Data Communication

:
Data Communication
:

.
.

:
1. Data and Computer Communications,Williams Stallings, (6th edition),
Prentice Hall 1999
2. Data Communications and Networking,Behrouz Forouzan,(2nd edition),2001

.
amir_dashti@yahoo.com

:
Data Communication
:

DCEs and DTEs
Dial-up Connection



DSL

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Data Link
Line Discipline
Flow Control
Error Control






HDLC

:
Data Communication
:

.
ISO
.
Interface .
:

1. Physical .
2. Data Link
3. Network
4. Transport Transport .
5. Session
6. Presentation
7. Application

: Physical .

: Data
Link .

.
.
Data Link .

ROM
Network MAC Address .
MAC .
) ( MAC ) ( IP.
.

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Concepts

: ) . ( Source
: ) . ( Transmitter
: Transmission System ) . (
: ) . ( Receiver
: ) . ( Destination

General Block Diagram

Example

Simplified Communications Model

Input Input Data Transmitte Received Output Output

Information )g(t d Signal Signal Signal Information
)(m )s(t )r(t )g(t ) ( m

:
Data Communication
:

Receiver
Transmitter ) r(t .
= ) r(t ) s(t m m .

Interface


) (



Flow Control

) (

:
Data Communication
:

Transmitter
.
Receiver
.
Medium
:
: . Guided Medium (a
: . Unguided Medium (b

Point to Point
:
Direct Link (a
.
Only two Devices Share Link (b
.
Multi Point
.

Simplex
.
Half Duplex

.
Full Duplex
Half Duplex
.
!
Full Duplex Half Duplex .

:
Data Communication
:

Analog and Digital Signals .

Aperiodic and Periodic Signals .
Analog Signals .

.
.
.

Periodic . Periodic
.

: .
.
: .

Range ) (
.

:
Data Communication
:

Analog and Digital Signals :

Periodic Signals :

Aperiodic Signals :

:
Data Communication
:

:
.
.
. AM
..

.
. ) Hz( f
.
T = 1/f T
. FM
. .

. )(
:

:
Data Communication
:

.
.

) ( Band Width
-
.


.
:
.

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Digital Signal

.
.

) ( Bit Rate & Bit Interval

BitRate ) bps ( Bit Per Second .
Bit Interval
.

:
Data Communication
:

: Bit Rate

Digital Signal

Analog Signal

Bit Rate .

.
:

: Thermal Noise . .
) ( .
White . :
N0 = K.T.W
: N0
-23 j/K
1.3803 * 10 : K
: T
: W

: Inter Modulation .
.
.

: Cross Talk .

Cross Talk .

:
Data Communication
:

: Impulse .
.
.

.

:

) ( :
)C = 2 * w * Log2(m
: m
: w
: C

:
) C = w * Log2( 1+S/N
: . S/N
( S/N )db = 10Log10(S/N) :

: S/N .

( 30db
Transfer ) ( W = 4KHz

(S/N)db = 10Log(S/N) => 30 = 10Log(S/N) => S/N = 1000

)(1+1000) = 30 Kbps C = wLog2(1+S/N) = (

:
Data Communication
:

:
Pin Pout . Pout Pin .
:
)L(db) = 10Log(Pin/Pout
Gain :
G = 1/L
.
. Transmitter .
.
) ( .
.

L1 L2 L3
S G2 G2 D

N N+N

= ]] [[GL11 . ] [G 2
] [L 2 = ... = 1 :

S ST 1 S
( = )D = ( )1
N M L N o W M N

: M
: L
: NoW

Destinatio
.

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Transmission Media

..
:


) ( Interference
) (Receiver
.

) ( Guided ) ( Unguided .
.
.
.
.

Twisted-Pair Cable Coaxial Cable

Optical Fiber .

Twisted Pair Cable

TP .

.

:
Data Communication
:

)
(
.
:

A B
.

TP :
Unshielded Twisted-Pair . UTP .
.
CAT1,CAT2 .I Voice
CAT3 .II Voice
) LAN ( 10Mbps . ,
.
CAT4 .III ) Token Ring ( 16Mbps
.

:
Data Communication
:

CAT5 .IV LAN

. Fast Ethernet
100Mbps , , .
CAT5e .V CAT5
) ( Enhanced CAT5
CAT6 .VI CAT7

CAT6 High Speed .

Shielded Twisted Pair . STP .

) (
.

TP
o TP
) ( Amplifier.
o Repeater
o ..
o .
o ) (
o ) (
o .
o

TP
o .
o .
o ) (PBX .
o 10Mbps 100Mbps .
o Giga Ethernet .
Near End Crosstalk

:
Data Communication
:

Cross Talk
. 10Mbps
.

Coaxial Cable
100KHz 500MHx .
.

Repeater.

Coax
o .
o Voice
.
o LAN 10Mbps .
LAN.

Optical Fiber
.
.

Reflection
.

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Core
) ( Cladding .

Reflection

o .
o .
o .
o
.
o Repeater .

o
o
o LAN LAN
.

:
Data Communication
:

o .
o .
o .
o
) . (

(
) Detector .

Cladding :

Single Mode
Single Mode :

Core Cladding
) Multiple Mode
( .
Multiple Mode

Multiple Mode
Single Mode Core Cladding
) (


.
Single Index

:
Data Communication
:

Cladding Graded Index

Cladding
.

Single Mode Multiple Mode Grade Mode

Light Source Laser LED / Laser LED / Laser
Band Width 3-50 GHz 200 MHz 200M 3G Hz
Application Telecommunication Computer Link Telephone
Distance 3 Km
Cost More Expensive Expensive Expensive
Attenutaction 0.2 2 db/km 10 50 db/km 7 15 db/km
Core 5 81 um 200 300 um 50 100 um
Cladding 85 125 um 380 440 um 40 125 um

:
Data Communication
:

) ( .
:
Directional
.
.
Omni-Directional
.

ELF EHF
.

Propagation Types

:
Data Communication
:

: Surface . ) ( .
. .
.
: Tropospheric .
.
: Ionospheric
.
: Line of Sight .
: Space .
.

a) VLF ) ( Very Low Frequency
3K 30K .
Surface
.

b) LF ) ( Low Frequency
30K 300K.
VLF .
.

c) MF ) ( Middle Frequency
300K 3M.
Tropospheric 530K 1700K
AM . .
Line of Sight .
d) HF ) ( High Frequency
3M 30M.
Ionospheric .
. .
:

( CB Radio ) .
: International Broad Casting .

:
Data Communication
:

e) VHF ) ( Very High Frequency

30M 300M.
Unispher .
:
54 88 , 174 216 -
88 108 FM -
Paging -

FM Unispher
FM
) ( AM FM AM .

f) UHF ) ( Ultra High Frequency

300M 3G.
:
-
470M 806M ) ( -
) ( Cellular Radio -
-
Paging -

g) SHF ) ( Super High Frequency

3G 30G.

. Align .
Space

.

h) EHF ) ( Extremely High Frequency

30G 300G.
.

Geosynchronous
. Geosynchronous

:
Data Communication
:

SHF
) (
UHF VHF
.

Geosynchronous Orbit

. 270*2
.

:
Up Stream Down Stream Frequency Band
5.925 6.925 3.7 4.2 4/6 C
14 14.5 11.7 13.2 11 / 14 Kv
27 30.5 17.7 21.7 17 / 30 Ka
Giga.

:
Data Communication
:

:
K 4
= 2
= ,K
d 3
.
:
PT
=P
4 d 2
.
.
PT

Aeff
Transmitter Receiver

GT Aeff Receiver :

PT
GT Aeff
4 d 2

Aeff 2 4 d 2 )Free Space Lost (FSL

= (( Ldb = 10 Log ) )
GR 4

PR
]) = (GT ) db + (G R ) db [32.5 + 20 Log (d ) + 20 Log ( F
PT

F MHz d
Km PR. ) ( PT ) ( .

: =

:
Data Communication
:

(
15db 45db ( FSL
( .

FSL = 32.5 + 20Log (3600) + 20Log (4000) = 196db

PR S S
= 15 + 45 196 = -136db => ( ) db = 10Log( ) = 0.25 * 10-13
PT N N
S S

>= ) (-136 = 10Log = 0.25 * 10-13
N N
PR
= 0.25 10 13 = 5 w
200

. :
d m = 7.14 * kh
4
h dm . Km. k
3

( .

: .
AM : FM . AM
AM )
AM .

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Encoding

.fc
:
.I
.II
.III
.IV

:
) LPT (
) (
) (
) (

:
.I : .
.II .
.III : .

:
Data Communication
:

) (
PC
.

:
R = bps
.
1
=t R.
R
) Signal Rate ( M ) : (

R
= Lbands
Log 2M
.
:
Uni-Polar .I
) (
.

:
Data Communication
:

Polar .II
:
NRZ
NRZ-L
NRZ-I
RZ
Biphase
Manchester
Differential Manchester

NRZ-L , NRZ-I :

NRZ-L
.
NRZ-I
.
.
Sync
Sync
.

RZ Sync
.
-1 .
.

:
Data Communication
:

Sync .

Manchester RZ -1
) -1 RZ (
. RZ :

Manchester -
. Clock
Self Clock .
-
.
. -
. LAN
10 Mbps .

:
Data Communication
:

Differential Manchester NRZ-I Manchester

) (


.

Bi-Polar .III
:
AMI
B8ZS
HDB3

AMI
. NRZL
NRLZ NRZI .

B8ZS AMI .
I II .
I : 000 + - 0 - +
II : 000 - + 0 + -
Polarity of Polarity of
previous bit previous bit

Change Into Change Into

Violations Violations

:
Data Communication
:

B8ZS :

HDB3 B8ZS
.
B8ZS HDB3 Bipolar AMI.

Encoding 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

NRZL

NRZI

Bipolar AMI

Manchester

:
Data Communication
:

:
.
) ( Multiplexing .
.

.
:
* = ,
:
)Amplitude (AM
)Frequency (FM
)Phase (PM

)(AM
) Carrier ( )
(
. Carrier .

:
: BWm
: BWt
: ) ( Carrier Fc

:
Data Communication
:

AM
. AM
.

)(FM


. .

. :
BWt = 10 * BWm

: FM 200KHz . 50KHz
) ( .

)(PM
.

:
Data Communication
:

.
300 Hz 3400 Hz.

:
)Frequency Shift Keying (FSK
)Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK
)Phase Shift Keying (PSK
) (QAM PSK FSK.

ASK
ASK x
y ..
. .

n=1
m=2
Bit Rate=Number of bits per Sec.
)Baud Rate = Bit Rate / Log2(m

Baud Rate = 5 / Log2(2) = 5

: Bit Rate
Bit Rate .
: Baud Rate n m
Baud Rate ) Bit Rate / Log(m .
Baud Rate
( m = 1 , n = 1 ) .

:
Baud Rate.
:
.

:
Data Communication
:

FSK

. f
2f.

:
BW = Fc1 Fc2 + Nbaud

FSK Full Duplex

'' '' .
:
Signal Strength
Spectrum of signal Spectrum of signal
transmitted in one transmitted in
direction opposite direction

)Frequency (Hz

:
Data Communication
:

PSK
PSK ) (
. .

Bit Phase

Bit Rate Baud Rate

Bit Rate Baud Rate .

4-PSK
.

)DiBit (2bits Phase

Bit Rate 4-PSK Baud Rate :

:
Data Communication
:

8-PSK 4-PSK .

.

)DiBit (2bits Phase

0
0 90
0 135
100 180
101 225
110 270
111 360

N
N/2 ASK.

QAM
QAM .
. :
4 QAM .I
8 QAM .II
16 - QAM .III

4-QAM 4-PSK.
8-QAM
. :

:
Data Communication
:

8-QAM )
( :

Baud Rate = Bit Rate / Log2 (8) = 24 / 3 Baud Rate = 8

16-QAM
.

Amplitudes Amplitudes Amplitudes

Phases Phases Phases

:
Data Communication
:

.
:

.

:

.
PAM

Quantization .
.
Quantized PAM Signal

PCM DM .

:
Data Communication
:

PCM
Quantization Sampling Coding .

: Sampling o .
: Quantization o
: Coding o .

PCM

DM .
Switching .
Coding .
.
Switching .

:
Data Communication
:

DM
DM Delta Modulation


:

Analog
Input

Staircase
Function

Slope
overload
Noise
Step
Size Quantizing
noise

Sampling Time
Ts

DM
: Slope Overload o .
: Quantization Noise o Ts
.
Ts .

:
Data Communication
:

ASK :
BT = (1 + r )R
0<r<1 R Rmax = 1200 bps

FSK :
BT = 2F + (1 + r )R
F = f 2 f c = f c f 1

: FSK ASK FSK .

3-30 MHz LAN Coax
.

PSK :
1+ r
BT = R
L
Log 2
1+ r
. L .
Log 2L

( FSK F = 1.5 MHz

Fc = 5 MHz Bit rate (R) = 0.1 Mbps
BT = 2F = 3 MHz

( ASK
ASK Bit rate = Baud rate :
BT = ( 1 + 0 ) * 2000 = 2000 Hz

(
Bit Rate
11 KHz * 2 = 22 KHz
22 KHz * 8 = 176 Kbps

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Data Communication Interface

.
:
Synchronous .I
A-Synchronous .II

.
) ( Idle ) ( Stop Bit ).
Start Bit -
( ..

Stop Bit Start Bit Parity
.

: Timing Manchester
.
: Clock

. Clock
.

Flag Control Flag

Data Field CRC
8 bits Field 8 bits

:
Data Communication
:

DTEs and DCEs

DTE DCE DCE DTE

DTE : Data Terminal Equipment

DCE : Data Circuit Equipment

DTE ) PC ( DCE DTE

) . ( Modem DCE,DTE .
:
.I )( : .
.II : .
.III : .
.IV :

Interface.
Interface DCE,DTE EIA ITU-T
Electronic Industries Association :
)EIA 232 (RS232
EIA 422
EIA 449
EIA 485, ...
International Telecommunication Union Telecomunication Standards Committee
X.21
V.22bis
V.32
V.34,

RS-232
o RS232 COM .
o " " -3 -15
" " +3 +15 .
o -3 +3
.
o 15 .
o Point-To-Point .

:
Data Communication
:

RS-422
o NRZ-L .
o .
o 10Mbps 1Kbps.
o " " -4 -6
" " +4 +6 .
o -4 +4
.
o .

.

.
.

Original
Signal Noise
Original and Signals and
Complement Noise

. .
.

Original
After Negation of After Signal
Second Signal Adding

.
.

:
Data Communication
:

Dial-up Connection

Dial-up .
) (
. .

. .
Modulator DeModulator .

ITU :
: V.21 300bps FSK .
: V.22 bis 600 4-DPSK
1200bps 16-QAM 2400bps.
: V.32 32-QAM . 2400 .
9600 bps . 32-QAM
Redundant.
: V.32 bis 14400 bps 2400 . 64-QAM
. 14400 .
: V.32 terbo 19200 bps 2400 . 256-QAM
.
: V.33 14400 bps 2400 . 128-QAM
128-QAM .
Redundant.
: V.34 28800 bps 2400 . 4096-QAM
.
.
: V.42 LAPM . Error Correction
. 33600 bps.
: V.42 bis .
: V.90 56K .
: 33600 bps . Upload 36k
download 56k.

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Multiplexing

Multiplexing . .
Multiplexing :

No Multiplexing Multiplexing

Multiplexing :
) Frequency Division Multiplexing ( FDM
) Wave Division Multiplexing ( WDM
) Time Division Multiplexing ( TDM
.
) Frequency Division Multiplexing ( FDM

.
Carrier .
) . (
.

:
Data Communication
:

.
.

) ( Carrier . .

FDM :
o
o Cross Talk
) ( Gap .

FDM
FDM

.

) Wave Division Multiplexing ( WDM

FDM
.

.
.
.
.

:
Data Communication
:

) Time Division Multiplexing ( TDM

.


.

FDM


.

:
.I ) (
.II
.
.III .

.
TDM
Synchronous TDM .
.

.
: TDM FDM .

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Sync Sync
.
:

( TDM .
) (
R = 4 * 2000 bps + 250 ( Synchronous pattern ) => R = 8250 bps
or
R = 250 ( frames per second ) * 33 bpf

TDM
) (
ATDM :

A-Synchronous TDM


.
) ( Overhead .

ATDM :
Statistical TDM
Flag Address Control FCS Flag
Sub-Frame

Statistical TDM Sub-Frame :

(a ) : ATDM
( .
Address Data

(b :
Address Length Data ...... Address Length Data

:
Data Communication
:

Multiplexing

. :
.I
: Switch Base o .
: Leased Service o
.
.
.II
Switched/56 o
DDS o
DS o

Switch Based.

.

Leased .

.

FDM :
48 KHz 12 channel

240 KHz 60 channel

2.52 MHz 600 channel

16.984 KHz 3600 channel

:
Data Communication
:

.
Switched/56
) ( Switched
Base.
DDS Leased ) .
Leased (

: 64 K 8 * 8000 Sample/Sec. = 64000 K :

DS :
64 Kbps

1.544 Mbps 24 DS-0

6.312 Mbps 96 DS-0

44.376 Mbps 672 DS-0

274.376 Mbps 6 DS-3 or 42 DS-2

: T
Service Line )Rate (Mbps Voice Channel
DS-1 T-1 1.544 24
DS-2 T-2 6.312 96
DS-3 T-3 44.736 672
DS-4 T-4 274.176 4032

( T1 :
24 * 64 Kbps + 8 K (bit per channel overload for sync reasons) = 1.544 Mbps

: E
Line )Rate (Mbps Voice Channel
E-1 2.048 30
E-2 8.448 120
E-3 34.368 480
E-4 139.264 1920

:
Data Communication
:

) Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL

DSL ) (
.
:
I. Asymmetric DSL ) ( ADSL
II. High Bit-rate DSL ) ( HDSL
III. Symmetric DSL ) ( SDSL
IV. ) Very High Bit-rate DSL ( VDSL

: 512K TP Leased
DSL .
: DSL 18000 ft.
: DSL Leased.

ADSL
:
25 200 KHz 250 1000 KHz
)0 25 KHz (Tel
)(UpStream )(DownStream

ADSL . ADSL
DMT .

upstream :
25 ~ 200 K = 4 KHz
ANSI 60 Kbps :
25 * 60 K = 1.5 Mbps Upload :
Download 200 * 60 K = 12 Mbps :

HDSL 2P1Q 3.6

Km SDSL. Echo Canceling VDSL .
HDSL Coax TP . Bit-Rate .

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Data Link

Physical Physical

Data Link .

: ) ( Frame.
.
) . (.

:
: Line Discipline .
: Flow Control .
: Error Control .

Link Management Data Link
.

: ) HDLC ( high Level Data Link Control

. .

Line Discipline

END/ACK A B
ENQ ACK .
A ACK
A
A EOT .

:
Data Communication
:

: :
. -
. -
. -

Flow Control .

Flow Control

:
Stop & Wait .
Sliding Window .

.
.
.

Stop & Wait

.

Sender Receiver
WT = Wait Time

WT

WT

WT

Time Time

: Propagation Delay .
: Stop & Wait Delay ACK ( WT ) .
: Acknowledge .

:
Data Communication
:

) (TFrame ) (TPD .
Propagation Delay .
frame .
ACK 2TPD.

nTFrame
) TD = n ( 2TPD + TFrame ) ( I =U ) ( II
) n(2TPD + TFrame

) (

a :
TPD
=a
TFrame
) ( II :
1
=U
1 + 2a
d
= TPD TFrame TPD .
V
L
) . TFrame = . ( 3*108 m/s
R

( 56kbps 4000bit 36000km a u

.
36000 270
= TP = 270ms =a 3. 8
3 * 10 8 71
4000 1
= TFrame 71ms = U = 0.12
56 K 1 + 2a
% .

( 10Mbps R = . d = . ~ 10km L = 500bit

% 10-4 < a < / < U < /

( L = 500bit, d = 100m, R = 9600bps

a = 9/6 10-6
U1
: U = TFrame.

:
Data Communication
:

5000km U / .
high Speed TFrame TPD . a
.

Stop & Wait :

o Satellite
R = 56 Kbps L = 4000 bit d = 36000 km
Tf = 71 ms tp = 270 ms
a = 3.8 U = 0.12

o In LAN
R = 0.1 - 10 Mbps L = 500 bit d = 0.1 10 km
V = 200000 Km/s
0.0001 < a < 1 0.83 < U < 0.98

o In Modem
R = 9600 bps L = 500 bit d = 100 m
V = 200000 Km/s
a = 0.0000096 U=1

o In Modem
R = 9600 bps L = 500 bit d=50000 km
V = 200000 Km/s
U = 0.48

LAN %
.

:
.I (Lost) .
ACK .
.II Noise .

:
Data Communication
:

Sliding Window
.
.
ACK n

..

Window

A B .
ACK A B
.

) (A
) (B

ACK

:

Sender Receiver

:
Data Communication
:

Error Control

.
.

:
.I
.II
. Acknowledge
Error Control .
ARQ .

Stop & Wait

NACK .
ACK

ACK NACK
..


.

:
Data Communication
:

Sliding Window
Sliding Window :
Go Back n o
F0 F10 F3 NACK3
.. F4
.
2n 1 n ) . Sequence Number

Sender
( .
Receiver
Go Back N

Selective Reject o
.
F3 .

. .
Sequence Number n ) . 2n / 2 = 2n-1
Sequence Number ( .

Sender
Selective Reject Receiver

Sequence Number :
.

NACK
.

:
Data Communication
:

NACK
NACK . ACK
Sliding Window ACK Timeout
.

Selective Reject
.I Sort.
.II Search.
.III .

GO BACK N
Sort .I Search .
.II .
.III N-1 window N .
Sequence N .
Sequence .

: N

ACK 0 ACK !

p U N Seguence
window.
Stop and Wait :

1 p
= U
1 + 2a
N .

Selective Reject :

U = 1 p N >= 2a + 1


) N (1 p
= U N < 2a + 1
1 + 2a

:
Data Communication
:

Go Back n :

1 p
U = 1 + 2ap N >= 2a + 1


) N (1 p
= U N < 2a + 1
) (1 + 2a )(1 p + NP

: .

: :
* BER = p
BER .

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Error Detection

.
:
Single Bit
.

Multiple Bit

.

Burst

.

) Redundancy ( .
.

:
Data Communication
:

:
Parity Check
) Parity Check ( row column
) CRC ( Cyclic Redundancy Check
Checksum

.
Parity Check

Parity Bit .
Single Bit %
. :
: " " .
: " " .
Parity Check Parity
" " " " " "
.
) Parity Check ( Row Column

. .

. .

VCRs

:
Data Communication
:

Parity VCR
. .
) Cyclic Redundancy Check ( CRC

Divisor
n
) Divisor n+1 ( Divisor
CRC .
Divisor
.
.

Sender Receiver

CRC ) . ( Polynomial
Divisor " "
. ) P(x.
10100111 x 7 + x 5 + x 2 + x1 + 1
Divisor Polynomial

.
) ( CRC .
Divisor x + 1.

FCS x12 + x11 + x 3 + x + 1 .
FCS ( Frame Check Sequence ) : CRC
.

Message FCS

CRC Receiver

:
Data Communication
:

.
) M(x :
)X n M ( x )R( x
= Q( x) +
)P ( x )P( x

) M(x Xn n ) n
Xn ( .
:
)T ( x) = X n M ( x) + R( x

) ( Divisor :
)T ( x) X n M ( x) + R( x
=
)P( x )P( x

.
) Q(x ) R(x.
)T ( x )R( x) R( x
= Q( x) + + )= Q ( x
)P( x )P( x) P( x

( . 101010111
Divisor 101 .
Message : 101010111 M(x) = x 8 + x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + x + 1
Divisor : 101 P(x) = x 2 + 1

Divisor ) M(x x2 )P(x

.
x2 +1
x 10 + x 8 + x 6 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 8
x + x4 + x +1
x +1

x+1 ""
. FCS :
To Receiver : 10101011111

:
Data Communication
:

Check Sum

Packet IP k n
n ) n
Carry ( .
Complement .

k
Checksum " "
.
: Complement " ".

( 101101011101011111 :

)
.
101101 011101 011111
S1 S2 S3

101101 +
011101 +
011111
----------- Complement
111001 000110

Data To Send : 101101011101011111000110

:
Data Communication
:

:
101101 +
011101 +
011111 +
000110
-----------
111111
.

: n " "
" " n " " " " .

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Data Link Protocol

DataLink .
HDLC High Level Data Link .
) (
:
SDLC o
HDLC o
LAPs o
LANs o

HDLC ISO
DataLink Bit Oriented. Bit Oriented
) DataLink ( LAPB,LAPD,PPP .
Half-Duplex , Full-Duplex , Point-to-Point , Multipoint .

: :
) Routing Information Protocol ( RIP DVR . -
DSPF LSR . -

: Primary . ) ( Command
.
: Primary
Respond Command .
:
Respond .

:
Data Communication
:

:
: Balanced ) Combined ( .
Hal-Duplex Full-Duplex .
Point-to-Point.
: Unbalanced Primary Secondary .
Multipoint.

) NRM ( Normal Response Mode
Unbalanced . Primary
Command Secondary
. Secondary Poll Primary
.
) ABM ( Asynchronous Balance Mode
Balanced .
. Poll Select .
) ARM ( Asynchronous Response Mode
Unbalanced . Secondary
Primary Primary .

HDLC

HDLC
) I Frame ( Information
Data . :

Flag Address Control Information FCS Flag

) S Frame ( Supervisor
ARQ .

Flag Address Control FCS Flag

:
Data Communication
:

) U Frame ( Un-Numbered
.
ABM ARM . I-Frame
Information .

Flag )
( Secondary Unbalanced
. FCS CRC .

Flag
.
:
Flag Pattern :
.

.
Bit Stuffing
.

Bit Stuffing
" "
" " 0111110
:
01111110 01111110
" " ) ( " "
:
01111110 01111110
" " " " Flag .
" " ) ( Idle " " ""
.
.

:
Data Communication
:

Start

After 1 zero and 5 continuous ones

0 1
?7th Bit

0 1
Un-stuff ?8th Bit
Zero

Total of 1s before
next zero
Data

Flag

>15 Total ones? >=15

Abort Idle

Stop

Idle : High .

.
Point-to-Point " "
Multi-address " "
" " .

1
One Byte Address

0 0 1
Multi Byte Adress

:
Data Communication
:

.
. .
o I Frame
Information :
)N(S PF )N(R

Secondary Poll Primary PF " "

Secondary Primary " ".
Secondary " "
Final .
) Sequence Number N(S
) Sequence Number R(N .

o S Frame
Supervisor :
1 0 Code PF )N(R

) N(R PF . Code Supervisor

Un-Number .
o U Frame
Un-numbered :
1 Code PF Code

) N(R PF . Code S-Frame U-Frame

.

Code S-Frame :
: Receiver Ready -
) N(R.
: Reject Ready Go Back N. -
: RNR Receive not Ready ) N(R. -
: Selective Reject Request )N(R -
.

:
Data Communication
:

Poll Selecting .

Poll :

Sequence
Number

Poll A PF Code RR
Primary A . A Primary
PF " ". PF " "
Final Primary . S-Frame RNR . ACK
Sequence Number
. P " " )
Primary ( .

:
Data Communication
:

Select :

Primary Secondary Select Primary

B Code RNR
. B Primary S PF " "
B . Code RR B
Primary ) . ( N(R)=1
Primary I B . ACK B
Primary B ) Code
RR ( .

: Piggy Backing Data ACK

.

:
Data Communication
:

( Host .
1200 bps 9600 bps HDLC :
( ) ( U
( : Throughput
( 10 cps
( Host
.

(
U = (16/16) * 100 = 100%
%

HDLC Flag
FCS
U = 16 / ( 16+7) = 0.696 = 70 % 30 % Overhead

(
Tmax = 9600 * 0.696 = 6678 bps
.

( MUX Terminal :
10 * 16 = 160 cps 160 * 8 = 1280 bps
1280 < 6678 .

( .
1200 bps / 10 = 120 cps
Connection .
:
1200 / 120 = 10 s
: MUX
6678 / 10 ( bits) = 667.8 cps
:
667.8 * 10 = 6678

:
1200 * 16 = 19200
19200 6678 = 12800 :
12800 / 667.8 = 19 :

:
Data Communication
:

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Switching

A , B , C , D .

.
Mesh -

A B
.
.
.
C D
.
Point-to-Point

.
) A B C
( D
(100*99)/2
.

Bus Star -
Bus
A B C
) Bus Star (

.

.




.

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Collision Detection
Random
.
.
Repeater



.
.
.

:
Data Communication
:

.
.
:
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Message Switching

Circuit Switching

.
.
.

A D B E
.
) ( End Office .
. ) ( Long Distance Office ...
) ( .
. End Office
Multiplexing . Trunk
FDM .
non-Blocking
.
Blocking .
Blocking .

:
Data Communication
:

) ( Space Division
) ( Time Division . .
:
Crossbar Switch .

Cross-Point
:
.I Cross-Point .
* = Cross-Point
.II Cross-Point
Cross-Point .
.III Cross-Point .

To Control
Station

Multistage Switch .
. Cross-Point
Cross-Point Cross-Point
.
Switch
) . Trunk
( .