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CE5611 Precast
Concrete Technology
Connections Part 2
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Compression Joints
The main types of compression bearings are:
Dry bearing of precast to precast or precast to insitu concrete;
Dry packed bearing where elements are located on thin (3 to 10
mm thick) shims and the resulting small gap is filled using semi
dry sand/cement grout;
Bedded bearing where elements are positioned onto a prepared
semi-wet sand/cement grout;
Elastomeric or soft bearing using neoprene rubber or similar
bearing pads;
Extended bearings where the temporary bearing is small and
reinforced insitu concrete is used to complete the connection.
Steel bearing using steel plates or structural steel sections;
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The design ultimate bearing stress, which is based on fcu of the weakest of the
two, or three, component materials (excluding masonry support), is as follows
(BS8110, clause 5.2.3.4) for:-
(a) Dry bearings on concrete: 0.4 fcu
(b) Wet bedded bearings on concrete or mortar : 0.6 fcu (bearing medium)
(c) Elastomeric bearing (called flexible padding): between 0.4 fcu and
0.6fcu; use 0.5 fcu or fc (bearing material)
(d) Steel bearing of size bp cast into member or support and not
exceeding 40% of the concrete dimension b: 0.8fcu. At the edges
the steel bearing should not extend to a distance equal to the
spalling allowances. Higher bearing stresses may be used only
if proved by adequate testing. For larger bearing plates the
allowable bearing stress fb is given as follows:
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The change in stress within this region (= the gradient of the
stress curves in Figure) gives rise to a shear stress, which,
in conjunction with lateral expansion due to , produces
lateral tension in the concrete commencing at about y/b =
0.15 to 0.20 and extends for a distance of about y = 1.2 b
(although in theory it extends to infinity).
In the case of a bearing plate bp x hp embedded in a section b
x h the allowable bearing stress fb
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Values for
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6.2.5)
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(m =1.05)
The thickness of the bearing plate (or angle section)
should be sufficient to resist the force H, but this will
be found to be rather small and therefore a minimum
thickness of 10 mm is used. (Corrosion protection
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Shear Joints
Shear forces can be transferred between concrete
elements by one, or more, of the following methods:-
(a) adhesion and bonding
(b) shear friction
(c) shear keys
(d) dowel action
(e) mechanical devices
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Shear Friction
A normal, or transverse, force N must be mobilised in order
to develop shear friction force V, and is given as:-
V=N
where = coefficient of friction across the joint, as given
previously.
After dividing by the contact area Ac the average shear stress
is given as:-
=
where is the compressive stress across the joint = N/Ac
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Shear Keys
The minimum length of the key should be 40 mm, and the
root depth should be at least 10 mm.
The length / depth ratio should not exceed 8.
The angle of the compressive strut depends on the
dimensions of the keyed surface and may easily be
determined whether or not the shear keys align as shown
in the next slide
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(m = 1.05)
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6.2.5)
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Dowel Action
Where reinforcing bars, bolts, studs etc. are placed across
joints, shear forces may be transmitted by so called dowel
action of the bars
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(m =1.05)
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(m =1.05)
where n is the number (typically 1) and and are the
inclinations (typically 20o 30o) of the holding bars to the
horizontal and vertical
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Tension Joints - Loops
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(m =1.05)
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Tension Joints - Loops
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EC 2 Approach
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Tension Joints - Loops
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> >
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