Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
12
SPECIAL REPORT A bi-monthly newsletter of the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Government of India
(Published in English and Hindi)
CHIEF PATRON
Shri Piyush Goyal
Minister of State (Independent Charge)
for Power, Coal and New and
Renewable Energy & Mines
PATRON
Shri Rajeev Kapoor
Secretary, MNRE, New Delhi
EDITOR
Dr Arun K Tripathi
MNRE, New Delhi
EDITORIAL BOARD
RE NEWS RE SUCCESS STORIES D K Khare
4 National 38 Solar Thermal in Leh and Kargil B S Negi
9 R K Vimal
International 39 Gujarat Solar Water Pumpsets
40 Million Solar Urja Lamp (SoUL) PRODUCTION TEAM
SPECIAL REPORT Programme Anupama Jauhry, Sangeeta Paul,
12 National Meeting of RE Sector Abhas Mukherjee, Spandana Chatterjee,
Naina Mukerji, Raman K Jha, Shinjini Sen,
RE PRODUCT R K Joshi, Aman Sachdeva, TERI, New Delhi,
RE FEATURES
44 A Low-Cost Improved Wood Nimai Ghatak, MNRE
14 Biogas Upgradation by Vacuum Swing Cookstove Design
Adsorption EDITORIAL OFFICE
46 Building Integrated Photovoltaic
Dr Arun K Tripathi
18 Managing Solar Cables and Modules
Connectors Editor, Akshay Urja
MNRE, Block No. 14, CGO Complex,
23 Demand Assessment for Mini Grids in
RE EVENT Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003
Villages of UP Tel. +91 11 2436 3035, 2436 0707
47 Stakeholders Workshop for Large
28 Geothermal Energy in India Fax +91 11 2436 3035
Scale Commercial Biogas Plants
41 Bio-CNG: A Suitable Choice for Green E-mail: akshayurja@nic.in
Transportation Web: www.mnre.gov.in
48 CHILDRENS CORNER
PRODUCED BY
RE CASE STUDY 50 WEB/BOOK ALERT TERI Press
34 Upgradation of Watermills 52 FORTHCOMING EVENTS TERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex
Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110 003
Tel. +91 11 2468 2100, 4150 4900
Fax: +91 11 2468 2144, 2468 2145
Email: teripress@teri.res.in
Web: www.teriin.org
14 23 39
PUBLISHER AND PRINTER
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
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okdbZ vPNk yxk fd bl dk;Z ls tqM+s ikS<+h x<+oky] mkjk[k.M The Cover Story Vibrant Winds
vuqlakkudrkZvksa dk y{; Hkkjr dh pkjksa Blowing Across India published in
the December 2016 issue of Akshay
fn'kkvksa esa ,xzksxSl dh uokpkjh izFkkvksa dks I read the December 2016 issue of
Akshay Urja magazine. The article on Urja highlights the new developments
vkxs c<+kuk vkSj bZa/u dk vf/d ls vf/d
conversion of biomass to ethanol is in the wind energy sector in the
izfrLFkkiu lqfuf'pr djuk gSA >qfXx;ksa vkSj country. It is heartening to note that
very interesting. The results provided
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jks'kuh ds fy, ekbks lksyj wind power penetration in the overall
by the authors demonstrated that
Mkse dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg, most of the surplus rice straw, which electrical energy mix is increasing
D;ksafd ;g ,d vYi ykxr vkSj tkZ n{k is wasted currently, could serve with each installation of wind turbine.
;qfDr gS] tks lw;Z dh jks'kuh dh enn ls as a source of renewable energy I also read in the highlights of another
fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ds vHkko dks de djrh gSA generation in the form of ethanol article A New Dawn in Renewable
Energy Sector in India that India has
fofiu iqjksfgr and methane-rich biogas. The article
on the timeline and future of solar attained 4th position in global wind
dkuiqj] mkj izns'k power installed capacity. The Surya
cells (year-wise innovations and
developments) gives good information Mitra mobile app is also a very nice
I really liked reading the October 2016 initiative by the Ministry (NISE). All the
on solar cells. It would be pertinent to
issue of your esteemed magazine. The articles and news items published
say that PV/solar technology shows
Article on Next generation solar cells in this issue are quite informative
no signs of slowing down. There is a
is very informative. It gives details of not only for people working in the
huge opportunity for technological
the future scope of improvements as a energy sector, but also for the general
advancement in nanotechnology-
potential source of alternative energy. readers who want to know about
based thin-film solar cell modules.
All the articles in this issue are good. developments in renewable energy in
Improvements and innovations are
I request you to publish the National the country.
needed for further market scale-up.
and International Forthcoming Events Ashish M Raghuveer
Preeti R Sanyal
well in advance, so that we are able Bengaluru, Karnataka
Darjeeling, West Bengal
to attend the same. Kindly do the
needful. Thanking you in anticipation.
Er Anant B Tamhane
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Engineer Consultant Renewable Energy ^ekjkds'k] eksjDdks] dkWi dh dkjZokbZ* i<+dj
Nagpur, Maharashtra
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v{k; tkZ ds fnlEcj 2016 vad esa izdkf'kr
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uohdj.kh; tkZ ds {ks=k esa gq, dk;ksZa ds fo"k; esa izdkf'kr ys[k ^bFksukWy ds fy, ck;ksekl dk
Send or email your letters to:
esa vPNh tkudkjh feyhA ;g izlUurk dh ckr :ikarj.k* Hkh i<+us esa vPNk yxkA ys[kd dgrs Editor, Akshay Urja
MNRE, Block No. 14, CGO Complex,
gS fd uohu vkSj uohdj.kh; tkZ ea=kky; us gSa fd orZeku ifj.kkeksa esa iznf'kZr gqvk gS fd Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003
iz/kuea=kh Jh ujsU eksnh ds LoPN ,oa gfjr vf/dka'k vfrfjDr pkoy dh Hkwlh] tks cckZn E-mail: akshayurja@nic.in
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Dear Reader, Thank you very much for your suggestions and encouragement. The editorial
team of Akshay Urja will make every effort to make this magazine highly informative and
useful to all our readers. We welcome your suggestions and valuable comments to make
further improvements in the content and presentation.
Editor, Akshay Urja
lwjt ,d :i vusd
Dear Readers, rooftops and in open fields, the electrical conductors must
be rated for sunlight resistance and be supported and
I am delighted to share with you that The Government has secured properly. We have also presented another article
approved the enhancement of capacity from 20,000 MW on the various applications of geothermal energy while
to 40,000 MW of the Scheme for Development of Solar highlighting its prospects in India. While there are some
Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects. The enhanced obvious advantages and disadvantages, geothermal energy
capacity would ensure setting up of at least 50 solar parks has the potential to play a significant role in moving India
each with a capacity of 500 MW and above in various parts towards a cleaner, more sustainable energy system.
of the country. This capacity enhancement of solar parks The present issue also focusses on a case study in
is due to the success of the implementation of the earlier which we inform you that the Uttarakhand Renewable
capacity of 20,000 MW solar parks. The cost of the solar Energy Development Agency (UREDA) in cooperation
electricity generation has reached to the level of Rs 3.30 with GIZ, India, has developed and implemented a pilot
per kWh and now it seems that the days are not far away project based on an innovative approach, where a cluster
when the grid parity of solar power will be achived. of improved watermills addressed a specific demand for
Significantly, Mobile App for Solar Rooftop Systems: energy for livelihood activities and is owned and operated
ARUNAtal Rooftop Solar User Navigator was launched by a self-help group within the local community. The
by Shri Rajeev Kapoor, Secretary, MNRE, on the occasion article presents an overview of the pilot project and
of the National Review Meeting of RE Sector with the recommendation to replicate this model across other
State Governments on January 24, 2017 in New Delhi. districts in Uttarakhand.
The app gives basic knowledge about the installation of I am sure that all the articles and information in the
solar rooftop in your house/premises. It is a brief guide on present issue will be useful reading material and you will
how to install the solar rooftop system. Also, it will give find it informative and interesting as well. Please do not
an estimate of installation based on different parameters, forget to share your views and suggestions.
such as capacity or budget. I am sure that this new app
launched by the Ministry would be very helpful for all the
stakeholders. Happy reading!
The current issue presents an article on solar cables
and connectors. Wiring for solar panels is a very critical
component of solar PV technology and cable management
is one of the most important aspects of the safety and
longevity of nearly every PV system. This is primarily due
to the extensive use of exposed cables used in the DC ARUN K TRIPATHI
PV array. Since the equipment is installed outdoors on aktripathi@nic.in
`600 Crore Allocated for Grid Connected Rooftop and Powerlooms will Get
Small Solar Power Plants Programme Subsidy for Shift to
An amount of `600 crore has been up to 30 per cent of benchmark cost Solar Mode
allocated for the projects under in General category States and up to The Government has approved a
Grid Connected Rooftop and Small 70 per cent in Special Category States, new scheme to provide financial
Solar power Plants Programme and North Eastern States, Lakshadweep, assistance in the form of capital
`508.84 crore has been released till and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. subsidy to small powerloom units for
January 31, 2017. This was stated by Residential, Institutional, and Social
Shri Piyush Goyal, Minister of State (IC) sector are covered under this CFA
for Power, Coal, New & Renewable pattern. For Government Sector,
Energy and Mines in a written reply to achievement linked incentive up to
a question in Lok Sabha. `18,750/kWp in General Category
The Ministry of New and Renewable States and `45,000/kWp in Special
Energy (MNRE) has been promoting Category States , North Eastern States,
Grid Connected Rooftop and Small and Andaman & Nicobar Islands and
Solar Power Plants Programme with Lakshadweep is available under the
a Central Financial Assistance (CFA) of Programme.
Source: http://pib.nic.in/
Engineering Students in planned in the hills of the eastern elevations. The upper tanks would
Kolkata Create Device for states of India, while its smaller release water at half the speed at
24x7 Solar Power version, producing 100 W of power which it receives water from the
24x7, is now running in Kolkata on a lower pump. The falling water would
While battery manufacturers and solar
four-storeyed building. The system is rotate a turbinean equipment that
power companies are struggling to
hugely scalable. It can be set up on a generates electricity when rotated
develop batteries that would be cheap,
building that can generate by an external forcefalling stream
smaller in size, and can store power
for days, an engineering college 100 W or more throughout the day of water from the elevated tank in
in Kolkata has devised a combo of to even a few megawatts at fraction this case. During day, water from the
solar-based generation and power of battery costs, said Shri S P Gon lower tank would be pumped to the
storage system that can supply power Choudhury, Chairman of Renewable upper tank. A portion of this water
perpetually 24 hours a day all through Energy College in Kolkata. also flows down simultaneously into
the year at a fraction of conventional The system consists of a solar the lower tank generating power. The
battery cost. It is scalable to any size pumpbasically solar modules that rest of the water in the elevated tank
and is suited for any hilly area as would generate power during day keeps flowing down during night, thus
well as multi-storeyed buildings. A and run a water pump. It also consists producing power the entire day.
100 kW pilot project is already being of two water tanks at two different Source: http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/
Haryana Signs MoU for Setting up of 100 Hon'ble President of India Inaugurates
MW Solar Power Projects Solar Power Project in Rashtrapati
The Haryana Government has signed a Memorandum of Bhawan
Understanding (MOU) with a leading company Prestige The Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee
Ocean Holding and Investments Limited for the setting up of has inaugurated the first phase of a solar power project
100 MW solar power projects in the State with an investment in the Presidents Estate that would generate 670 kW
of `500 crore. electricity for the sprawling premises. Under the project,
Haryana Principal Secretary, New and Renewable Energy seven rooftop solar panels have been installed with an
Department, Shri Ankur Gupta signed the agreement on investment of `2.23 crore on separate buildings in the
behalf of the Haryana Government while Managing Director, Presidents Estate in a record time period of four months.
Danny Cheng signed the agreement on behalf of Prestige This is the future order which we are establishing today.
Ocean Holding and Investments Limited. Speaking on this It is a pleasant occasion for me to be the part of this
occasion, Danny Cheng said that in the first phase, 100 MW initiative aimed at generating solar power, Mukherjee
power plant would be set up in the State which would said. We must conserve energy so that the needy
also generate employment opportunities for about get their share of power. Whenever there is need for
400500 youth. development, energy is required and if a section does
He said that the work for setting up of project would be not get energy, it remains backward. Electricity must be
completed within 15 months after the allotment of land for conserved and utilized in proportion of the requirement
the same. In the second phase, the company has a plan to so that it could also be provided to the needy. India
start the manufacturing of solar panel, solar fan, and other has signed Paris Climate agreement to limit the use of
solar equipments for which there would be a requirement fossil fuels and carbon emission. Replacing fossil fuels
of 1,600 acres of land. The Haryana Government had with renewable energy is the need of the hour. We have
announced its Solar Power Policy-2016 in early 2016. The enough quantity of solar energy which must be utilized.
policy aims at creating conducive atmosphere for the Renewable energy is good for our climate as it reduces
investors to invest in the state in the solar energy sector and carbon footprints. This will make the Presidents Estate
envisaged to add 4,000 MW of solar power by 2022. more energy efficient. Mukherjee said.The solar panels
Source: http://www.dailypioneer.com/ have been installed on the roof of seven buildings which
The plant's phase-1 work, which included setting up of the integrated blade manufacturing facility for the G114-2.0 MW
wind turbine, was completed in a record time of six months. Phase 2, which is stipulated to conclude in mid-2017 is
underway, will see the manufacturing of turbine blades, generator, and other component assemblies for wind turbines
and solar inverters. An integrated plant, the new manufacturing facility will spawn the growth of several ancillary
industries in the state. Currently, the plant employs close to 500 personnel and will employ about 1,000 people in the
next three years, said the company. "With the inauguration of the Nellore facility, one of the largest for the company in
the world, Gamesa India will be integrated even more strongly to cater to the growing energy demands of the country.
Achieving this milestone will ensure further expansion of clean energy footprint in India," said Jose Antonio Cortajarena,
chief corporategeneral secretary, Gamesa.
Source: http://www.business-standard.com/
Conference on Energy
TransitionsThe Global
Challenges & Opportunities
organized by TERI
The Energy and Resources Institute
(TERI) unveiled the findings of its
study report Transitions in the Indian
Energy SectorMacro Level Analysis
of Demand and Supply Side Options
on January 13, 2017. This report was
released alongside two others
one by the Electricity Transitions
Commission (ETC), and the other
by the Indian National Academy
of Engineering (INAE). The reports
were released by Shri Piyush Goyal,
Minister of State (I/C) for Power, Coal,
New and Renewable Energy and
Mines, Government of India, as part aims of the Government, and meeting job creation. Our report shows that
of a day-long conference organized demand is a major facet of this the cost of renewable electricity and
by TERI on Energy Transitions. The initiative. We see India becoming the its storage is on a steady decline
TERI report indicates that current energy capital of the world. India and could stabilize at around `5 per
installed capacity and the capacity is also committed to lowering the KWh. This would enable India to
under construction would be able emissions intensity of its development move decisively towards renewables
to meet demand till about 2026, in line with our INDCs towards the for future generation. What this,
keeping India power sufficient. Paris Agreement. We are looking at means is that India has a ten-year
The report estimates that no new several initiatives towards making window where no new investments
investments are likely to be made in solar energy price competitive to are likely to be done in coal, gas,
coal-based power generation in the coal. Speaking on the occasion, or nuclear energy generation. The
years prior to that. The TERI report Dr Ajay Mathur, Director General, decarbonization of power generation
also estimates that beyond 202324, TERI, said The target to achieve is also an opportunity to move other
new power generation capacity could the United Nations Framework carbon-based sectors like transport
be all renewables, based on cost Convention on Climate Change to electricity, thus multiplying the
competitiveness of renewables as (UNFCCC) commitments presents benefits of clean energy generation.
well as the ability of the grid to absorb tremendous opportunity to put TERIs demand scenario suggests that
large amounts of renewable energy India at the forefront of economies the current installed capacity and the
together with battery-based balancing transitioning towards low carbon capacity under construction and after
power. Speaking at the event, Shri growth. This includes improving taking into account retirements, would
Piyush Goyal, said, Universal access electricity access, clean technology be able to meet the demand till about
to electricity is one of the primary development, manufacturing, and 2026 or so. This suggests that there
would be no new coal-based capacity
investment that would be approved till
about for years prior to that. Between
2014 and 2024, India has a 10-year
window. If in this 10-year window,
the price of solar and battery reaches
the `5/ unit mark, all new capacity
additions would be in renewables.
In case, this price goal would be
achieved, or nearly achieved, by
202324, if appropriate infrastructure
to absorb large amounts of renewable
energy, together with battery-based
balancing power, is in place.
NATIONAL REVIEW
OF RE SECTOR
T
he Ministry of New and RE power in the backdrop of Indias MNRE also presented the Annual Day
Renewable Energy (MNRE) commitment of raising 40 per cent of Awards of Association of Renewable
organized a two-day National electric installed capacity from non- Energy Agencies of States (AREAS) to
Review Meeting with the State fossil fuel by 2030 under intended various State Nodal Agencies for best
Government officials of Renewable nationally determined contributions performance in different sectors of
Energy sector on January 2324, (INDCs). It was observed that in renewable energy during 201516.
2017. Mobile App for Solar Rooftop general the compliance of RPOs The progress of each State was
Systems: ARUNAtal Rooftop Solar needs to be ensured. The Secretary reviewed, the next financial year plans
User Navigator and Information urged upon the States to formulate were discussed, and the issues raised
Guide on Rooftop Systems were also and modify their policies and prepare by the States were deliberated upon
launched on the occasion of the a conducive policy regime for RE. in detail and efforts were made to find
National Review Meeting of the RE Shri Rajeev Kapoor gave away their solutions in this review meeting.
Sector with the State Governments. awards in Off-grid Solar PV Presentations were made by the
Speaking at the review meeting, Programme in 12 categories namely senior officers of the Ministry on each
Shri Rajeev Kapoor, Secretary, Solar Lantern, Solar Home Lighting Programme and the State-wise issues
MNRE emphasized on the need to Systems, Solar Power Packs, Solar were flagged.
comply with Renewable Purchase Street Light, Solar Power Plant, Solar State Power/Energy Secretaries in
Obligations (RPOs) and facilitate Pumps (Irrigation), Solar Mini/Micro charge of Renewable Energy, Heads
the renewable energy installations Grid, Solar Pumps (Drinking), Bank of State Nodal Agencies, and other
through conducive policies and timely SchemeSolar Home Systems, concerned senior officials of States
payments for RE power purchased. He Bank SchemeSolar Pumps, Cold attended the Review Meeting. Senior
also urged upon the States to see the Storage and R O Systems. Secretary, officers of MNRE, CERC, NTPC, IREDA,
BIOGAS
UPGRADATION
BY VACUUM SWING
ADSORPTION
Exploring a Clean Energy Reserve
B Velmurugan, Mehul Patel, and Lalit P Patel highlight the
potential for waste to energy through a case study of
M/s Sabar Dairy, which has been utilizing natural gas for its
thermal applications in its day-to-day milk-processing operations.
Among these upgrading technologies, a suitable site-specific
technology working at low pressure, called vacuum swing
adsorption (VSA) has been identified for installation at
M/s Sabar Dairy.
T
here is a rapid growth in use topics in bioenergy industries is the plant. Equalized effluent containing
of renewable energy globally, upgradation technology of biogas to chemical oxygen demand (COD) of
especially biogas. Biogas biomethane due to rise in price of oil 5,00010,000 mg/L (depending upon
is produced in anaerobic and natural gas. The biogas cleaning the season and product processed)
conditions, that is, in the absence of and upgradation process increases is pumped into a high-rate anaerobic
oxygen by fermentation of organic the calorific value and removes the reactor, that is, an up-flow anaerobic
substrates, including manure, undesirable gases, such as hydrogen sludge blanket reactor to produce
sewerage, household waste, industrial sulphide, carbon dioxide, and biogas and subsequently 7080 per
wastewater, etc. Biogas mainly moisture, which will be more harmful cent COD has been reduced due
contains methane and carbon dioxide to the system to be utilized. to anaerobic treatment. Since the
and traces of hydrogen sulphide, Sabarkantha District Co-operative biogas produced have the potential
ammonia, hydrogen, and moisture. Milk Producers Union Limited (Sabar to replace a part of its natural gas
Biogas calorific value is around 21 MJ/ Dairy), Himmatnagar, Gujarat, has utilization in boilers and canteen for
m3, which contains methane and can been utilizing natural gas for its cooking after upgradation and also
be used as cooking fuel in domestic thermal applications in its day-to-day reduce its cost of expenditure on
kitchen or industrial canteen. If biogas milk-processing operations. M/s Sabar natural gas, M/s Sabar Dairy sought
is to be used as a substitute to natural Dairy processes around 20 lakh litres help from M/s Gujarat Knowledge
gas, it needs to be cleaned and of milk per day and the raw effluent Application and Facilitation Centre
upgraded to the quality equivalent of generated from the milk-processing (A centre of excellence by CII,
methane in pipeline. One of the hot plant is treated in its effluent treatment Government of Gujarat and Gujarat
NRE), Ahmedabad, for implementing without any change in their existing Table 1: Hydrogen sulphide tolerance
a suitable biogas upgradation infrastructure. limits in biogas utilization equipment
technology. As a technical network H2S tolerance limit
Utilization
partner to Gujarat Knowledge The Process (ppm)
Application and Facilitation Centre,
Cleaning and upgradation of biogas Upgraded
Sardar Patel Renewable Energy <4
is very important to get a natural biogas
Research Institute (SPRERI), Vallabh
gas equivalent fuel. Cleaning of Kitchen stoves <10
Vidyanagar, Gujarat, has been
biogas involves removal of hydrogen
approached for technical guidance IC Engines <50500
sulphide, water vapour, and
to erect and commission a biogas Boiler <1,000
upgradation for complete removal
purification plant at M/s Sabar Dairy.
of carbon dioxide, which enhances Turbines <10,000
calorific value of biogas nearer to
Necessity for natural gas. A 100 m3/h low-pressure After cleaning, the biogas is passed
Upgradation of Biogas VSA technology has been deployed through twin towers packed with
Around 100 m3/h of biogas with for purification of biogas at Sabar composite bed of molecular sieves by
methane (CH4), 6065 per cent; Dairy. Schematic arrangement of VSA- low-pressure VSA process to separate
carbon dioxide (CO2), 3035 per based biogas purification plant has CH4 from CO2. Adsorption of CO2 on
cent; and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), been shown in Figure 1. the molecular sieves leads to the CH4
20002500 ppm was produced from
high rate anaerobic digester at M/s
Sabar Dairy. As a value addition and
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
the biogas produced has been
upgraded to biomethane (equivalent
to natural gas) and is being utilized in
the existing boiler and canteen as a
substitute fuel to natural gas. Removal
of CO2 from biogas enhances the
calorific value closer to the range
of natural gas, which is nothing but Figure 1: Schematic arrangement of biogas purification plant
CH4, that is, natural gas. There are
various options available to upgrade The biogas produced from raw dairy removal from the top of the tower and
biogas by removing carbon dioxide, effluent is stored in a biogas storage by vacuum, leading to evacuation of
such as adsorption, absorption, tank. A blower boosts the biogas CO2. The advantage of twin tower is
cryogenic, membrane, etc. Among up to 0.7 bar pressure from the when one tower performs adsorption,
these upgrading technologies, a storage tank and passes through the the other one is used for regeneration
suitable site-specific technology desulphurization unit, where most of and the process becomes cyclic and
working at low pressure, namely H2S present in the biogas is removed. continuous supply of biomethane of
vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) has Iron oxide is used as the packing natural gas equivalent fuel is collected
been identified for installation at M/s material in H2S scrubber. After passing in a surge vessel and in biomethane
Sabar Dairy. The main advantage of through the H2S scrubber, the gases storage tank. Then with the help
the VSA process is that adsorption are cooled in a chilling unit to remove of a compressor, it is sent through
of carbon dioxide takes place at the moisture present in the gas. If H2S pipelines to existing boiler or canteen
low pressure and reduces higher is not removed prior to the adsorption for cooking purpose.
compression requirement of biogas process, it will lead to poisoning of
feeding and desorption at vacuum, the composite bed of adsorbents,
Operational
which completely evacuates the and with moisture it forms a corrosive
acidic solution in the downstream
Experiences
carbon dioxide from the adsorbents
and quicker regeneration for the next utilization systems. Hence, cleaning of The performance of VSA-based biogas
cycle of operation. Hence, setting H2S and water vapour are very much purification plant has been monitored,
up of a biogas purification plant has essential during the biogas purification since it has become operational from
helped M/s Sabar Dairy to replace process. The limits of H2S tolerance February 2015 to till date, and it has
the natural gas utilization in their in biogas utilization equipment have been working without any major
existing boilers or canteen for cooking been given in Table 1. maintenance problem.
A pictorial view of VSA-based biogas natural gas obtained from government the total electrical energy consumed
purification plant has been shown in sources. was 2,15,188 kWh. Natural gas was
Picture 1. The composition of biogas purchased at the rate of `30/m3,
before and after purification using VSA Economics which corresponds to a total savings
system has been shown in Table 2. Due to seasonal variations and of `8,376,780, by replacing it with
depending on the products the natural gas equivalent purified
Table 2: Composition of biogas biogas. The energy requirement and
before and after purification processed, COD of the effluent varied
in a vast range from 5,000 to 10,000 cost of purified biogas per m3 were
Parameter
Before After mg/L and that leads to the effect of 0.77 kWh and `5.78, respectively. Cost
purification purification economics of a 100 m3/h VSA-based
change in biogas production. On an
CH4 (%) 6066 9094 average, only 23 per cent utilization of biogas purification plant installed and
CO2 (%) 3035 45 the biogas purification plant has been commissioned at M/s Sabar Dairy has
H2S (ppm) 2,0002,500 12 achieved till May 2016 from installation been shown in Table 3. If the capacity
The total amount of purified biogas due to varying biogas production and of the VSA-based biogas purification
with 90 per cent methane content for intermediate breakdown in feeding plant was fully utilized, the energy
the period of 16 months, that is, from pump to the anaerobic digester. Total requirement and cost of purified
February 2015 to May 2016 has been purified biogas, that is, natural gas biogas per m3 will be 0.34 kWh and
completely utilized in their existing equivalent during the period February `2.53, respectively. Simple payback
boiler replacing the same quantity of 2015 to May 2016 was 2,79,226 m3 and period for the purification plant with
and without government incentive of 30 per cent of the plant cost will be 2 and
2.8 months, respectively.
Basic parameters
Managing Solar
Cables and Connectors
For Safety and Longevity of PV System
A
significant amount of work even fire. Larger power collector cables are
goes into the complex There are four components to used to interconnect from the
process of designing and connect together: the solar panels, generator box referred to as the
planning a photovoltaic (PV) the charge controller, the batteries, Main DC and DC combiner to the
power plant, whether on the rooftop and the inverter. The charge controller central inverter. These cables must
of a building or ground-mounted on is used to prevent the batteries be shielded when over 50 m in
the field. This then translates into an from overloading; the wires that length (IEC62548).
efficient, working PV power plant in connect the panel to the charge
situ. With the rapid uptake of PV, it is controlled should be correctly sized Significance of DC and
also common to see homeowners to minimize transmission power loss. AC Cables
who design and implement their own Correspondingly, the further away
DC cables are used predominantly
small PV rooftop projects. With so the panels are, the larger the wire
in solar projects and hence, issues
much already invested, it would be gauge should be. The inverter is used
around their usage are still not
vexing if careless cable management to convert the DC power collected
understood very well unlike AC cables,
after installation led to losses. And by the panels into AC power, which is
which are used extensively across
dangling, untidy cables are simply the most popular form of electricity
the power sector. Moreover, intense
unaesthetic. Cables are subjected to accepted by appliances. These
commercial pressure is forcing project
thermal, mechanical, and external systems are typically outdoors, so any
developers and contractors to reduce
loads. Just like the rest of the system, cable used for this type of application
capital cost resulting in the selection
cables need to last the stipulated needs to be UV radiation resistant and
of inferior products and/or
25 years or more. Being exposed to suitable for wet locations. For solar
sub-optimal design.
harsh environmental conditions like tracking panels, the cables used need
temperature fluctuations and direct to be flexible as the panels will be
ultraviolet (UV) rays can damage moving along with the sun.
DC Cable
unprotected cables and in turn the Depending upon the system capacity DC cables connect modules to
wires in them that carry the cabling utility varies as follows: inverters and are further segmented
power generated. Small-scale systems with string into two types.
inverters: A three-core AC cable is
Applications used for connection to the grid if a String DC cables
To connect the components of a single-phase inverter is used, and These cables are used to interconnect
solar energy system, you will need a five-core cable is used for three- solar modules and to connect
to use correct wire sizes to ensure phase feed-in. modules with string combiner boxes
low energy loss and to prevent Large-scale system wiring with or an array combiner boxes. Cables for
overheating and possible damage or central inverters. interconnecting modules come pre-
connected with modules, whereas the
cables required to interconnect strings
and to connect with combiner boxes
are procured separately. String DC
cables carry current of only around 10
Ampere (A) and a small cross section
(2.5 mm2 to 10 mm2) is sufficient for
this purpose.
Main DC cables
These cables are used to connect
array combiner boxes with inverters.
These cables carry higher current
of around 200600 A in utility
scale projects and require a larger
cross section (95 mm2 to 400 mm2).
DC cables, except for those pre-
connected with modules, account for
only around 2 per cent of solar project
cost, but can have a significant impact on-site substation to transmission grid reaches steady state with minimal
on the power output. Improper design substation. Depending on the project thermal stress. Operation in a solar
and/or poor cable selection can lead capacity, voltage rating of these cables plant is discontinuous because of ever
to safety hazards, reduced power can range from 11,000 V to 33,000 changing irradiation. Figure 1 shows
output, and other performance issues. V. LT and HT cables are widely used the type of cables used in a solar
Experts believe that power output in the power sector including both PV plant.
loss in DC cables can be as high as conventional and renewable energy
15 per cent but it is time consuming power generation plants. However, Cable Specifications
and arduous to empirically isolate and DC cables are used primarily in
quantify the role of DC cables in poor solar projects. Economically generating electricity
performance. Further, a higher voltage Aluminium is widely used in AC from renewable sources requires
drop typically leads to heating up of cables, which have a life of over a cabling system engineered to
cables and fire accidents. Power loss
in DC cables is measured in terms of
voltage drop from module to inverter.
As current in the cables remains
the same, voltage drop implies
proportionate loss of power.
LT and HT Cables
(AC Cables)
LT and HT cables are AC cables with
a higher voltage rated capacity. These
cables are used to connect inverters
to transformer and transformer to the
on-site substation. At present, cables Figure 1: Type of cables used in Solar PV Plant
of 1,000 V rating are typically used optimize efficiency and minimize
35 years and have been in wide
for this purpose but the trend is now line losses. This allows more of the
operation throughout the world. In
shifting towards the use of 1,500 V generated power to reach substations
AC cables, flow of current is usually
cables. HT cables are used for power
continuous, whereby the cable where it is transmitted to the grid. To
transmission at high voltage from
optimize efficiency, cables used at
the point of solar power generation
offer a higher voltage range of up to
2,000 V versus the standard 600 V
rating for conventional applications.
Medium-voltage cables used between
transformers and substations are
being re-engineered to provide better
efficiency over the life of the cable
through cooler operation and lower
line loss.
Solar cables, which are UV and
weather resistant and can be used
within a large temperature range, are
laid outside. Single-core cables with a
maximum permissible DC voltage of
1.8 kV and a temperature range from
40C to +90C are the norm here.
A metal mesh encasing the cables
improves shielding and overvoltage
protection, and their insulation must
not only be able to withstand thermal
but also mechanical loads.The
easily be connected to form a string. the metals used to manufacture the and applications, while a relatively
Connecting these strings to the contacts and the plastic materials new contractor base is in need of
inverter, on the other hand, is not employed. There are currently no continuous on-going training to stay
always straightforward. A variety cross-over connections which have one step ahead of evolving installation
of different cable connectors are been tested in accordance with DIN practices. As such, the industry has
available in the market, and as yet EN 50521 VDE 0126- 3:2009-10: seen a variety of cable designs and
no standards have been established Connectors for photovoltaic systems; practices, many of which may not
for these interconnection systems. safety requirements and tests and necessarily support long-term solar
Plug connectors from different approved by both manufacturers needs. Application-specific cables
manufacturers are usually either (socket manufacturer A combined and contractor certification are
completely incompatible or they fail to with plug manufacturer B or socket paramount to ensuring the economic
provide a connection that will remain manufacturer B combined with plug viability of solar power systems.
permanently snug. If the connector manufacturer A). A standard for Cable manufacturers are challenged
fits too tightly, this can cause the photovoltaic plug connectors, which with balancing up-front costs with
insulating plastic parts to break. A should be as international and uniform long-term reliability while continually
loose fit, on the other hand, poses as possible and is similar to that for meeting evolving requirements and
the risk of creating high-contact domestic Schuko plugs, is desirable trends, from developing cables for
resistance. This leads to yield losses and necessary to ensure reliable new micro inverter technology where
and the areas around the connection DC power is converted to AC at the
connections between products from
heating up, even causing an electric panel, to meeting more stringent fire
different manufacturers. If such a
arc and the connector to melt. When ratings, test methods, UL and CSA
standard were to be introduced,
connecting a plug with a socket standards, National Electric Code
manufacturers would be in a position
from a different manufacturer, a requirements, and global standards
to offer reciprocal warranties for
cross-over connection is created, for halogen-free, fire-retardant,
specific cross-over connections.
which can generally only be proved and low-corrosive gas emissions.
to be reliable if complex, expensive To meet these advancing trends
tests are performed. In addition to Market Demand
and standards, develop application-
measuring the contact resistance and Despite the promising growth specific cables, and ensure the
determining the connection strength, of solar power and related cable performance and reliability to
accelerating aging tests and weather developments aimed at ensuring its support the long-term needs of solar
exposure tests must also be carried economic viability, this emerging applications, manufacturers must
out. Such tests will make it clear market is not without challenge. be committed to solar energy with
whether or not the different materials Codes and standards are struggling significant investment in R&D efforts
are compatible. This concerns both to keep pace with new technologies and a strong presence in the market
through continued participation with
standards bodies, utility regulators,
and renewable developers.Consumer
demand for distributed solar energy
systems is rapidly growing, and small-
to medium-scale solarphotovoltaic
(PV) systemsare turning up in any
location with available space and
abundance of sunlightfrom rooftops
and parking lots, to brown fields and
highways. No matter what the size of
the system, all PV applications require
high-quality cabling that provides
excellent mechanical properties
and superior sunlight resistance for
outdoor installations, flame-resistance
for added safety, and flexibility for
easy handling.
Contributed by Er. Khyati Vyas, BE, MTech,
Chemtrols Solar Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, India.
Demand
Assessment for
Mini Grids in
Villages
of Uttar Pradesh
Onkar Nath says that in order to accelerate access to energy,
especially in rural areas, efforts are being made to develop
capacity in renewable energy sources, such as solar energy,
biomass-based electricity, small hydro, wind energy, etc., in
Uttar Pradesh. He presents a demand assessment for villages in
the state as the Government of Uttar Pradesh through its nodal
agency UPNEDA is making constant efforts to facilitate generation
of green and clean energy for the people of the state.
U
ttar Pradesh (UP) is one of A reduction in the risk of demand survey covered detailed information
the largest states in India by uptake through efforts to encourage related to demographic, socio-
area and it is also among productive end uses of electricity; economic, and prevailing energy
the largest states in India in A reduction in the policy and usage.
terms of economy, with the state gross regulatory risk through appropriate
domestic product (GDP) of `708,000 mitigation structures. Findings
crore, with the key economic The findings of the demand Inter alia, the household surveys
activities based on agriculture and assessment was intended to serve as captured key information, such as
service industries. Despite this, a base for establishing solar mini-grid electricity requirement in various
several inequalities exist within the pilot projects, which would further be intervals of time, preference for
state, with a large proportion of the helpful in demonstrating the proof-of- electrification options, and income
population, especially in rural areas still concept for a viable business model of and expenditure patterns. Using these
lacking access to basic infrastructure distributed generation in the state of data, load duration curves and load
services, such as electricity or clean Uttar Pradesh. profile curves have been generated
cooking solutions. But, now efforts for all the villages in the two districts.
are being made to develop capacity Data Collection The average HH energy demand for
in renewable energy sources, such Fifty un-electrified or de-electrified all villages in Kanpur Nagar and Banda
as solar energy, biomass-based villages were identified for demand were calculated (65.44 kWh/day and
electricity, small hydro, wind energy, assessment survey in each of the 62.6 kWh/day respectively). Some
etc., in the state in order to accelerate districts (Kanpur Nagar and Banda). samples of household load profile,
access to energy, especially in rural A primary survey was carried out to productive load profile, and irrigation
areas. The Government of Uttar estimate the load demand for three load profile have been illustrated in
Pradesh through its nodal agency target segments, that is, households, Figure 1. All the load curves generated
Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable irrigation loads, and commercial/ are found to have peaks in the
Energy Development Agency productive loads. This primary survey morning and evening, which is typical
(UPNEDA) is making untiring effort to
facilitate generation of green and clean
energy for the people of the state.
Demand Assessment
Survey
Under this context, GIZ in cooperation
with its state partner UPNEDA has
conducted a demand assessment
survey in the districts of Kanpur Nagar
and Banda. The exercise was carried
out under the context of developing
a private sector model for attracting
large-scale participation of private
players for the promotion of mini grids
in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Five key elements were proposed
under the private sector model. These
elements are: Figure 1: Household load duration curve Tiwaripur
Financial Linkages
With regards to reduction in the
costs of financial closure through
pre-established financial structures/
Figure 3: Irrigation load analysis (Maniyapur)
linkages, a combination of equity,
Table 1: Various options that were used during the survey debt, and grant (subsidy, if available)
has been proposed. Recently, KfW
Options Description Development Bank and the Indian
A 1 light bulb (1.5W) for 4 hrs per day + 1 mobile phone charger for 2 hrs Renewable Energy Development
Agency Ltd. (IREDA) signed a line of
2 light bulbs (1x1.5W and 1x3W) for 4 hrs per day + and 1 mobile phone credit for 20 million to be utilized
B
charger for 2 hrs
for access to energy by financing
C
2 light bulbs (1x1.5W and 1x3W) for 4 hrs per day + 1 mobile phone renewable energy projects in India.
charger for 2 hrs per day + 1 radio for 6 hrs It is expected that to an extent the
2 light bulbs (1x1.5W and 1x3W) for 4 hrs per day + 1 mobile phone issue of access to finance would be
D
charger for 2 hrs per day + 1 TV (80W) for 2hrs addressed.
2 light bulbs (1x1.5W and 1x3W) for 4 hrs per day + 1 mobile phone
E
charger for 2 hrs per day + 1 fan (50W for 4 hrs) Regulatory Risks
2 light bulbs (1x1.5W and 1x3W) for 4 hrs per day + 1 mobile phone With regards to mitigating regulatory
F risks through policy interventions,
charger for 2 hrs per day and other loads
the Government of Uttar Pradesh has
The findings inferred that the the form of coolers, refrigerators or recently adopted a mini grid policy for
maximum demand was for running even washing machines despite being electrification of un-electrified area
household appliances, irrigation un-electrified or de-electrified. As of through the participation of private
pumps followed by mills and fodder now, these machines are powered by players in the state. It is expected
cutting machines. It was also diesel-based generator or lying idle. that the policy will mitigate some of
interesting to know that some of the The data gathered through this the regulatory risks perceived by the
households have latent demand in detailed survey can play an important private players and will encourage
role for optimum design of the solar large-scale participation of private
based mini-grid systems. players in order to promote mini
grids for electrification in the state.
Promotion of Moreover, the Ministry of New and
Productive Uses of Renewable Energy (MNRE) has issued
Energy a draft national policy for mini and
micro grids. The policy aims to create
With regards to reduction in the risk
up to 500 MW capacity in the private
of demand uptake, a local agency sector in the next five years.
was engaged to promote productive
Contributed by Mr Onkar Nath, Technical
uses of energy in selected village Expert, GIZ India, Jor Bagh, New Delhi, India.
Data collection of the district of Kanpur Nagar. Email: onkar.nath@giz.de
2000
+
Over 45 MW Solar PV Excellent after-sales service
Projects with 2000 rooftop 3 decades of experience
installations /service centres across 250
locations
Geothermal
Energy in India Potential and Prospects
Dr S S Verma discusses the various applications of geothermal
energy while highlighting its prospects in India. While there are
pros and cons of this form of renewable energy, geothermal
energy has the potential to play a significant role in moving any
particular region towards a cleaner, more sustainable energy
system. It is one of the few renewable energy technologies that
can supply continuous, base-load power.
I
rrespective of its form, we always molten rock called magma. Most of some fossil fuel facilities, but one
depend on energywhether it is the time magma stays beneath the must keep in mind the associated
general or electricity in particular surface, heating the surrounding benefits relating to drastic reduction
in order to accomplish our daily water trapped within those rocks. of pollution. Generation costs
routines. With lives revolving more Sometimes that water escapes depend on ownership arrangements,
around seeking comfort and as less through cracks in the earth to form financing, transmission, the quality
natural ways of accommodation mark pools of hot water (hot springs) of the resource, and the size of
the shift away from a sustainable or bursts of steam (geysers). The the project. Geothermal plants are
way of life, the demand for energy rest of the heated water remains relatively capital-intensive (` 30 cr per
in almost all its forms other than in pools under the earths surface MW worldwide cost), with low variable
industrial purposes, for compulsory called geothermal reservoirs. Deep costs, and no fuel costs. Usually
lighting, heating, and cooling, is geothermal wells, a mile or more financing is structured so that the
growing exponentially. Scientists deep, can tap reservoirs of steam or project pays back its capital costs in
say that the sources of energy very hot water that can be used to the first five years, delivering power at
that are needed to power the generate electricity. 510/kWh.
modern conveniences are running People began harnessing
dangerously low. We could run out geothermal energy thousands of years
of oil in as little as 40 years and out
Applications of
before they had the technology to dig
of natural gas soon after that. These
Geothermal Energy
down into geothermal reservoirs. The
fossil fuels have been percolating ancient Romans used hot springs to Space/District Heating
beneath theearthfor hundreds of heat their homes, bathe, and cook. In In areas where hot springs or
millions of years, and once they are 1892, the first modern district heating geothermal reservoirs are near the
gone, they are going to take millions system was developed in Boise, earths surface, hotwatercan be
of more years to replenish. Not only Idaho. It used water piped from hot channelized directly to heat homes
are we running out of fossil fuels, but springs to heat buildings. The first or office buildings. Geothermal water
they are adding to our environmental geothermal energy plant was built in is pumped through a heat exchanger,
woes by releasing nasty byproducts Larderello, Italy, in 1904. The global which transfers the heat from the
that increase pollution and contribute geothermal power generation is at water into the buildings heating
toglobal warming. 13.3 GW in January 2016 and, if the system. The used water is injected
current trend continues, is projected back down a well into the reservoir
Quest for New Sources to increase to 18.4 GW by 2021, to be reheated and used again. A
of Energy: Geothermal and to 32 GW by 2030. As of 2015, few feet under the ground, the soil
Energy the top five leading countries in the or water remain at a constant of 50
Scientists are running a race against geothermal power generation are USA to 60 degrees Fahrenheit (1015
time to find cleaner, more efficient, (3,450 MW), Philippines (1,870 MW), degrees Celsius) all year round. In
and renewable sources of energy. Indonesia (1,340 MW), Mexico (1,017 this method, geothermal heat pumps
One potential source that we have MW), and New Zealand (1,005 MW). use a system of buried pipes linked
barely tapped is right underneath The total installed capacity, reported to a heat exchanger and ductwork
our feet. Deep inside the earth lies in 2014, for geothermal direct into buildings. In winter, the relatively
hotwaterand steam that can be used utilization worldwide is around 70.3 warm earth transfers heat into the
to heat our homes and businesses, GW and the leading countries with buildings and in summer, the buildings
and generateelectricitycleanly and the largest capacity of geothermal transfer heat to the ground or use
efficiently. This is calledgeothermal direct utilization are China, Sweden, some of it to heat water. These heat
energy which is derived from the USA, Turkey, Iceland, Japan, Hungary, pumps perform the dual function of
Greek wordsgeo meaning earth Italy, and New Zealand. Iceland is one serving as both air conditioners and
andtherme meaning heat. of the biggest users of geothermal providing heating systems. It is
Geothermal energy is the heat stored energyvirtually the entire city of indeed remarkable that a bit of
in the earths crust. Resources of Reykjavik is heated with water which warmth can be used to heat or
geothermal energy range from the is pumped from hot springs and
cool homes and offices.
hot, shallow ground water to hot geothermal wells. Some citieslike
rock found a few miles beneath the Klamath Falls, Oregoneven pump
hot water underneath their roads Agriculture, Mushroom
earths surface, and even deeper to
the extremely high temperatures of and sidewalks in the winter to melt Culture, and Aquaculture
snow and ice. This is competitive with In temperate and colder climates,
greatly improved plant and fish growth reduced. Flash steam power plants boosts geothermal plant efficiency
can be achieved by heating soils in use hot water (>182C) from the by 2040 per cent and reduces
greenhouses or fish ponds using geothermal reservoir. When water plant construction costs by 2030
geothermal heat. is pumped to the generator, it is per cent, thereby lowering the cost
released from the pressure of the of geothermal power generation.
Power Generation deep reservoir. The sudden drop in
Hot water and steam from the pressure causes some of the water Geo-thermal Energy in
underground can be channelized to vaporize to steam, which spins India
through underground wells and a turbine to generate electricity. Prospects of Geothermal
used to generateelectricityin a Both dry steam and flash steam
Energy in India
power plant. With over 13,000 MW power plants emit small amounts
of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, India has a huge potential to become
of installed capacity, geothermal
and sulphur, but generally 50 a leading contributor in generating
electric power generation is a well-
times less than traditional fossil- eco-friendly and cost-effective
proven technology that has been
fuel power plants. Hot water not geothermal power. Around 6.5 per
especially successful in countries and
cent of electricity generation in the
islands that have a high reliance on flashed into steam is returned to
world would be done with the help
imported fossil fuels. There are three the geothermal reservoir through
of geothermal energy and India
types ofgeothermalpower plants injection wells.
would have to play a bigger role in
inusetoday, these are: iii. Binary Cycle Plantsuse moderate- the coming years in this direction.
i. Dry Steam Plantsuse geothermal temperature water (107182C) But in India, the power generation
steam directly. Dry steam power from the geothermal reservoir. In through geothermal resources is still
plants use very hot (>235 C) binary systems, hot geothermal in its nascent stages. The Geological
steam and little water from the fluids are passed through one Survey of India (GSI) has identified
geothermal reservoir. The steam side of a heat exchanger to heat a about 340 geothermal hot springs
goes directly through a pipe to a working fluid in a separate adjacent in the country. Most of them are
turbine to spin a generator that pipe. The working fluid, usually in the low to medium temperature
produces electricity. This type of an organic compound with a low range, that is, from 50150C
geothermal power plant is the boiling point, such as isobutane which is suitable for direct heat
oldest. or isopentane, is vapourized applications and power generation
ii. Flash Steam Plantsuse high and passed through a turbine to through the binary-cycle method.
pressure hot water to produce generate electricity. An ammonia- These springs are grouped into seven
steam when the pressure is water working fluid using system geothermal provinces, that is, the
Himalayan (Puga, Chhumathang), low- or medium- heat enthalpy. The Germany, Switzerland, Canada, Japan,
Sohana belt in Haryana, Cambay government is planning to encourage and China. The Government of India,
Graben basin, Son-Narmada-Tapi the demonstration of projects at Ministry of New and Renewable
(SONATA) lineament belt, West Coast, the first stage in order to assess the Energy (MNRE) contemplate initiatives
Godavari basin, and Mahanadi basin. technical viability of the project before in RDD&D of geothermal technology
Some of the prominent geothermal going to the commercial models. specifically for the purpose of cooling,
resources include the Puga valley Various resource assessments carried drying, space heating, greenhouse
and Chhumathang in Jammu and out by GSI, UNDP, and NGRI under cultivation, industrial processes, cold
Kashmir, Manikaran in Himachal the aegis of CEA, UNDP, and MNRE storage, poultry and fish farming,
Pradesh, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, established the potential 10,600 mushroom farming, horticulture,
and Tapovan in Uttarakhand. A new MWth/1,000MWespread over 340 etc. MNRE considers GSHP as a
location of geothermal power energy hot springs across seven geothermal part of utility/HVAC system of the
has also been found in Tattapani in provinces/11 states. The average structure/premises (existing as well
Chhattisgarh. In addition, Gujarat is set rough capital cost on not exceeding as under construction), therefore,
to tap geothermal electricity through the basis stands at 30 Cr per MW (Rs the Ministry has recently exempted
resources which are available in 12 per kWh). As per the international the drilling of geothermal bores/
Cambay between the rivers Narmada reports, a 1 MW geothermal power wells from any separate permissions
and Tapi. For harnessing geothermal plant generates about 8.3 million units required as earth is only used as
energy in the country, the Ministry of (MU) per MW per annumcompared to a source or sink. Permissions that
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) solar 1.6 MU per MW, wind 1.9 MU per have already been acquired for the
has been supporting research and MW, and hydro 3.9 MU per MW. structure, building, or industrial plan
development (R&D) on exploration
from the concerned administrative
activities and resource assessment or engineering authority serve as the
during the last 25 years. This includes
Ground source heat
necessary clearance for the drilling
formation of expert groups, working pumps (GSHPs)/
of geothermal bores or wells. MNRE
group, core group, and committees in Geo-exchange pumps
is also working in collaboration with
addition to providing financial support Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) BEE on increasing the efficiency by
for such projects and for resource use the earths relatively constant more than 50 per cent of conventional
assessment. MNRE is targeting for the temperature between 1624Cat a HVAC system by retrofitting or
deployment of geothermal capacity of depth of 20 feet to provide heating, replacing the cooling towers (air
1,000 MWin the initial phase till 2022. cooling, and hot water for homes and cooled) by the Energy Star qualified
Resource assessment is being planned commercial buildings. GSHPs harvest Geothermal Heat Pumps.
in 201617 for the public domain. heat absorbed at the earths surface
The objective of the programme is from solar energy. The temperature Indian Organizations
to assess the potential of geothermal in the ground below 6 metres (20 ft)
resources in the country and to
Working in Geothermal
is roughly equal to the mean annual
harness these resources in two Energy
air temperatureat that latitude at
distinct categories discussed below. the surface. It uses the earth as a Central Electricity Authority
heat source (during winter) or as a Geological Survey of India
Power production heat sink (during summer). GSHPs is Indian Institute of Technology,
The Government of India and the effective in all kind of climate zones Mumbai
Ministry of New and Renewable or can be deployed anywhere in India Regional Research Laboratory,
Energy (MNRE) have begun on a 24x7 basis. This technology is Jammu
contemplating a major initiative being used worldwide since the last National Geophysical Research
in research, development, 50 years. According to the reports Institute, Hyderabad
demonstration, and deployment published in the World Geothermal
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation,
(RDD&D) of geothermal technology Congress in 2010, up to the year
Dehradun.
for harnessing the geothermal 2013, the installed capacity of GSHP
energy in the country for the period in the world is 52.7 GWt. More than
3 million GSHP units of capacity 7
Ongoing Projects in
of 201517. Geothermal electricity India
generation is site and technology kW to 35 kW (24,000 to 120,000
specific and India falls in the Low Btu/h)installed worldwide in 43 Magneto-telluric investigations
Geothermal Potential Region with countries. The leading countries using in Tattapani geothermal area in
this technology are USA, Sweden, Madhya Pradesh
Magneto-telluric investigations in
Puga geothermal area in Ladakh
region, Jammu & Kashmir.
Geothermal Energy
Pros and Cons
Technically speaking, geothermal
energy is a renewable source of
energy that can produce energy as
long as the Earth exists. Geothermal
energy is a type of energy that can
truly make it easy for companies to
get what they need without using a
lot of fossil fuels in the process. Let us
now list some of the most important
pros and cons that are related to using
geothermal energy.
Cons of Geothermal
Energy
Suitable to a particular
region:Everything that deals with
geothermal power seems to be
really far away from practically
everything that is in and around
the area. Prime destinations are power uses a lot of water in its becoming increasingly competitive
exceptionally zone specific, hence processes as such. There are also with conventional energy resources.
one cannot find geothermal power a number of different compounds There is a bright future for the direct
outside of those areas. Also, the that go into the air, water, and use of geothermal resources as
prime destinations are frequently ground as a result of the process, a heating source for homes and
kept at a distance from urban areas, including sulphur dioxide and silica businesses in any location. However,
which means that they are virtually discharges, both of which canharm in order to tap into the full potential
useless when it comes to cities as the environment. of geothermal energy, two emerging
such. High temperatures needed:The technologies require further
High initial costs:For those process is not exactly an easy one to development: Enhanced Geothermal
residential owners who are thinking be executed as boring into warmed Systems (EGS) and co-production of
of using geothermal energy, high rock is extremely troublesome. geothermal electricity in oil and gas
upfront costs is something that May run out of steam:If the heat in wells. Geothermal energy is generally
turns out to be a huge distraction. place is not taken care of properly, regarded as environmental friendly,
For an average-sized home, it can cause a meltdown or other sustainable, and reliable, and this
installation of geothermal heat issues where the energy is not makes geothermal energy a must
pumps costs between Rs 78 lakhs properly distributed or used. in some places, but heavy upfront
that can pay off itself in another costs stop us from realizing the full
510 years down the line through The Future of potential. It can also be manufactured
significant cost savings. Geothermal Energy underground. The extent of influence
Cost of powering the Geothermal energy has the potential which geothermal power will
pump:Geothermal heat pumps still to play a significant role in moving have on our energy systems in the
needs a power source that can run any particular region towards a future depends on technological
it. The pumps need electricity to run cleaner, more sustainable energy advancements, energy prices, and
that can transfer energy from the system. It is one of the few renewable politics (subsidies on energy). When it
earths core to homes. energy technologies that can supply comes to green energy, geothermal
Surface instability:Geothermal continuous, base-load power. energy is one of the first types that is
has become infamous for causing Additionally, unlike coal and nuclear being explored. As time goes on, new
earthquakes as setting up of plants, binary geothermal plants can innovations that are being engineered
geothermal power plants can alter be used as a flexible source of energy will make its use more simple. These
the lands structure. A process called to balance the variable supply of innovations are guaranteed to be able
hydraulic fracturing is an integral renewable resources, such as wind to use lower temperatures in future
part for building a large scale and and solar energy. Binary plants have iterations of the technology as well.
efficient geothermal system power the capability to ramp production Acknowledgements: The use of
plants that can trigger earthquakes. up and down multiple times each information retrieved through various
Environmental concerns:There day, from 100 per cent of nominal references/sources from Internet in
are someenvironmental concerns power down to a minimum of 10 this article is highly acknowledged.
like water use is one of the big per cent. The costs for electricity Dr S S Verma, Department of Physics, SLIET,
concerns, because geothermal from geothermal facilities are also Longowal, District Sangrur, Punjab.
Upgradation
of Watermills
The Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency
(UREDA) in cooperation with GIZ, India has developed and
implemented a pilot project based on an innovative approach,
where a cluster of improved watermills addressed a specific
demand for energy for livelihood activities (processing, packaging
and marketing ground flour and spices) and is owned and
operated by a self-help group within the local community.
This article presents an overview of the pilot project and
recommendation to replicate this model across other
districts in Uttarakhand.
I
n Uttarakhand, watermills subsidy for such upgradation of potential demand beyond the
(Gharats) have traditionally been watermills. Despite the subsidy local market, the watermills do not
the lifeline of rural communities available under this scheme, the generate adequate revenues for the
and used to provide mechanical demand for such upgradation of watermillers;
power, primarily for grinding food watermills has not been very high. In particular, the survey indicated
grains. However, as access to these Based on the prevailing scenario, that although there are examples
remote rural communities improved a preliminary study was undertaken, of watermillers earning as high as
(improvements in road infrastructure covering a sample survey of 100 `15,000 per month, the median
as well as penetration of the electricity watermillers, to assess the current value is less than `1,000 per month;
grid), the traditional watermills were status of the Improved Watermills The study also highlighted the
being gradually replaced by diesel Programme in Uttarakhand. The key need for appropriate linkages
and electric mills. Efforts have been findings are as follows: to banks for financing end-use
made to improve the efficiency of The improved watermill has a appliances as well as working capital
the watermills and make them more significantly higher processing requirements.
competitive. The Government of India capacity as compared to the local
through its nodal ministry (MNRE) demand; Approach
introduced a nation-wide scheme in Due to lack of appropriate forward With the aim to develop a business
200203 that offered a significant and backward linkages to service case for watermills, UREDA together
About the Swaraj Group of watermills due to increase in the revival of watermills but also
demand for processing grains which encouraged local communities/
Total no. of members in the group: 12
is resulting in an increased income farmers to increase the productivity
Total no. of watermillers: 5
of the watermill owners (Figure 2). of traditional crops, such as millets,
Total no. of women: 6
Another interesting aspect buckwheat, etc., which are being
observed during the pilot was that grown in a limited quantity due to
Working Model of the various reasons. The farmers are
the pilot work not only helped in
Swaraj Group getting fair price for their produce
without intervention of middlemen
(Figure 3).
Direct Impacts
Increased uses of watermills
resulted in increase in income of the
watermill owners.
Members of the Group, especially
women got livelihood opportunities
and, additional income.
Additional revenue to local farmers
by way of supplying raw materials.
Figure 1: Working model of the Swaraj Group Endorsement by government
Potential Impacts
Potential to climate change
mitigation activities, such as easing
Figure 2: Month-wise turnover of the group in year 2016; Total: `361,858
the burden of the use of fossils
fuels (diesel) and also reducing the
Note: In the month of May, water to run watermills was diverted for agricultural purposes
and, therefore, no business took place. The depicted graph is only illustrative in nature and burden on use of electricity for
actual sales figure/graph may vary. grain-milling activities.
Picture 2: Market linkages were Picture 3: Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by way of avoiding energy
established for the group generated from diesel/electric based mills to grind grains/spices
Potential to contribute positively linking with any business group. predominantly for mechanical
on environmental issues because it The local agencies will have a stake power output, given that the
works on clean sources of energy. in overall functioning of the group grid penetration levels and the
Potential to address social issues by in order to minimize the traditional availability of the electricity from the
way of increasing employment to approach of local agencies to work grid are high in Uttarakhand.
locals including women (Picture 5). on a project mode, that is, for a The electrical output option should
Potential to reduce GHG emissions limited time period. be made available only in the case
linked to agricultural post-harvest Existing institutional structures for of remote locations where the
processing. delivery and servicing of improved grid has not reached. In order
Locally processed agricultural watermills need to be strengthened. to address this, the quantum of
products are less expensive and, Further, there is a need to allocate subsidy should be linked to the
therefore, more affordable for the resources towards periodic power output, whether mechanical
poor population, increasing food renovation and maintenance of or electrical, thereby reducing the
security and helping to reduce such watermills. incentive to choose the electro-
poverty and hunger. mechanical option, which currently
Potential to reduce workload of Business aspect attracts a higher subsidy.
women for agro-processing. Disclaimer: The views, opinions,
When promoting improved
findings, and conclusions or
watermills (IWMs), the emphasis
recommendation expressed in this
Recommendations should be on identifying appropriate
paper are strictly those of the authors.
Based on the execution of pilot on demand for such energy for
They do not necessarily reflect the
the adopted approach, the following productive end uses/livelihood
views of UREDA and GIZ. UREDA
recommendations have been activities. The Improved Watermill
and GIZ take no responsibility for
suggested in order to strengthen Programme should also, therefore,
any errors or omissions in, or for
the ongoing improved watermill allocate some resources towards
the correctness of, the information
programme. identifying and establishing such
contained in the paper. For more
demand linkages.
information, readers are encouraged
Institutional aspect to directly contact the author of this
Technology side paper.
Engagement of local agencies,
which can be allotted a cluster for The focus of the Improved Article Courtesy of UREDA and GIZ, India.
upgradation of watermills and also Watermill Programme should be
Solar Thermal in
Leh and Kargil
T
he Ladakh Region of Jammu and
Kashmir, with its extreme environment,
faces enormous energy adversities
throughout the year which become
even more acute during the winter months.
The Ladakh Renewable Energy Initiative
scheme of the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE) has been launched especially
to accelerate widespread use of solar thermal
systems for heating, cooking, and steam
generating applications. The implementing
agencies are Kargil Renewable Energy
Development Agency (KREDA) in Kargil and
Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency
Installation of domestic and commercial solar water heating systems (SWHs)
(LREDA) in Leh District of Jammu and Kashmir. by KREDA in Kargil region
The Remarkable
Achievements
Till November 2016, KREDA has
installed 6,700 solar water heating
systems (SWHs) covering an area
of 9,000 sq. m collector area for
individual households, government
institutions, and commercial units in
the Kargil region. There is a growing
awareness and demand for SWH
systems in the region. LREDA has
installed 2,150 units of dish-type solar
cookers; 20,384 sq. m of solar water
heaters; 750 numbers of commercial
green houses; 2,500 domestic green Installation of domestic type green house in Kargil region
houses; and 5 units of solar steam
cooking system CST-based having 320
sq. m area.
Gujarat Solar
Water Pumpsets The Benefits and Advantages
I
n Gujarat, the power consumption
for agriculture pumpsets is more
than 20 per cent of the total
consumption, which increases
year by year, because the distribution
companies (DISCOMs) are releasing
approximately 1 lakh connections
per year.
The issues faced by the DISCOMs
with regard to release of agriculture
connections are as follows:
The power tariff to the agriculture
category is subsidized and the
subsidy burden is increasing due to
the increase in conventional
power costs.
There are a large number of
agriculture pumpsets using diesel,
where there is no electricity
connection. agricultural pumpsets to be installed at various locations of DISCOMs from the
Due to large geographical area, financial year (FY) 201415. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
huge infrastructure, that is, length of is also providing Central Finance Assistance, i.e., `32,400 per HP for AC Pump
the HT line and transformer centre and `40,500 per HP for DC Pump under Solar Water Pumping System.
is required to cater power supply to For the implementation of the Scheme, the State Government had approved
agriculture. budgetary provision of `50 crore, `60 crore, and `125.50 crore for FY 201415,
A huge waiting list of more than FY 201516, and FY 201617, respectively.
3.70 lakh applications for agriculture
connections. Beneficiaries Criteria for Availing the Benefit of
In view of the above, to reduce burden the Scheme
of subsidy on the State Government, Registered, FQ paid, and FQ under payment for conventional agriculture
and to save huge expenditure on connection beneficiaries can switch over their applications for solar water
infrastructure, such as HT line, pumpsets. Farmers who have not applied for conventional agriculture
transformer, etc., and with a view connection can also register their applications for Solar Water Pump scheme.
to promote renewable energy, the Scheduled caste farmer/tribal farmer is required to pay `1,000 per HP only and
State Government has implemented all other category farmers have to pay `5,000 per HP only for setting up the
Scheme of Solar Water Pumpsets for solar pumpsets as a onetime payment.
I
ndia has one of the youngest populations in the world, with 350 million children less than 14 years of age making
school education essential for future of the country. However, 221 million people residing in India are still without
electricity access and many more with poor quality of supply (IEA, 2015). Many young school-going students either do
not have access to alternate clean light source or suffer from erratic electricity supply, both of which affect their study
during evening hours. Alongside Right to Education, it is desirable to provide Right to Clean Light and hence there is a
need for a countrywide, self-sustainable solar lamp programme.
One million Solar Urja Lamps (SoULs) were distributed during 201416 in four Indian states of Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Odisha, covering 23 districts, 97 blocks, and more than 10,900 villages. There are 54
assembly and distribution centres and 350 SRCs in operation, with training provided to 1,409 local people. While
implementing, 7,35,000 lamps were distributed in just 9 months between July 2014 to March 2015, while the remaining
2,65,000 lamps in 4.5 months from November 2015 to March 2016. With 77 per cent tribal blocks (as defined by the
Ministry of Tribal Affairs) and 83 per cent educationally backward blocks (as defined by the Ministry of Human Resource
and Development) amongst its intervention blocks, MSP focussed on reaching the most marginalized population. The
impact analysis of the MSP revealed that SoULs have replaced one kerosene wick lamp in beneficiary households, thus
contributing to saving kerosene consumed for lighting. Besides, its usage for study purpose, it was an aid in various other
domestic and livelihood activities.
The objective of the SoUL programme developed and executed by IIT Bombay is to provide clean light for study
purpose to each and every child in the country, in the fastest possible way and in the most cost-effective manner.
Bio-CNG
A Suitable Choice for Green Transportation
Dr Shailey Singhal and Dr Madhu Sharma highlight that although
introduction and usage of Bio-CNG as transportation fuel
has been in usage since a few years, there is a need to create
awareness even among the urban society to maximize the use of
biogas for various purposes including transportation.
C
ompressed natural gas fuel. But the question arises: till when If looked at wisely, biogas is a potential
(CNG) is an important can we obtain CNG from natural candidate and a suitable choice to
transportation fuel obtained gas? In the current scenario, the total convert it into bio-CNG. Raw biogas
by compressing natural gas global consumption of natural gas is comprises approximately 5065
to the pressure above 3,100 pounds 199 trillion cubic ft per year against per cent methane with 3040 per
per square inch. CNG is used as a the production of 98 trillion cubic ft cent carbon dioxide and the rest are
substitute to gasoline, diesel, and LPG. per year. This gap of 21 per cent is impurities of hydrogen sulfide, water,
Use of CNG is promoted worldwide even going to increase to around 54 and other trace elements. Removing
as it is a clean fuel and CNG vehicles per cent by 2040. In order to bridge carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
show an average reduction in ozone this gap, it is desirable to find some by suitable techniques, biogas can be
forming emissions to around 80 alternative source for CNG to be upgraded to bio-CNG.
per cent as compared to gasoline obtained in a sustainable manner.
vehicles. CNG has several advantages
over conventional fuels, viz., petrol
and diesel. It causes lesser corrosion
and wear to the body of engine; it is
environmentally benign due to lower
emissions of carbon and particulate
matter per equivalent distance
travelled; and being lighter than air, it
is safer in case there is aspill. Owing
to its advantages, the use of CNG is
increasing worldwide in the present
scenario. This increase is even more
expected when the governments of
various nations including India have
put a step forward for decreasing the
use of diesel particularly for vehicular
use due to environmental concerns.
In some countries, the respective
governments have decided to keep
the prices of CNG lower than gasoline
to promote its use as transportation Biogas converted to Bio-CNG at IIT-Delhi
A Low-Cost
Improved Wood
Cookstove Design
Billions of people in rural sector use wood cookstoves to cook their meals. Traditional stoves create harmful kitchen
pollution. According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), over 4 million people in the world die
prematurely from illness attributable to the household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels. Low thermal efficiency
of these stoves also consume large amount of wood and takes much more time for cooking. Currently, improved wood
cookstoves are yet not available at an affordable price. Considering the present need, an improved but low-cost wood
fuel cookstove is presently designed and fabricated. Wood sticks are used as fuel in this stove. During test, measured
thermal efficiency is found to be 24.7 per cent. Smoke emission is also reduced. Power output rating of the present
prototype is 2.8 kW per hour.
and then entered into the combustion passage area with respect to area of
chamber to complete combustion in combustion chamber: 63.6 per cent.
smokeless condition.
Material
Specifications of Outer cylindrical mud jar: Kiln burnt
the Stove potters clay
Outer diameter of mud jar: 30 cm Combustion chamber: 18 gauge M S
Inside diameter of mud jar: 27.5 cm sheet
Pot stands: 6 mm M S strips.
Total height of mud jar: 25 cm
Inner height of mud jar: 20 cm
Merits of Newly
Inner cross-sectional area of mud
Designed Stove
jar: 593.65 sq. cm
Dimension of fuel feed opening High thermal efficiency with
cum primary air entry passage in reduced rate of smoke emission
mud jar: 15 cm x 12cm Simple design
Diameter of secondary air entry Low cost.
ports provided in mud jar: 2.5 cm
No. of ports: 15 nos.
Distance from centre of ports to
inside bottom of jar: 2 cm
Diameter of combustion chamber:
21.5 cm
Cross-sectional area of combustion
chamber: 362.86 sq. cm
Photograph of the stove under thermal
Height of the combustion chamber efficiency test
including pot stands: 22.5 cm
Height of pot stands from top of the Thermal efficiency test of the stove
stove: 2.5 cm was done as per I S specification CIS
Dimensions of fuel feed opening 1315 Z (Part 1) 1991.
cum primary air entry passage in
combustion chamber: 13.5 cm x Result of Thermal
10.6 cm Efficiency Test
Diameter of fuel rest rod: 0.6 cm Mass of wood consumed with full
Available area for fuel feed in fuel Photograph of the weigh machine used
in test
power during an hour: 2.4 kg
feed opening cum primary air entry Burning capacity of stove per hour:
passage: 13.5 cm x 5cm 9,744.67 kcal
Available area for primary air entry Measured thermal efficiency: 24.7
in fuel feed opening cum primary per cent
air entry passage: 13.5 cm x 5cm Power output per hour: 2.8 kW.
Diameter of secondary air entry The stove finds use and application
ports in combustion chamber: in rural areas both for domestic
2.5 cm and community cooking purposes
No. of ports: 13 nos. according to the size of the stove.
Distance from top of the fuel feed Cost of prototype fabrication:
opening to centre of ports: 2.5 cm `450 only.
Total area of secondary air entry Mr Sankha Subhra Datta is a Senior Section
ports: 63.78 sq. cm. Engineer (Mechanical) in the Diesel Locomotive
Shed, NF Railway, Siliguri Junction, West Bengal,
Area of annular secondary air India. E-mail: subhradatta611@gmail.com
passage in between mud jar and
combustion chamber: 230.79 sq. cm Photograph of the stirrer assembly for
Percentage of annular secondary air thermal efficiency test
Building Integrated
Photovoltaic Modules
B
uilding-integrated would normally be used to construct As roof-integrated transparent
photovoltaics (BIPV) are the part of the building that the BIPV modules, usually glass-glass laminates
photovoltaic materials that are modules replace. These advantages without frame are used. For special
used to replace conventional make BIPV one of the fastest growing roof types, curved roof plastic
building materials in parts of the segments of the photovoltaic industry. laminates are used. Crystalline cells
building envelope, such as the A BIPV module concept in India are the most common solution
roof, skylights, or facades. They are has been installed at Gandhinagar transparency rate is defined by
increasingly being incorporated into in Gujarat. Actually, it is a solar PV distance between solar cells (as
the construction of new buildings module only but with a different larger the distance the larger the
as a principal or ancillary source of feature for its kind. Normally, solar
electrical power, although existing modules are either placed on the
buildings may be retrofitted with rooftop, on streetlight pole, or
similar technology. The advantage of mounted on the ground for large
integrated photovoltaics over more scale projects and many
common non-integrated systems other applications.
is that the initial cost can be offset BIPV modules are placed on
by reducing the amount spent on the used to replace conventional
building materials and labour that building materials in parts of the
building envelope, such as the roof,
skylights, or facades. BIPV as the
name suggests are solar modules
that integrate into the building, walls,
windows, roofs, etc. These integrate
very well into the building structures
and thus give a more elegant look to Construction of transparent solar
the construction. These are especially modules (glass to glass). Single glazing
designed materials withancillary (left) and thermal insulating glazing
(right) laminated with PVB foil
source of electrical power. Both new
construction as well as older ones can transparency rate of transparent
use this technology. The advantages modules). For roof integrated
of using BIPV modules are as follows: glazings, use of laminated safety
Aesthetically pleasing insulating glass modules is obligatory
Saves building materials and labour due to safety issues.
costs Significantly, BIPV systems generate
Can be used on weaker building electricity and allow for the entry of
structures and roofs where solar natural light and also provide heat
panels cannot be installed insulation to the building. The PV
panels are integrated aesthetically into
Can be used on structures, such as
the architecture of the building.
facades and skylights where solar
Source: Neety Euro Asia Solar Energy
panels cannot be installed. (http://www.nease.in/)
Learn to Make a
SOLAR STILL
Dear Children,
Cover it all with a plastic wrap and seal it tight. Put a rock
in the centre to weight it down and allow the water to
fall into the jar. Place it outside in the warm sun for a few
hours. What happens is that the water evaporates and
collects on the plastic wrap. Then with the rock in the
centre it causes the water to run down towards the jar
and pool in the jar.
If you let it work for several hours, there will be a small Oh, it is a wonderful
initiative of solar power lighting an
amount of water in the jar. Taste it, and the water will Indian Warship. We hope it is beneficial
not taste salty, but fresh. for meeting its energy
requirements.
Source: http://teachbesideme.com/simple-science-making-solar-still/
http://ec.europa.eu/