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Solid waste at sea represents a major threat to wildlife. Marine mammals, sea
turtles and sea birds are injured or even die after becoming trapped in waste
materials or after consuming them as food.
Globally, it is estimated that more than 1 million sea birds and 100,000 marine
mammals and sea turtles die each year due to litter in seas and along coasts.
Nets and other fishing gear ending up in the sea, either accidentally or
deliberately constitute more than just a considerable economic loss for the fishing
industry. Ghost fishing, meaning the entrapment of marine life in destroyed
fishing nets or other fishing gear discarded in the sea, accounts for the
unnecessary death of thousands of fish and other marine animals.
2.1 Introduction
MARPOL Annex V entered into force on 31st December 1988 and included
regulations for the prevention of marine pollution by garbage from ships.
In July 2011, IMO revised Annex V and the new regulations will enter into force on
1st January 2013. The new requirements are particularly stringent as every discharge
of garbage into the sea will be prohibited (with the exception of food wastes and
cargo residues which are not harmful to the marine environment).
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HELMEPA 2011 TRAINING PROGRAM
Every ship is provided with a Garbage Record Book, in which entries must be made
by the officer in charge of every discharge operation, completed incineration, escape
or accidental loss who signs them on the date of their occurrence, whilst each
completed page of the Book properly signed by the Master of the ship.
Systematic efforts should be made by the crew of the vessel to minimize the
quantities of the potential waste and the onboard generation of waste, by adopting
suitable practices, such as the following:
The amount of garbage in the living spaces on board can be reduced if ships
encourage their suppliers to consider their products in terms of the garbage they
generate and if the following options are taken into account:
Use of reusable packaging and containers. Disposable utensils, cups, etc. and
other convenience items should be limited and replaced by washable items when
possible.
Preference for consumable items with adequate shelf life, once their packaging is
open.
The amount of generated cargo associated and maintenance waste onboard can be
reduced by:
Replacing disposable plastic sheeting used for cargo protection with reusable
material.
Using methods that reuse coverings, dunnage, shoring, lining and packing
materials.
Disposing of wastes generated in port, during cargo loading and unloading and
unwanted packing materials to the port Reception Facilities.
Cargo residues are created through inefficiencies in loading, unloading and onboard
handling and therefore can be reduced by:
Cleaning up cargo spaces onboard, and delivery of the cargo residues into the
intended cargo space.
3. Reuse in their current forms the material recovered from the waste stream.
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HELMEPA 2011 TRAINING PROGRAM
- Domestic waste
- Food waste
- Maintenance wastes
- Plastics
- Oily rags
- Cargo-associated waste
- Cargo residues
- Operational wastes
Procedures for collecting garbage generated onboard the vessel are based on
consideration of what can and cannot be discarded overboard while en route. The
vessel must be fitted with receptacles (e.g. cans, bins, etc.) made of metallic, non-
combustible rust protected material, provided in appropriate spaces throughout the
vessel. To reduce or avoid the need for sorting after collection, distinctively marked
garbage receptacles must be provided.
Garbage collected from various areas throughout the ship should be delivered to
designated processing or storage locations. The most appropriate procedure for handling
and storing garbage on ship will vary depending on factors such as the type and size, the
area of operation, shipboard garbage processing equipment and storage, under hygienic
conditions, space, crew size, duration of the voyage, and regulations. Garbage that must be
returned to shore for disposal may require long-term storage depending on the length of
the voyage or availability of Shore Reception Facilities. Garbage which may be
discarded overboard may require short-term storage or no storage. In all cases, garbage
should be stored in a manner which avoids health and safety hazards.
For ships operating primarily beyond three nautical miles from the nearest land
certified comminuters should be grind food wastes. Although larger good scraps may
be discharged beyond 12 nautical miles, it is recommended that comminuters shall
be used even outside this limit as they hasten assimilation into the marine
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HELMEPA 2011 TRAINING PROGRAM
environment. Food wastes comminuted with plastics cannot be discharged at sea. All
plastic materials must be removed before food wastes are ground up.
The incineration of predominantly plastic wastes requires more air and much higher
temperatures for complete destruction. Depending on the type of plastic and
conditions of combustion, some toxic gases can be generated in the exhaust stream,
including vaporized hydrochloric (HCl) and hydrocyanic (HCN) acids. If plastics are
to be burned in a safe manner, the incinerator should be suitable for that purpose
otherwise the incineration of plastics onboard is totally prohibited.
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HELMEPA 2011 TRAINING PROGRAM
IMO has adopted a Format for reporting alleged inadequacies of Shore Reception
Facilities to enable the appropriate authority and IMO to deal with the alleged
difficulty.
The Master should forward the format, together with the supporting documentation,
to the appropriate authority of the Flag State, who in turn, should submit the report to
the IMO. The port authority should be informed of the report and asked for
comments (prior to the vessels departure, if possible).