Literature Poetry-is a collection of spoken or written words that
What is expresses ideas or emotions in a powerfully vivid and
Literature?
Litera Latin word which literally means an
acquaintance with letters
What is Literature?
Webster defines literature as anything that is
printed, as long as it is related to the ideas and
feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a
product of ones imagination
What is Literature?
It is a body of work, either written, oral, or visual,
containing imaginative language that realistically portrays
thought, emotions, and experiences of the human
condition.
What is Literature?
is a product of particular culture that concretizes
mans array of values, emotions, actions and ideas.
It is therefore a creation of human experiences
that tells about people and their world.
What is Literature?
is a product of particular culture that concretizes
mans array of values, emotions, actions and ideas.
It is therefore a creation of human experiences
that tells about people and their world.
What is Literature?
Literature raises life to a new level of meaning
and understanding, and in the process restores
sanity and justice in an insane and unjust world.
Cirilo F. Bautista
Importance of Literature
Studying literature is like looking at the mirror of
life where mans experiences, his innermost
feelings and thoughts are reflected.
Through literature, we learn the culture of people
across time and space.
Importance of Literature
We understand not only the past life of a nation
but also its present.
Moreover, we become familiar not only with the
culture of neighboring countries but also with that
of others living very far from us.
DIVISION OF LITERATURE
Prose- is a form of language that has no formal metrical
structure. It applies a natural flow of speech, and ordinary
grammatical structure rather than rhythmic structure, such
as in the case of traditional poetry.
imaginative style, comprising of a particular rhythmic and
metrical pattern.
TYPES OF PROSE
1. Nonfictional Prose: A literary work that is mainly based
on fact although it may contain fictional elements in
certain cases. Examples are biographies and essays.
2. Fictional Prose: A literary work that is wholly or partly
imagined or theoretical. Examples are novels.
3. Heroic Prose: A literary work that may be written down
or recited and employs many of the formulaic expressions
found in oral tradition. Examples are legends and tales.
4. Prose Poetry: A literary work which exhibits poetic
quality using emotional effects and heightened imagery
but are written in prose instead of verse.
TYPES OF POEM
Haiku It is a type of Japanese poem, consisting of
three unrhymed lines with mostly five, seven and
five syllables in each line.
Free Verse It consists of non-rhyming lines,
without any metrical pattern, but follows a natural
rhythm.
Epic It is a form of poem, often written in blank
verse, lengthy in size in which poet shows
protagonist in action of historical significance or
great mythic.
Ballad It is a type of narrative poem narrates a
story, often talks about folk or legendary tales. It
may take a form of moral lesson or a song.
Sonnet It is a form of lyrical poem containing
fourteen lines with iambic pentameter and tone or
mood changes after eighth line.
Elegy A melancholic poem in which poet laments
the death of a subject, however, consoles towards
the end is called elegy.
Epitaph A small poem used as an inscription on
tombstone of dead person.
Hymn This type of a poem praises spirituality or
Gods splendor.
GENRES OF LITERATURE
The two main categories separating the different
genres of literature are fiction and nonfiction.
There are several genres of literature that fall
under the nonfiction category. Nonfiction sits in
direct opposition to fiction.
TYPES OF NON-FICTION
 Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact
that is presented in a format which tells a story.
Essays are a short literary composition that reflects
the authors outlook or point. A short literary
composition on a particular theme or subject,
usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative,
or interpretative.
A Biography is a written account of another
persons life.
An Autobiography gives the history of a persons
life, written or told by that person. Often written in
Narrative form of the persons life.
Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral
communication; ability to express ones thoughts
and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture.
Generally delivered in the form of an address or
discourse.
GENRES OF FICTION
Drama is the genre of literature thats subject for
compositions is dramatic art in the way it is
represented. This genre is stories composed in
verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance,
where conflicts and emotion are expressed
through dialogue and action.
Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery
that evokes an emotional response from the
reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in
composition, written or spoken. This genre of
literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful,
imaginative, or elevated thoughts.
Fantasy is the forming of mental images with
strange or other worldly settings or characters;
fiction which invites suspension of reality.
Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing
or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and
excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of
literature can actually be seen and contained
within all genres.
A Fable is a story about supernatural or
extraordinary people Usually in the form of
narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In
Fables, animals often speak as humans that are
legendary and supernatural tales.
Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or
fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or
other magical creatures, usually for children.
Science Fiction is a story based on impact of
potential science, either actual or imagined.
Science fiction is one of the genres of literature
that is set in the future or on other planets.
Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not
able to support any subplots.
Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen
and is true to real life.
Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of
a person of folk that was handed down by word
of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is
widely held, but false and based on
unsubstantiated beliefs.
Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters
and events in a historical setting.
Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling
caused by literature that is frightfully shocking,
terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events
evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and
the reader.
A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant
exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the
impossible with an here of nonchalance.
Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or
folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes
imaginative material.
Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the
solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets.
Anything that is kept secret or remains
unexplained or unknown.
Mythology is a type of legend or traditional
narrative. This is often based in part on historical
events, that reveals human behavior and natural
phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to
the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of
a particular people or that relating to a particular
person.
Elements of fiction
Character -- A figure in a literary work (personality,
gender, age, etc). E. M. Forester makes a
distinction between flat and round characters. Flat
characters are types or caricatures defined by a
single idea of quality, whereas round characters
have the three-dimensional complexity of real
people.
Protagonist- the leading character or one of the
major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other
fictional text.
Antagonist- a person who actively opposes or is
hostile to someone or something; an adversary.
 Plot - the major events that move the action in a
narrative. It is the sequence of major events in a
story, usually in a cause-effect relation.
Exposition- a literary device used to introduce background
information about events, settings, characters etc. to the
audience or readers. The word comes from the Latin
language and its literal meaning is a showing forth.
Exposition is crucial to any story, for without it nothing
makes sense.
From Three little bears
Once upon a time, there were three bears. There
was a Daddy Bear, who was very big, a Mama Bear,
who was middle-sized, and a Baby Bear, who was
very small. They all lived together in a little cottage
in the middle of the woods. Their favorite breakfast
was porridge. One morning, after they made their
porridge, Daddy Bear said, Lets go for walk in the
woods until it cools. Mama Bear and Baby Bear
liked the idea, so off they went. While they were
away, a little girl named Goldilocks came walking
through the forest and smelled the porridge
Rising action- is a series of relevant incidents that
create suspense, interest and tension in a
narrative. In literary works, a rising action includes
all decisions, characters' flaws and background
circumstances that together create turns and
twists leading to a climax.
Climax- is a structural part of a plot and is at times
referred to as a crisis. It is a decisive moment or a
turning point in a storyline at which the rising
action turns around into a falling action. Thus, a
climax is the point at which a conflict or crisis
reaches its peak that calls for a resolution or
denouement (conclusion).
Falling action- occurs right after the climax, when
the main problem of the story resolves. It is one of
the elements of the plot of the story, the other
elements being exposition, rising action, climax,
and resolution. Falling action wraps up the
narrative, resolves its loose ends, and leads toward
the closure.
Denouement- literary device which can be defined
as the resolution of the issue of a complicated plot
in fiction. Majority of the examples of denouement
show the resolution in the final part or chapter that
is often an epilogue.
Point of View -- the vantage point from which a
narrative is told. A narrative is typically told from a
first-person or third-person point of view-- the
vantage point from which a narrative is told. A
narrative is typically told from a first-person or
third-person point of view.
1st Person POV- the author tells the story through
who refers to himself or herself as "I.
3rd Person POV- uses pronouns like he, she,
it, they or a name.
Third Person Omniscient- the author is all
knowing, he knows the thoughts and
feelings of all the characters in the story.
Third Person Limited- the author recounts
the story through the eyes of a single
character who is part of the story.
Setting - That combination of place,
historical time, and social milieu that
provides the general background for the
characters and plot of a literary work. The
general setting of a work may differ from
the specific setting of an individual scene
or event.
Style -- The authors type of diction (choice of
words), syntax (arrangement of words), and other
linguistic features of a work.
Theme(s) -- The central and dominating idea (or
ideas) in a literary work. The term also indicates a
message or moral implicit in any work of art.
LITERARY STANDARDS
Universality
Artistry
Intellectual Value
Permanence
Style
Spiritual Value
Suggestiveness
LITERARY STANDARDS
UNIVERSALITY
Great literature is timeless and timely.
Forever relevant, it appeals to one and all, anytime,
anywhere, because it deals with elemental feelings,
fundamental truths and universal conditions.
LITERARY STANDARDS
Artistry
This is the quality that appeals to our sense of beauty.
Intellectual Value
A literary work stimulates thought. It enriches our mental
life by making us realize fundamental truths about life
and human nature.
 LITERARY STANDARDS
Permanence
A great work of literature endures.
It can be read again and again as each reading gives fresh
delight and new insights and opens a new world of
meaning and experience.
Its appeal is lasting.
LITERARY STANDARDS
Style
This is the peculiar way in which writers sees life, forms his
ideas and expresses them.
LITERARY STANDARDS
Spiritual Value
Literature elevates the spirit by bringing out moral values
which makes a better persons.
The capacity to inspire is part of the spiritual value of
literature.
LITERARY STANDARDS
Suggestiveness
This is associated with the emotional
power of literature.
Great literature moves us deeply and stirs our feeling and
imagination, giving and evoking visions above and beyond
the plane of ordinary life and experience.