Chapter 7 Cumulative Impact Assessment Formatted: Right: 1", Bottom: 1", Header distance

from edge: 0.5", Footer distance from edge: 0.5"

7.1 Methodology and Approach
While the impacts of an individual project may be judged to be acceptable, there is also a need to
consider the potential for a projects impacts to interact with impacts associated with other
developments cumulative impacts. Myanmars EIA Procedure (2015) defines cumulative impacts
as the impact or impacts of a Project that in itself or themselves may not be significant but may
become significant when added to the existing and potential impacts eventuating from similar or
diverse projects or undertakings in the same geographic area or region. The procedure requires the
EIA to indicate a section on cumulative impact assessment, if triggered. IFC PS 1 1 defines
cumulative impacts as: Impacts that result from the incremental impact, on areas or resources used
or directly impacted by the project, from other existing, planned or reasonably defined developments
at the time the risks and impacts identification process is conducted 2. Cumulative impacts refer to
the additional impacts that may be generated by other developments or activities in the vicinity of
projected area that when added to the impacts of the proposed Project combine to cause a greater
impact. Such impacts may arise due to spatial overlap (e.g. overlap in spatial extent of water quality
changes) or temporal overlap.
A Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) considers the residual impacts reported for the proposed
Project and evaluates these alongside potential impacts from other projects/activities that may affect
common resources and receptors. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to capture the total effects of
many actions over time that would be missed by evaluating each action individually.
Methodology: The methodology adopted for the CIA is the same as the ESIA methodology presented
in Chapter 6. Receptors are given the same sensitivity; however, impact magnitude will consider the
cumulative effect from the proposed Project and the other projects/activities under consideration. The
Methodology adopted is presented in Section 6.1.5.
Assessing significance and magnitude of the identified cumulative impacts will be in line with the
ESIA in general. However, due to nature of higher level of uncertainty due to the complexity of the
causations and interactions of various factors result in in cumulative impacts, more cautionary
approach is required in formulating mitigation measures. In addition, avoidance and minimization
measures are preferred to compensation/off-setting and corrective measures.

7.2 Projects and activites that are considered to assess cumulative impacts
As of the time of conducting ESIA the project that had been recently completed, currently in
implementation and are in the planning stage for near future implementation are as shown in the
follow table. In addition, related to this Project, it is expected due to the construction of the Friendship
Bridge, there would be no relocation of the ferry ports both at Yangon and Dala side according to the
information received from MOC.

1
IFC (2012) Performance Standard 1 - Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and
Impacts. (http://www.ifc.org/)
2
EDCF Safeguard Policy is on par with the former two: Appendix 2 on Requirement of the ESIA also requires
the ESIA to assess impacts in Areas of Influence (AoI) which includes areas and communities affected by the
cumulative impacts from further planned development of the project, other sources of similar impacts in the
geographical area, any existing project or condition, and other project related developments that are
realistically defined at the time the assessment is undertaken. Formatted: Space After: 0 pt

7-1
Table 7.2.1 Brief Description of the Projects that should be assessed the cumulative impacts
No. Project Project descriptions Analysis Summary Formatted Table
1. Myanmar Area: 0.454 km2 In case the MIP Formatted: List Paragraph,Johan bulletList
Industrial Land use: In addition to the existent port construction period overlaps Paragraph,3, Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0" +
Port (MIP) of the 108 acre , 2nd phase of the project with the Dala Bridge Indent at: 0.28"
developme will build an additional wharf length of construction project,
nt project 1000m which can accommodate up to 5 hydrological patterns and
berths. The back-up area will be 62 acres water quality may be
large. cumulatively affected
Expected construction period: TBD temporarily.
Distance from the proposed project: 1,000
feet
2 Thilawa Area: Approx. 700 ha (Zone B) By nature of the project and
Special Land Use: Combination of also the distance between Formatted: List Paragraph,Johan bulletList
Economic residential/commercial/industrial land) the two projects, the Paragraph,3, Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0" +
Zone Expected construction period: 66 months impacts of the Thilawa SEZ Indent at: 0.28"
Project after the ESIA approval (Date TBC) project would not be
Distance from the proposed project: significant.
57,837 feet

3 Construction Area: 1) Yangon Jetty port & 2) Dala Jetty Jetty Port requires only Formatted: List Paragraph,Johan bulletList
of Yangon port: TBD several hundred square Paragraph,3, Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0" +
Jetty and Scale: Depending on the size of the jetty, a meter only. The cumulative Indent at: 0.28"
Dala Jetty
portion of the Rivershore land would be impacts of the project, even
ports (ICD
1& 2) taken. though the construction
Expected construction period: TBD period overlaps with the
Distance from the proposed project: 1) Dala Bridge project, would
6,500 feet / 2) 5,000 feet not be significant.

Figure 7.2.1 Locations of the major projects & activities assessed as cumulative impacts
Formatted: Space After: 0 pt

7-2
 Figure 7.2.2 The distance between MIP and Yangon-Dala Bridge

Figure 7.2.3 The distance between bet Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Yangon-Dala Bridge

Formatted: Space After: 0 pt

7-3
 Figure 7.2.4 Distance between jetty (Yangon and Dala) and Yangon Bridge

7.3 Cumulative Impact Assessment

Potential cumulative impacts and mitigation measures of Myanmar Industrial Port (MIP) currently
include 850 meters of quay and 102 acres of a container yard with supporting facilities such as gantry
cranes, mobile harbor cranes , yard equipment, container depots with trucks and dragging vessels. The
planned phase 2 expansion which will include the development of an additional 200m berth extension
which is still under planning stage. In case the MIP construction period overlaps with the Dala Bridge
construction project, hydrological patterns and water quality may be cumulatively affected
temporarily. Without effective control measures, sedimentation may also aggravate.
Potential cumulative impacts associated with the Thilawat SEZ Project, By nature of the project and
also the distance between the two projects, the impacts of the Thilawa SEZ project would not be
significant.
Potential cumulative impacts associated with the Construction of Yangon Jetty and Dala Jetty ports
(ICD 1& ICD 2) are not found to be significant as Jetty Port requires only several hundred square
meter only.
In this project, following factors were identified which should be considered in the Formatted: Normal, Indent: Left: 0.5", Space After: 1.2
cumulative impact assessment (For more details, see the Table 6.3.1 in Chapter 6 Hydrology, line, No bullets or numbering
water quality & contamination of water systems)

Hydrology, water quality & contamination of water systems Formatted: Normal, No bullets or numbering

Noise in underwater and surrounding environment Infrastructure sharing

Widespread human influx and associated socio-economic impacts Formatted: Normal, No bullets or numbering

Natural drivers and other external factors that may contribute to the cumulative impacts related to the
project include: Extreme weather conditions (with severer draught and flood) due to climate change, Formatted: Space After: 0 pt

7-4
rapid urbanization and industrialization and accordingly demographic change (rapid population
increase) and motorization of the city (especially in Dala area) triggered by the Bridge construction,
leading to additional environmental and social strains in the areas of influence in the long term.
7.3.1 Hydrology, water quality & contamination of water systems
MIP and other development projects along the Yangon River would cumulatively magnify
interruptions of runoff channels and water flow of the Yangon River. Pollution of water is likely to be
aggravated due to construction activities of the project and other projects along the Yangon River and
related employments. Poor maintenance of vehicles and machinery, washing of equipment and
vehicles, dirty run-off water from staff camps, improper management of sewage and potential
spillages of fuels and chemicals at all stages. Through proper management such impacts could be
minimized. The cumulative impacts are considered to be of significance. (For more details, see the
Table 6.3.1 in Chapter 6 Hydrology, water quality & contamination of water systems)
Transport flows and movement patterns of the vessels on the river are anticipated to change during the
pre- and construction period of the proposed Project. Disruptions and changed pattern of the
movements of the transport vehicles and may become severer when combined with due to the MIP
and other project development around the neighboring area. Changed movement patterns and routes
of the river transport will occur in Yangon River as well as closer to Vessels at Yangon Port and Jetty
of Ferries for Cherry and Ro. This, in turn, leads to the changed hydrology, temporary or permanent
and changed patterns and types of water contamination in different spots along the River.

7.3.2 Noise in under water and surrounding environment

Underwater noise generated by drilling in the river-bed will be of limited duration during construction
due to the temporary nature of activities which may will temporarily be harmdistress to fresh water
fauna. While And uunderground drilling emits makesnoise emissions to the surrounding environment
including adjacent human settlements along/nearby the River, the areas for drilling are found to be
mostly alluvial layer, which does not require blasting or other types of high level noise or vibration
generations. Thus noise and vibrations underwater are not found to be significant cumulative impacts
in the case of the proposed project.

7.3.3 Long-term Socioeconomic Development as Regional Impacts

Transport connection to Dala area with the Bridge and the expansion of the linking roads, in
combination with a variety of other development projects that are current in progress (e.g. Thilawa
SEZ project) and in future, are is likely to bring about extension of secondary and tertiary roads,
along with population growth in the area in the long term. Cumulative impacts includeing rapid
population growth (or population densification in the area), urbanizationorganization and
industrialization particularly in Dala and neighboring area and other areas adjacent to the Project, and
associated socioeconomic impacts, both positive and negative. Cumulative impacts are considered to
be of significance. Tacking longer-term cumulative socio-economic impacts of the proposed project
would require linking the project to a broader socio-economic development plan of Yangon Region
and Dala Township.

Formatted: Space After: 0 pt

7-5
7.3.4 Other Cumulative Impacts of Little or No Significance
7.3.4.1 Landscape
In combination with the MIP and other development projects along the Yangon River and
neighboring areas, modification and fragmentation of landscape will occur. However, given the
existent change of landscape, additional bridge construction may not incur significant cumulative
impacts.
7.3.4.2 7.2.1.3 Sedimentation Formatted: Font: 11 pt, Bold, (Asian) Japanese
Drill discharges muds typically disperse rapidly in close proximity to the Port area. Due to the Formatted: Font: 11 pt
distance between the proposed Project and the MIP Development, cumulative effects are not
anticipated.

7.3.4.3 Formatted: Space Before: 6 pt, Line spacing: single

Gaseous Emission Formatted: (Asian) Korean
Gaseous emissions from MIP projects typically disperse rapidly in close proximity to the discharge
point. Due to the distance between the proposed Project and the MIP and other development projects
listed above, cumulative effects are not anticipated.

7.3.4.4 Unplanned Oil Spills

The risk of cumulative impact of oil spills from proposed Project activities within the Yangon River is
low. Each operator is required to have in place an approved Emergency Response Plan detailing its oil
spill response. Given the highly unlikely nature of simultaneous spills, and the implementation of
standard mitigation measures, impacts would be expected to be of negligible significance.

Table 7.3.1 Significant Commutative Impact

Impact status
Mitigation measures for
No. Categories
Non- significant impacts
Significance
significance
Hydrology, water quality &
Described in Chapter 6,
1 contamination of water X -
Table 6.3.1.
systems

Noise in underwater and

2 - X -
surrounding environment

Long-term Socio-economic
3 X - + (Positive)
Development

4 Landscape - X -

5 Sedimentation - X -

Formatted: Space After: 0 pt

7-6
6 Gaseous Emission - X -

7 Unplanned Oil Spills - X -

Formatted: Space After: 0 pt

7-7