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H ydrocarbon related AVO anomalies may show are low impedance gas sands for which reflection coeffi-
increasing or decreasing amplitude variation with offset. Con- cients decrease with increasing offset; they may occur, for
versely, brine-saturated background rocks may show example, when the shear-wave velocity in the gas sand is
increasing or decreasing AVO. lower than in the overlying shale. Thus, many classical
Amplitude-versus-offset interpretation is facilitated by bright spots exhibit decreasing AVO. If interpreted incor-
crossplotting AVO intercept (A) and rectly, AVO analysis will often yield
gradient (B). Under a variety of reason- false negatives for Class IV sands.
able geologic circumstances, As and Bs
for brine-saturated sandstones and
Summary Clearly, the conventional associa-
tion of the term AVO anomaly with
shales follow a well-defined back- an amplitude increase with offset is
ground trend. AVO anomalies are properly viewed as inappropriate in many instances and has led to much
deviations from this background and may be related to abuse of the AVO method in practice. Similarly, interpre-
hydrocarbons or lithologic factors. tation of partial stacks is not as simple as looking for rel-
The common three-category classification developed atively strong amplitudes at far offsets. We recommend that
by Rutherford and Williams is incomplete. We propose all AVO analysis be done in the context of looking for deviations
that an additional category (Class IV) be considered. These from an expected background response.
Figure 6. This chart summarizes the AVO behavior of the various gas sand classes. Note that when we say ampli-
tude versus offset we are referring to the variation of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. Thus, a negative
reflection coefficient that becomes more positive with increasing offset has a decreasing reflection magnitude ver-
sus offset. Note that Class IV gas sands are anomalous in that they have a positive AVO gradient and that ampli-
tude decreases with increasing offset.
Figure 7. We have superimposed an example of a Class Figure 8. Here are examples of shale over gas-sand
IV gas sand on a figure taken from Rutherford and and shale over brine-sand reflections. Both decrease
Williams which shows their gas-sand classification in amplitude versus offset and have about the same
based on normal incidence reflection coefficient. The AVO gradient, even though the gas sand is a bright
vertical axis is reflection coefficient and the horizontal spot (it is Class IV). The model parameters are:
axis is local angle of incidence. Note that Class III and
IV gas sands may have identical normal incidence Lithology Vp (km/sec) Vs (km/sec) p (gm/cc)
reflection coefficients, but the magnitude of Class IV Shale 3.24 1.62 2.34
sand reflection coefficients decreases with increasing Brine Sand 2.59 1.06 2.21
angle of incidence while Class III reflection coefficient Gas Sand 1.65 1.09 2.07
magnitudes increase.