain of external hemorrhoids is carried by Inferior rectal nerve (Pudendal nerve branch).
84. Ante-verted position of uterus is maintained by the utero-sacral ligament (posterior pull) &ante-flexion position is maintained by
the round ligament of uterus (anterior pull).
85. The broad ligament contains (i) Fallopian (uterine) tube; (ii) Round ligament of uterus (iii) Ligament of ovary, (iv) Uterine vessels, (v)
Ovarian vessels (in infundibulopelvic ligament),(vi) Uterovaginal and ovarian nerve plexuses (vii) Epoophoron and its duct (Gartner's
duct) (viii) Parophoron. (ix) lymphatics and (x) Dense connective tissue or parametrium.
86. Lymphatic drainage of uterus:
Cervix (lower lymphatics) - external iliac, internal iliac, and sacral nodes.
Lower part of body (middle lymphatics) - external iliac nodes.
Fundus and upper part of body (upper lymphatics) para-aortic nodes and a few from the uterine cornu accompany the round
ligaments to reach the superficial inguinal nodes.
87. Internal urethral sphincter is absent in females.
88. Distal Spongy part of male urethra mainly drains into the deep inguinal lymph nodes.
89. Lymphatic drainage of uterine cervix:
1. Internal iliac lymph nodes 2. External iliac lymph nodes 3. Obturator lymph nodes
90. The levator ani muscle forms most of the pelvic floor and its puborectalis portion (rectal sling) is the principal mechanism for
maintenance of fecal continence when the rectum is full.
91. Each uterine artery crosses immediately superior to a ureter in the transverse cervical ligament-an important surgical
consideration.
92. The lymphatic drainage from the vagina is by three routes: the external and internal iliac nodes from the upper portion of the
vagina; and the internal iliac nodes as well as the superficial inguinal nodes from the lowest third.
93. Branches of anterior division of Internal Iliac artery (anterior trunk)
Superior vesical, Obturator, Middle rectal, Inferior vesical (only in males), Vaginal artery (only in females),Uterine.
Inferior gluteal, Internal pudendal.
 Anatomy 100 pointers
Anatomy Forum: Dr. Ashwani Kumar
E-mail: 7ashwani7@gmail.com
Branches of posterior division (posterior trunk)
Iliolumbar, Superior gluteal, Two lateral sacral
94. Prostatic part of urethra (3cm long) (crescentic on cross section), widest and most dilatable, leaves the prostate through anterior
surface close to apex.
Features in posterior wall:
Urethral crest- median longitudinal mucus fold.
Colliculus seminalis (verumonatanum): An elevation in the middle of urethral crest with the opening of prostatic utricle at its
summit and ejaculatory duct on each side.
Openings of ejaculatory ducts: These are present on each side of the orifice of utricle.
Prostatic sinuses: These are vertical grooves present one on each side of urethral crest. They present with openings of
prostatic glands
95. Prostatic and membranous parts drain into internal iliac nodes and spongy (penile) urethra drains into deep inguinal nodes
96. Posterior surface of both kidneys is related to diaphragm, medial and lateral arcuate ligament, psoas major, quadratus lumborum,
transversus abdominis, subcostal vessels, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, and ilioinguinal nerve. In addition, the right kidney is
th
related to 12 rib and the left kidney is related to11th and 12th ribs.
97. The angle between the lower border of 12th rib and the outer border of erector spinae (sacrospinalis) is known as renal angle
98. Ureteric constriction :-
Pelviureteric junction
Brim of lesser pelvis.
Point of crossing of ureter by ductus deferens or broad Iigament.
Entry in bladder wall (this vesicoureteral junction is the narrowest part of ureter)
Opening in lateral angle of trigone
99. Blood supply of ureter
Upper part: - mainly by renal artery. Also by gonadal or colic vessels.
Middle part: - branches from the aorta. May also by gonadal or iliac vessels.
Lower part (pelvic part):- branches from the vesical, middle rectal or uterine vessels.
100. Sphincter of Oddi = sphincter choledochus + sphincter pancreaticus + sphincter ampulla.