Illustrated Sequencing

Schedule of Stages in a Simple Single House Construction

Stages of a Single House Construction

Formworks
 Illustrated Sequencing Simplistic View

Figure 2-1 Schedule of Stages in Typical Single House Construction

*Plans, financing and permits as well as any other aspects of the pre-construction
stage will have a virable duration depending on site and house characteristics.
Phases of a Single House Construction

There are a number of stages in constructing a house that

must be executed by the builder. A short description of these
has been provided following the typical construction
sequence. It should be noted that the construction process is
presented here according to a normal sequence.
Pre Construction Phase

Brief - Design Plan Finance Approvals - Tender.

The amount of time needed to develop a complete set of plans, estimate

the cost of the dwelling, arrange for financing and obtain a building
permit and all other required approvals, will vary considerably across the
country. Providing access to the building site and arranging for
temporary power may also take place during this stage.
 Site Logistics & Planning

Careful planning is required to ensure the house is well

situated in relation to
1. property lines,
2. solar path,
3. adjoining structures,
4. trees and other natural features
5. accessibility of men and machinery
6. movement of bulk material
7. Etc.
 Layout of Building
The first stage of construction involves layout of the building
on the property.

To properly observe the by-laws for setbacks to property lines,

the services of a land surveyor may be required. Accurately
laying out the excavation for the depth and placement of
foundations is critical.
 Substructure Bulk Earthwork, Foundations

1. General Site Grading RL

2. Earthwork excavation for foundation
3. Earthwork for Utilities, Trenches etc.
4. Anti termite treatment
5. PCC/ Blinding course
6. Reinforcement, Formwork and Concrete for foundations,
column pedestals, columns or walls (upto the Ground
Level/ Finished Floor Level)
In some cases, unusual site conditions in unserviceable areas
may require additional measures for foundation drainage,
such as sump pumps, ditching or dry wells. Properly storing
topsoil and excavated material suitable for backfilling can
eliminate the need to import fill and topsoil. Placement of
the granular layer and basement floor slab usually takes place
later when the basement plumbing roughin is completed.
 Superstructure Grade Slab, Frame, Walls

Elements Trades

1. Earthwork Filling 1. Earthwork

2. Anti termite treatment 2. Anti termite treatment
3. Grade Slab/ Slab on Grade 3. Concreting
4. Columns, 4. Formwork
5. Walls 5. Reinforcement
6. Beams 6. Masonary
7. Slabs 7. Etc.
Framed Structures
Formworks Systems
Scaffolding Systems
 Plumbing and Electrical Services

1. Concealed works Pipes, Conduits, Traps etc.

2. Associated civil works water proofing etc.
3. Pulling of wires generally done after plastering etc.
4. Fixtures placed mostly after completion of painting
5. Testing & commissioning
 Faade - Exterior Finishes

1. External Brickwork
2. External Plastering
3. External Painting
4. Stone Finishes
5. Tiling
6. Combination of aluminium & glass
 Interior Finishes Walls, Ceiling, Floor

1. Internal Brickworks
2. Plastering walls, ceiling
3. Floor preparation
4. Flooring tiles, stones, cement based, wood, specials
5. Ceiling Paint/ wood/ false ceiling
6. Walls- Paint/ tiles/ stones/ wood/ specials
 Doors and Windows

1. Holdfasts
2. Door/ window Frames fixing & alignment
3. Fixing of doors, windows wood, steel, aluminium, PVC
4. Finishing of jambs and sills
5. Accessories Ironmongery, Locks, Stoppers etc
6. Final finish to the doors/ windows (Paint/ polish in case of
wooden)
 Landscaping

1. final grading,
2. driveways,
3. steps,
4. walkways,
5. groundcover,
6. shrubs and trees.
7. fences,
8. hardscapes/ waterfeatures
9. plumbing work for irrigation
 Concreting Process
1. Cast in-situ
2. Precast/ Prefabricated
Formworks
It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement slurry.
Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in
desired sequences without damage to the concrete.
The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should
be suitable for reuse.
The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels
should have plane surface.
It should be as light as possible.
The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when
exposed to the elements.
It should rest on firm base
Economy in Formworks
The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the
size of rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit reuse of the formwork
repeatedly.
Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical
way.
Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable
reuse of the material a number of times. The quantity of surface finish
depends on the quality of the formwork.
Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or
fibre glass used separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in
situation where large numbers of re-use of the same forms are necessary.
For small works, timber formwork proves useful. Fibre glass made of pre-
cast concrete and aluminium are used in cast-in-situ construction such as
slabs or members involving curved surfaces.
Timber Formworks
Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement:
It should be
well seasoned
light in weight
easily workable with nails without splitting
free from loose knots
Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth
and even surface on all faces which come in contact with concrete.
Plywood Formworks
Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up
panels of required sizes. The cost of plywood formwork compares favourably
with that of timber shuttering and it may even prove cheaper in certain cases
in view of the following considerations:

It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface

finishing is there.
By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labour cost of
fixing and dismantling.
Number of reuses are more as compared with timber shuttering.
Steel Formworks
Steel Formwork
This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the
edges by small steel angles.
The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or
bolts and nuts.
The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape
or size.
Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large
number reuses of the shuttering is possible.
This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or curved
structures which are repetitive.
Steel & Timber based Formworks
Comparison

Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber
formwork and their reuses are more in number.

Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.

The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and
such surfaces need no further treatment.

Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.

Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.

Construction of Formworks

Propping and centring

Shuttering
Provision of camber
Cleaning and surface treatment
Removal of Formworks
Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column sides
removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
Shuttering forming soffit of slabs removed next.
Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded
shuttering removed in the end.
Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions allow
early removal of formwork.
The formwork under no circumstances be allowed to removed until all the
concrete reaches strength of atleast twice the stresses to which the
concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork.
All formworks should be eased gradually and carefully in order to prevent
the load being suddenly transferred to concrete.
Period of Removal of Formworks
S. No. Description of structural member Period of time

1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days

2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days

3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
4 Removal of props to slabs

(a) For slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days

(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days

5 Removal of props to beams and arches

(a) Spanning upto 6 m 14 days

(b) spanning over 6 m 21 days