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STEP 1
Rapid test : metode diagnostic berdasarkan antigen parasite malaria dengan metode
immunokromatografi.
STEP 2
1. Why did the periodic high fever preceede by shivering and followed by a spontaneous
decrease in temperature with profuse sweating?
2. Why does the physical examination show a pale paprebal conjungtiva, sclera jaundice
and splenomegaly?
3. How is patophysiology of fever?
4. How is the life cycle of plasmodium?
5. What are the kind of fever?
6. DD dan diagnosis?
7. How is the epid?
8. How is the clinical manifestation?
9. How is the pathogenesis of the scenario?
10. How to diagnose the scenario? What are the additional examination of the scenario?
11. What are the preventive medication and the treatments?
12. What are complication of scenario?
STEP 7
1. Why did the periodic high fever precede by shivering and followed by a spontaneous
decrease in temperature with profuse sweating? Proses demam yang beraitan dengan
prostaglandin dan hipotalamus???
Fever is usually a physiologic response to infection or inflammation. Monocytes or
tissue macrophages are activated by various stimuli to liberate various cytokines
with pyrogenic activity (Fig. 95-1). Interleukin (IL)-1 is also an essential cofactor in
initiating the immune response. Another pyrogenic cytokine, tumor necrosis factor
(TNF), activates lipoprotein lipase and may also play a role in immune cytolysis;
TNF-, or lymphotoxin, has similar properties. A fourth cytokine, interferon (IFN)-,
has antiviral activity (see Chapter 92). IL-6, a cytokine that potentiates B-cell
immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis, also has pyrogenic activity. Endogenous pyrogens
activate the anterior preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus to raise the set point for body
temperature. Newer data suggest that there is also a more immediate stimulatory
effect of exogenous pyrogens (e.g., bacterial lipopolysaccharide) in the production of
fever. This occurs when exogenous pyrogens induce the release of prostaglandin E2
(PGE2), which either directly stimulates the anterior preoptic nuclei or causes excitation
of vagal afferent nerves that transmit signals to these nuclei. Infection with all types of
microorganisms can be associated with fever. Tissue injury with resulting
inflammation, as observed in patients with myocardial or pulmonary infarction or after
trauma, can produce fever. Certain malignancies such as lymphoma and leukemia, renal
cell carcinoma, and hepatic carcinoma are also associated with fever. In some
instances, fever is related to the liberation of endogenous pyrogens by monocytes
in the inflammatory response surrounding the tumor; in other patients, the
malignant cell may release an endogenous pyrogen. Many immunologically mediated
disorders, such as connective tissue diseases, serum sickness, and some drug
reactions, are characterized by fever. In most patients with drug-induced fevers, the
mechanisms are unknown. Virtually any disorder associated with an inflammatory
response (e.g., gouty arthritis) can be associated with fever. Certain endocrine
disorders such as thyrotoxicosis, adrenal insufficiency, and pheochromocytoma can also
produce fever.
Andreoli.and.Carpenter's.Cecil.Essentials.of.Medicine.8th.Ed-ublog.tk
2. Why does the physical examination show a pale palprebal conjungtiva, sclera jaundice
and splenomegaly?
Malaria VS Tifus
Malaria : trias malaria, gg kesadaran, lemah otot, kejang, perna tinggal di daerah
endemic, etiologi plasmodium sp. Timbul eusinofilia
Tifus : demam berkepnjangan, gg pencernaan, gg kesadaran, etiologi salmonella
typosa. Timbul aneusinofilia. Leukopenia. Komplikasinya perforasi usus
6. How to diagnose the scenario? What are the additional examination of the scenario?
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/resources/pdf/algorithm.pdf