Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5 Description of the Environment
5.1 Setting the Study Limit

5.1.1 Area of Impact Assessment
In the ESIA study, it is necessary to establish baseline information on the environmental and socio-
economic setting of an area, which could receive direct and indirect impacts during the project
construction and operation.
The limit of study area is defined as the boundary of the areas set to focus the assessment, where the
proposed projects activities are expected to bring about direct and indirect impacts to the physical,
biological, human and socio-cultural environment during the period of pre-construction, construction
and post-construction (operation) period. In this project, the area of study was set as area within 3 km
radius from the center point of the main bridge construction, as shown in Figure 5.1.1.
Areas of Influence are divided into direct and indirect impact area. Within the Study Limits, primary
data gathering was made to identify direct environmental and social impacts of the proposed project 1.
As regards with the indirect impact assessments of the project, secondary data was gathered.
The Study limits for this Assessment was set to be large enough to cover most of the potential
environmental and social impact types during the construction and operation stage of the proposed
project.
Figure 5.1.1 Study area
1
In case primary data is not available, secondary data was gathered and the results were corroborated with the
findings from the survey, interviews and consultations.
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While the areas for assessment was set as presented above, it is noted that depending on the nature
and types of the impacts with differentiated time frame (short, mid and long-term), it is possible that
the areas of indirect, residual and cumulative impacts could be even broader. For instance, the Project
Proponent (DOB-MOC) identified following as the areas where a long-term cumulative impacts could
occur due to the construction of the Dala-bridge:
All arterial road network of Yangon city where a change in traffic pattern is expected scope
following the completion of the bridge.
Major arterial road network: Highway No.1, the inner circular road.
5.1.2 Items for Survey and Assessment

5.1.2.1 Environmental Quality
Air Quality Measurement, Water Quality Measurement, Noise Quality Measurement, Vibration
Quality Measurement, Landscape Measurement
5.1.2.2 Biodiversity
Flora (Terrestrial and aquatic), Ave (Birds), Reptilian, Fish, Mud crab & Shrimp, Butterfly, Dragon
fly
5.1.2.3 Social
Socio-economic survey for the targeting the affected persons/Households/assets, Street vendors and
fishermen including:
Demography, Income and Livelihood, Occupation and Employment, Socio-economic Infrastructure
and Access to Public Services, Natural resources, Education, Health and Safety, and Cultural
Heritages etc.
5.2 Methodology and Objectives

5.2.1 Environmental Quality Survey
To confirm the baseline condition of the Project and surrounding areas, field survey and
investigation which include air quality measurement, water quality measurement, soil quality
measurement, noise and vibration measurement and landscape measurement and biodiversity
survey were conducted to confirm the baseline condition of the Project and surrounding areas.
Before the survey, necessary permissions for survey activities were received from relevant
government authorities.
Baseline survey and analysis methodology for environmental quality study are shown in Table
below;
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Table 5.2.1 Baseline survey and analysis methodology for environmental quality
Survey Items Number and Parameters Sampling method

sampling location
SO2, NO2, NO, CO, PM10, PM2.5,

Air Quality 24 hour
2 Locations Wind Speed, Wind direction,
Measurement measurement
Relative humidity and Temperature
pH, EC, DO, Water Temperature,

Turbidity, TSS, COD, BOD, Oil and
grease, T-N, T-P, Total Coliform,
Water Quality 1 sample for each
7 Locations TDS, Cyanid, Phenols, Zn,
Measurement location
Chromium (Vi), As, Cu, Hg, Cd, Se,
Pb, Ni, Fe, Fluoride, Cr (Total),
NH3, Ag, Sulfide, Al, Tin
Noise 24 hour
10 locations Noise Level
Measurement measurement
Vibration
10 Locations Vibration Level 1 hour measurement
Measurement
Note: The sampling points were finalized in the discussion with Study Team and MOC
Figure 5.2.1 Layout map of environmental quality survey
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Based on the collected information and data, and findings of field surveys, environmental impacts
for all project related activities by Project phases were examined and then practical mitigation
measure to prevent or reduce the negative impacts was developed.
Table 5.2.2 The list of laboratories and method of data analysis
Parameters Laboratory Method
pH ISO Tech Instrumental Analysis
EC ISO Tech Instrumental Analysis
DO ISO Tech Azide Modification of Iodometric Method
Turbidity ISO Tech Instrumental Analysis
Salinity Onsite WTW Multi 3430
TSS ISO Tech Photometric Method
COD ISO Tech Closed reflux, Titration
BOD ISO Tech 5210 B. 5 Days BOD Test (at 20C)
TDS ISO Tech Photometric Method
Zn ISO Tech Colorimetric Method
Arsenic ISO Tech Colorimetric Method
Cu ISO Tech Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
NH3 ISO Tech Distillation Method
Fluoride ISO Tech SPADNS Method
Temperature ISO Tech Instrumental Analysis
Total Nitrogen SGS Standard method for the examination of water and
(organic) wastewater ALPHA, AWWA & WEF, 22nd ed , 2012;
4500- Norg B.Macro Kjeldahl Method
Total Phosphorus SGS Standard method for the examination of water and
wastewater ALPHA, AWWA & WEF, 22nd ed, 2012;
4500- PE. Ascorbic Acid method
Sulfide SGS Standard method for the examination of water and
waste water ALPHA, AWWA & WEF, 22nd ed, 2012,
4500 S2 A&F Iodometric Titration Method
Oil and Grease SGS Standard method for the examination of water and
waste water ALPHA, AWWA & WEF, 22nd ed
Lead SUPREME Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Nickel SUPREME Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Chromium SUPREME Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Total Coliform OH Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Phenols OH Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Mercury OH Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Cadimiun OH Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Cyanide ECO-LAB Lovibond Spectro Direct Method No.157
Alumium ECO-LAB Lovibond Spectro Direct Method No.40
Silver AMTT Acid Digestion Method
Selenium Setsco Services Pte Ltd APHA: Pt 3120B
Chromium (VI) Setsco Services Pte Ltd APHA : Pt 3500- Cr(B)
Tin Setsco Services Pte Ltd APHA: Pt 3120B
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In this study the physic-chemical characteristics of the effluent were determined and compared with
the international standards of World Health Organizations Guidelines, World Bank Safeguard
Policies, USEPA (NAAQS) the US national air quality Standards, Canada Standards and Guidelines,
JICAs Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (April 2010), IFC Performance
Standards which is closer to Myanmars current environmental standards of Yangon City
Development Committee (YCDC) and surface water quality standard and National Environmental
Quality (Emission) Guideline (2015) of Myanmar.
5.2.2 Biodiversity Survey

To predict the impacts and biotic ecology, fauna and flora survey was carried by random selection
around the project area of the up and downstream of the river. Survey was investigated that in wet
season (August 13rd-15th, 2016).The base line study and specimen collection of terrestrial and
aquatic fauna, especially as major groups are vertebrate (mammals, birds, reptiles and lizards
especially visual observation for the birds) and invertebrate (butterflies, dragonflies and many kinds
of insects visually during survey). The information of some flora and fauna were also gathered by
having interviewed with local residents. Species identification was carried out by using field guides
and photographic records of complete species list.
For the secondary data collection, the team reviewed other similar type project reports, and academic
journals. The survey area for flora and fauna including terrestrial and aquatic is shown in figure
below.
Figure 5.2.2 Map of Flora and Fauna Survey
5.2.3 Social Survey

To find out the necessary information and social data, in preparing the ESIA report, the relevant
information of social issue was collected through: literature reviews (the Myanmar government
census, data from GAD of Dala and Lanmadaw Township, other existent ESIA reports of the recent
infrastructure projects in Yangon Region etc.), random face-to-face interviews, a questionnaire-based
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socio-economic survey and ocular inspection of the project area of direct and indirect influences for
chance find. Consultations and FGD with key stakeholders were also carried out. In addition, this
ESIA exercise is based on the previous Assessment that had been made by the MOC prior to the
commencement of this ESIA. This constitutes the basic assumption and limitation of this assessment:
5.2.3.1 Limitation and Assumption of this Assessment: MOCs Abbreviated Resettlement Action
Plan (RAP)
As stated earlier, this social impact assessment is based on the findings of the previous social impact
assessments that had been made by the Project Proponent (MOC-DOB). The results of this assessment
were submitted to the Export-Import Bank of Korea, a potential financier, in the form of a Brief
Report of an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (hereinafter RAP), The submitted document
contains a brief summary of the process of the impact identification, establishment of compensation
schemes and consultation activities with a time frame 2.
The RAP states that it aims to share in project benefits and to ensure the PAPs be compensated for the
loss of properties and livelihoods and rehabilitated and be assisted to improve or at least maintain
their living conditions at pre-project levels.
The procedure taken by the Myanmar government to establish implement RAP for the project is as
follows:
1. Department of Bridge, Ministry of Construction formed Land Compensation & Resettlement

Coordination Committee (LRCC) and that Committee was approved by the Union Security and
Controlled Committee.
2. The Land Compensation & Resettlement Coordination Committee adopted Land
Compensation & Resettlement Coordination Sub-Committee (LRCSC, the Sub-committee
hereinafter).
3. The Sub-Committee surveyed and decided the occupying area, affected households and the
compensation & reconstruction period.
4. The Sub-Committee formed detailed Estimated Land Compensation Costs.
5. The Stakeholder meeting was arranged and received the approval from affected people in that
stakeholder meeting.
6. Yangon Region Government gave permission on Estimated Land Compensation Costs.
7. Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan: The compensation has started since 2015 and
still in the process (as of Feb 2017). The completion of the compensation for private land,
structures, both residential and commercial, is scheduled to be by the end of April 2017.
8. Monitoring and evaluation of Resettlement Action Plan.
When this ESIA kicked off in March 2016, the progress of compensation for the PAPs in Dala
Township had been made about 30% already: It was agreed that this ESIA shall be based on the
findings of the RAPs and additional survey shall be used in order to confirm and corroborate the
findings of the RAP.
2 In review of the submitted document, the Export-Import Bank of Korea returned a written request to the Project Proponent
in January 2016 to submit additional background information for the proposed RAP and submit a fully developed RAP.
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Source: MOC
Figure 5.2.3 General process of resettlement action plan
The potential relevant stakeholders and potentially affected communities were identified through a
preliminary site visit, discussions with related General Administrative Department (GAD) and a
review of google earth imagery. A top-down approach was followed as it applicable in Myanmar.
Therefore, firstly the national level stakeholder were consulted and contacted such as Ministry of
Construction and Regional/ local GADs 3 . These discussions allowed the survey team to gain
permission to enter the towns and also helped to map out which wards/Quarters were closets to the
Project Area and could be potentially affected.
5.2.3.2 Socio-economic Survey

Socio-economic survey was conducted by the ESIA team in July 2016. Overview of the Socio-
economic survey for the project area is as follows:
Table 5.2.3 Overview of Socio-economic Surveys: Questionnaire-based household survey
1)To assess key socio-economic status and expected social impacts of the potential PAPs
Object
and affected communities
ives of
2)To assess perceptions, concerns and expectations of the PAPs and affected communities
Survey
regarding the project implementation
Survey
27~29 June 2016
Period
8 surveyors (staff of E-Guards)
Daw Myat Mon Swe Daw Thandar Oo
Daw Jaint Yadana Daw May Oo Daw Khaing May Soe Thaung
Survey
-ors Daw Aye Phyone Thi Han U Htet Thi Ha Phone Myint
Daw Aye Nyein Thu Daw Soe Moe Nwe
3 For more details of the key stakeholder consultations and FGDs, please see Chapter 9 of this Report.
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Residents and people conducting economic activities in the study limits (potential direct
and indirect PAPs)/ total 252 respondents). This is about 0.1% of the total population of
Lanmataw and Dala Township respectively
By 1) Dala Township: 177 (*total population: 153,397)
Township 2) Lanmataw Township: 65 (*total population: 37,320)
3) Others : 10 (Bo Ka Lay, North Dagon, Pu Zun Taung, Sekkan, Tarmwe,
Thar Kay Ta and Ton Tae)
(Relative underrepresentation of respondents from Lanmataw Township is due to the
fact that a number of respondents interviewed in Lanmataw were found to be residing
in Dala Township, regular commuters across the river to work in mainland Yangon
area.)
By Male: 130/ Female: 122 (While randomly selected, respondents are found to be fairly
Gender equally distributed between men and women.)
Ages Number of Samples

18-25: 19
26-35: 43
By Age 36-45: 53
46-60: 92
group
61+ : 45
Major responders were adults and middle aged groups, economically active
Target
population.
respon
dent/B
reakdo Ethnicity Number of Samples
wn Kayin 6
Chin 8
Mon 1
Bamar 202
Rakhine 2
By
Shan 4
Ethnicity Indian (Tamil Bengali, Hindu) 12
Muslim 4 17
Ethnic breakdowns of the respondents rougly reflects the population proportions
of the study area (the top four ethnic groups in Study area are 1) Bamar
(Predominantly)/ 2) Others (indians etc./ 3) Kayin/ 4) Rakhine/5) Shan/6) Chin.
Religion Number of Samples

Buddhism 216 (86%)
Christian 6 (2%)
Hinduism 4 (2%)
By Islam 26 (10%)
Religion
Relatively high number of Islam group were found to be represented
(Shares of Islam population in Lanmataw and Dala Township are 0.55% and
4.38% respectively.)
4 While Muslims are not ethnicity but religion category, 17 respondents identified themselves as Muslim by ethnicity. The
results reflect this.
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Table 5.2.4 Structure and the Content of the Survey Questionnaire Form
Section /Title Content
Place/date/time of the interview, profile of the surveyor and

1. Interview Details
the respondent (name, position/ NRC No. of interviewees)
Address/Gender/Family
size/Religion/Ethnicity/Occupation/Education level/Citizenship
status/Family information/Income level/Economic products (good
& services)
2. General Information Transportation activities (crossing Yangon River)/perception
of the Respondent of the project in terms of river-crossing
Status of Local governance (awareness of the mechanism of
the conflict resolution/community decision-making process)
Participation of membership of any of community
associations/interest groups etc.
Awareness of the project and source of information

Land ownership status
3. Perception of the
Properties that are likely to be affected (land/building &
(Target) Project
structures (type, size & material specifications)
Conflict within the community related to the project
Environmental and Social impact expected

- Source of drinking water
- Cultural and religious sites
- Community facilities
Perceived positive & negative impacts before/during and after
4. General Perception
construction of the Friendship Bridge (Multiple choice & open
of the Project
question combined)
Most vulnerable group(s) and individuals
Expected benefits (Select top threes among multiple choices)
Suggestions to Project developers/Government to minimize
negative impacts and increase benefits (Open questions)
5, Other comments Any questions or comments are aimed to be gathered.
6. Signature examinees signature
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Table 5.2.5 The result of Survey on households
# of
Respondent Femal Burm Musli
Sub- Category respon Male Other
Category e a m
dents
Dala- Bo Min Young
Rd - Residents (incl.
school teachers, 46 27 19 34 3 9
monks & medical
doctor)
Direct Dala - Fishermen, 5 5 0 5 0 0
PAPs Dala Wooden
Sampan (small boat) 7 7 0 6 1 0
drivers
Direct Cherry pilots 4 4 0 4 0 0
Impact Cherry peddlers
8 4 4 6 2 0
Area (sellers)
Lanmadaw - Phongyi
Rd Residents
44 18 26 34 1 9
(including 1 Kan Na
Rd resident)
Indirect
Lanmadaw Taxi
PAPs 4 3 1 4 0 0
drivers
Lanmadaw Street
3 2 1 1 2 0
vendors
Dala Street vendors 37 16 21 29 4 4
Sub-total (persons) 158 86 72 123 13 22
Sub-total (%) 100% 54% 46% 78% 8% 14%
Dala (within 3 km
Radius) - Set Mya & 63 23 40 53 1 9
Maw Sat - Residents
Dala - Transport (taxi,
Indirect motorcycle stand,
Indirect 8 6 2 7 1 0
Impact motorcycle carrier,
PAPs
Area trishaw peddler)
Ferry Passengers 9 5 4 4 2 3
Lanmadaw - Ward
14 9 5 11 0 3
No.11 & No.12
Sub-total (persons) 94 43 51 75 4 15
Sub-total (%) 100% 46% 55% 80% 4% 16%
Total 252 129 123 198 17 37
Environmental and social impacts were assessed based on the Economic Development Cooperation
Fund (EDCF) Safeguard Policy, which is being committed to ensure the environmental and social
sustainability by the Export-Import Bank of Korea and relevant Environmental laws, rules and
procedure of Myanmar.
Full content of the Socio-economic Survey Questionnaire form is presented in Annex of this report.
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5.3 Public Administration and Planning
5.3.1 Yangon Structure Plan (Vision 2040)
1) Objectives
a) Urban development as a national economic hub
b) Building of a city with integration of inland transportation and international ports
c) Urban development in safe and environmentally friendly ways
d) Urban development as culture and tourist destination by caring multi-ethnic people
e) Urban development that puts emphasis on education
2) Yangon City Development Concept Plan

a) In 2012, The Yangon City Development Committee came up with Yangon City Development
Concept Plan to concretize the Vision 2040.
b) Phased Road Project and Study
- Road projects for urban development are planned on short, mid and long term perspectives.
- Short term plan: Construction of elevated roads in congested areas, study about ring road
projects. : Department of Public Works, MOC, 2012
c) New Bridge Projects
- The MOC has a plan to erect a total of 18 bridges nationwide, six of which will be in Yangon
City.
- The six bridge projects include the proposed project, the Yangon-Dala Bridge Construction, as
presented in the Table below
Table 5.3.1 List of the Phased Road Project under the Yangon Structure Plan (Vision 2040)
Length(m)
No. Project name Road name Location Main Connecting
bridge bridge
New Thaketa Bridge 190 -
Pazuntaung/
1 Project Across the Thaketa-Dawpone 100 50
Dawpone
Pazuntaung creek 110 45
Dala Bridge Yangon-Dala
2
Across Yangon River Twantay
Yangon City - -
Thaketa No. 2 Bridge
3 Yangon-Thanlyn
across Bago River
Kyimyndine Aye Kyimindine
4 Kyimyindine Bridge 600 3002
Village Road Yangon City
Bayintaung Bridge
Yangon Pathein Insein
5 No .2 Across Hlaing 600 3002
Road Yangon City
River
Wataya Bridge Htantapin- Mhyawbi
6 300 200
Across Hlaing River Mhyawbi road Yangon Div
Source: Department of Public Works, MOC, 2012
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Source: Department of Public Works, MOC, 2012
Figure5.3.1 Bridge Projects in Yangon City
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5.4 Legally Protected Areas
There are at present 40 protected areas in Myanmar including wildlife and bird sanctuaries, national
parks, and nature reserves2. As of March 2014, 38 areas, covering 5.61% of countrys area, have been
established as protected areas. Another seven areas (1.19%) have been proposed for future PA
designation (Table 5.4.1); this would result in PAs covering 6.81%.
Table 5.4.1 Establishment of protected areas in Myanmar
No. Status of notification Number Total area (km2) % of total land area
1 Notified Protected Areas 38 38,029.23 5.61

2 Proposed Protected Areas 7 8,062.89 1.19
Total 45 46,092.13 6.81
Source: National biodiversity strategy and action plan 2015~2020, Myanmar Gov.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2013
B. Conservation corridor plan
A. Biodiversity sites and ASEAN heritages in Myanmar C. Priority sites and corridor plan
Source: National biodiversity strategy and action plan, 2011, Myanmar Gov.
Figure 5.4.1 Location of Protected Areas and ASEAN Heritage Parks in Myanmar
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Table 5.4.2 Protected areas and their locations in Myanmar
No. Name General Location
1 Pidaung Wildlife Sanctuary Kachin State
2 Shwe-U-Daung Wildlife Sanctuary Mandalay Region
2 Shwe-U-Daung Wildlife Sanctuary Shan State
3 Pyin-O-Lwin Bird Sanctuary Mandalay Region
4 Moscos Islands Wildlife Sanctuary Taninthayi Region
5 Kahilu Wildlife Sanctuary Karen State
6 Taunggyi Bird Sanctuary Shan State
7 Mulayit Wildlife Sanctuary Karen State
8 Wethtikan Bird Sanctuary Magwe Region
9 Shwesettaw Wildlife Sanctuary Magwe Region
10 Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary Sagaing Region
11 Kelatha Wildlife Sanctuary Mon State
12 Thamihla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary Ayeyar-wady Region
13 Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary Sagaing Region
14 Minwuntaung Wildlife Sanctuary Sagaing Region
15 Hlawga Park Yangon Region
16 Inlay Wetland Bird Sanctuary Shan State
17 Moeyongyi Wetland Bird Sanctuary Bago Region
18 Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park Sagaing Region
19 Popa Mountain Park Mandalay Region
20 Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary Ayeyarwady Region
21 Lampi Island Marine N. Park Taninthary Region
22 Hkakaborazi National Park Kachin State
23 Loimwe Protected Area Shan State
24 Parsar Protected Area Shan State
25 Natmataung National Park Chin State
26 Lawkananda Wildlife Sanctuary Mandalay Region
27 Indawgyi Wetland Wildlife Sanctuary Kachin State
28 Kyaikhtiyoe Wildlife Sanctuary Mon State
29 Minsontaung Wildlife Sanctuary Mandalay Region
30 Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary Kachin State
31 Kyauk Pan Taung Wildlife Sanctuary Chin State
32 Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary Kachin State
33 Rakhine Yoma Elephant Range Rakhine State
34 Panlaung-pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary Shan State
35 Maharmyaing Wildlife Sanctuary Sagaing Region
36 Lenya National Park Taninthary Region
37 Taninthary National Park Taninthary Region
38 Bumhpabum Wildlife Sanctuary Kachin State
39 Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (extension) Kachin State
40 Taninthayi Nature Reserve Taninthayi Region
Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2013
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5.4.1 Forest Conservation Areas
Myanmar is endowed with a rich diversity of habitat types arising largely from its unusual ecological
diversity. About 45.04% of the countrys total land area is still covered with natural forests. Myanmar
has been protecting and conserving its diverse biological resources on a sustainable basis. The total
area of Myanmar is 676,577km2 and in which, according to the country report of GLOBAL FOREST
RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2015, 48.3% or about 29,041,000 ha of Myanmar is forested.
However, according to the Myanmar Forest Cover Change (2002-2014), Yangon Region has only
forest area covered around of Hlawga Wildlife Park.
Project area
Source: geonode.themimu.info
Figure 5.4.2 Forest Cover of Myanmar in 2014
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5.4.2 Public Forests
Public Forest is area outside of national forest covered area at the disposal of the Government. (Areas
under Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation) Land at the disposal of the Government means other
land with the exception of land in which a government department, organization or any person has
acquired right of cultivation, rights of possession, right of use and occupancy, beneficial enjoyment,
heritable right or transferable right under any existing law. The project area of Lanmadaw Township
is residential area and most of Dala area has no public forest area and covered by rice paddy fields.
5.4.3 Parks
The nearest Protected Area to the Project is the Hlawga Wildlife Park located to the north of Yangon
City approximately 45km from the project area. Given the distance the Project is not considered to
have an impact on any Protected Area in Myanmar.
Inya Lake
Hlawga Park
Shwedagon Pagoda Kantawgyi

Lake
Figure 5.4.3 Distribution of the Park and lakes (semi-artificial) in Yangon
Hlawga Park in Yangon has an area of 2,342 ha which is managed strictly as Watershed Protection
Forest. It is situated in Mingaladon Township of the Yangon Region. The southern part of the park is
the Hlawga Forest Reserve. According to a scientific report (Myanmar Protected Areas -Context,
Current Status and Challenges), the site conserves three types of habitat, i.e., evergreen forests, mixed
deciduous forests, and swamp forests. In all, there are 108 tree species identified. Barking deer, hog
deer, and wild boar is the most common of the 12 mammal species.
In the low hills, several lakes and marshes remain in the urbanized area of Yangon region. Of those,
Kan Daw Gyi Lake and Inya Lake are protected as public parks. Other lakes and marshes should also
be given more attention in terms of conservation, because these water areas are very important. Inya
Lake Park lies a few miles north of the Shwedagone pagoda. Inya Lake Park and Kan Daw Gyi Lake
have 37acre (15-ha) and 150 acre (61ha) respectively.
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5.4.4 Mangrove Swamps
The Yangon River is formed by the confluence of the Pegu and Myitmaka rivers and is a marine
estuary that runs from Yangon emptying into the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea. The Twante
Canal connects the Yangon River with the Irrawaddy Delta or Ayeyarwady Delta. It comprises 1,000
square miles (3,000 km2) of lush teak plantations and mangrove swamps, many of which have now
been cleared, especially in Dala in favor of rice production. In 2008, Cyclone Nargis was seriously
damaged to mangrove area and its biodiversity system in and around of Yangon river terraces. Two
major classes of mangroves, dense and open mangroves were delineated the access channel, there are
two constraint areas (shallow water area) namely Inner Bar and Outer Bar of Yangon River which
were main obstacles for restricting of the size and draft of vessel calling to Yangon and Thilawa Ports.
5.5 Physical Components of Project

5.5.1 Topography
The City of Yangon lies along the Yangon River between around 1706 and 1635N latitude and
between 9558 and 9624 longitude, east of the Ayeyarwaddy River delta. Yangon City is located
34km upstream from the mouth of Yangon River. The city is divided into four districts. The districts
combined have a total of 33 townships including Lanmadaw and Dala Townships, which townships
are relatively close about 1.5 km each other.
Source: YCDC
Figure 5.5.1 Regional location of project area(Township)
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As shown in figure 5.5.1, Yangon City has low hills, which are long and narrow spur of Pegu Yoma hill
range in the central area running in the N-S direction with an average height of 30m and degenerates
gradually into delta plains in eastwards and westwards. The object area is relatively flat, with a gentle
downward slope from the northeast boundary (RL+10.97 m) to the southwest (RL+7.75 m).
Source: Google Map
Figure 5.5.2 Topographic map of Yangon
Lanmadaw Township is located in the western part of downtown Yangon, and shares borders with
Ahlon Township in the west, Latha Township in the east, Seikkan Township and Yangon River in the
south, and Dagon Township in the north. It consists of twelve wards and 5, 6, 10,12 Quarters along
the Phonegyi Road will be temporarily affected by the project activities. Lanmadaw town is situated
between 16 46 N latitude and 96 16 E longitude with an area of 1.40 km2, extends 1.09 km from
the east to west and 1.09 km from south to north. Physiography of the Dala area is low and flat with a
general elevation of about 9.1 meters above sea level.
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Source: Lanmadaw GAD
Figure 5.5.3 Map of Lanmadaw Township
Dala Township is located on the southern bank of Yangon River across from downtown Yangon,
Myanmar. The Township is bounded by the Yangon River in the north and east, the Twante Canal in
the west, and Katmhwe Township in the south and made up of 23 Quarters, 23 village tracts and 55
villages. Dala Town is situated between 16 20 N latitude and 96 18 E longitude with an area of
224.06 km2, extends 11.26 km from the east to west and 16.09 km from south to north. Dala area is
generally low lying with elevation between EL.3 to 6 m above mean sea level (MSL), flooding is seen
during high tide. One such incident was during the time of Cyclone Nargis, which brought about
extensive flooding.
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Despite its strategic location near Yangon, the township is still largely rural and undeveloped mainly
because it still lacks a bridge across the Yangon River. The main transportation to Yangon is taking
local ferries from Pansadon Street Jetty at the end of Pansodan Street and taking wooden sampans.
Ferries leave for Dala every 20 minutes and the journey takes not more than 20 minutes. Currently
now it is the least developed area, Peri-urban area of Yangon Metropolitan but it has high potential for
further development due to Greater Yangon master planning. Yangon River, man-made canals and
green field surround this area.
Source: GAD-Dala
Figure 5.5.4 Map of Dala Township
5.5.2 Water resources

5.5.2.1 Water Quality of Yangon River
Water quality concerns are also being raised with regard to the growth of Yangon City and industrial
zones. The disposal of untreated domestic wastewater is leading to increase oxygen demand and
deteriorating hygienic conditions of the surface waters and the increase in Yangon River by huge
migration, the water quality in the projected areas with a range of additional parameters (heavy
metals, organic micro-pollutants and oils). Moreover, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers
happens to be the highest among the agricultural regions especially in Dala. This will result in an
increasing state of pollution. Due to the present status of the Water Quality from in Yangon River
during the dry and rainy seasons investigated of Irrigation Department in 2003 is presented in the
following table.
5-20
5.5.2.2 Groundwater
Groundwater availability is generally based on the distribution of permeable and relatively impermeable
rocks. The nature of openings in the rocks determines permeability of rocks. Based on local geological
considerations, potential groundwater source of Yangon can be roughly divided into two sub regions,
namely the low potential area and high potential area. Low potential areas are areas with those rock units
of Hlawga Shale, Thadugan Sandstones and Basepet Alternation of upper Pegu Group (Miocene epoch)
and Danyingon Clays of Irrawaddy rocks. These rocks and formations are a dense, massive and
consolidated nature and have impervious characteristic. Pliocene Series and recent Formations underlie
high potential areas. High potential area covers approximately 85 percent of the Yangon city and its
stabilized groundwater level was observed to range between 0.49 m MSL to -1.81 m MSL.
5.5.2.3 Water Supply
The Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) has an overall responsibility for the management
and distribution of water for Yangon City. Presently, the potable water resources are the four main
reservoirs namely Hlawga, Gyophyu, Fugyi and Ngamoyeik, plus over 200 tube wells scattered
around Yangon. Water from these sources is utilized to varying degrees. YCDC provide at least 90
MGD of potable water for the city's 5.14 million inhabitants. To provide more water to Yangon City,
YCDC is developing Lagoon Pyin water reservoir, and improving access and purification of river
water from rivers such as Kokekowa River and Hlaing River. New tube wells and pumping stations
are also being added to the water distribution system annually.
Water scarcity has become a daily challenge in Dala area in the dry season. Most are still struggling
after the damage to water sources caused by Cyclone Nargis in May 2008. Since most villages do not
have access to piped water and nearby tidal rivers are often saline, the Dala inhabitants traditionally
source drinking water from rainwater harvesting, communal water ponds and tube and open wells.
The ponds help residents during the dry season, which stretches from November to May, but can be
insufficient. Many ponds and wells were heavily salinized when a 3m tidal surge inundated much of
the low-lying area.
5.5.3 Geology and soils, hydrology/hydrogeology

5.5.3.1 Geology and Geomorphology
The Yangon area is underlying by alluvial deposits (Pliestocene to Recent), then on-marine fluvialtile
sediments of Irrawady formation (Pliocene), and hard, massive and stone of Pegu series (early-late
Miocene). Alluvial deposits are composed of gravel, clay, silts, sands and laterite, which lie upon the
eroded surface of the Irrawaddy formation at 3-4.6 m above, mean sea level (MSL). The rock type in
Yangon is mainly soft rock, which consists of sandstone, shale, lime stones and conglomerate.
Most of Yangon area consists of fluvial flood plain, which is associated with the area, lies in the delta
of the Ayeyarwaddy River and along Yangon, Hlaing and Bago rivers and Nga Moeyeik Creek. The
Yangon River is about 40 km long (25miles), and flows from southern
Myanmar is an outlet of the Ayeyarwady River into the Ayeyarwaddy delta. The Yangon River drains
the Pegu Mountains; both the Yangon and the Pathe in rivers enter the Ayeyarwaddy at the delta.
5-21
Source: Remote Sensing Department, Mandalay Technological University, Myanmar
Figure 5.5.5 Flood Map of Yangon
5.5.3.2 Soil
The underlying soil type at the Project area and its surroundings is characterized as the Meadow and
Meadow Alluvial Soil. Meadow Soil is soil, which occurs near the river plains exposed to occasional
tidal floods, is non-carbonate and usually contains a large amount of salt. Both materials mainly
comprise silty clay loam and neutral soil rich in plant nutrient. The upper layers (approximately 0 to 7
m) of the soil at the Project area comprise largely of cohesive layers with traces of sand and gravel,
followed by sand layers with low silt content and trace gravel from 7 to 35 m. The lower layers
comprise denser silt layer with traces of sand and gravel from approximately 57 to 70 m. Standard
Penetration Test (SPT) results obtained from testing at the Project area indicate that the soil strength
generally increases with depth. The STP results showed that the current soil quality could
accommodate the construction of the Project.
5-22
The rivers transfer and deposit sediments, and
form soils which can be classified and described
below. Figure 5.5.6 presents the soil distribution in
Yangon. There are several soil types in Yangon
Region as below;
1) Meadow soils and meadow alluvial soils,
2) Clay and clay swampy soils,
3) Swampy soils,
4) Lateritic soils,
5) Yellow brown forest soils,
6) Dune forest and beach sand,
7) Mangrove forest soils,
8) Saline swampy meadow and gray soils.
Of them, mostly found soil types in the Project
area are ;
Source: Remote Sensing Department, Mandalay 1) Meadow soils and meadow alluvial soils, and
Technological University, Myanmar
Figure 5.5.6 Map of soil type distribution 2) Lateritic soils.
5.5.3.3 Tectonics
Yangon is situated in the southern part of the Central Low land, which is one of the three major
tectonic provinces of Myanmar. The Taungnio Range of the Gyophyu catchments area of Taikkyi
District, north of Yangon, through the Thanlyin Ridge, south of Yangon forming a series of isolated
hills probably resulted from the progressive deformation of the Upper Miocene rocks as the eastern
continuation of the subduction or stretching and compression along the southern part of the Central
Basin and regional uplifting of the PeguYoma (Aung Lwin 2012).
5.5.3.4 Hydrology/hydrogeology
Yangon is rich in groundwater resources conserved by unconsolidated Tertiary-Quaternary deposits.
In Yangon, groundwater is mostly extracted from Valley filled deposits and Ayeyarwady sandstones.
1) Hydrology of Yangon River
The behavior of fine-grained sediment in Yangon River depends on seasonal variations in freshwater
discharge and tidal amplitudes that range from 2 to 5 m. During the monsoon, freshwater with
sediment concentrations of 1 g/l, or less, causes unidirectional, seaward flow. In the dry season,
salinities reach 20% and sediment concentrations rise to 6 g/l. The saline intrusion adverts large
quantities of sediment landward from seaward sources. Near-surface sediment concentrations are very
low during neap tides, while a layer of 'fluid mud' rests on the bottom. Current speed which is greater
than 0.2 m/s is needed to entrain sediment into the upper layer. Layered suspensions occur most
commonly during decelerating phases of tidal flow and are dispersed by rapidly accelerating flow.
5-23
When current speeds exceed 0.6 m/s, no 'fluid mud' forms, and sediment concentrations as great as 6-
8 g/l extend through the water column. (Source: Nelson BW, Sediment dynamics in Rangoon river,
Myanmar).
2) Hydrogeology of Yangon River and Project area
a) Surveying status of the project area is based on the result of investigations at three points, which
were conducted in the course of the feasibility study for Myanmar-Korea Friendship Bridge
Project(18th August, 2013 ~ 18th September, 2013)
b) The two of three drilling locations were decided to be on each of the rivers both sides, with the
remaining one on river bed, below the main span where pylons of cable-stayed bridge will be
constructed. Boring depths vary from 40m to 60m. In parallel with the boring test, standard
penetration tests (SPT) were also conducted with an interval of 1.5m.
c) As a result of a series of drilling investigations and on-site tests, it is found that the stratum in the
project area consists of clay layer(CL, ML), silt sand layer(SM), and sand layer(SW). With data
of three drilling investigations, the map of stratum of cross-section is made and shown below.
d) Silt mud at BH-B(2) is 3.0m thick, on the other hand, mud at BH-B(1), BH-B(3) is 6~12m. This
concludes stratum at ground, BH-B(1) and (3), is composed of thicker layer than the point at
river bed, BH-B(2).
Table 5.5.1 Boring Investigation Location and Depth

No. Location(STA.) Depth(m)
BH-B(1) 0+948.251(Right 2.765) 57
BH-B(2) 1+588.540(Left 15.732) 40
BH-B(3) 1+737.923(Left 13.220) 60
Figure 5.5.7 Location of the bore holes (BH-B (1)~(3))
5-24
CL
SM
SW
Figure 5.5.8 Stratum of Cross-Section
Table 5.5.2 Results of Drilling Investigations and Field Test
Depth Thickness
Name Stratum Type of Soil N value Remarks
(GL.(-)m) (km)
0.012.0 12.0 CL,ML 2/305/30 Soft ground

BH-B(1) Alluvium 12.018.0 6.0 SM 11/3015/30 -
18.0 - SW 22/3054/30 -
0.03.0 3.0 CL,ML 3/304/30 Soft ground

BH-B(2) Alluvium 3.09.0 6.0 SM 10/3019/30 -
9.0 - SW 21/3061/30 -
0.03.0 3.0 SM 2/309/30 Soft ground

3.06.0 3.0 CL,ML 2/305/30 Soft ground
BH-B(3) Alluvium
6.012.0 6.0 SM 5/3019/4 -
12.0 - SW 16/3066/30 -
According to drilling investigations, it is assumed that silt mud at river bed is 3.0m thick, and the mud
at the ground is 6~12m, showing the ground layer consists of thicker mud. Therefore, the ground part
is estimated as the poor subsoil.
Table 5.5.3 Status of poor subsoil at the project area
Depth Thickness
Name Stratum Type of Soil N value
(GL.(-)m) (km)
BH-B(1) Alluvium 0.012.0 12.0 CL,ML 2/305/30
BH-B(2) Alluvium 0.03.0 3.0 CL,ML 3/304/30
BH-B(3) Alluvium 0.06.0 6.0 SM,CL,ML 2/309/30
5-25
The Project area lies along the catchment of the Yangon River, which is formed by the confluence of
the Pegu and Myitmaka rivers. It flows into the Gulf of Martaban; part of the larger Andaman Sea.
The river flows along a 40 km stretch flowing from southern Myanmar as an outlet of the
Ayeyarwady River into the Ayeyarwady delta. A small portion of the Bago River (the estuary) lies
within the Yangon Division. The Pazundaung Creek and Bago River joins the Yangon River and from
there, flow towards the southwestern direction into Andaman Sea.
3) Sedimentology of Yangon River
The different varieties of the individual soil characteristics of

Yangon River are Meadow and Meadow Alluvial Soil, Gley
and Gley swampy soils, Swampy soils, Lateritic soils,
Yellow brown forest soils, Dune forest & Beach sand,
Mangrove forest soils and Saline swampy meadow gley
soils. The meadow soils, which occur near the river plains
with occasional tidal floods, are non-carbonate. They usually
contain large amount of salts. Meadow Alluvial soils (fluvic
Gleysols) can be found in the flood plains. They have the
texture of silty clay loam and they have the neutral soil
reaction and are rich in available plant nutrients. Meadow
Gley soils (Gleysol) and Meadow swampy (Histic Gleysol)
occur in the regions of lower depressions where the lands are
inundated for more than 6 months in a year. The texture of
these soils is clayey to clay and usually having very strong
acid reaction, and contain large amount of iron.
Source : MPA(Myanmar Port Authority)
Figure 5.5.9 Water level of Yangon River
5-26
Sedimentation is a continuous problem at some locations of the Yangon Rivers navigational channel.
Using trailing suction hopper dredgers, especially designed for the localized siltation, requires regular
maintenance dredging. Simultaneously, erosion at some portion of the meandered riverbanks and
siltation at some areas are challenges. River navigation and bank protection works have to be
undertaken to tackle these problems as current situation. Crossing both the Inner Bar and Outer Bar is
only possible near high tide to assure sufficient water depths. Daily maintenance dredging is carried
out to reach sufficient water depth at Inner bar and relocation of navigation buoys has occasionally
been undertaken at the Outer Bar. Available water depths at Inner Monkey Point and at Outer Bar
near Elephant Point are about 4.5m and 5m respectively. Due to existence of the bridge, internal
erosion around the piers can harass the safety of the bridge. Internal erosion can induce sediment
accumulation in a river bed.
5.5.4 Environmental quality

The baseline environmental quality at the Project area and its immediate surroundings was established
by collecting water from Yangon River and ponds and ambient air quality samples; as well as noise
and vibration measurements at immediate surrounding areas. The data is presented below.
Figure 5.5.10 Location of sampling points
5-27
5.5.4.1 Water Quality
An intrusive water investigation was performed at the Lanmadaw, Dala and Yangon River to ascertain
the baseline data conditions at the site regarding the environmental quality of the on-site river and
ponds water.
There are seven sources of water quality tested at ISO-tech Laboratory Yangon. The sources are 5
samples in Yangon River and Pond water of proposed project. The locations of the sources are shown
in Table 5.5.4. The parameters tested are pH, Color, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Iron, Chloride,
Sulfate, Total Solids, Manganese, Phosphate, COD, BOD, TDS, Oil and Grease, and Total Coliform.
The results are compared with water quality standards of the Myanmar Environment Quality
(Emission) Guidelines (2015).MOECAF formulated the National Environmental Quality (Emission)
Guidelines (NEQG) in coordination with ADB in December 2015. The NEQG determines the
guideline values for general emission such as wastewater for sector-specific emission such as
emission from forestry, agribusiness/food production, chemicals, oil and gas, infrastructure, general
manufacturing, mining, and power. Thus It will be recommended to be used for figuring out the level
of contamination of Yangon river not for target value. Most of Myanmar current standards are found
to be close to WHO and IFC standards. Table shows the baseline da ta of water quality measured
during July 2016 with respect to WHO standard.
Table 5.5.4 Water Samples collected for Ponds and Yangon River Water
Sources GPS Value Location
W1 9607'41"E, 1646'20"N In the Yangon River
W7 9608'35"E, 1645'49"N In the pond
According to the result data, only some parameter such as pH, Manganese and Phosphate are within
the range of WHO Guidelines. However, most parameter such as Color, Turbidity, Total Hardness,
Iron, Chloride, Sulfate, and Total Solids are outside the range. When viewed by transmitted light
through a depth of several feet, pure water exhibits a light blue color which may be altered by the
presence of organic matter to greenish blue, green, greenish yellow or brown. Color in water may also
be due to the presence of metallic ions (iron, chromium and manganese)
a) Color
Color is removed to make water suitable for general and industrial purpose. Color, extremely pH
dependent, invariably increases as the pH of the sample increases. The term apparent color
includes not only color due to substances in solution but also due to suspended matter.
b) Turbidity
Turbidity in water arises from the presence of very finely divided solids. The existing of
turbidity in water will affect its acceptability to consumers and it will also affect markedly its
utility in certain industries. As turbidity can be caused by sewage matter in water there is a risk
that pathogenic organisms could be shielded by the turbidity particles and hence escape the
action of the disinfectant.
5-28
c) Chloride
Chloride exists in all natural waters, the concentrations varying very widely and reaching a
maximum in sea water (up to 35,000 mg/l CL). Sewage contains large amounts of chloride, as do
some industrial effluents. Chloride does not pose a health hazard to humans and the principal
consideration is in relation to palatability. At levels above 250 mg/l CL water will begin to taste
salty and will become increasingly objectionable as the concentration rises further. High chloride
levels may similarly render freshwater unsuitable for agriculture irrigation. Because sewage is
such a rich source of chloride, a high result may indicate pollution of water by a sewage effluent.
d) Iron
Iron in water may be present in dissolved, colloidal or suspended form. The presence of iron in
water can be attributed to the dissolution of rocks and minerals. Principally in insoluble forms.
The metal is quite harmful to aquatic life, as evidenced by laboratory studies, but in nature the
degree of toxicity may be lessened by the interaction of the iron with other constituents of water.
Should the metal be converted to an insoluble form then the iron deposits will interfere with fish
food and with spawning.
e) total solids
This parameter comprises the total solids in the whole sample which is analyses directly without
filtration.
f) Sulfate
Sulfate was occurrence due to the rocks, geological formation, discharges and so on. They are
often derived from sulfide of heavy metals. In polluted waters in which the dissolved oxygen i.e
zero sulfate is very readily reduced to sulfide causing noxious odors. Water containing sulfates in
excess will also attack the fabric of concrete sewer pipes. After data interpretation, it can be
concluded that the water from river should be treated to ensure potable water for the project.
5-29
Table 5.5.5 Summary of Water Laboratory Results and Standard concerned emission guideline
Water Quality Result Application
No. Parameter Unit Remarks
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Standard
Meet the
1 pH 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 6.0 9.0 MM, b
standard
Exceed the
2 Turbidity NTU 521 546 530 528 426 518 52 10 a
standard
Micro Meet the
3 Conductivity 88 89 89 89 91 91 81 1500 b
S/cm standard
Suspended Exceed the
4 mg/l 286 292 301 289 265 298 58 50 (ppm) MM, b
Solids standard
Dissolved Meet the
5 mg/l 44 44 45 44 46 45 41 2000 MM
Solids standard
6 Temperature C 24.9 24.9 25.0 24.9 25 24.9 24.9 - -
<1.5mg/L a
Meet the
7 Fluoride (F) mg/l 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 ( River and lake )
standard
20 mg/L MM
Meet the DW (0.01 ppm/10 ppb) b
8 Arsenic (As) mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
standard 0.1 ppm /100 ppb) MM
Meet the 10 mg/L MM
9 Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.09 1.69 1.78 Nil
standard 12 mg/L a
Dissolved Not meet the River ( 6.0) a
10 mg/l 5.8 6.2 6.0 6.6 6.0 5.8 3.2
Oxygen (DO) standard Lake ( 5.0) a
Chemical
Meet the
11 Oxygen mg/l 64 64 64 64 32 64 64 125 MM, b
standard
Demand (COD)
Biochemical
Meet the DW ( 3.0) a
12 Oxygen mg/l 12 10 12 12 10 14 16
standard WS ( 30.0) MM
Demand (BOD)
Meet the
13 Zinc (Zn) mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 3 mg/L a, MM
standard
5-30
Meet the DW 0.5 MM
14 Copper (Cu) mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
standard DW 0.01 a
mg/l Exceed the 0.2 mg/L a
15 Lead (Pb) 0.53 0.66 0.55 0.87 0.79 0.72 0.13
Pb standard 0.1 mg/L MM
Exceed the <0.02 mg/L a
16 Nickel mg/l 0.8 1.01 0.72 1.07 1.04 0.9 0.25
standard 1.5 mg/L MM
mg/l Exceed the 0.05 mg/L a
17 Chromium (Cr) 0.08 0.09 0.21 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.09
Cr standard Total Cr (0.5 mg/L)MM
Meet the
18 Total Nitrogen mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 10 a
standard
Total Meet the
19 mg/l 0.019 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.021 0.017 0.034 2 MM, b
Phosphorus standard
Meet the
20 Oil & Grease mg/l <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 MM, b
standard
21 Sulfide mg/l <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 - 1 mg/L MM
Meet the
22 Aluminum mg/l 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.2 ppm (mg/L) a
standard
Meet the
23 Silver mg/l ND ND ** ND ND ND ND ND 0.5 mg/L MM
standard
Meet the 0.07 a

24 Cyanide mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
standard 0.1MM
CFU/
Meet the
25 Total Coliform 100 14 12 20 20 25 15 23 400 (100ml) b
standard
ml
Exceed the
26 Mercury ppb 5.2 4.76 0 0.59 2.16 2.21 0 0.01 mg/L MM
standard
5-31
Meet the
27 Phenol ppm 0.21 0.41 0.23 0.11 0.21 0.22 ND 0.5 mg/L MM
standard
Meet the 0.05 mg/L MM
28 Cadmium ppm ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
standard 0.003 mg/l a
Meet the
29 Selenium as Se mg/l <0.045+ <0.045+ <0.045+ <0.045+ <0.045+ <0.045+ <0.045+ 0.1 mg/L MM
standard
Chromium(VI) Meet the 0.1 mg/L (DW) a

30 mg/l <0.1+ <0.1+ <0.1+ <0.1+ <0.1+ <0.1+ <0.1+
as Cr6+ standard 0.1 mg/L MM
Meet the
31 Tin as Sn mg/l <0.009+ <0.009+ <0.009+ <0.009+ <0.009+ <0.009+ <0.009+ < 2 mg/L a
standard
Note) **ND Not Detected +Not Detectable

Source) a WHO for Drinking Water (1993), b IFC for waste water, MM Myanmar Emission Guideline
5-32
5.5.4.2 Air quality
Air quality sampling stations were deployed in the vicinity of Project area (Lanmadaw and Dala Area)
from 28 to 29th July 2016 to collect ambient air quality data along with meteorological data of wind
speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity to reveal the existing baseline air quality
status of in the vicinity of the proposed project.
The location of Air quality (gas) sampling site in Dala and Lanmadaw areas were LAT-1645'51.48"
(N) , LONG- 96 8'35.79" (E) with elevation in 23 (ft) and LAT- 1646'44.75"(N), LON -96
8'51.19"E, ELEV 55(ft) respectively.
The survey started in August of 2016 prior to the air quality assessment, in order to establish the
representative sites for monitoring air quality. Regarding the data reliability and validity, this survey
developed the quality assurance plan, and then followed by data analysis and data interpretation.
The regional air quality within and surrounding project area is within the standard of NEQ (Emission)
Guideline.
The emission of Nitrogen Dioxide gases has negative impacts on human health, however the existing
level of NO2 emission are not to harm for the people. The high level of particulates could be
generated at construction area and the air quality impact assessment had assessed air quality
parameters including particulates (PM10, PM2.5), total suspended particulates (TSP), SOx and NOx.
Particulate concentration at the pre-construction and construction phase will be monitored at receptor
areas such as working and camp sites of the project area as well as nearest villages. The air quality
impact assessment considers air emissions in accordance with Myanmar Environment Quality
(Emission) Guidelines (2015).
Table 5.5.6 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) (1hr continuous)

NEQ
Location Date Time Substance Result (Emission)
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM 75.7 a
Lanmadaw NO2 (ppb) -
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM (322 b - 2 c ) (ppb)
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM 48.8 a
Dala NO2 (ppb) -
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM (2 b -123 c ) ppb
Note : a Average, b Min, c Max - {Environmental Perimeter Air Station (EPAS) 1hr Result}
d mean 1hr average {National Environmental Quality(Emission) Guideline Average Result}
Table 5.5.7 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) (10 mins continuous)

NEQ
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM 2.71 a (1b 95c)
Lanmadaw SO2 (g/m3) (20 g/m3) d
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM SO2 (g/m3)
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM 5.07 a (1b 71c)
Dala SO2 (g/m3) (20 g/m3) d
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM SO2 (g/m3)
5-33
Table 5.5.8 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (24 Hours continuous)
NEQ
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM 283.02a
Lanmadaw CO2 (ppm) -
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM (240 363c) ppm
b
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM 293.46 a

Dala CO2 (ppm) -
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM (251 368 c) ppm
b
Table 5.5.9 Carbon Monoxide (CO) (24 Hours continuous)

NEQ
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM 272.45 a
Lanmadaw CO (ppb) -
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM (0 1261c) ppb
b
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM 204.19 a

Dala CO (ppb) -
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM (0 930c) ppb
b
The ambient air quality was measured at the project and surrounding area, the place that can affected
on the environment and provide some indication of the air quality within the project area. Baseline air
quality was measured by dividing into two categories: dust level and gas level in the air. For the dust
level study, PM10 of both Lanmadaw and Dala are (particulate matter less than 50g/m3), and PM2.5
(particulate matter less than 25 g/m3) are contents of the particulates within the standard of Myanmar
Environment Quality (Emission) Guidelines (2015)
Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) within the site were measured by HAZ SCANNER, Environmental Perimeter
Air Station (EPAS) for 24hrs, air monitoring station provides direct reading with data logging
capabilities. It is presumed to be typical of the air quality of the both area of Lanmadaw and Dala near
the site since the variation in ambient air concentration will be similar due to the same topography,
land use and meteorological conditions within 1km radial distance. The range of various pollutant
levels measured at the perimeter of the proposed project during the month of August, 2016 are
presented in table below.
Table 5.5.10 Particulate Matter (PM-10) (24 Hours continuous)

NEQ
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM PM10 32.62 a
Lanmadaw 50 g/m3
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM g/m3 (2 106c) g/m3
b
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM PM10 33.51 a

Dala 50 g/m3
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM g/m3 (2 b 81c) g/m3
5-34
Table 5.5.11 Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), (24 Hours continuous)
NEQ
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM 23.83 a
Lanmadaw PM2.5 g/m3 25 g/m3
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM (1 114 c) g/m3
b
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM 24.26 a

Dala PM2.5 g/m3 25 g/m3
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM (1 117 c) g/m3
b
The humidity and temperature of the projected area in both townships were in normal while in survey
period as in table below.
Table 5.5.12 Relative Humidity, (24 Hours continuous)

NEQ
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM 75.29 a -
Lanmadaw RH (%)
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM (54 86 c) (%)
b
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM 77.40 a -

Dala RH (%)
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM (51 b 91 c) (%)
Table 5.5.13 Temperature (TEMP), (24 Hours continuous)

NEQ
Guidelines
2016/09/ Start Time:13:58 PM 26.88 a
Lanmadaw TEMP (C) -
16~17 End Time:13:49 PM (23 b 37 c(C)
2016/09/ Start Time:16:34 PM 27.39 a
Dala TEMP (C) -
17~18 End Time:16:15 PM (23 b 37 c(C)
5.5.4.3 Noise and Vibration

Sound becomes noise only when it becomes unwanted and if it becomes more than that it is referred
to as "noise pollution". The problem has been viewed and analyzed from all the perspectives but the
solution probably is not so easy to achieve since there is a lot of contradiction between legislation,
guidance and documents. Resulting to noise pollution has many reasons such as construction being
close to human habitats which prevent the noise from decaying before it reaches human ear.
5-35
The major potential sources of noise generating activities are bridge construction with machinery,
drilling, piling and crushing process. Another noise generating sources are transport of raw materials
and end products within the site and the public roads. Ground vibration arising from piling has
potential impacts on the project area. However, a quantitative vibration and noise quality impact
assessment was prepared for the ESIA, which could identify sources of vibration and assess the
potential effects on sensitive receptors resulting from the proposed project. The nearest community
area is surrounding the project area, so the community satisfaction survey for noise and vibration was
evaluated and the detailed information is discussed. Noise monitoring was carried out for the purpose
of establishing the existing ambient noise level in the purposed site and the place that can cause noise
(surrounding area) of the project to verify pre-construction and consruction phase noise level. The
noise is measured in term of decibel. The ratio of the sound produced to the sound distinguishable
(i.e., very feeble) by the ear is designated as decibel.
Adverse Effects of Noise: The following are the adverse effect of noise:
1) The continuous noise of intensity 120 dB to 150 dB may cause permanent deafness.
2) The noise above 60 dB may cause nausea, headache, etc.
3) It may cause loss of sleep.
4) It may increase blood pressure.
5) It may cause irritation of mind.
6) It may cause digestive disorder.
7) It may develop hypertension.
8) Sudden loud noise may cause heart failure
Table 5.5.14 Results of outdoor noise quality in Lanmadaw and Dala Township (24hr continuous)
NEQ Guideline
Day Time Night Time Residential,
Area Average Noise Average Noise institutional, Point Figure
Level(dB) Level(dB) educational
Day Night
Lanmadaw
63.88a 56.93a
Area Point 55dB 45dB
(41.1b-88.3c) (46.9b-72.1c)
(1)
Lanmadaw
64.3a 56.54a
(41.4b-88.3c) (38.5b-68.4c)
(2)
Lanmadaw
61.37a 59.07a
(46.9b-80.4c) (46.9b-79.4c)
(3)
Lanmadaw
60.05a 53.97a
(46.7b-84.8c) (45.6b-82.2c)
(4)
5-36
Lanmadaw
57.46a 53.97a
(39.6b-85.8c) (40b-86.1c)
(5)
Dala
59.76a 52.93a
(43b-83.1c) (40b-78.1c)
(6)
Dala
58.88a 55.43a
(49.3b-81c) (47.5b-72.4c)
(7)
Dala
60.54a 58.93a
(46.9b-80.4c) (46.9b-79.4c)
(8)
Dala
60.24a 54.63a
(49.3b-78.1c) (47.5b-72.4c)
(9)
Dala
62.24a 56.37a(44.5.5b-
(48.6b-84.4c) 70.3c)
(10)
Note: a Average; b Min; c Max
Sources of Noise: The sources of noise may be divided into the following groups:
1) Domestic Noise: It includes the operation of radio, television, record player, etc. with high
volume.
2) Public Noise: It includes the operation of loud speakers with high volume during the festivals,
social functions, religious functions, etc.
3) Traffic Noise: It includes the movements and horns of vehicle like buses, trucks, cars, etc.
with high speed, along the roads of the towns or cities.
4) Construction Noise: It includes the sound created by the concrete mixer machine, mosaic
polishing machine, vibrator, etc.
5) Industrial Noise: It includes the sound created by stone crushing factory, etc.
The purpose of this project is to reveal not only the existing baseline noise quality but also to ascertain
the noise quality being produced by the current project area. Noise monitoring LAeq (dBA) was
conducted at the selected location that can reflect the exposure of the nearest local community and
sensitive locations. Duration and frequency was measured for 24hr continuously at the selected site
using the Noise Meter. The study procedures, data analysis and interpretation were carried out in
accordance with the instruments manufacture and National Environmental Quality (Emission)
Guidelines, WHO and IFC guidelines in order to be in line with Environmental Conservation
Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. "National Environmental Quality
(Emission) Guidelines" for Myanmar was also presented the value of noise level as LAeq (dBA).
5-37
5.5.5 Climate
Myanmar can generally be described as hilly and mountainous because most parts of the country are
situated on high lands. Myanmar is drained by many river systems and most are flowing from the
north to the south. The main rivers are Ayeyarwaddy, Thanlwin, Chindwin and Sittaung. Myanmar
typically features a tropical monsoon climate. The climate in some parts of the country, however, is
locally modified by topography. In most parts of Myanmar, there are three well defined seasons: the
rainy season (mid-May to October), the cold season (November to January) and the hot season
(February to mid-May). Nonetheless, the rainfall patterns and temperature distributions are quite
diverse throughout the country. The coastal regions receive more than 5000 mm of annual rainfall
whereas the central part of Myanmar has an annual rainfall of less than 1000 mm. In addition, the
average highest temperature in the central region during the hot season of March and April rises to
above 43.3C while in the northern mountainous parts of the country, it is about 36C and on the
eastern Shan plateau, it is between 29.4C and 35C.
Yangon Region has a tropical Monsoon climate under the Kppen climate classification system. It features
a lengthy rainy season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received and a
dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen. It is primarily due to the heavy
precipitation received during the rainy season that Yangon falls under the tropical monsoon climate
category. During the course of the year, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs
ranging from 29 to 36 C (84 to 97 F) and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 C (64 to 77 F). Monthly
mean, maximum, minimum temperature in Yangon city is shown in Figure 5.5.10.The Kaba-aye
Meteorological Station, managed by the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ministry of
Transport (DMH, MOT), has been observing meteorological conditions of Greater Yangon since 1968 at
the location of 16 54 latitude, 96 10 longitude, and +20.0 m in elevation.
5.5.5.1 Temperature
Generally, temperature in April is high in Yangon, and the maximum monthly temperature recorded in April
2001 was 39.1. Minimum monthly temperature recorded in December 2004 was 13.8C. The difference
between the monthly maximum and monthly minimum temperature is more than 20 C from December to
February and around 10 from June to August, which is the peak season of monsoon rainfall.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average/
Total
Max Temp(C) Min Temp(C) MeanTemp (C)
Source: DMH, MOT
Figure 5.5.10 Monthly average(Max, Min, Mean) Temperatures

of Kaba-aye Station in Yangon(1981-2010)
5-38
5.5.5.2 Relative Humidity
Relative humidity in Yangon have been recorded twice a day; at 9:30 and at 18:30. As shown in
Figure 5.5.11, humidity difference between the morning and evening is quite small. The annual mean
relative humidity at 9:30 and at 18:30 is 72.3% and 72.8%, respectively. The maximum mean monthly
relative humidity is 90.6% in August, while the minimum mean monthly relative humidity is 51.4% in
February.
Source: DMH, MOT
Figure 5.5.11 Mean monthly relative humidity at Kaba-aye Meteorological station (1991-2000)
5.5.5.3 Wind Speed and Direction

Annual mean wind speed at the Kaba-aye Meteorological Station is 1.1 m/s. Maximum wind speed
was 42.9 m/s recorded in May 2008 at the time of Cyclone Nargis. Cyclones come to the country in
April, May, and October but as shown in Figure 5.5.12, Greater Yangon seldom experiences such
cyclone wind. Wind directions are generally in the SW during summer (March to middle of May) and
rainy (Middle of May to middle of October) seasons, and NE in the cool season (Middle of October to
February).
Source: DMH, MOT
Figure 5.5.12 Maximum wind speed and mean monthly wind speed at Kaba-aye (1991-2008)
5.5.5.4 Evaporation
Annual mean evaporation is 1,348.6 mm. Evaporation in the summer of March to middle of May is
higher than that in rainy season of middle of May to middle of October. Maximum mean monthly
evaporation is 183.6 mm in April.
5-39
Source: DMH, MOT Note: 1984 is not available
Figure 5.5.13 Mean monthly evaporation at Kaba-aye Meteorological station(1981-2000)
5.5.5.5 Sunshine Hours

Sunshine hours during December to April are approximately 8-10 hours a day, while that during June
to August are approximately 2-3 hours a day due to monsoon rainy weather.
Source: DMH, MOT
Figure 5.5.14 Mean monthly sunshine hours at Kaba-aye (1977-2000)
5.5.5.6 Precipitation
1) Monthly Precipitation
The rainfall in Yangon City Area is observed at the Kaba-aye Meteorological Station, and rainfall
data of other stations in and around the Planning Area is available from a few other sources including
Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (ID, MOAI). In reference to these data,
rainfall characteristics of the three stations; Kaba-aye, Bago, and Tharrawaddy were studied. The
Bago Rainfall Station is located in Bago City, the Bago River basin and the Tharrawaddy Rainfall
Station is located upstream of Hlain River, respectively. As shown in Figure 5.5.15, the mean monthly
rainfall increases as it goes eastward. At Kaba-aye Meteorological Station, mean annual rainfall is
2749 mm and maximum mean monthly rainfall is 591 mm in August and minimum mean monthly
rainfall is 3 mm in January and February. Maximum annual rainfall was recorded as 3592 mm in 2007.
Maximum monthly rainfall was 868 mm in August 1968 and minimum monthly rainfall was zero in
the past several months. Mean annual rainfall in Bago is 3305 mm while that in Tharrawaddy is 2220
mm.
5-40
Source: JICA Study Team based on the data from Kaba-aye, Bago and Tharrawaddy stations (In Yangon Master Plan)
Figure 5.5.15 Mean monthly precipitation in and around the city of Yangon
2) Short Intensity Precipitation

Table 5.5.15 shows probable rainfalls at Kaba-aye Meteorological Station which is derived from the
rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships, prepared by ID, MOAI. As shown in the table,
rainfall in the City of Yangon is short in duration and intensity. Remarkably, 50-year probable 60-
minute rainfall intensity exceeds 100 mm/hour. Such a high intensity of rainfall is a major cause of
inundation problems in downtown Yangon.
Table 5.5.15 Probable precipitation intensities at Kaba-aye station
Return Period Rainfall Intensity 5-yr 10-yr 20-yr 50-yr
60 minutes rainfall 63.5 71.1 78.7 104.6
75 minutes rainfall 52.1 63.9 69.9 77.5
2 hours rainfall 40.6 45.7 49.5 55.9

Source: Study on Drainage System of Mingalar Taung Nyunt Area, Nov. 2002 (Yangon Master Plan)
5.5.6. Vegetation cover

According to JICA study team with a basis of 2012 satellite Image Analysis, residential and business
area take a share of 75% area and public facilities area including vegetation is only 25% in Lanmadaw
township. On the other hand, Agricultural area and water surface area form 89%in Dala township.
That means there are wide area consist of vegetation in Dala much higher percentage than Lanmadaw.
5.5.7 Natural hazards

5.5.7.1 Cyclone
Myanmar is exposed to cyclones and associated storm. Annually, there are approximately 10 tropical
storms in the Bay of Bengal from April to December. Severe cyclones occur during the pre-monsoon
period of April to May and post-monsoon period of October to December. The threat of flooding
usually occurs in three waves each year: June, August and late September to October. There is the
Andaman Trench in Bengal Bay, west of Myanmar, in which the Indian Plate is moving northward
and sub ducting underneath the Burma Plate from west to east. Sagaing Fault, boundary between
Burma Plate and Sunda Plate, is located eastern of Myanmar, which tends to cause large-scale
5-41
earthquakes in Yangon Area. The historic records near Yangon city also say there may be once in
every 60 to 80 while 25 to 40 years interval near Mandalay region.
5.5.7.2 Earthquake
The Yangon District is in the vicinity of the southern section of the Sagaing Fault, which has not been
active in the past 50 to 75 years indicating that the faults may be under accumulating stress increasing
the potential for an earthquake to occur. It has been the originator of a large proportion of destructive
earthquakes in Myanmar. Yangon gets 2.0 g seismic acceleration in term of gravity force. The Project
area is also located in an earthquake zone and therefore the bridge construction design needs to cater
for this hazard with adequate planning on emergency response procedures.
5.5.7.3 Flood
Hazard Profile of Myanmar says the flood is one of the major hazards in Myanmar accounting for
11% of all losses by disasters. It adversely affects all aspects of human activities not only from a
humanitarian aspect but from the regional and national economic aspects. Floods in Myanmar usually
occur in two periods: June to August and late September to October, with the largest intensity
observed in August at the peak monsoon season. Floods in the Greater Yangon can be classified into
three (3) types:
i) River floods
ii) Localized floods in urban area due to a combination of such factors as cloudburst, poor
Infiltrate rate, poor drainage infrastructure (possibly due to climate change,
Urbanization, heat-island); and in rural areas due to decrepit dams, dykes and levees
iii) Floods due to cyclone and storm surge
Past major flood events during 1997-2007 are described in Hazard Profile of Myanmar but there are
only a few floods that occurred in and around the Greater Yangon
5-42
Source: Dr. Maung Thein, U Tint Lwin Swe and Dr. Sone Han, 2005
Figure 5.5.16 Earthquake Zoning Map
5-43
5.6 Biological Components
5.6.1 Overview
Myanmar has some 1709 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to
figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 4.7% are endemic, meaning they
exist in no other country, and 5.9% are threatened. Myanmar is home to at least 7000 species of
vascular plants, of which 15.3% are endemic. 0.3% of Myanmar is protected under IUCN categories
I-V.As a result of the great variations in rainfall, temperature and topography of Myanmar, there are
many forest types in Myanmar. Varied forest types of Myanmar are home of several mammals,
reptiles, avifauna, amphibians, fish and plant species. Although the biodiversity inventory has not yet
been completed in Myanmar, it is officially stated that there are 350 mammal species, 300 reptile
species, 350 freshwater fish species, 800 butterfly species, 1035 bird species, and 9600 plant species
in Myanmar. Among them, endangered species are recorded and reported to be 153 species. In
avifauna, five species in Myanmar are listed as critically endangered species, seven species are
endangered species, and 37 species are vulnerable species. There are 38 plant species in Myanmar
recorded as globally threatened. The major threat to globally threatened plant species in Myanmar is
the degradation and/or loss of forest.
According to the IUCN Red List (2013), 356 of Myanmars known species are considered to globally
threaten with extinction.
Table 5.6.1 Threatened species in Myanmar listed under IUCN Red List 2013
Critically
Taxonomic Group Endangered Vulnerable Total
Endangered
Mammal 2 18 29 49
Bird 8 10 27 45
Reptile 5 7 10 22
Amphibian 0 0 0 0
Invertebrate 0 0 0 0
Fish 7 116 14 137
Invertebrate aqua fauna 0 3 44 47
Plant 14 13 29 56
Total 36 167 152 356
Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2013
The flora in the project area belongs to Asia tropical coastal tidal region. According to WWF Eco-
regions, the project area is situated in the Myanmar coastal mangroves and Myanmar coastal rain
forest. Mangrove species grow only in the brackish or salty water and are sensitive to the changes of
ecosystem. Since at least colonial times, forestlands in the project area have been converted to
agriculture land and other development activities. The mangroves lining the banks of the Yangon
River and creeks are subject to severe degradation because there is no clear-cut land-use system in the
past and mangrove resources have most likely been used in an informal way over the past. Mangroves
today are found only in small patches along the creek and riverbanks of Yangon River. Today,
dominant mangrove species are Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl., Avicenna spp., Sonneratia apetala
Buch.-Ham., and Excoecaria agallocha L., which are Irrawaddy Mangroves according to WWF.
These species are growing wild in patches along the bank of Yangon River and the creeks, which
drain, into it.Only 9 mangrove species and 27 mangrove associate species are extant in summer with 4
5-44
additional mangroves associate species extant in the rainy season are growing in patches along the
bank of creeks and Yangon River.
Apart from the IUCN Red list classification, there are some domestically protected bird species 5 that
have been identified, namely the white-throated babbler (Turdoides gularis), which is endemic to
Myanmar. Avian wildlife is particularly concentrated in and around water habitats. The mangrove
embankments and onsite ponds/lakes provide a habitat for domestically protected birds. Likewise, for
aquatic species, the tidal influence on the streams on site and calm waters sheltered by mangrove river
embankments may be a relatively important water area in the Yangon River deltaic sub-region that
might provide shelter for fish spawning.
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIAR) report identifies potential environmental impacts
associated with the proposed Yangon-Dala Bridge Construction across the Yangon River. The project
area is located that between Kama Kasit Quarter, Dala Township and Latha Township, Yangon
region. The biodiversity survey was investigated that in wet season (August 13rd-15th, 2016). They
are carried out in and around Yangon-Dala Bridge Construction Project in Yangon Region. The base
line study and specimen collection of terrestrial and aquatic fauna, especially as major groups are
vertebrate (mammals, birds, reptiles and lizards especially visual observation for the birds) and
invertebrate (butterflies, dragonflies and many kinds of insects visually during survey).
According to the survey results, total of 61 fauna species recorded in and around the Yangon-Dala
Bridge Construction Project Area. Surrounding of the study, the biodiversity survey team investigated
that there are as vertebrate about 22 species of Avian Fauna belonging to 6 order and 13 families were
recorded with different population abundance and different categorize bird species as insectivores,
omnivores and carnivorous. During survey period, eight reptilian species were recorded at the study
site. As aquatic group, about 15 species of fish, mud crab and shrimp of aquatic fauna belonging to 6
order and 12 families were recorded with different population abundance and different categorize
aquatic species throughout up and down stream of river. Biodiversity survey group are observed that
there are about 13 species of butterfly as well as male and female belonging to 4 families in
surrounding of the project area. The survey team investigated that the surrounding of the site of
Bridge Construction Project Area, about 12 species of dragonfly and damselfly belonging to one order
and 2 families (Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae) were recorded with different population abundance.
This report is a review of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) for flora of the bridge
construction Project. The baseline study and specimen collection of flora was carried by random
selection around the project area.
The project was conducted for the assessment of the diversity of local natural flora groups such as
trees, small trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses and climbers to predict the impacts and biotic ecology. Plant
Species diversity: A total of 58species represent 52genera of 30families were listed in the project area.
The types of impacts, emphasized habitat loss were observed in the project area. The survey team
investigated that four types of impacts as well as negative and positive impacts, reduction of the
species diversity (negative impact), loss of habitats(negative impact), waste water/air
pollution(negative impact) as fauna and flora were observed in these projects.
5
Protected under the Forest Department Notification No.583/94 (http://www.esabii.org/database/others/documents
/Myammer NoticeNo583_94.pdf)
5-45
5.6.2 Flora
The project area most plant growth habits were observed namely, herbs, shrubs, trees, subtrees,
climbers, grasses, aquatic plants and ferns. The vegetation community at the area is described as
terrestrial and riparian vegetation.
Total of 58 plant species represent 52 genera of 30 families were observed during the assessment.
Mostly, the Survey area was covered by shrub, herb and grasses. The remaining was covered by
landscape cultivated trees, sub-trees and rare climbers. The canopy was open and patches dominated
by Sonneatia caseoloris (Mangrove) along the river bank. Tree species are very rare near the project
area. Flora of the area is mainly represented by shrub and herb type species include Acanthus
ilicifolius, Clerodendrum inerme, Colocasia affinis, Colocasia esculenta and grasses like Cyperus
iria, Cyperus rotundus are widely common and characteristic species of river community.
5.6.2.1 Classification of Flora

The vegetation on the project area mainly comprises of dominant Trees and Subtrees, Acacia
auriculiformis A. Cunn., Cassia glauca Lam., Cocos nucifera L., Crateva magna (Lour.) DC.,
Cyperus difformis L., Ficus chittagonga Miq., Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., Morinda
angustifolia Roxb.,Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, Peltophorum
pterocarpum(DC.) Back. ex K.Heyne, Pithecellobium dulce(Roxb.) Benth.,Polyalthia
longifolia(Lam.) Benth. & Hook. f., Sonneratia caseoloris, Kurz, Tectona grandis L.f., Terminalia
catappa L.,Thespesia populnea(L.) Sol. ex Correa, Vitex trifoliaL., Erythrina variegata L., Samanea
saman (Jacq.) Merr., Ficus altissima Blume.
Shrubs like, Acanthus ilicifoliusL.,Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. f., Clinacanthus nutans(Burm. F.)
Lindau, Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms, Flueggea leucopyrus Willd., Heliotropium indicum L.,
Phyllanthus nanus Hook. f., Sida acuta Burm. f., Sida cordifolia L.
Herbs like, Alternanthera sessilis(L.) R. Br., Canna sp., Cannax generalis L.H. Bailey, Cleome
viscosa L., Colocasia affinis Schott, Colocasia esculenta(L.) Schott, Commelina benghalensis L.,
Cryptocoryne ciliata(Roxb.) Fischer, Echinodorus palifolius(Nees& Mart.) J.F. Macbr., Enhydra
fluctuans Lour.,Peperomia pellucida(L.) H.B.K., Pistia stratiotes L., Polygonum barbatum L.,
Wedelia montana(Blume) Boerl.Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen, Tridax procumbensL.
Climber, grassesand Bamboo such as, Dregea volubilis Benth. ex Hook. f., Ipomoea cairica(L.)
Sw., Cyperus iria L., Cyperus rotundus L.,Dioscorea alata L. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss
Aquatic and Fern such as, Lemna minor L., Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Nymphaea alba L.,
Phlebodium aureum, Platycerium sp., Pleopeltis linearis (C.B.Clarke) Bedd.
Table 5.6.2 A total of 58 species were recorded in the survey area

Common IUCN
Sr. Scientific Name Family Habit GPS positions
Name Status
TREES
Acacia auriculiformis Malaysia N 1645.665
1 Mimosaceae T LC
.Cunn. Pidauk E 09808.595
N 1645.875
2 Cocos nucifera L. Ohn Arecaceae T N/A
E 09608.558
3 Crateva magna (Lour.) Kon-kadet Capparaceae T N 1645.802 N/A
5-46
Common IUCN
Name Status
DC. E 09609.081
N 1645.812
4 Erythrina variegate L. Kathit Fabaceae T N/A
E 09608.552
Nyaung- N 1645.469
5 Ficus altissima Blume Moraceae T N/A
peinne E 09608.547
Ficus chittagonga N 1645.812
6 Thapan-pin Moraceae T N/A
Miq. E 09608.552
Lagerstroemia N 1645.961
7 Pyinma Lythraceae T N/A
speciosa (L.) Pers. E 09608.571
Oroxylum indicum N 1645.875
8 Kyaung-sha Bignoniaceae T N/A
(L.) Kurz E 09608.558
Peltophorum
Thinbaw- N 1645.938
9 pterocarpum (DC.) Caesalpiniaceae T N/A
mezali E 09608.608
Back. ex K. Heyne
Pithecellobium dulce N 1645.875
10 Tayok-magyi Mimosaceae T N/A
(Roxb.)Benth. E 09608.558
Sonneratia N 1645.960
11 Laba Lythraceae T LC
caseoloris E 09608.572
Samanea saman Thinbaw- N 1645.938
12 Mimosaceae T N/A
(Jacq.) Merr. kokko E 09608.608
N 1645.938
13 Tectona grandis L. f. Kyun Verbenaceae T N/A
E 09608.608
N 1645.938
14 Terminalia catappa L. Banda Combretaceae T N/A
E 09608.608
SUB-TREES
N 1645.469
15 Cassia glauca Lam. Pyiban-nyo Caesalpiniaceae ST N/A
E 09608.547
Morinda angustifolia N 1645.961
16 Yeyo Rubiaceae ST N/A
Roxb. E 09608.571
Nyctanthes arbor- N 1645.961
17 Seik-hpalu Oleaceae ST N/A
tristis L. E 09608.571
Polyalthia longifolia
N 1645.961
18 (Lam.) Benth. & Thinbaw-te Annonaceae ST N/A
E 09608.571
Hook. f.
Thespesia populnea N 1645.938
19 Sabu-bani Malvaceae ST N/A
(L.) Sol. ex Correa E 09608.608
N 1645.938
20 Vitex trifolia L. Kyaungban Verbenaceae ST N/A
E 09608.608
SHRUBS
N 1645.802
21 Acanthus ilicifolius L. Kha-yar Acanthaceae S LC
E 09609.081
Clerodendrum Pinle-kyauk- N 1645.802
22 Verbenaceae S N/A
inerme Gaertn. f. pan E 09609.081
Clinacanthus nutans N 1645.812
23 Belalai gajah Acanthaceae S N/A
(Burm. F.) Lindau E 09608.552
Eichhornia crassipes N 1645.812
24 Beda-pin Pontederiaceae S N/A
(Mart.) Solms E 09608.552
Flueggea leucopyrus N 1645.812
25 Chinya-pyu Euphobiaceae S N/A
Willd. E 09608.552
Heliotropium N 1645.812
26 Wetchi-pane Malvaceae S N/A
indicum L. E 09608.552
27 Phyllanthus nanus Mye-shit- Euphobiaceae S N 1645.812 N/A
5-47
Common IUCN
Name Status
Hook. f. sha-gale E 09608.552
Common N 1645.812
28 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae S N/A
Wireweed E 09608.552
N 1645.812
29 Sida cordifolia L. Katsi-ne Malvaceae S N/A
E 09608.552
HERBS
Alternanthera N 1645.938
30 Pazun-sar Amaranthaceae H LC
sessilis (L.) R. Br. E 09608.608
Acmella calva (DC.) N 1645.938
31 Shadon-po Asteraceae H N/A
R.K. Jansen E 09608.608
N 1645.469
32 Canna sp. Not known Cannaceae H N/A
E 09608.547
Canna x generalis Common N 1645.938
33 Cannaceae H N/A
L.H. Bailey canna E 09608.608
N 1645.938
34 Cleome viscosa L. Gant-galar Capparaceae H N/A
E 09608.608
Colocasia affinis N 1645.469
35 pein Araceae H N/A
Schott E 09608.547
Colocasia esculenta N 1645.469
36 Mahuya-pein Araceae H LC
(L.) Schott E 09608.547
Commelina N 1645.938
37 Wetkyok Commelinaceae H LC
benghalensis L. E 09608.608
Cryptocoryne ciliata N 1645.802
38 Nga-dan-sa Arecaceae H LC
(Roxb.) Fischer E 09609.081
Echinodorus
Mexican N 1645.901
39 palifolius (Nees& Alismataceae H N/A
sword Plant E 09608.714
Mart.) J.F. Macbr.
Enhydra fluctuans N 1645.901
40 Kana-hpaw Asteraceae H N/A
Lour. E 09608.714
Peperomia pellucida N 1645.901
41 Thit-yay-gyi Piperaceae H N/A
(L.) H.B.K. E 09608.714
N 1645.901
42 Pistia stratiotes L. Ye-salat Araceae H LC
E 09608.714
Polygonum N 1645.469
43 Suzat-pan Polygonaceae H LC
barbatum L. E 09608.547
Hmwezok- N 1645.901
44 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae H N/A
ne-gya E 09608.714
Wedelia montana N 1645.901
45 Sunflower Asteraceae H N/A
(Blume) Boerl. E 09608.714
GRASSES
Rice N 1645.665
46 Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae Grass LC
flatsedge E 09808.595
N 1645.665
47 Cyperu sdifformis L. Notknown Cyperaceae T N/A
E 09808.595
Myet-mon- N 1645.665
48 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Grass N/A
nyin E 09808.595
Bambusa bambos N 1645.810
49 Kyakat-wa Poaceae Bamboo N/A
(L.) Voss E 09608.586
CLIMBERs
Dregea volubilis Gwedauk- N 1645.665
50 Asclepiadaceae CL N/A
Benth. ex Hook. f. nwe E 09808.595
5-48
Common IUCN
Name Status
Taw-myauk- N 1645.810
51 Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoreaceae CL N/A
u E 09608.586
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Railway N 1645.665
52 Convolvulaceae CL N/A
Sw. creeper E 09808.595
AQUATIC Plants
N 1645.665
53 Lemna minor L. Duckweed Lemnoideae Aquatic LC
E 09808.595
Nelumbo nucifera Padon-ma- N 1645.810
54 Nelumbonaceae Aquatic N/A
Gaertn. kya E 09608.586
N 1645.961
55 Nymphaea alba L. Kya-byu Nymphaeaceae Aquatic LC
E 09608.571
FERNs
N 1645.665
56 Phlebodium aureum Phlebodium Polypodiaceae Fern N/A
E 09808.595
N 1645.665
57 Platycerium sp. Notknown Polypodiaceae Fern N/A
E 09808.595
Pleopeltis linearis N 1645.665
58 Notknown Polypodiaceae Fern N/A
(C.B.Clarke) Bedd. E 09808.595
Note: LC( Least Concern), N/A(Not applicable)
Figure 5.6.1 Flora and Vegetation points in the survey area
5-49
Sonneratia caseoloris Enchijnodorous palifolius Pleopeltis linearis Bedd.
Cyperus rotundus L. Ficus chittagonga Miq Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)
Ipomoea cairica(L.) Sw. Flueggea leucopyrus Wild Wedelia montana Boerl
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Pistia stratiotes L. Peperomia pellucida H.B.K.
Canna sp. Vitex trifolia L. Morinda angustifolia Roxb
Lemna minor L. Phyllanthusn anus Hook. f. Commelina benghalensis L.
Figure 5.6.2 Plants found in the survey area
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5.6.3 Fauna
5.6.3.1 Vertebrate
1) Birds
According to the survey results, surrounding of the study site, about 22 species of Avian Fauna
belonging to 6 order and 13 families were recorded with different population abundance and
different categorize bird species as insectivores, omnivores and carnivorous (Table 5.6.3). Not only
bird species but also the nests with eggs near the study site are found as various habitat types.
Table 5.6.3 Different categorize of bird species from Yangon-Dala Bridge Construction Project
No. Types of bird species Number of Species

1 Insectivorous species 6
2 Omnivores species 13
3 Carnivorous species 3
Total 22
The most commonly observed all year round resident birds include, beneficial insectivorous species
like Blue-Tailed Bee-Eater Merops philippinus, Asian Palm Swift (Cypsiurus balasinensis), Black
Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus), Grey-Breasted Prinia (Prinia hodgsonii) and Broad-Bellied Warbler
(Tickellia badgsoni)as the insectivorous group are identified in this survey. Oriental Magpie Robin
(Copsychus saularis) are also identified as gregarious birds. Oriental Magpie Robin are also found
that feed on insect usually catch on ground or in low bushes. Asian Palm Swift (Cypsiurus
balasinensis) are also investigated that the insectivorous species very abundantly at surrounding of the
study site.
During the bird survey, House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer
montanus), Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), Asian
Golden Weaver (Ploceus hypoxanthus), Streaked Weaver (Ploceus manyar), Scaly-Breasted Munia
(Lonchura punctulata), Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava) and House Crow (Corvus splendens)
are also recorded as omnivores and common resident birds. Red Vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer),
Streak-eared Bulbul (Pycnonotus blanfordi), Red-Whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), Rock
Pigen (Columba livia) are also recorded as omnivores birds. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus),
Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus), Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis), Common Myna
(Acridotheres tristis), House Crow (Corvus splendens) and Rock Pigen (Columba livia) are found
near project area abundantly.
The carnivorous species are recorded by Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Little Egret
(Egretta garzetta), Purple Heron (Ardea purpure ). Brown Headed Gull (Larus brunnicephalus) will
be arrived in this area. Brown Headed Gull is a migratory bird that arrives in winter during
September-October and stays till April end. It can be seen effortlessly gliding in circles along the
coast, harbors, ships, vessels etc. Found in groups near the sea, large rivers, lakes, water bodies.
According to survey results, insectivorous species are quite effective in reducing insect pest popula-
tions. Some species also can serve as an indicator or trigger organism, indicating possible environ-
mental trouble, as declines in their relatively abundant numbers may precede other more obvious ef-
fects of environmental stress.
.
5-51
Table 5.6.4 Bird species recorded during the survey period in the survey area
IUCN Status
Sr. Order/Family Scientific Name Common Name
(Red List)
Passeriformes
1 Covidae Corvus splendens House Crow LC
2 Covidae Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo LC
3 Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow LC
4 Passeridae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow LC
5 Passeridae Amandava amandava Red Avadavat LC
6 Passeridae Ploceus hypoxanthus Asian Golden Weaver NT
7 Passeridae Ploceus manyar Streaked Weaver LC
8 Ploceidae Lonchua punctulata Scaly-Breasted Munia LC
9 Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna LC
10 Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove LC
11 Columbidae Columba livia Rock Pigen LC
12 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus blanfordi Streak Eared Bulbul LC
13 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul LC
14 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul LC
15 Sylviidae Tickellia badgsoni Broad-Bellied Warbler LC
16 Sylviidae Prinia hodgsonii Grey-Breasted Prinia N/A
17 Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin LC
Apodiformes
18 Apodidae Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift LC
Coraciiformes
19 Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue-Tailed Bee-Eater LC
Ciconiiformes
20 Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple Heron LC
Ciconiiformes
21 Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret LC
Pelecaniformes
22 Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant LC
Note: NT(Near Threatened), LC( Least Concern) , N/A(Not applicable)
1. House Crow 2. Black Drongo 3. House Sparrow

(Corvus splendens) (Dicrurus macrocercus) (Passer domesticus)
Figure 5.6.3 Birds found in the survey
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4. Eurasian Tree Sparrow 5. Red Avadavat 6. Asian golden weaver
(Passer montanus) (Amandava amandava) (Ploceus hypoxanthus)
7. Streaked Weaver (Male) 8. Scaly-Breasted Munia 9. Common Myna

(Ploceus manyar) (Lonchua punctulata) (Acridotheres tristis)
10. Spotted Dove 11. Rock Pigen 12. Streak Eared Bulbul
(Streptopelia chinensis) (Columba livia) (Pycnonotus blanfordi)
13. Red-vented Bulbul 14. Red-whiskered Bulbul 15. Broad-Bellied Warbler

(Pycnonotus cafer) (Pycnonotus jocosus) (Tickellia badgsoni)
16. Grey-Breasted Prinia 17. Oriental Magpie Robin 18. Blue-Tailed Bee-Eater
(Prinia hodgsonii) (Copsychus saularis) (Merops philippinus)
19. Oriental Magpie Robin 20. Little Egret 21.Little Cormorant

(Ardea purpurea) (Egretta garzetta) (Phalacrocorax niger)
Figure 5.6.3 Birds found in the survey(contd)
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Table 5.6.5 Characteristics of Bird species between Dala and Lanmadaw
Area (B-1~20)
Sr. Scientific name English name Dala Lanmadaw
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 Corvus splendens House Crow
2 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo
3 Passer domesticus House Sparrow
4 Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow
5 Amandava amandava Red Avadavat
6 Ploceus hypoxanthus Asian Golden Weaver
7 Ploceus manyar Streaked Weaver
8 Lonchua punctulata Scaly-Breasted Munia
9 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna
10 Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove
11 Columba livia Rock Pigen
12 Pycnonotus blanfordi Streak Eared Bulbul
13 Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul
14 Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul
15 Tickellia badgsoni Broad-Bellied Warbler
16 Prinia hodgsonii Grey-Breasted Prinia
17 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin
18 Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift
19 Merops hilippinus Blue-Tailed Bee-Eater
20 Ardea urpurea Purple Heron
21 Egretta garzetta Little Egret
22 Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant
9 8 7 10 7 7 3 6 8 9 7 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 7 8
Number of Total Species
22 11
1. House Crow (Corvus splendens)
2.House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Figure 5.6.4 Distribution of bird species and Dominated species
5-54
2) Reptilian
During survey period, eight reptilian species was recorded at the study site. These are Russell's viper
(Daboia russelii siamensis), Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus), Chequered keelback water snake
(Xenochrophis piscator), Water snake (Xenochrophis flavipunctatus), Indochinese rat snake (Ptyas
korros) rarely come to few number in this project area. According to interview records, there were
caught accidentally some snakes both poisonous and non-poisonous snakes in this area according to
report by the local people. Three lizard spcies; Oriental Garden Lizard(Calotes versicolor), Blue
Crested Lizard(Calotes mystaceus) and East Indian Brown Mabuya(Mabuya multifasciata) were
identified during field survey .
Table 5.6.6 Reptile species recorded in the survey Area

IUCN Status Type of
Sr. Family Scientific name English Name
(Red List) evidence
1 Elapidae Bungarus fasciatus Banded Krait LC Interviewed
2 Viperidae Daboia russelii siamensis Russell's viper LC Interviewed
Chequeredkeelback
3 Colubridae Xenochrophis piscator
water snake
LC Interviewed
4 Colubridae Xenochrophisflavipunctatus Water snake LC Interviewed
Indochinese rat
5 Colubridae Ptyas korros
snake
LC Interviewed
Oriental Garden
6 Agamidae Caltoes versicolor
Lizard
LC Observed
7 Agamidae Calotes mystaceus Blue Crested Lizard LC Observed
East Indian Brown
8 Scincidae Mabuya multifasciata
Mabuya
LC Observed
Note: LC(Least Concern)
Oriental Garden Lizard (Caltoes versicolor) East Indian Brown

(Mabuya Mabuya multifasciata)
Blue Crested Lizard (Calotes mystaceus)
Figure 5.6.5 Reptiles found in the survey area
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3) Aquatic Fauna (Fish, Mud crab and Shrimp)
Surrounding of the study site, about 15 species of Aquatic Fauna belonging to 6 order and 12 families
were recorded with different population abundance and different categorize aquatic species.
Fish, Mud crab & Shrimp: According to the survey results, total 15 species of fish, mud crab and
shrimp of aquatic fauna were recorded at the study site. These are Small Scale Croaker Boesemania
microlepis, Hilsa Shad Tenualosa ilisha, Yellow Tail Catfish Pangasius pangasius, Small River
Catfish Mystus cavasius, Mud Carp Cirrhinus prosemion, Spotted Snakehead Fish Channa panaw,
Paradise Threadfin Polynemus borneensis, Catla Carp Catla catla, Rohu Carp Labeo rohita, Small
Carp Amblypharygodon atkinsonii, Short Finned Eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor, Wallogo Wallago attu,
Dwarf Catfish Neotroplus acutirostris,. Not only fish species but also the mud crab and shrimp
species Mangrove Crab Scylla serrata and Giant River Prawn Macrobrachium Rosenberg, in the
study site are found through out the river habitat type.
Table 5.6.7 Aquatic species found during the survey period
IUCN Status Type of

Sr. Family Scientific name English Name
(Red List) evidence
Fish
1 Clupeidae Tenualosa ilisha Hilsa shad LC Observed
2 Pangasiidae Pangasius pangasius Yellow tail catfish LC Observed
3 Bagridae Mystus cavasius Small river catfish LC Observed
4 Channidae Channa panaw Spotted snakehead fish LC Observed
5 Polynemidae Polynemus borneensis Paradise threadfin - Observed
6 Sciaenidae Boesemania microlepis Small scale Croaker NT Observed
7 Cyprinidae Cirrhinus mrigala Mrigal carp LC Observed
8 Cyprinidae Catla catla Catla carp - Observed
9 Cyprinidae Labeo rohita Rohu carp LC Observed
10 Cyprinidae Amblypharygodon atkinsonii Small carp LC Observed
11 Anguillidae Anguilla bicolor bicolor Short finned eel NT Observed
12 Siluridae Wallago attu Wallogo NT Observed

13 Schilbidae Neotroplus acutirostris Dwarf catfish - Observed
Shrimp
14 Palaemonidae Macrobrachium rosenbergi Giant river prawn LC Observed
Mud crab
15 Portunidae Scylla serrata Mud crab - Observed

Note: NC(Near Threatened), LC( Least Concern)
5-56
Hilsa shad Yellow tail catfish Small river catfish
(Tenualosa ilisha) (Pangasius pangasius) (Mystus cavasius)
Spotted snakehead fish Paradise threadfin Small scale Croaker

(Channa panaw) (Polynemus borneensis) (Boesemania microlepis)
Catla carp Rohu carp Small carp

(Catla catla) (Labeo rohita) (Amblypharygodon atkinsonii)
Short finned eel Wallogo Dwarf catfish

(Anguilla bicolor) (Wallago attu) (Neotroplus acutirostris)
Mud carp Giant river prawn Mud crab

(Cirrhinus prosemion) (Macrobrachium rosenberg) (Scylla serrata)
Figure 5.6.6 Fish species living in Yangon River near the project area
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5.6.3.2 Invertebrate
Invertebrates are abundantly found in the nearby the Yangon-Dala Bridge Construction Project in
Yangon Region. In Survey, many different kinds of invertebrates such as various kinds of butterflies
and dragonflies species recorded population abundantly.
1) Butterfly
Butterflies are important as one of the external agents of the Entomophily. These insects visit one
flower after another gathering pollen and nectar certainly have an important role in play of the process
of pollination. The relationship between butterfly and plants plays an important role in an ecosystem.
Flowering plants need butterfly species for pollination and the butterflies require suitable plant species
to serve as their host plants to complete their life cycle. Flowering plants are also sources of food for
the adult butterfly species as they ecological specialization of butterflies by cross-pollinating the
plants.
Biodiversity survey group are observed that there are about 13 species of Butterfly as well as male
and female belonging to 4 families in surrounding of the project area. These are Common
MormonPapilio polytes, Lime butterfly Papilio demoleus, Common EmigrantCatopsilia Pomona,
Mottled EmigrantCatopsilia pyranthe, Common grass yellowEurema hecabe, PsycheLeptosia nina,
Great egg flyHypolimnas bolina, Gray PansyJunonia atlites, Peacock PansyJunonia almanac, Plain
TigerDanaus chrysippus, Striped TigerDanaus genutia, Blue TigerDanaus limniaceandCommon
CrowEuploea core.
Table 5.6.8 Butterfly species recorded during the survey period

Abun IUCN Status
Sr. Order/Family Scientific name English Name
-dance (Red List)
Lepidoptera
1 Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common Mormon Common N/A
2 Papilionidae Papilio demoleus Lime butterfly Common N/A
3 Pieridae Catopsilia pomona Common Emigrant Common N/A
4 Pieridae Catopsilia pyranthe Mottled Emigrant Common N/A
Common grass
5 Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common N/A
yellow
6 Pieridae Leptosia nina Psyche Common N/A
7 Nymphalidae Hypolimnas bolina Great egg fly Common N/A
8 Nymphalidae Junonia atlites Gray Pansy Common N/A
9 Nymphalidae Junonia almana Peacock Pansy Common LC
10 Danaidae Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger Common N/A
11 Danaidae Danaus genutia Striped Tiger Common N/A
12 Danaidae Danaus limniace Blue Tiger Common N/A
13 Danaidae Euploea core Common Crow Common LC
Note: LC (Least Concern), N/A(Not applicable)
5-58
Common Mormon Lime butterfly
(Papilio polytes) (Papilio demoleus)
Common Emigrant Mottled Emigrant Common grass yellow

(Catopsilia pomona) (Catopsilia pyranthe) (Eurema hecabe)
Psyche Great egg fly Gray Pansy

(Leptosia nina) (Hypolimnas bolina) (Junonia atlites)
Peacock Pansy Plain Tiger Striped Tiger

(Junonia almana) (Danaus chrysippus) (Danaus genutia)
Blue Tiger Common Crow

(Danaus limniace) (Euploea core)
Figure 5.6.7 Butterfly species found in the surveyh area
2) Dragonfly
Dragonflies are valuable as indicators of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem health and also play a vital
role as prey and predator to maintain the balance of tropic levels of food chain. The prey of the adults
5-59
consists mostly of the harmful insects of crops, orchards and forests and thus has a regulatory impact
on the agro-forestry.
Their aquatic larvae constitute a natural biological control over mosquito larvae and thus help to
control several epidemic diseases like malaria, dengue, filaria etc. Adult odonates feed on mosquitoes,
black flies and other blood-sucking flies and act as an important bio-control agent of these harmful
insects. Odonates were thus increasingly recognized due to the direct role of predators in ecosystem
and their value in indicators of water quality.
The survey team investigated that the surrounding of the Yangon-Dala Bridge Construction Project,
about 12 species of Dragonfly and Damselfly belonging to two families (Libellulidae and
Coenagrionidae) were recorded with different population abundance. Crimson Marsh Glider
Trithemis aurora is commonly known as dropwings. They are found in a wide variety of habitats;
some species being adapted to permanent streams in forests, and others being capable of breeding in
temporary pools in deserts. Bradinopyga geminata occupy habitat near water bodies, such as pools,
irrigation channels, wells, and containers with standing water. They have a marbled gray cryptic
coloration that allows them to blend into the background when they alight on rocks. The species has
been studied as a predator of the disease-carrying yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). The larvae
of the dragonfly consume the larvae of the mosquito in the standing-water habitat types that both
occupy. Ischnura senegalensis, also known variously as common bluetail, marsh bluetail, and Senegal
golden dartlet, is a widespread damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native from Africa, through
the Middle East, throughout southern and eastern Asia. The species is found in slow-stagnant or
leisurely flowing water bodies and tolerates both disturbances and pollution but is absent from intact
forest areas. During observation, Dragonfly species was found as abundance and Damselfly as few
number of population.
Table 5.6.9 Dragonfly and Damselfly species recorded during the survey period
IUCN
Sr Order/
Species Common Name Abundance RedList
. Family
Status
Odonata (Dragonfly)
Slender Skimmer/
1 Libellulidae Orthetrum sabina Abundance LC
Green Marsh Hawk
2 Libellulidae Trithemis aurora Crimson Marsh Glider Common LC
3 Libellulidae Crocothemis servilia(Male) Ruddy Marsh Skimmer Abundance LC
Crocothemis
4 Libellulidae Ruddy Marsh Skimmer Abundance LC
servilia(Female)
5 Libellulidae Trithemis pallidinervis Long-legged marsh Glider Abundance LC
6 Libellulidae Tholymis tillarga Coral-tailed Cloud Wing Common LC
7 Libellulidae Rhyothemis variegata Common Picture Wing Common LC
Brachythemis
8 Libellulidae contaminate (Male)
Ditch Jewel Abundance LC
Brachythemis
9 Libellulidae contaminate (Female)
Ditch Jewel Abundance LC
10 Libellulidae Bradinopyga geminata Granite Ghost Common LC
11 Libellulidae Pantala flavescens Wandering Glider Common LC
Common Bluetail/
12 Coenagrionidae Ischnura senegalensis Common LC
Senegal golden dartlet
Note: LC(Least Concern)
5-60
Slender Skimmer/Green Marsh Crimson Marsh Glider Ruddy Marsh Skimmer
Hawk (Orthetrum sabina) (Trithemis aurora) (Crocothemis servilia) ()
Ruddy Marsh Skimmer Long-legged marsh Glider Coral-tailed Cloud Wing

(Crocothemis servilia) () (Trithemis pallidinervis) (Tholymis tillarga)
Common Picture Wing Granite Ghost Ditch Jewel ()

(Rhyothemis variegate) (Bradinopyga geminata) (Brachythemis contaminate)
Ditch Jewel () Wandering Glider Common Bluetail

(Brachythemis contaminate) (Pantala flavescens) (Ischnura senegalensis)
Figure 5.6.8 Dragonfly and Damselfly species found in the project area
According to survey results, especially some of these data collected visually from field survey within
short period to collect the data of fauna. So, these areas are assessed as a least diversity of terrestrial
and aquatic fauna representing five different groups such as vertebrate (Bird, Reptile, Aquatic Fauna)
and Invertebrate (Butterfly, Dragonfly and Damselfly).There are total of 61 fauna species recorded
around the Yangon-Dala Bridge Construction Project in Yangon Region. The list of fauna is
mentioned as follows:
Table 5.6.10 Species Occurrence of Terrestrial and Aquatic Fauna in the Survey area
Vertebrate Invertebrate
Bird Reptilian Fish/Mud crab Butterfly Dragonfly/Damselfly
Family Species Family Species Family Species Family Species Family Species
22 13 5 8 12 15 4 13 1+1 12
Total number of species - 61
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5.7 Infrastructure and Services
5.7.1 Transport Infrastructure
5.7.1.1 Current status
There are two main bus terminals in Yangon. Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal Buses to points
north of Yangon, and to Kyaiktiyo, Mawlamyine, and other points south and it locates Northeast of
the Yangon International Airport. Another one is Hlaing Thar Yar Bus Terminal to the Irrawaddy
delta region (ChaungTha Beach, Ngwe Saung Beach, etc.) and Dala which is located Highway No. 5,
on the other side of the Yangon River. ThaKhin Mya Pan-gyan Gate which is a small station, and
buses go to Bago, Mawbi and Taikkyi Townships. Lanmadaw Township is mainly on the Phongyi
road and it has big traffic congestion with many public transportation.
However, Dala area has no public inland transportation and all people are using motor cycles, pony
carts, trishaws and bicycles. Ferries (Cherry and RO RO) and wooden boats are main transportation
figures to across the river. Buses are using Highway No. 5 from Dala to connect the area of
Ayeyarweddy Region.
Ferry routes in service are two in number, Dala to three major ferry terminals Pansodan and Nan
Thida that provide transportation between inner Yangon and Dala region covered by the project area.
Many large-scale public buildings such as hospitals, schools, and religious facilities are located in the
northwest area in Lanmadaw Township and around of the Lanmadaw there is one public park. Roads
in a grid pattern generally cover the whole area around the project area of Yangon. In the current
traffic situation with inflow of a number of vehicles to main gateways are limited at the north and
west sides due to topographic conditions. The circular railway runs through and the Pansodan Ferry
Jetty along the Yangon River is located at the southern central area and very closed the project area in
Yangon.
B. Ferry Terminals
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A. Public transport C. Current traffic condition of Riverside
Figure 5.7.1 Public transport in Yangon (including the Project area)
It is reported that the country has 14.5 motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants (8.5 passenger cars per
1,000 inhabitants) and 9 motor vehicles per kilometre of road. While the motorization rate is relatively
low among Southeast Asian countries due to the low population density and level of industrialization,
recent urbanization indicates a visible rise of both motorizations in urban areas.
5.7.1.2 Transport Modalities and Use Patterns

1) Ocular inspections
Ocular inspections through the field visits as well as the random interviews with the affected
communities indicate that the project area suffer a level of traffic congestions in both Lanmadaw
Township and Dala Township. Motorbike, sedan/jeep/taxi and bus combined accounted for over 84%
of all vehicles in which ferry passengers rode. As Dala, Pansodan and Nan Thida terminals are for
passengers, not for cargoes, a majority of ferry riders employed motorbike and bus. One-way ferry
fare between Yangon and Dala is 100 Kyat.
Source: A Strategic Urban Development Plan of Greater Yangon by JICA and YCDC
Figure 5.7.2 Current traffic condition of Yangon Side

2) Traffic volume survey (During the F/S study)
Traffic volume studies were conducted to determine the number, movements and classifications of
road using vehicles at a given location. Traffic volume data can identify traffic flows during critical
time periods in order to find out the influence of vehicles on pedestrians on vehicular traffic flow. The
length of the sampling period depends on the type of count being taken and the intended use of the
data. In this traffic study the traffic flow is up and down movement of the Lanmadaw and Dala roads
which is estimated for Traffic Volume by road section and calculated on traffic volume by
section/vehicle type has been based on a daily average traffic volume.
- Period: 5days(12th ~16th .Aug. 2013)

- Area: Dala and inner Yangon
According to the F/S report, Twant/ BominYaung Rd. (No.2) and Pyay Rd, Bo GyoKe Rd.(No.6)were
the heaviest traffic volume in the surveyed areas. Twant/ BominYaung Rd.(No.2) located in Dala (the
start point of the project) included 72,033 vehicles per day and reveals that most of vehicles were
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Motor bikes(69,679). On the other hands, Pyay Rd, Bo GyoKe Rd.(No.6) in Lanmadow(the end point
of the project) included 56,556 72,033 vehicles per day.
Source: The Feasibility study for Myanmar-Korea Friendship Bridge report. KEXIM, 2014.
Figure 5.7.3 Survey point of Traffic volume in the project area(F/S study)
Table 5.7.1 Result of Traffic volume around the project area ( Aug. 2013)
Traffic volume (Vehicles/Day)
Area No Name of Survey point Remarks
Total Vehicle Motor bike
Dala 1 Bo Min Yaung Rd. 7,802 310 7,492 -
2 Dala Twant/ BominYaung Rd. 72,033 2,354 69,679 Crossroad
Lan 3 Kyee Myin daing Kanner Rd. 21,026 20,912 114 -

ma 4 Phone Gyi Street 19,490 19,473 17 -
daw
5 Strand Rd. 43,664 43,596 68 -
6 Pyay Rd, Bo GyoKe Rd. 56,566 56,478 88 Crossroad
7 Strand Rd, Phone Gyi Rd. 35,237 34,919 318

Source: The Feasibility study for Myanmar-Korea Friendship Bridge report. The Export-Import Bank of Korea, 2014.
5-64
Dala Lanmadaw
Figure 5.7.4 Road conditions and traffic volume in major project area
5.7.2 Port of Yangon
Yangon River has four international ports in the old Yangon Port Area and the new ones. The old area
covers 4 terminals and 15 wharfs. Myanmar Industrial Port (MIP) and Asia Port Terminal (WP) are
located close to down two at 32 km from the Yangon river bay.
The largest port is the Myanmar International Terminal Thilawa, located 16 km from Yangon
downtown and 16 km from Yangon river bay and next to the Thilawa Special Economic Zone. The
port is used for RORO ships for transport of cars. International Terminal Thilawa consists of 2
terminals and 6 wharfs. The ports and Wharfs transport cargos.
Yangon River has three passengers ferries in operation, usually two ferries simultaneously operated
while one reserved as a backup. As of 2016, about total of 8,552 people are recorded to use ferry
service from 6 AM to 6 PM. with peak hours 7 AM to 10 AM in the morning and 4 PM to 5 PM in the
afternoon. During the time slots, some 48.4% of the passengers flocked to ferry terminals. Motorbike,
sedan/jeep/taxi and bus combined accounted for over 84% of all vehicles in which ferry passengers
rode. As Dala, Pansodan and Nan Thida terminals are for passengers, not for cargoes, a majority of
ferry riders employed motorbike and bus. One-way ferry fare between Yangon and Dala is 100 Kyat.
In addition to Ferry, there are a number of small wooden boats (Sampan) operated by private
owners for passengers crossing the Yangon River.
Myanmar Industrial Port Container Ship
Car Ferry small wooden boats (Sampan)

Figure 5.7.5 Port and river transportations in Yangon river
5.7.3 Public Utilities and Services

5.7.3.1 Economic infrastructure
Information on socio-economic infrastructures is collected as much as possible for all the townships.
Table 5.7.3 shows the number of different economic activities for each township.
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Lanmadaw Township is one of the most developed sections in Yangon Region, with a number of
public utilities and economic and commercial infrastructures. As many as 12 top-quality hotels
catering foreign tourists as well as more than 10 financial institutions are located. General hospital
and clinics are well equipped in Lanmadaw Township.
On the other hand, Dala Township is under-developed with few economic facilities. Hospitals and
clinics in the Township is sub-standard in quality and few in number: During the interviews, it was
found that residents in Dala Township need to cross the river to go and see doctor in occurrence of an
injury or illness of serious level, as the facilities in town are not up to the required standards.
Table 5.7.2 Infrastructures of Lanmadaw and Dala Township

News &
Name of Lodging Media
No Hotel Bank Market Hospital Clinic
Township House Printing
House
1 Lanmadaw 12 12 11 3 9 7 77
2 Dala 0 0 0 3 111 3 7
Source: Township Information of General Administration Department Offices (March, 2016))
On the other hand, it was found that Dala Township has a relatively robust business enterprise
facilities, particularly related to the river transportation and shipping. During the interviews and
survey it was also confirmed that a number of Dala residents depend their livelihood upon the river
transportation/shipping related business activities including: ferry peddlers, peddlers along the piers
ports and porters among others. In addition, it was found that a number of Dala residents commute to
Yangon side for business activities by small wooden boat or ferry transport on a daily basis.
Table 5.7.3 Industrial activities and business enterprises

Small -scale/ Domestic
No. Township Factories Workshops Total
enterprises
1 Lanmadaw 0 0 12(Hotels) 12
Total : 27
2 Dala 2(Ship Yards) 14(Yay So Lung) Sewing(18), Silver smith(7) 43
Black Smith (2)
Source: Township Information of General Administration Department Offices (March, 2016)
5.7.3.2 Services
As the former Capital of the country, Yangon City has several universities, colleges, and basic
education schools in its townships. The education services of Lanmadaw and Dala townships as
numbers of schools, colleges and universities are shown in Table belows.
Table 5.7.4 Number of Education services & students

Monas-
Total
University/ High Middle Primary Pre- tery
No Township No of Teacher Student
College School School School School Educat-
School
ion
1 Lanmadaw 2 3 1 6 5 0 17 160 2,844
2 Dala 0 6 8 60 7 3 84 847 29,423
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In ocular inspection of the Study Limits, two formal school and one monastery facilities were
identified in the Dala Township areas. Education facilities were not identified in Lanmadaw
Township.
5.7.4 Water Supply

Daily about 500 thousands m/d are supposedly supplied to around 60 percent of the population in
Yangon. The Situation of quantity and quality of the water sources are described in Table bellows.
Table 5.7.5 Situation of quantity and quality of the water sources of Yangon
Volume of available Volume of
Name of Reservoir Water Quality
water(m) abstracted water(m)
Surface water Gyobyu within the highest
- 102,206 m/d
Reservoir desirable level
Phyugyi Reservoir and within the highest
- 219,553 m/d
Hlawga Reservoir desirable level
within the highest
Ngamoeyeik Reservoir - 170,343 m/d
desirable level
Surface water
Lower Ayeyarwady 85,800 m/yr - -
River Basin
Ground water
Alluvial, Irrawaddian 153,249 m/yr - -
Peguan
Source: YCDC
5.7.4.1 Ground Water Quality in Yangon by YCDC

Most common tests conducted usually are on color, turbidity, pH, hardness, iron and chloride, Iron
Concentration. Evaluation on the chemical quality on tube wells in 17townships Eastern Yangon
indicates that about 34% of the wells tested have iron content in excess of 1.0 mg/l Chloride. The
presence of chloride concentration of more than 2000mg/l may be attributed to the sea water intrusion
since permeable formation outcrops are found along the bank of the Yangon River.
Table 5.7.6 Ground Water Quality in Yangon(YCDC)
Items Highest Describe Level Maximum Permissible Level
Colour(Platinum Cobalt Scale) 5 Unit 50 Unit
Turbidity(Silica Scale Unit) 5 NTU 25 NTU
pH value 7.0 to 8.5 6.5 to 9.2
Total Solid p.pm(mg/l) 500 mg/l 1500 mg/l
Total Hardness(as CaCO3) 100 mg/l 500 mg/l
Calcium as Ca 75 mg/l 200 mg/l
Magnesium as Mg 30 mg/l 150 mg/l
Chloride as C1 200 mg/l 600 mg/l
Sulphate as SO4 200 mg/l 400mg/l
Total Iron as Fe 0.3 mg/l 1.0 mg/l
Lead 0.05 mg/l 0.05 mg/l
Source: YCDC
In Lanmadaw township, the water supply system are well developed as Figure 5.7.6 stated However,
Water supply in Dala area is still low and it is depend on the rainy water collection and retention
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ponds for drinking water supply are mainly provided.
Source: YCDC
Figure 5.7.6 Water Supply system of Lanmadaw Township Waste Management
The daily water demand of Yangon city is 154 MGD (millions of gallons per day)
(Assumes daily water use of 30gpcd (gallons/cap/day) and the population of 5.14 million, (UNESCAP
presentation), while the total water withdrawal per capita per year is 682,500 m3 /year per inhabitant
for Myanmar. (2000, UN FAO, Aquastat)
The percentage of improved drinking water source out of the main source of drinking water in
Yangon region is 77.3% (UNFPA, The improved drinking water sources are the water from tap
water/piped, tube well, borehole, protected well/spring, and bottled water/water purifier.), while the
percentage of population with access to improved water source for Myanmar was 92.7% and 74.4% in
urban and rural respectively in 2015.
Below are the tables showing conventional households by source of water for drinking and non-
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drinking use at the Yangon city and Dala and Lanmadaw township level.
Table 5.7.7 Conventional households by source of water for drinking
Source of water Yangon Lanmadaw Dala
Tap water/piped 210,489 1,201 642
Tube well, bore hole 403,890 716 87
Protected well/spring 65,653 2 41
Unprotected well/spring 27,904 - 47
Pool/Pond/Lake 298,093 - 32,379
River/Stream/Canal 11,263 - 22
Waterfall/Rainwater 4,648 2 2,171
Bottled water/Water purifier 543,856 6,649 2,196
Tanker/Truck 5,156 28 259
Other 11,992 1 68
Total 1,582,944 8,599 37,912
Source: UN FAO: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/results.html
Table 5.7.8 Conventional households by source of water for non-drinking use

Source of water Yangon Lanmadaw Dala
Tap water/piped 386,621 5,996 3,870
Tube well, bore hole 809,120 2,581 1,128
Protected well/spring 67,923 8 194
Unprotected well/spring 30,346 - 55
Pool/Pond/Lake 248,456 - 32,522
River/Stream/Canal 23,978 - 42
Waterfall/Rainwater 275 - 51
Bottled water/Water purifier 3,086 13 17
Tanker/Truck 484 - 5
Other 12,655 1 28
Total 1,582,944 8599 37,912
Source: UN FAO: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/results.html
Our household survey indicates that both in Yangon and Dala Region, more than half of the residents
purchase bottled purified water (In our survey, 147 out of 252 respondents (58%) reported
purchasing purified water for drinking from private water service provider 1. The rest of the residents
took their drinking water either from rain water, tap water, ground water or reservoir. Practice of
boiling water before drinking is found not to be prevalent: In our survey, only about 40 % of the
respondents replied that they boil water from ground water, tap water or reservoir water) before
drinking. Through setting a proper water treatment facility particularly in Dala region and by raising
awareness of the public to boil water before drinking, there is a possibility that water-borne disease
(such as diarrhea and dengue fever) could be reduced.
Myanmar has continuously suffered from climate change for the past few decades, causing reduction
in the average number of rainy days per annum from around 144 days to around 103 days (from Initial
National Communication), which aggravated the water shortage problem during the dry season. This
is especially critical when noting the fact that the majority of Myanmar population is involved in
agricultural activities for their living and that water resources are essential for cultivation. Yangon
region is one of the regions that suffers the most every year from water shortage during the dry season
1
Survey Question No. 4.1.1: The rest of the breakdown are as follows: After purchasing purified drinking water (58%)
followed: rainwater harvesting (15%); tap water (11%); reservoir (8%); ground water (7%) and the other (1%) respectively.
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in April and May and 2016 was no exception. (from the news articles.)
5.7.5 Waste and wastewater management
Myanmar has no serious problem regarding of environmental pollution owing to a sparsely populated
area and least industrial development. Nevertheless, solid waste management is currently regarded as
one of the most immediate environmental issues by rapid economic growth, change in consumption
pattern and lack of public unawareness.
The Responsible Agencies for Waste Management in the project area as follow:
1. Yangon City Development Committee in Yangon
2. Township Development Committees in remaining towns
As Waste Management Policy, provision of waste collection services, management activities and
initiation of 3 Rs practices are extensively undertaken by responsible organizations independently.
Therefore policy statement may differ from one organization to another. However, a common essence
of the policies is to develop systematic waste disposal and collection system in order for the city to
be free of repulsive dumpsites. These policies also called for cooperation and involvement of local
authorities and communities in the waste management. Currently, waste treatment and management
system is set in place and managed by administration of the YCDC.
The related concerned Environmental Regulations are:

1. The Yangon Water-Work Act (1885)
2. The City of Yangon Municipal Act (1922)
3. The Water Power Act (1927)
4. The Underground Water Act (1930)
5. The City of Yangon Development Law (1990)
6. The Development Committees Law (1993)
7. The City of Mandalay Development Law (2002)
8. The Nay Pyi Taw Development Law (2009)
In addition, the City and Township Development Committees promulgated the solid waste disposal
and collection bye-law as its measure for legal basis at local level. The average generation rate of
waste in Yangon is 0.53 WGR per capita and the average waste collection service coverage is about
60 %. The feature of solid waste collection in Myanmar is basically labor intensive work and mainly
relies on manual labor and non-specialized vehicles.
Waste collection Systems are:

1. Block collection,
2. Communal depot collection,
3. House-to-house collection,
4. Limited collection, and
5. Street sweeping.
Waste Disposal Non Hazardous: Nonhazardous waste collection Systems in Myanmar consists of
house-to-house collection, centralized collection at a communal waste depot or communal block and
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limited collection for specialized or specific waste. Sewage and black water is mostly collected in
septic tank systems, pit latrines, or flows untreated into surface waters. There are only a few
wastewater treatment plants, in Nay Pyi Taw and Yangon city, which connect only a small part of the
city to a conventional sewage system.
Waste Disposal Hazardous: Consumer Electronics such as TVs, Computer equipment and DVD
players that contain toxic metals and chemicals may be reused and recycled. These are collected and
recycled by the city or township development committees. There is no specific government institution
assigned with the task of overall management of toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes. There are
sectoral laws and regulations related to management of toxic chemicals and legislation such as the
Factories Act (1951) and Public Health Law (1972) which are related to management of hazardous
waste. Hospital waste are separately collected and disposed by cleaning department.
Industrial Waste Management: Scrap metal from industrial machining processes is divided into
ferrous and nonferrous. Iron & steel ferrous scraps are recycled in foundry shop & steel mill, using
induction furnace and electric arc furnace. Copper, lead and zinc metals are recovered by refines and
secondary smelter and foundry. The industrial wastewater treatment facility is constructed by Kubota
in the Thilawa Special Economic Zone.
Sewage Waste Management: A new sewage treatment plant was built in Yangon close to the Yangon
City Development Committee which is six-acre plot in eastern Yangon; Thanlyet Soon which is near
the confluence of Pazun Daung creek and Bago river, allowing treated sewage to be discharged into
natural waterway.
The old sewage system, built in 1888, was designed to serve a population of about 40,000., and it is
now servicing more than 300,000 people. The wastewater plant treats 12,300 m/d of sewage from 6
townships in the downtown area which is for population of about 325,000.
The damping sites of waste are in Shwe Pyi Thar, Htain Pin and Htawe Chaung. There is one
damping Site in Dala area. Another waste treatment plant is DOWA ECOSYSTEM in Yangon which
is located in Thilawa Special Economic Zone.
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Figure 5.7.7 Dumping site in Yangon and Dala
In Dala area, the drainage system is being developed and wastewater is discharged directly to the
Yangon River. A number of factors contribute to poor solid waste management (SWM) in both
townships from lack of planning, insufficient legislation, deficient in awareness of people, utilization
of obsolete equipment and inadequate financial support, etc.
Figure 5.7.8 Drainage and Wastewater discharge point of Dala
However, according to the survey of Multiple Indicator Cluster survey (DOH)(20092010) result in
Table 5.7.9 , the indicator showed that people of the Yangon is using improved sources of drinking
water and sanitary means of excreta disposal.
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Table 5.7.9 Improved sources of drinking water and sanitary means of excreta disposal percentage
5.8 Socio-Economic Components

5.8.1 Location of the Project and Land Use
Myanmar is divided into twenty-one (21) main administrative subdivisions, which include: Seven
states;
Seven regions (Note that regions were previously referred to as divisions, prior to August
2010);
Five self-administered zones;
One self-administered division; and
One union territory.
The administrative subdivisions are detailed in Table 5.8.1 and an administrative map is presented in
Figure below.
Table 5.8.1 Administrative Regions of Myanmar
Name Capital Population Area

Ayeyarwady Region Pathein 6,663,000 35,138
Bago Region Bago 5,099,000 39,404
Chin State Hakha 480,000 36,019
Kachin State Myitkyina 1,270,000 89,041
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Kayah State Loikaw 259,000 11,670
Kayin State Pa-an 1,431,377 30,383
Magway Region Magwe 4,464,000 44,819
Mandalay Region Mandalay 7,627,000 37,021
Mon State Mawlamyaing 2,466,000 12,155
Rakhine State Sittwe 2,744,000 36,780
Sagaing Region Sagaing 5,300,000 93,527
Shan State Taunggyi 4,851,000 155,801
Tanintharyi Region Dawei 1,356,000 43,328
Yangon Region Yangon 5,560,000 10,170
Naypyidaw Union Territory Naypyidaw 925,000 -
Danu Self-Administered Zone Pindaya N/A N/A
Kokang Self-Administered Zone Laukkai N/A N/A
Naga Self-Administered Zone Lahe N/A N/A
Pa-O Self-Administered Zone Hopong N/A N/A
Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone Namhsan N/A N/A
Wa Self-Administered Division Hopang N/A N/A
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Source: Myanmar Information Management Unit
Figure 5.8.1 Myanmar States/Regions and Townships
States and regions are divided into districts and townships, which are composed of towns, wards and
village-tracts. Village-tracts are groups of adjacent villages. The administrative structure of the states,
regions and self-administering bodies is defined in the Constitution. Each region and state has a
Regional/State Government, consisting of a Chief Minister, Ministers and an Advocate General.
Legislative authority resides with the State/Regional Hluttaw (a parliament or legislative body), which
are made up of elected civilian members and representatives of the military.
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The Constitution states that Naypyidaw is a Union Territory under the direct administration of the
President. The Naypyidaw Council, led by a Chairperson, carries out general functions on behalf of the
President. The Chairpersons of the Naypyidaw Council are appointed by the President, and include
civilians and representatives of the military. Self-Administered Zones and Self-Administered Divisions
are administered by a Leading Body, which is headed by a Chairperson, and has executive and legislative
powers. The Leading Body consists of elected State/Regional Hlutttaw members and military personnel.
The Study Area was defined by the two Townships in which the proposed Project Area is located;
Lanmadaw and Dala Townships in Yangon Region.
The image of these two townships are quite different in infrastructure. Though two areas are included as
Township level of Yangon Region and only 0.5 miles far from each other, Dala area is like a rural area
and not well developed as Yangon area. Its status can be seen in Figure below.
A. Infrastructure
B. Infrastructure land and demographic conditions
Figure 5.8.2 Different between Lanmadaw and Dala Township
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According to satellite image analysis by the JICA study(2012), Land use statistics and map of the project
area shown that different patterns of land use between Lanmadaw and Dala township. In Lanmadaw
township, majority of land use area consist of built-up areas just like that residential, public facilities and
business. On the other hand, Land use of Dala township dominated agricultural area and little residential.
Table 5.8.2 Land use Statistics of the Project area
No Town Area Bulit-up Area
developing
Open space
playground
agriculural
.
ship (km2)
Greeen
Under
Industrial
Facilities
Business
Comme-
Resid-
Public
ential
rcial
1 Lanmadaw 1.31 65% 10% 0% 0% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
2 Dala 98.40 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 87% 1% 0%
Source: GIS database (1:50,000) developed by JICA Study Team with a basis of 2012 satellite image analysis
Figure 5.8.3 Land use map of Yangon city(2012)
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5.8.2 Income and livelihoods
5.8.2.1 Income
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Myanmar was worth 62.60 billion US dollars in 2015. The GDP
value of Myanmar is representing 0.10 percent of the world economy. GDP per capita in 2015 amounts to
USD 1161.5(National accounts data, World Bank, Current USD).
Based on the secondary data received from related GAD offices, the income of the person of a year from
2013 to 2015 could be identified as the table below.
Table 5.8.3 Yearly Income statuses of people living in Lanmadaw and Dala Township (in Kyat)
No. Township 2013-14 2014-15 2015-2016 (March)

2,573,230
1 Lanmadaw 2,025,838 2,278,021
(approx.1,525 USD)
602,256
2 Dala 468,941 550,826
(approx.. 450 USD)
(Source: Township Information of General Administration Department Offices (March, 2016)
In comparison with the national average income of Myanmar, the residents in Lanmadaw Township
yearns higher income in general. On the other hand, residents in Dala Township yearn much less.
Comparsion of income level between the two Townships is prominent: By building the bridge, wealth
creation that are centered in Lanmadaw and other adjacent downtown in Yangon area is expected to be
spilled over and extended to Dala Region over time.
Dala: The main source of income is from selling food, farmers and labors as well as trading and small
businesses of selling agricultural and foods products. The main crop is rice, which is harvested year
round, followed by corn in winter. The income varies between villages slightly but is between 5,000 and
2,000 kyats per day. A number of daily laborers and street peddlers working in Lanmadaw Township are
found to reside in Dala, who commute across the Yangon River to work in Yangon side on a daily basis.
Lanmadaw: Major income earning activities in Lanmadaw focuses on service industries including shop
owners, publishers and tourism services. Some residents are found to public sector workers. Daily income
on the average per person residing in Lanmadaw Township is within the range of 5,000-30,000 kyat,
visibly higher than the average in Dala Township.
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Daily Income (Dala)
60
40
20
0
>30000 10000- 2000- 20000- 5000-
20000 5000 30000 10000
Frequency 23 51 47 7 59
Percent 12.2 27.3 25.1 3.7 31.6
Figure 5.8.4 Daily income of people living in Dala
Daily Income (Lanmadaw)
40
20
0
> 30000 10000- 2000- 20000- 5000-
20000 5000 30000 10000
Frequency 18 21 1 10 15
Percent 27.7 32.3 1.5 15.4 23.1
Figure 5.8.5 Daily income of people living in Lanmadaw
5.8.2.2 Livelihoods
Dala: According to the baseline social survey, the staple crop of the Dala is rice with the region
considered as having highly favorable conditions. There is also cultivation of turmeric, chili, maize, betel,
cardamom plant and banana. Most people are dependent on resources from the cultivation and trading
some goods from neighboring towns especially from Yangon City for their livelihoods. Bamboo forests
were observed near the Project Area and could potentially be used by the local communities.
There is some fishing within the Yangon River, predominantly during the summer and winter. Fishing is
for sustenance and local consumption and is usually sold in the market. During the rainy season, there are
small fishing activities because of the high water flow rate in the streams/creeks which follow to the
Yangon River. Fishing of these areas is also intended to some peoples livelihoods. Households in the
Dala Area have only small numbers of livestock for family use. The main animals are chickens and pigs.
Most of the people living in Dala Township are shop owners.
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Occupational Status (Dala)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 Boat Compa Depend Doctor Fisher Genera Lawer Mercha Monk Motocy Motorc NGO Odd Office Pedelle Retired Sailor Securit Shop Street Taxi Teache Trishaw
Driver ny Staff ent man l nt cle ycle Jobs staff r y Owner Vandor Driver r Pedalle
Worker stand Carry r
Frequency 7 2 21 2 8 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 11 1 4 2 1 78 23 2 8 3
Percent 3.7 1.1 11.2 1.1 4.3 .5 .5 1.6 1.1 .5 1.1 .5 1.6 5.9 .5 2.1 1.1 .5 41.7 12.3 1.1 4.3 1.6
Figure 5.8.6 Occupational status of Dala people

Lanmadaw: Most of the people living in Lanmadaw area are governmental staffs and shop owners or
hold other occupations in the service sector.
Occupational Status (Lanmadaw)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Company Staff Dependent Merchant Monk Retired Shop Owner Shop Seller Taxi Driver Teacher
Frequency 10 10 3 3 7 26 1 4 1
Percent 15.4 15.4 4.6 4.6 10.8 40.0 1.5 6.2 1.5
Figure 5.8.7 Occupational status of Lanmadaw people
During the baseline survey of the ESIA Team in Lanmadaw and Dala Township with the study limits of
the 3 km radius from the central point of the construction (of the bridge), with questionnaire-based survey
and meetings with the GAD officers at the township, residents in the study area were predominantly shop
owners, which was the major income source. In Lanmadaw area, majority of shops were general stores,
followed by betel quid and snack vendors and tea shops. The business here tends to cater the passengers
for their leisure activities (such as betel chewing and tea drinking while strolling the streets). In Dala area,
shops were mainly food and fruit stall for daily consumptions of the residents, followed by general stores.
Other than commerce, agriculture was a secondary occupation especially in Dala area. There are two
types of agriculture, 1) gardening growing locals such as betels and seasonal vegetables or 2) rice
farming. Income generation through commerce (selling goods at shops or venders) is not expected to be
significantly affected by the project, as their shops are likely to be relocated to the outskirts of the ROW.
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Gardening and small scale rice farming may be affected in case a plot(s) of agricultural land is acquired
for construction of the roads or Romps.
In addition, there are employment and commerce activities on the passenger ferries and transport service
of the small wooden boats (Sampans). Income generation activities of the employees and venders
related to the ferries and small wooden boats may be temporary affected during the transition period for
the ferry and boat re-routing due to the bridge construction. Currently routes of the ferries shall be
adjusted further away from the bridge construction site. Thus it is expected the vendor businesses and
other types of employment shall continue to be maintained regardless of the bridge construction.
5.8.3 Living conditions and access to public services

Dala: The majority of money is spent on education. The average income is 600,000 MMK whilst the
average expenditure is 350,000 MMK. However, these results are taken from baseline social survey
house-hold and it may not be representative. On the other hand, some of the people stated that they spend
more than they earn per year and mostly have debits. Most households use firewood for cooking as this is
easily available from the local area and a cheaper option than charcoal or other cooking fuels. Dala is well
connected to main roads especially Highway No (5). All wards consulted have access electricity supply
by national grid and all wards are accessed through small direct roads.
Lanmadaw: Data is not available in the Lanmadaw Township-level consumption patterns. As pointed
out earlier, the average income level of the Lanmadaw residents are four times as high as that of Dala
Township, presumably one of the highest in the country. Level of access to high(er) education and other
public services are comparatively better than the rest of the Region and apparently than in Dala Township.
5.8.4. Population
Lanmadaw Township has a highest population density in Yangon even it is the smallest area. Population
(2016) Data about the most recent population and Gender ratio are from related General Administration
Departments (GAD) of Township General Administration Offices are shown in Table 5.8.3 respectively.
As of March 2016, the population density in Lanmadaw is found to be four times as high as that of Dala
Township. Lanmadaw Township has disproportionally high ratio of female population (52%).
Table 5.8.4 Data about demographic conditions of Lanmadaw Township and Dala Township
Population
Area Density Household
(person)
No Township
Person/ No. of No. of
km2 Male Female Total
km2 House Household
1 Lanmadaw 1.41 23,340 2,095 7,804 15,952 21,368 37,320
2 Dala 28.3 5,420 31,151 34,954 74,712 78,685 153,397

Source: GAD of related Townships, 2016.03
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There are 47 Quarters in Dala Township and 12 Quarters in Lanmadaw Township. The detailed
population of Dala Township and Lanmadaw Township as follow;
Table 5.8.5 The detailed population of Dala and Lanmadaw Townships
Under 18 Yrs Over 18 Yrs Total

House
No Qr. Family
Hold Fe- Fe- Fe-
Male Total Male Total Male Total
male male male
Dala
1 TamataCanShe 782 935 572 662 1,234 1,451 1,540 2991 2,023 2,202 4,225
2 AnGyi (East) 1,138 1,318 594 608 1,202 1,983 2,196 4179 2,577 2,804 5,381
3 AnGyi (North) 1,005 1,091 652 642 1,294 1,793 1,876 3669 2,445 2,518 4,963
4 No (6) ward 451 473 448 469 917 637 692 1329 1,085 1,161 2,246
5 No 11/14 ward 982 1,121 754 746 1,500 1,437 1,557 2994 2,191 2,303 4,494
6 NyaungGone ward 956 1,204 768 784 1,552 1,811 1,776 3587 2,579 2,560 5,139
7 MyoMa(1) ward 170 277 111 97 208 428 469 897 539 566 1,105
8 MyoMa (2)ward 326 391 126 94 220 537 654 1191 663 748 1,411
9 MyoMa (3) ward 115 130 59 56 115 204 238 442 263 294 557
10 MyoMa (4) ward 713 813 532 445 977 1,249 1,476 2725 1,781 1,921 3,702
11 AungMingalar ward 351 485 287 343 630 848 949 1797 1,135 1,292 2,427
12 BI/IF wardBoYanPyay 599 672 365 375 740 1,289 1,274 2563 1,654 1,649 3,303
13 KaMaKaThwe ward 656 785 672 691 1,363 1,468 1,556 3024 2,140 2,247 4,387
14 SatMyay ward 571 671 518 564 1,082 1,089 1,053 2142 1,607 1,617 3,224
15 KaMaKaSit ward 1,633 1,915 1,730 1,812 3,542 3,028 3,140 6168 4,758 4,952 9,710
16 MawSat ward 1,037 1,072 1,040 1,750 2,790 1,370 1,398 2768 2,410 3,148 5,558
17 Health staff house ward 736 736 681 779 1,460 989 1,107 2096 1,670 1,886 3,556
SarParChaung/
756 824 484 611 1,095 1,215 1,273 2488 1,699 1,884 3,583
18 KyaungSu ward
19 KyanSitThar ward 2,596 2,757 2,348 2,377 4,725 3,944 3,992 7936 6,292 6,369 12,661
20 TaPinShweHtee ward 2,213 2,755 1,404 1,345 2,749 2,187 2,378 4565 3,591 3,723 7,314
21 BaYinNaung ward 644 674 489 514 1,003 1,171 1,354 2525 1,660 1,868 3,528
22 BaNyaDaLa ward 687 732 405 426 831 1,300 1,404 2704 1,705 1,830 3,535
23 YarZaThingyan ward 1,261 1,351 1,475 1,475 2,950 1973 2,234 4207 3,448 3,709 7,157
24 TarGyi ward 921 951 672 673 1,345 1350 1,379 2729 2,022 2,052 4,074
25 ThaPyayGone ward 629 634 493 463 956 978 982 1960 1,471 1,445 2,916
26 NyaungNautTo 223 231 184 198 382 363 361 724 547 559 1,106
27 YeChaung 285 300 437 433 870 246 236 482 683 669 1,352
28 YeChaungWa 173 180 139 138 277 239 264 503 378 402 780
29 HtooGyi 532 546 436 538 974 872 879 1751 1,308 1,417 2,725
30 HtawOut 404 478 414 423 837 717 711 1428 1,131 1,134 2,265
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Under 18 Yrs Over 18 Yrs Total
House
No Qr. Family
Hold Fe- Fe- Fe-
Male Total Male Total Male Total
male male male
31 PyawBawGyi 1,043 1,356 811 823 1,634 1876 2,019 3895 2,687 2,842 5,529
32 ShweHlayChaung 260 334 277 219 496 407 448 855 684 667 1,351
33 ThaManChaung 507 559 422 410 832 903 972 1875 1,325 1,382 2,707
34 ThaYawTan 320 350 241 206 447 473 489 962 714 695 1,409
35 YakhineChaung (South) 386 402 294 249 543 543 608 1,151 837 857 1,694
36 YakhineChaung (North) 400 410 268 266 534 591 600 1,191 859 866 1,725
37 ToneTinGan (South) 672 758 585 574 1,159 1,039 1,058 2,097 1,624 1,632 3,256
38 ToneTinGan (North) 91 99 63 61 124 154 164 318 217 225 442
39 NyaungChaung 309 315 174 165 339 452 456 908 626 621 1,247
40 DaNodeSanPya 420 438 269 272 541 619 624 1,243 888 896 1,784
41 BoPhyuChaung 282 292 202 209 411 385 394 779 587 603 1,190
42 NyaungPin 248 253 160 164 324 395 429 824 555 593 1,148
43 KyweLue 384 417 398 379 777 616 610 1,226 1,014 989 2,003
44 KhaNaungShanSu 134 144 94 97 191 197 210 407 291 307 598
45 KhaNaungYwaMa 648 696 509 465 974 882 926 1,808 1,391 1,391 2,782
46 KhaNaung (Up) 132 159 107 109 216 196 210 406 303 319 622
47 TaTarChaung 1,370 1,470 782 836 1,618 1,873 2,035 3,908 2,655 2,871 5,526
Total 31,151 34,954 24,945 26,035 50,980 49,767 52,650 102,417 74,712 78,685 153,397
Lanmadaw
1 No (1) 146 750 251 268 519 1,324 1,856 3,180 1,575 2,124 3,699
2 No (2) 181 1,035 339 358 697 1,539 2,170 3,709 1,878 2,528 4,406
3 No (3) 201 747 282 311 593 1,155 1,767 2,922 1,437 2,078 3,515
4 No (4) 248 948 392 461 853 1,404 2,257 3,661 1,796 2,718 4,514
5 No (5) 314 760 302 332 634 1,078 1,475 2,553 1,380 1,807 3,187
6 No (6) 366 863 432 409 841 1,468 2,183 3,651 1,900 2,592 4,492
7 No (7) 399 1,155 373 423 796 1,865 2,577 4,442 2,238 3,000 5,238
8 No (8) 68 357 226 194 420 697 852 1,549 923 1,046 1,969
9 No (9) 90 564 271 266 537 992 1,166 2,158 1,263 1,432 2,695
10 No (10) 55 224 82 102 184 358 566 924 440 668 1,108
11 No (11) 16 325 166 161 327 604 920 1,524 770 1,081 1,851
12 No (12) 11 76 65 72 137 287 222 509 352 294 646
Total 2,095 7,804 3,181 3,357 6,538 12,771 18,011 30,782 15,952 21,368 37,320
Lammadaw Township has a highest population density in Yangon even it is the smallest area. Population
(2015) Data about the most recent population and Gender ratio are from related General Administration
Departments (GAD) of Township General Administration Offices.
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5.8.4.1 Ethnicity
Myanmar identifies eight major national ethnic races (which comprise 135 "prominent" ethnic groups),
which include the Bamar (68%), Shan (9%), Kayin (7%), Rakhine (4%), Mon (2%), Kayah, and Kachin.
However, the government classification system is flawed, because it groups ethnic groups under ethnic
races by geography, rather than by linguistic or genetic similarity (e.g. the Kokang are under the Shan
ethnic race, although they are ethnic Chinese). Unrecognized ethnic groups include Burmese Indians and
Burmese Chinese, who form 2% and 3% of the population respectively. The remaining 5% of the
population belong to small ethnic groups such as the remnants of the Anglo-Burmese and Anglo-Indian
communities, as well as the Lisu, Rawang, Naga, Padaung, Moken, and many minorities across Shan
State.
The majority of people in projected areas are Bamar followed by Karen people in both townships. Most
of population in Lanmadaw Township is Buddhists and followed by Christian. However, the population
of Islam and Hindu are more than Christian in Dala Township followed by Buddhist. Table 5 details the
ethnicity and religion in project area.
Table 5.8.6 The ethnic race of Lanmadaw and Dala Townships
Foreigne
Rakhine
Kachin
Kayar
Kayin
Other
Total
Shan
Chin
Mon
Bam
ar
No Township
r
1 Lanmadaw 88 1 984 207 103 35,100 326 305 72 134 37,320
2 Dala 3 0 1826 32 105 147,007 421 4 3,999 67 153,397
Baseline survey also pointed out that the majority of people are living in Dala is Bamar followed by
Muslim people. There are some indigenous people who are Tamil in Dala.
Table 5.8.7 Religions of Lanmadaw and Dala Townships
Buddhist Christian Hindu Islam

No Township
(%) (%) (%) (%)
1 Lanmadaw 95.85 3.48 0.24 0.55
2 Dala 89.7 1.81 4.09 4.38
Baseline survey also pointed out that the majority of people are living in Dala is Bamarfollow by Muslim
people. There are some indigenous people who are Tamala in Dala.
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Ethnicity status (Dala)
150
100
50
0
Bamar Bamar- Bingali Burma- Chinse Hindu Indian Musilim Kayin Mon Rakhin Shan Shan- Thamal
Musilin Mon e Bamar
Frequency 148 1 1 1 1 4 1 14 4 1 2 2 1 6
Percent 79.1 .5 .5 .5 .5 2.1 .5 16.4 2.1 .5 10.0 1.1 .5 3.2
Figure 5.8.8 Ethnicity status in Dala
Religion Status (Dala)
200
100
0
Buddhism Christian Hinduism Islam Total
Frequency 155 5 4 23 187
Percent 82.9 2.7 2.1 12.3 100.0
Figure 5.8.9 Religion status in Dala
Ethnicity Status (Lanmadaw)
80
60
40
20
0
Bamar Bamar- Chines Kayin Musilm Musilm Shan-
Chines e Chines
e e
Ethnicity Frequency 50 5 4 2 2 1 1
Ethnicity Percent 76.9 7.7 6.2 3.1 3.1 1.5 1.5
Figure 5.8.10 Ethnicity status in Lanmadaw
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Religion status (Lanmadaw)
100
0
Buddhism Christian Islam
Religion Frequency 61 1 3
Religion Percent 93.8 1.5 4.6
Figure 5.8.11 Religion status in Lanmadaw

5.8.5. Poverty
Myanmar is the country with one of the highest poverty incidence. The country is estimated to have
highest percentage of its population under the countrys national poverty line. Myanmars data on Poverty
headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (% of population) is not available. However, the countrys headcount ratio
at national poverty line 7 (% of population) as of 2016 is one of the highest in Southeast Asian countries
with 25.6% (ADB) 8 In general, urban poverty headcount ratio tend to be lower than rural ones.
The Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development in Myanmar jointly with the UNDP
conducted the second round Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment (IHLCA) survey
between 2009 and 2010 targeting more than 18,000 households (The first round of survey was conducted
for the year 2005.) The following are the results of some of the poverty-related indicators in Myanmar
(with comparisons of finding between 2005 survey and 2009-2010 survey):
7
Poverty line as of 2010 was defined as 376,151 kyats (equivalent of about KRW 320,000) per adult equivalent per year in
Poverty Profile. This is about 1030 kyat per day, i.e. $ 0.76 per day.
8
ADB 2016 Statistics at: https://www.adb.org/countries/myanmar/poverty
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Source: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/6256/download/76980
Figure 5.8.12 Poverty-related Indicators
Township-specific poverty incidence rate is not available. Notwithstanding this, it is well-grounded

presumption that poverty incidence is more frequent, more prevalent and lasting in Dala Township than in
Yangon area given the level of development thus far and significant difference in economic (income-
generation) approaches available in the each of the areas.
5.8.6. Employment
Wards of two townships within 3 km of the proposed Project Area were selected for the engagement.
Also recommendations for peoples to consult with were provided by the GAD at the township level. The
areas consulted during the surveys were all predominately shop owners in both townships. The majority
depend on trading for their livelihood. There are two types of agriculture, garden i.e. grown local to the
village for betel and seasonal or short lived plants like rice in Dala area. The majority of income from
selling goods is unlikely to be impacted by the Project. However, some wooden boats workers rely on
transportation across to the river for some income and also for sustenance therefore these areas are
important to their livelihoods and the impact on this to be assessed.
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Figure 5.8.13 Comparison of shops in the survey area
According to the Township General Administration Department Offices, the occupational status of the
targeted townships is shown in the Table below.
Table 5.8.8 Occupational status
Name of Total Workable Employed Unemployed Employed Unemployed

No
Township Population (No.) (No.) (No.) (%) (%)
1 Lanmadaw 37320 30,782 27250 3532 89.0% 11.0%
2 Dala 153,397 68,085 65,335 2750 95.7% 4.03%
5.8.7 Education
Access to education is shown higher in Yangon than the national average, while non-poor and7 urban
population has higher rate than the poor and rural population.
Table 5.8.9 Access to a Primary School and a Secondary School (2010)
Access to a Primary School(%) Access to a Secondary School (%)

State,
Region Poverty Status Strata Poverty Status Strata
and Union Non- Total Non- Total
Poor Urban Rural Poor Urban Rural
poor poor
Yangon* 96.7 95.5 95.4 96.5 95.7 20.5 47.4 47.0 29.9 43.2
Nationwide 89.3 91.5 96.0 89.1 90.9 26.8 36.3 61.1 24.2 33.9
Source: TBC (* Yangon region includes both Lanmadaw Township and Dala Township. Township-level data is not available.)
When it comes to access to higher education such as secondary and post-secondary education, the
statistical data available is the access by the head of the Household in Myanmar. Here again population in
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Yangon has increasingly higher rate of access to higher education. Secondary education access indicates a
higher differentiation between poor and non-poor population and also indicates urban-rural divide.
Table 5.8.10 Education Level (Household level) (2010)
State, Never Primary Middle Secondary Post-

Monastic Total
Region attended school school school secondary
School (%)
and Union school (2nd to 4th std) (5th to 8th std) (9th to 10th std) education
Yangon* 4.0 4.0 27.2 27.6 26.4 10.7 100.0

Nationwide 7.1 9.5 48.1 20.3 10.9 4.1 100.0
Source: TBC (*Yangon region includes both Lanmadaw Township and Dala Township.)
Township-level data is not available. As the former Capital of the country, Yangon City has several
universities, colleges, and basic education schools in its townships. The education services of Lanmadaw
and Dala townships as numbers of schools, colleges and universities are shown in Table below.
Table 5.8.11 Education services
Monastery
Name of University/ High Middle Primary Pre
No Education Total Teacher Student
Township College School School School School
School
1 Lanmadaw 2 3 1 6 5 0 15 160 2,844
2 Dala 0 6 8 60 7 3 84 847 29,423
Literacy rate in Myanmar (of the population at the age of 15 and above) are as follows by gender: While
relatively higher level of literacy is shown in Yangon region compared with the national average, it is
distinctive that in Yangon Region, female population has a higher level of literacy contrary to the national
pattern (which is reverse, i.e. male literacy higher than female one). Also rural- urban difference is
significant, where rural population has low literacy by the margin of difference of 5%.
Table 5.8.12 Literacy Rate by Gender/ Urban-rural divide

MICS 1) 2000 IHLCA2)(2007)
M F Total Rural Urban
Yangon Region* 98.2 94.7 96.3 89.60 94.94
Myanmar 93.7 86.2 89.7 84.93
Source : 1) The Myanmar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS); 2) Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment
(IHLCA) survey (*Yangon region includes both Lanmadaw Township and Dala Township. Township-level data is not available.)
5.9 Public Health Components
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5.9.1. Mortality and Morbidity
The overall condition of the health including life expectancy (male/female), morbidity/major disease,
Infant mortality rates are defined as following table.
Table 5.9.1 Health condition in Lanmadaw and Dala Townships compare with Yangon and National Data
Mothe Infant Major Diseases
Mother Children Birth
N Name of Total r mortalit (person)
Populatio Population Rate
o Township Population Death y Diarrh Dysen
n (1-5 yr) (%) TB
(%) (%) ea tery
Lanmada
1 37,320 * * * * * - 134 -
w
2 Dala 153,397 3,439 3,439 16.2 2.5 8.84 326 155 327
7,360,703 1,430,085 3,010,546*
3 Yangon * * * * * *
** ** *
Nationwid 54,368,77 14,725,068 16.5* 62.65*
4 * * * * *
e 9* ** * *
Source: Township Information of General Administration Department Offices (March 2016)
* Data is not available / **The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census
Due to the lack of proper water treatment and sanitation conditions, it is found that the Dala Township
suffers higher level of related diseases such as diarrhea and dysentery.
In Myanmar, infant mortality nationwide is 50 (out of 1,000 under the age of 5, WB 2015.). TB outbreak
rate is 365 out of 100,000 (WB, 2015).
Other major types of diseases in Myanmar are as follows:

1. Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of
total) 30.4% (2012, WB)
2. Cause of death, by injury (% of total) 10.9% (2012, WB)
3. Cause of death, by non-communicable diseases (% of total) 58.7% (2012, WB)
4. TOP 10 causes of death in Myanmar (2012, WHO) are as follows:
a) Stroke (12.7%)
b) Lower respiratory infections (9.2%)
c) Ischaemic heart disease (6.8%)
d) Tuberculosis (5.8%)
e) Chroninc obstructive pulmonary disease (4.4%)
f) Cirrhosis of the liver (3.5%)
g) Diabetes mellitus (3.3%)
h) Asthma (3%)
i) Diarrhoeal diseases (2.6%)
j) HIV/AIDS (2.6%)
5.9.2. Accidents and Injuries
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Traffic accidents are on the rise in cities accordingly: In 2015 there were an estimated 4,233 road traffic
fatalities in Myanmar. Majority of fatality are male (75%, since 2006). Yangon and other major cities
ranks the top in terms of the traffic accident, injuries and mortalities. (See the table of traffic accident,
injury and facility by State/Region in Myanmar> below) Types of road user prone to traffic deaths are as
following:
1. Riders motorized 2- or 3-wheeled (23%)
2. Drivers of 4-wheeled cars and light vehicle & passengers of 4-wheeled cars and light vehicles
(13 per cent each)
3. Cyclists (9%)
This corresponds to the share of the transport modalities prevalent in the country, with the 2 or 3-
wheelers topping the list (85%), followed by cars and 4- wheeled passenger cars (8.33%), trucks (light
and heavy, 4.43%), buses (0.47 %). Ocular inspections on the project Area of Influence finds the
following: While Lanmadaw area in Yangon downtown area has highly standardized road vehicle
modalities with majority of the vehicles are cars and 4-wheelers, Dala Township has a variety of
modalities including 2 or 3-wheers such as motorbikes and peddlers carts etc. Traffic system is rather
rudimentary in Dala areas due to rather simplistic road systems.9
Table 5.9.2 Traffic accident, injury and facility by State/Region in Myanmar
9
ASEAN Regional Road Safety Strategy, Jakarta, ASEAN Secretariat, October 2016 (http://asean.org/storage/2016/10/ASEAN-
Road-Safety-Strategy_full_24Oct16_rev_clean.pdf)
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The Myanmar Transport Sector Policy Note (ADB, 2016) indicates that transport accident in Yangon
River is few in number until recently (See the Table below). More recently increasing cases of ship
accidents are reported10.
Table 5.9.3 Yearly Vessel Accidents in Myanmars Inland Waterways
Source: Table retrieved from: Myanmar transport sector policy note river transport, 2016, ADB)
5.10 Cultural Components

5.10.1 Cultural, historical and religious sites
The Yangon City Heritage List is a list of man-made landmarks in Yangon designated by the Yangon
City Development Committee (YCDC). In this list consists of 188 structures (as of 2010), and is largely
made up of mostly religious structures and British colonial era buildings. The list in Lanmadaw is
presented as following table 5.10.1 in which the structures are located. In 2010, the Ministry of Culture
further announced that 16 ancient pagodas in Yangon Region are recognized as cultural heritage sites,
effective 10 February 2010. The Shwedagon Pagoda is recognized as both an Ancient Monument Zone
and Protected and Preserved Zone. The other 15 are listed as Ancient Monument Zone.
10
Report on the ferry transport accident in Yangon River in 2015 resulted in 33 casualties. See:
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/myanmar-ferry-accident-leaves-dead-150314080017272.html . For an accident of a
cargo vessel in 2015, see http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/14197-investigation-begins-into-river-
collision.html
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Table 5.10.1 Heritage list in Lanmadaw by YCDC
Structure Type Address Notes

BEHS 1 Lanmadaw
120140 Minye Former St. John's High

School
Kyawswa Street School
BEPS 6 Lanmadaw
183185 *Within the 1,440 feet

School Lanmadaw distant from the project
Road area
Hashin Casin Patil Trust Mosque
6163 Wardan
Mosque
Street
Lanmadaw Township Office of

Electrical Engineers
*Within the 1,440 feet

Office 568 Strand Road
distant from the project
area
Myanmar Baptist Church Union
143 Minye
Church
Kyawswa Street
5-93
Structure Type Address Notes
University of Medicine 1, Yangon
Lanmadaw Campus
Formerly Rangoon
College, built in 1927.
245 Lanmadaw
University
Road *Within the 1,440 feet
distant from the project
area
Yangon Central Womens Hospital
Minye
Hospital Former Dufferin Hospital
Kyawswa Street
Source: YCDC
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Figure 5.10.1 Cultural Heritages in Lanmadaw Township
Table 5.10.2 Distance of Cultural Heritages from Phonegyi Road Right of Way
Radial Distance from Phonegyi
Cultural Heritages
Road Right of Way
Central Women Hospital 3800 ft
Myanmar Baptic Church Union 2860 ft
Hasin Cassin Trust Masjid 2971 ft
Electric Engineer Township office 800 ft
BEHS 1(Lanmadaw) 2900 ft
University of Medicine 860 ft
BEPS 6 900 ft
Dala area, which is just across the Yangon River from the Yangon, has been urbanized during the 1900s.
Shwe Sayan Pagoda, Kyeuk Danote Pagoda, Thingyan Pagoda, and Kyay Yhung Pagoda in Dala are
ancient pagodas.
In the proposed project, the Heritage list by YCDC is considered in assessing the impacts on the cultural
heritage. In Lanmadaw Township, 7 sites were identified in the List as presented in the Table below. No
site as such is identified in Dala Township.
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Figure 5.10.2 Impact-sensitive places in project affected area
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5.10.2 Traditional knowledge, beliefs and cultural practices
The project area is highly urbanized. The ethnic composition is diverse and well-balanced that there is no
indigenous peoples Issus triggered by the project. Any specific traditional knowledge, belief systems or
cultural practices of note are not found that the project proponent and other implementing entities need to
take into account when assessing the impacts of the project, formulating mitigation measures and setting
up management plan for the residual impacts.
5.11. Visual Components

5.11.1 Landscape
The project and its surrounding area are composed of two kinds of landscape: Dala side has flat plains and
typical rural landscapes. Lanmadaw side has urban landscape including a building sky line and port
complex.
The project area has three major landscapes: river, urban, and rural area.
Lanmadaw Township is developed area consist of high buildings, road, pier and port complex.
Dala Township is undeveloped rural area composed of low buildings and paddy fields, traditional market.
In case of river landscape, visual components comprise the Yangon River (width720m, depth10~20m)
and pier facilities on both sides of riverside, ships using the course on river.
Dala Yangon(Lanmadaw) Yangon River Yangon(Lanmadaw)
Dala Township Yangon River Dala
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Yangon River Yangon (harbor)
Figure 5.11.1 Landscape of Lanmadaw, Dala, Yangon River
5.12 Findings of the Social Survey and Investigations

Socio-economic quality survey and investigation was conducted in order to set expected socio-economic
and cultural impacts of the Project of significance, based on which effective mitigation measures will be
identified and management plan established.
The Socio-economic survey in the framework of this ESIA scope its study limits of the areas within the 3
km radius from the centre of the main Bridge to be constructed, which includes areas both in Yangon
main region side and in Dala Township11.
5.12.1 Area of Social Impacts

Areas of influence (AoI) refers to the areas where direct and indirect, temporary or permanent
environmental and social impacts are predicted to occur due to the project implementation. In predicting
social impacts of significance, the Assessment sets the Areas of Influence as follows:
Areas of Influence (AoIs)
1) Lanmadaw Township (in Yangon side) of Yangon Region one side of the Friendship Bridge,
where a Ramp bridge, linking roads will be constructed. Ramp A and Ramp B stretching both sides
at the entrance to the Yangon region from the Main bridge as well as the Approach Bridge B will
be constructed.
2) Dala Township (across the Yangon river from Lanmandaw Township) another side of the Bridge,
Approach Bridge A will be constructed along the Bo Min Young Road in Dala Township. Yangon
River the river across which the Friendship main bridge would be constructed and operated.
3) Detailed scale of the areas in each of the three location may differ depending on what specific
impacts the assessment is made against. In terms of socio-economic impacts, direct impact areas on
the loss of land, properties as well as loss and diminution of livelihoods are as follows:
11 For more details of the scope of assessment and study limits, see section 5.1 and 5.2 of Chapter 5 of this Report.
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A. Direct socio-economic impact areas:
Directly impact area I : Construction area of the Approach Bridge B in Yangon side: 617.5 km (length of
the Phone Gyi road subject to construction) * 14.3 m (width of the construction areas (central two lanes in
the road: per Myanmar regulation) = 8830.25m2
Direct impact area II in Yangon side II: Ramp A & B construction area in Yangon side along the
river/pier: MPA-owned areas no social impacts on the communities: Size of the areas to be determined
subject to Detailed Engineering Design (DED) completion
Directly affected areas III: Construction area of the Approach Bridge A in Dala Township: 655 m
(length of Bo Min Young Road + Tuantae-Dala Highway* + Danote Rd) * 40 m (ROW: 20 meter on both
sides) = 26,200 m2
B. Indirect socio-economic impact areas:
Indirect impact area I: Inner Circle Rd + (Pyay Rd (towards Highway)) in Yangon area = approximately
30 km (distance), where temporary (motor and other) traffic disturbance during contruction of the
Approach Bridge B will incur heavier traiffic congestions and according socio-economic impacts, both
positive and negative, temporary and permanent (e.g. increased flow of movements and population
leading to more robust commerce activities, pressures on social infrastructure, potential residents growth.
However, the project proponent made a phasal/partial blockage of the road for construction to minimize
construction related transportation/movement blockages.
Design of the Approach Bridge B is such that the existent two-lanes reserved for parking lots and another
two lanes for motor transport will be secured after construction. In short term, the disturbance and
transport pressures on the outer circles and adjacent road infrastructure are expected to be of no
significance. However, in the longer term, due to the expected induced impacts of strengthened
connectivity between Yangon area and Dala Township is expected to increase the overall motor-transport
in the area where the existent road and transport infrastructures are expected to be strained and require
need of further transport infrastructure and facility development in the broader adjacent areas in Yangon
Region. Roads that are likely to be indirectly affected by the project include: A: Bo Gyoke Rd;
Anawrahta Rd; Shwedagon Pagoda Rd; Strand Rd; Thein Phyu Rd and Botanhtaung Pagoda Rd. (See the
Figure 5.12.1 below.)
Indirect impact area II: Areas in Dala Township adjacent to Direct Impact Area III (see above.)
Temporary disturbance of livelihood, land acquisition and physical and economic relocation during the
Approach Bridge A construction along the Bo Min Young Road in Dala Township are likely to affect the
adjacent areas where: temporary blocked commercial and economic activities in Bo Min Young Road
may be relocated to the adjacent areas temporarily or permanently. In the long term better connectivity to
Dala Township from mainland Yangon Region would induce further development of the road and other
social infrastructure in Dala Townshpi spurring further development and economic activities.
This will both positively and negatively affect the Township: By providing opportunities for overall
income increase of the residents, while straining the existent social infrastructure with sudden increase of
population, urbanization and urbanization-associated socio-economic negative impacts (e.g. higher
chance of epidemic disease, fragmentation and conflict and potential demolition in the community with
the influx of the population from outside, Increase of urban crimes as well as the potential evacuation of
the original residents with the real estate speculation related to land purchase spurred by the incentives of
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development, among others). While it is difficult to clear cut the limits of this long-term or permanent
socio-economic impact areas with cumulative and induced impacts, this Assessment tentatively set the
limits of the areas within the radius of 3km from the centre of the Main Bridge construction.
Figure 5.12 1. Indirect Socio-economic impact areas of the Project in Yangon Region
5.12.2 Scale of Impacts: Results of MOCs Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

Impacts on the loss of residential and farming lots due to the construction have been already assessed by
the MOC prior to this ESIA study and the PAPs whose land and residential and commercial structures
would be taken were already counted and identified. Thus during the kick-off of the ESIA assessment, it
was agreed that the involuntary relocation impacts due to the project would not be assessed additionally
but the findings of the MOC shall be reviewed and double-checked by the ESIA team through ocular
inspections and interviews with the PAPs and other residents in the affected communities for
corroboration.
In Lanmadaw Township, the construction would only claim the 2 lanes of roads from the centre out of the
4 land roads. Thus there would not be any land taken from private ownership.
RAP which was produced by MOC in early 2016 indicates that there are 68 Project Affected Families
(PAFs) or 450 Project-affected Persons (PAPs) related to the land acquisition in Dala Township.
Acquisition of land and properties in Dala Township due to the project implementation are listed as
follows (buildings and structures within 40 m limits of ROW of the construction of Approach Bridge):
Table 5.12.1 Acquisition of land and properties in Dala Township

Sr.No. Particular
(In both Dala and Lanmataw Township)
1 Land hire Cost, Land Compensation (68 land plots/450 PAPs)
2 Private building and shops (6 shops & 227 Street vendors)
3 Shops owned by Municipality
4 Religious building (1 Monastery building & 1 Buddha Statue)
5 Educational Department's building (2 High schools)
5-100
Sr.No. Particular
6 Electrical posts
7 Telecommunication posts
8 Water Pipe line(Municiple) at Dala side
9 Water Pipe line(Municiple) at Yangon side
10 Building owned by MPA at Yangon side
(No crops or trees affected)
Source: MOC, RAP (March, 2016)
5.12.3 Key findings of the Survey

Key findings of the Survey are as follows:
a) Types of properties that are likely to be affected
- Out of 159 directly affected persons in Dala Township who have replied to the survey, 96 person
s (60%) replied that the project would have an impact on their residence and 46 persons (29%) re
plied that it would have an impact on their shops.
- From the respondents in Lanmadaw Township, 41 (79%) replied that the project would have an i
mpact on their residence and 9 (41%) replied that it would have an impact on their shops. Howev
er, there is no land transfer planned for this area in the project.
b) Conflict within the community related to the project

- Out of 166 respondents from Dala Township, 21 (13%) expected that the proposed project would
increase the risk of community conflict. While only 52 persons responded to this question in
Lanmadaw Township, 10 persons (19%) responded that they fear increased community conflict
due to the project. Out of the rest of the 35 respondents who are likely to be indirect affected,
only 2 person (6%) expected increased community conflict. Given that residents in directly
affected areas are likely to suffer more tangible loss, it is possible that inequitable share of both
benefits and burdens among community members in a non-transparent manner might incur
conflict in the community.
Table 5.12.2. Survey results on the perceived affected property type & risk of potential community
conflict by respondent groups
Socio-economic survey respondent category Types of affected properties? Conflict within the community?
(Number of Replies) Residence Shop Other No reply Yes No Uncertain
Residents in Dala Township 96 46 2 15 21 121 24
Residents in Lanmadaw Township 41 2 0 9 10 22 20
Others (Ferry workers. Mobile vendors in Areas of
23 0 0 12 2 21 12
Influence (AoI) and residents in adjacent quarters)
Total (person) 160 48 2 36 33 164 56
(%) 65% 20% 1% 14% 13% 65% 22%
c) Drinking water supply
5-101
- Out of 309 replies (with multiple choices) in Dala Township, 60(19%) purchase commercial
bottled drinking water for drinking while 36(12%) drink rainwater after separating the sediment,
21 persons drink from reservoir. It is found from the site-visit team that the quality of water from
reservoirs particularly in Dala Township is in bad condition. Therefore, it seems that many of the
people with income lower than average are purchasing commercial drinking water. Considering
the relatively low income level of Dala residents, resorting to commercial bottled water may
cause significant living costs at present.
- In Lanmataw, 34 out of 104 responses (33%) resorted to commercial bottled water for drinking.
The second majority group resorted to tap water (10%).
- Even though the quality of drinking water is identified to be bad, only 32(13%) out of 253
respondents replied that they drink boiled water.
- As a result, it seems that there needs to be water treatment facilities and education on drinking
boiled water and etc. separately from this project.
Table 5.12.3 Survey results on the source of drinking water by respondent groups
Source of Drinking Water

Socio-economic survey respondent
category (Number of Replies) Ground Commercial Settled Tap No
Reservoir Dont know
water Bottled water rainwater water response
Residents in Dala Township 5 60 36 21 20 1 166
Residents in Lanmadaw Township 6 34 1 0 10 1 52

Others (Ferry workers. Mobile vendors in
Areas of Influence (AoI) and residents in 6 22 2 0 5 0 35
adjacent quarters)
Total (person) 17 116 39 21 35 2 253
(%) 9% 60% 20% 11% 12% 1% 87%
5-102

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CHAPTER 5 Description of the Environment

5.1 Setting the Study Limit

Figure 5.1.1 Study area

5.1.2 Items for Survey and Assessment

5.2 Methodology and Objectives

Survey Items Number and Parameters Sampling method

SO2, NO2, NO, CO, PM10, PM2.5,

pH, EC, DO, Water Temperature,

Figure 5.2.1 Layout map of environmental quality survey

5.2.2 Biodiversity Survey

Figure 5.2.2 Map of Flora and Fauna Survey

5.2.3 Social Survey

1. Department of Bridge, Ministry of Construction formed Land Compensation & Resettlement

Figure 5.2.3 General process of resettlement action plan

5.2.3.2 Socio-economic Survey

Table 5.2.3 Overview of Socio-economic Surveys: Questionnaire-based household survey

Ages Number of Samples

Religion Number of Samples

Section /Title Content

Place/date/time of the interview, profile of the surveyor and

Awareness of the project and source of information

Environmental and Social impact expected

5, Other comments Any questions or comments are aimed to be gathered.

6. Signature examinees signature

2) Yangon City Development Concept Plan

Figure5.3.1 Bridge Projects in Yangon City

Table 5.4.1 Establishment of protected areas in Myanmar

1 Notified Protected Areas 38 38,029.23 5.61

B. Conservation corridor plan

Figure 5.4.2 Forest Cover of Myanmar in 2014

Shwedagon Pagoda Kantawgyi

Figure 5.4.3 Distribution of the Park and lakes (semi-artificial) in Yangon

5.5 Physical Components of Project

Figure 5.5.1 Regional location of project area(Township)

Source: Google Map

Figure 5.5.2 Topographic map of Yangon

Figure 5.5.3 Map of Lanmadaw Township

Figure 5.5.4 Map of Dala Township

5.5.2 Water resources

5.5.2.3 Water Supply

5.5.3 Geology and soils, hydrology/hydrogeology

Figure 5.5.5 Flood Map of Yangon

1) Hydrology of Yangon River

2) Hydrogeology of Yangon River and Project area

Table 5.5.1 Boring Investigation Location and Depth

Figure 5.5.7 Location of the bore holes (BH-B (1)~(3))

Figure 5.5.8 Stratum of Cross-Section

Table 5.5.2 Results of Drilling Investigations and Field Test

0.012.0 12.0 CL,ML 2/305/30 Soft ground

0.03.0 3.0 CL,ML 3/304/30 Soft ground

0.03.0 3.0 SM 2/309/30 Soft ground

Table 5.5.3 Status of poor subsoil at the project area

BH-B(1) Alluvium 0.012.0 12.0 CL,ML 2/305/30

BH-B(2) Alluvium 0.03.0 3.0 CL,ML 3/304/30

BH-B(3) Alluvium 0.06.0 6.0 SM,CL,ML 2/309/30

3) Sedimentology of Yangon River

The different varieties of the individual soil characteristics of

Source : MPA(Myanmar Port Authority)

Figure 5.5.9 Water level of Yangon River

5.5.4 Environmental quality

Figure 5.5.10 Location of sampling points

Meet the 0.07 a

Chromium(VI) Meet the 0.1 mg/L (DW) a