late, be For the fluid Mow # Fup that will be used inthe experiment, Wi" = O sine the pump is not includedt ia the system under consideration, ZO for horizontal pipe and 4¥ = 0 sinee the pipe is uniform and Now is incompressible. Te kinetic emerBy velocity correction factor, 0 = 1.0 for turbulent flow and ct = 0.5 for inminae How: The total fictional fosses in the fine, TF is obtained by adding all possible sources of pressure drops and is given by DPS +R +P +P + Fy a fine fing contraction exp. meter The friction losses through the straight pipe F, or the pressure drop, dp may be evaluated using the Fanning-Darcy Equation, which can be derived fram dimensional analysis. This is given by where / = Fanning friction factor which is a function of the Reynclds number and the sartace roughness of the pipe. That is . 142) 4) One way of evaluating fis to refer t¢ a Moody Chart similar to that given in Fig. 6-9 Perry, fe . The surface roughness of the pipe, ¢ is found in Table 5-6 Perry, 6fe or Table 6-1 Perry, Tie. ‘The Reynolds numbe defined as the ratio of the inertia forces to the viscous forces may be evatuated for a closed conduit by Dvp _ DG Ngee hz De 5) R 7 ze G) where D = inside Diameter, fi: «= viscnsity. Ibufi-sec, p= density, Ibg/f?, V = average velocity of the fluid; fs, G Iss velocity, Iba/ft*-s, If Ng, <2100, flow is considered Jaminar and the fanning friction factor can simply be evaluated using the equation, fay ©)WE Mie is Wet ecen 2000 and 4200, tlhe flnw ix ¢ itis grower than 4200 the How is comsidered to be turer 1OGU1F is cousidered to be the fully developed auztutent flow to be in taunsitiow ana flow, In practicn, Na, of (ther empirical comelations tor evaluating the Fauining fiction factor are able which may be used in ease cialeuiations involved the ane of computer jvpratiunting, Suite oF dese are : av The Colebrook Equation, for turbulent flow, Nye > 30,000 For smooth pipes, 2D = 0, and the above equation reduces to the Prandtl Equation (8) For very rough pipes, the Von Karman equation may be used as given by 2) (10) for 4000< Ne < 10°. and for smooth lubes, the Blasius Equation may be used f ap The friction iosses for the various types of finings, Fy may be determined using the general form (12) 10s factor for the fitting. The corresponding vaiue for a specific Lype of Bing may be determined from Table 5-19 Perry, 6/e or Table 6-4, Peny, Tie Another way is to determine the equivalent lenett for the fling and use ASS13) where Z- = equivalent tength for the fining values in nomograph form: ig. 127. page 141, Brown gives the Contraction and expansion losses Fe & &. through the use of reducers and expanders respectively, may be evaluated using the fullowing equations: For laminar fo For other equations, see pp 6-16 Perry, Ve Valve Characteristics Ina flow system, valves are used 10 vary the flow rate of fluids flowing inside a closed conduit by varying the valve stem travel. There are wo types of valves used in this experiment, a Gate Valve and a Globe Valve. Control Valve Flow Characteristics =] = nee 794 | — Equal Percentage 28 —cvecopering 33] seine roe % -— wee Pano a ote . By ° stem Opening’ ver EnginseningToolBox com Figure 1: Control Valve Flow CharacterisSe EEE ¢ relationstiy belween control valve capacity and valve ston travels Known us How Characteristic af the Contre) Valve. The most common characieristies are shows in Figure 1. The percent of Mow through the valve is ploted against vaive Mem position, These curves are based on constant pressure drop across the valve and ive culled inherent flow characteristics. The various types are: + Linear - flow capacity inercases linearly with valve travel. * Equal percentage - flow czpacity increases exponentially with valve trim travel. Equal increments of valve travel produce equal percentage changes im the existing Cy. + A modified parabolic characteristic:is approximately midway between linear and equal-percentage characteristics. It provides fine throting at low flow capacity and approximately linear characteristics at higher flow capacity. + Quick opening provides large changes in flow for very small changes in lift. Tt usually has too high a valve gain for use in modulating control. So it is limited to on-off service, such as sequential operation in either batch or semi-continuous processes. + Hyperbolic + Square Root The majority of contro! applications are valves with linear, equal-percentage. or modificd-fow characteristics ‘When valves are installed with pumps, piping and fittings, and other process equipment, the pressure drop across the valve will vary as the plug moves through its travel. When the actual flow in a system is plotted against valve opening, the curve is called the installed Flow Characteristic. In most applications, when the valve opens and the resistance due to fluids flow decreases the pressure drop across the valve This moves the inherent characteristic: A linear inherent curve will in general Fesemible-a quick opening characteristié and an equal percentage curve will in general resemble a linear curve = A design equation used for sizing control valves’in terms of capacity and Pressure drop, for an installed valve is given by py 9=6, 16} fe 16) where g = flow rate in gpm. Cy = valve coefficient associated with the capacity of the valve Ap, = pressure drop across the valve G = specific gravity of the fluid relative to waterFigure 2: Armfield C6-MEII-10 Test Pipes and Fluid Friction Apparatus B. Schematic Diagram of the Equipment Niater Air Mmeccury water Connection vaives with bieed port ° Air connectior eg 1% Test probes Test probes O-1 Hg differential . 0-1 MH, 0 Differential Figure dz Munameter Connection Diagram AGFigure: General Arrangement of C6-MRU-10 Fluid Friction Apparatus ATThe equipment used in this experiment 1s CO-MKILIO Test pipes and Fluid Friction Apparatus, As shown in ‘gures 2 and 4, test pipes are mounted on G {ubular frame: carried casters, Water is fed in fron the hydraulics bench via the barbed connector, flows throu; igh the rework of pipes and fillings, and is fed back into the volumetri. tank via the exit tube. Short sampies of cach size test pipe are provided so that the students can Of the aunt exact diameter and detcrinine the nature of internal finish. The ratio A system of isotating valves is provided whereby the pipe to be tested can be selected without disconnecting or Graining the system, The arrangement also allows tests to be conducted on Parallel pipe configurations. Each pressure tapping is fiued with a guick connection facility. Probe akachmenis with an adequate quantity of tanclucen polyethylene wing are Provided, so that any pair of pressure ‘appings can be rapidly connected 10 the Or the ea RSUFSMENE system Which is a separate manometer Set-up. The details of the manometer parts are shown in Figure 3 Also needed in this experiment are: stopwatch for keeping time intervals, jemice caliper to measure the inside diameter of the Pipes, graducted cylinders of beakers for measuring iow flow rates, Table 1. Description of Parts of Apparatus PART NO DESCRIPTION [4 Barbed connector from hydraulic bench An in-line strainer A sudden contraction A 450°Y" 5 [A450 elbow 6 A long radius 90 bend 7 An artificially roughened pipe 59.10/11 | Smooth bore pipes of d differeal diameters [Aste] [A 900 mie 12 A bail valve B A900 °T" 14 A Wo mitre 15 A short-radius 900 bend 16 A sudden enlargement | __1? | Acrylic Poteet -———________| 7 Acrylic Pitot Static tube ~—e | Ven eo 18 Acrylic Venturi meter L__18 | Acryl ~ —____] AB1. TL aAcrylic Orifice met [a0 Ta globe wai [om Agk Exit tube going to volumetric tank | Short samp Familiarize yourseif with the operation of the apparatus by studying the Provided. You are 1 perform ihe three experiments as indicated in the manual, Fluid Friction in Smooth Bore Pipes of varying diameters * Head Loss due to Pipe Fittings (type of fittings wili be assigned by the instructor) + Fiuid Friction in the Roughened Pipe * Valve Characteristics “Calibration of Flow meters (if there is still ume) CAUTION: When adjusting vatves or flow rates, always look at the mercury manometer it order to avoid sudden surges that will make the mercury flow out Of the manometer to the reservoir located at the back since this will delay your experiment. A. For the straight pipes and fitings: 1. Before starting the experiment, make sure that there ig sufficient water in the Supply tank by checking the level trough the hole as shawn in the Figure, 2. Check the manometer and make sure there is sufficient mercury and that air bubbles are eliminated such that the mercury level on both sides is the same, 3. Tum on the pump and prime the pipe network with water Open and close the appropriate valves (o obtain flow of water through the required (est pipe. The Now rate of the water through the test pipe is adjusted by means of the main valve in the supply tank. 4. Push the test probes connected to the U-tube manometer bet ween the self-sealing Pressure taps of the test section. 5. Take readings al several difforet flow rates, altering the ow using the control valve on the hydritic bench, Do ten readings to produce a giwod heads flow curve, Agi OSSSSSTSSOC (Measure the flow rates usiag the volumetric tank and a stopwatch, For sntall flow rates use d graduated cylinder by directly collecting the liquid flowing from the exit pipe. Delermine the pressure difference between the taps by reading. the left and right levels of the mercury in the manometer. 7 Repeat tite procedure and vbcain readings irous aii of the test pipes including the rough pipe and the assigned fittings. 3. Do the same for the Gate Valve and Globe Valve but fix the degree of opening to either fully open, 75% open, 50% open, etc. Choose only one where data from the handbook on the head toss is available for comparison. 9. From the sample pipes, measure the internal diameter of each pipe using a Vernier caliper amd also take note about the type of roughness in the roughened pipe B. For the Valve Characteristics 1. Ask the instructor which valve you are going to test. Only one will do unless there is stiti plenty of time. Fully close the vaive that you are not concerned with. 2." Without any flow, mark the position of the test valve handle when it is fully closed. Determine how many turns it will take the valve stem to rotate from fully closeé to fully open. Mark the position when it is fully open and let it stay there You can record the number of tems in terms of degrees. (one complete warn is equivalent to 360°) 3. Adjust the supply valve to low position’ and tura on the pump. Insert the wubes of the manometer between the pressure taps of the valve and observe the difference in level. Adjust the water flow rate just to indicate sufficient initial pressure difference. & With the valve fully open, record your initial data by noting the valve position, the mercury height on the left and right side of the manometer, and measure the flow rate of the water as before. 5. To get another data, turn the valve stem clockwise (to partially close) until a significant change in pressure difference is achieved. Let it stabilize and record the degree of rotation, manometer difference and flow rate of the water. 6, Continue doing this until you get sufficient number of data (not less than 8) to the point when the level of mercury is at its maximum. Make sure that the mercury does not jump out of the manometer. 7, From the maximum height, repeat the procedure but this time the flow is now being increased by step by step opening the valve and recording thehts and flow rate, the decreasing Now rate. The 1 fully open positien. The position of the valve may not be the rial 18 completed when the valve is back to DATA SHEET A. Fluid Friction in a Smooth Bore Pipe Pipe No.t Diameter Length Pipe No.2 Diameter Length eee Reading (mumbig) peat Site [Rig Site [ pinerene|— — ipeNo.t = Diameter _ Length __ xaos Volume Manometer Reading (inmlig) [Right Side [Difference _| LW __1 Pipe No.4 Volume Diameter _ Length “Manometer Reading (mmHg) Time Left Side Right Side_| Difference Diameter B. Fluid Friction in a Roughened Pipe Length ____ Roughness:© Hes td Loss Due to the Fittings ana Vaives: Sudden Contractions Upstream diameter Downstream diameter _ Manometer Reading (mmligy }EsliSige [Richt Site] er Volume Sudden Expansion: Upstream diameter Downstream diameter ey ea Reig tag — Reading Gamfigyrr See Fitting Assigned: Dimensi Volume Fitting Assigned: Dimension: Manometer Reading (mmiig) Left Side | Right Side [Difference Volume Fitting Assigned: Dimension: Left Side Pinte Teac]Habe Vals - open (Fully open, 75% oper, 50% open, ete) 7 Manometer Reading (mmiigy Volume Gate Valve: AISANALYSES I Calculate the theoretical friction loss for cach pipe using the Fanning-Darcy Equation with the f evaluated using the Moody chart, and compare this with ihe experimental pressure loss. Determine the percentage error using, the theoretical value as the bases for each pipe and fitting. Tabulate the results Using the results of number 1, prepare a Parity Chant’ comparing the theoretical and experimental results, Interpret your results, 3. Plot the head losses versus the Reynolds auiber for all pipes using both linear coordinates and logarithmic coordinates in wo separate charts ‘+ Determine the experimental Fanning friction factor and plot the f versus Neg in @ log-log plot both for smooth pipes and rough pipe. Compare this with the Moody Chart given in Perry and give comments cspccially for laminar and turbulent flows. 5. Repeat I and 2 for ail fittings assigned. Is there good agreement between theoretical and experimental results. Give your comments, © For the valve assigned, determine the valve characteristics by plotting the flow Tale versus the percentage of maximum opening. Could you consider this a linear valve? Explain 7. Plot the pressure drop versus the percentage of maximum opening. Analyze your results. é 8. Detennine the valve coefficient using your experimental data by plotting the fog q vs log Apy. Is the plot linear? What is the slope? ANSWER TO QUESTIONS 1 What are ihe basic differences of Gate Valves and Globe Valves? In a particular application, discuss why you use one compared to the other? ~ = With ihe aid of diagrams, describe at least 4 types of valves that are available besides gate Ives and globe valves. A-16is 4 pneumatic control valve? Deseribe its use in the automatic control of uid Mow rete 4. What is the meaning and significance of the Schedule Number of 4 commercial pipe? 5. What is the meaning and significance of the BWG rating of a pipe? SOURCE REFERENCE: ARMPTELD Instructional Manual, “Fluid Friction Apparatus” C6-MKII-10, Issue 2, February 2004 . 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