Calculus II Chapter 6 Study Guide Spring 2017

5.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem (The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2).

Suppose f is continuous on [a, b]. Then,
Z b
f (x) dx = F (b) F (a)
a

where F is any antiderivative of f , that is, F 0 = f .

5.5 The Substitution Rule

u-Substitution
If u = g(x) is a differentiable function and f is continuous, then
Z Z
0
f (g(x)) g (x) dx = f (u) du

u-Substitution for Definite Integrals

If u = g(x) is a differentiable function on [a, b] and f is continuous, then
Z b Z g(b)
f (g(x)) g 0 (x) dx = f (u) du
a g(a)

Integrals of Symmetric Functions

Suppose f is continuous on [a, a].
Z a Z a
(a) If f is even, that is, f (x) = f (x), then f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx.
a 0
Z a
(b) If f is odd, that is, f (x) = f (x), then f (x) dx = 0.
a

6.6 Integration by Parts

Integration by Parts
The formula for integration by parts is
Z Z
f (x)g (x) dx = f (x)g(x) g(x)f 0 (x) dx
0

or Z Z
u dv = uv v du

where u = f (x) and dv = g 0 (x) dx.

Integration by Parts for Definite Integrals
The formula for integration by parts is
Z b b Z b
f (x)g 0 (x) dx = f (x)g(x) g(x)f 0 (x) dx

a a a
or Z b b Z b
u dv = uv  v du

a a a
where u = f (x) and dv = g 0 (x) dx.

6.1 Trigonometric Integrals and Substitutions

Z
Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx

(a) If m is odd, save a factor of sin x and use the identity sin2 x = 1 cos2 x.
Then, use a u-sub with u = cos x and du = sin x dx.
(b) If n is odd, save a factor of cos x and use the identity cos2 x = 1 sin2 x.
Then, use a u-sub with u = sin x and du = cos x dx.
(c) If m and n are both even, try using different trig identities to simplify the integrand.
Z
Integrals of the form tanm x secn x dx

(a) If m is odd, save a factor of sec x tan x and use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x 1.
Then, use a u-sub with u = sec x and du = sec x tan x dx.
(b) If n is even, save a factor of sec2 x and use the identity sec2 x = tan2 x + 1.
Then, use a u-sub with u = tan x and du = sec2 x dx.
(c) If m is even and n is odd, try changing the integrand into term of sin x and cos x or try using different
trig identities to simplify the integrand.

Trigonometric Substitutions
Expression Trig Substitution Identity Triangle

a
x
a2 x2 x = a sin cos2 = 1 sin2


a2 x2

a2 + x2
a2 + x2 x = a tan sec2 = tan2 + 1 x

a

x
x2 a2 x = a sec tan2 = sec2 1 x2 a2

a

2
6.3 Partial Fractions

(x a)n+1
Z Z
1 1
dx = ln |x a| + C dx = + C for n 6= 1
xa (x a)n n + 1

Z Z
x 1 1 1 1 x
 
dx = ln x2 + a2 + C


2 2
dx = tan +C
x +a 2 x2 + a2 a a

Partial Fraction Decomposition

Note: If the degree of the numerator is NOT less than the degree of the denominator, first do polynomial
long division.

R(x)
For rational functions of the form f (x) = , completely factor the denominator Q(x).
Q(x)

Factors of Q(x) Partial Fraction Decomposition

R(x) A B C
distinct linear factors = + + +
(x a)(x b)(x c) xa xb xc

R(x) A1 A2 A3 An
repeated linear factors = + + + +
(x a)n x a (x a)2 (x a)3 (x a)n

R(x) A1 x + A2 B1 x + B2 C1 x + C2
distinct quadratic factors + = 2 + 2 + 2
(x2 + a2 )(x2 2 2 2
+ b )(x + c ) x +a 2 x +b 2 x + c2

R(x) A1 x + B 1 A2 x + B 2 A3 x + B 3 An x + B n
repeated quadratic factors = 2 + 2 + 2 + + 2
(x2 + a2 )n x + a2 (x + a2 )2 (x + a2 )3 (x + a2 )n

6.4 Integration with Tables and Computer Algebra Systems

Use a u-sub to transform an integral to one given in a table.

6.5 Approximate Integration

ba
n = # subintervals of [a, b] x =
n
Midpoint Rule
Z b
f (x) dx Mn = x [f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + f (x3 ) + + f (xn )]
a
 
2i 1
where xi = a + x is the midpoint of the ith subinterval for i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.
2

3
Trapezoidal Rule
Z b
x
f (x) dx Tn =[f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + + 2f (xn1 ) + f (xn )]
a 2
where xi = a + ix for i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.

Simpsons Rule
Note: n must be even to use Simpsons Rule.
Z b
x
f (x) dx Sn = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + + 2f (xn2 ) + 4f (xn1 ) + f (xn )]
a 3
where xi = a + ix for i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.

6.6 Improper Integrals

Definition (Improper Integrals of Type 1: Infinite Intervals).

Z Z N
(a) f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
a N a
Z b Z b
(b) f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
M M

The improper integrals in parts (a) and (b) converge or are convergent if the corresponding limits exist.
Otherwise, the improper integrals in parts (a) and (b) diverge or are divergent if the limits do not exist.
(c) If a is any real number, then
Z Z a Z
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
a

p-Test
Z
1
If p > 1, then dx is convergent.
1 xp
Z
1
If p 1, then dx is divergent.
1 xp

Definition (Improper Integrals of Type 2: Discontinuous Integrands).

Z b Z t
(a) If f is continuous on [a, b) and is discontinuous at b, then f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx.
a tb a
Z b Z b
(b) If f is continuous on (a, b] and is discontinuous at a, then f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx
a ta+ t

The improper integrals in parts (a) and (b) converge or are convergent if the corresponding limits exist.
Otherwise, the improper integrals in parts (a) and (b) diverge or are divergent if the limits do not exist.
(c) If f has a discontinuity at c, where a < c < b, then
Z b Z c Z b
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
a a c

4
Theorem (Comparison Theorem).
Suppose that f and g are continuous functions with 0 f (x) g(x) for x a.
Z Z
(a) If g(x) dx is convergent, then f (x) dx is convergent.
a a
Z Z
(b) If f (x) dx is divergent, then g(x) dx is divergent.
a a