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where VBB is the dc level acquired from a previous stage and RB=R1||R2.
Using the relationship IB=IC/ and assuming that IEIC, Equation 9.34 may
be solved for the dc value of the output voltage as
R
Vout = VBB I C 1 B1 + RE1 VBE . (Equation 9.36, Modified)
All the parameters in the right hand side of Equation 9.36 are fixed or
previously defined except for the value of RE1. By varying RE1, the dc level of
the output voltage may be set to any desired value less than VBB-VBE (this is
assuming that IC1RB/ is very small). The level shifter illustrated above is
used to shift the output downward to a lower value. If upward shifting is
required, the same circuit is used, but pnp transistors are substituted for the
npn transistors.
v out
i e1 i c1 = 1 i b1 i c 2 = .
ro2
v out v out
i e1 = and i b1 = .
ro2 1 ro2
RB 1v out r 1v out R v
v in = + + E1 out + v out
1 ro2 1 ro2 ro2
, (Equation 9.38, Modified)
R / 1 + re1 + RE1
= v out B 1 + 1
ro2
where r1/1 has been replaced by re1. The voltage gain is the ratio of ac
output to ac input, or
v out 1
=
v in 1 + (RB1 / 1 + re1 + RE1 ) / ro2
. (Equation 9.39, Modified)
ro2
=
ro2 + (RB 1 / 1 + re1 + RE1 )