N 291 - Avril / April 2017

CIGRE Symposium
29 May - 2nd June 2017
th

Dublin, cigredublin2017.com
Experiencing the Future
Power System...Today
Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

29th May - 2nd June 2017

Register before 1st March to get

the discounted Early Bird rate

Details for the symposium are now being finalised and we are
happy to say that everything is on schedule. The Call for Papers is
closed with over 150 abstracts received from 28 different countries.
The review process is completed and the successful authors have
been notified. Full papers are due for submission by the end of
February. We also received a huge response to the Call for Student
Papers but unfortunately we have to limit the number of student
papers that can be presented to 16 due to space restrictions.
Dublin on the 29th and 30th May. This meeting, in conjunction
with six Study Committee meetings (C1, C2, C4, C5, C6 & B2),a
SAG meeting and multiple Working Group meetings, means
that it will be a very busy and exciting time in Dublin at the
end of May.
The main sponsorship packages have now been taken, but
there are still some smaller sponsorship opportunities available.

The Irish National Committee are delighted to announce that we Full details on the symposium are available at:
will also host a two day CIGRE Steering Committee meeting in http://cigredublin2017.com

www.cigredublin2017.com
 N 291 - Avril / April 2017
N 291 Avril | April 2017
>>> Rsums Summaries
Afrique wind turbines Ikpro - IStock
Rsum - BT N 676 - GT D1.29
Dcharges partielles dans les transformateurs
La Brochure fait le point, en le rsumant, des principaux progrs
constats dans le domaine des mesures des dcharges partielles
dans les transformateurs, pour les oprations en laboratoire lors
des essais dacceptation en usine (FAT), ainsi que pour les mesures
DP des diagnostics sur site et pour les essais dacceptation sur site
(SAT). On y traite la fois de lutilisation des systmes avancs
de mesure et des diffrents principes de la mesure, ainsi que des
mthodes danalyse. Un apport important des travaux du GT D1.29
a consist dfinir une procdure en trois tapes des mesures
de DP, pour analyser de faon fiable et efficace les problmes de
DP dans les transformateurs. Un certain nombre dtudes de cas
pratiques font lobjet de lannexe de la BT.
Summary - TB N 676 - WG D1.29
Partial discharges in transformers
The Brochure summarizes the main progress in partial discharge
measurements on transformers during the last 10 years, covering
scenarios in laboratories during factory acceptance tests (FAT) as
well as on-site PD diagnostic measurements and site acceptance
tests (SAT). Both the application of advanced measuring systems
and different measurement principles as well as analysing methods
are covered. As a major result WG D1.29 established a procedure for
PD-measurements comprising three steps to assess PD problems
in power transformers in a reliable and efficient way. A number of
practical case studies are included in the Annex of the TB.
Rsum - BT N 677 - GT C2.35
Performance des oprateurs de systme
lectrique : objectifs et indicateurs de
performance cls (KPI) utiliss pour la
compagnie, pour l'exploitation et pour la
formation
Le domaine couvert dans cette BT se rapporte la qualit du
service de lOprateur du Systme Electrique, et en particulier aux
objectifs et aux indicateurs cls de sa performance (KPI), utiliss
par tous les niveaux de l'organisation, de celui de la compagnie
celui la formation, lautre extrmit. Le terme Oprateur du
Systme Electrique est un terme gnrique utilis pour reprsenter
les diffrentes entits organiques ou fonctionnelles telles que le
GRT, l'OSI, etc. Parmi les points prsents dans la BT, l'analyse
des donnes recueillies par le biais de l'enqute internationale
a rvl que des objectifs de performance et des KPI existent,
mais portent habituellement sur des segments restreints, tels
que la fiabilit, mais rarement sur la totalit des domaines de
l'exploitation et de la formation. Les auteurs ont t en mesure de
proposer aux organisations et compagnies d'lectricit plusieurs
recommandations dans ce domaine. Des exemples pratiques
(comme tudes de cas) sont galement prsents.
Summary - TB N 677 - WG C2.35
Power system operator performance:
corporate, operations and training goals and
kpis used
The domain explored in the TB is related with Power System
Operator performance, with its goals and key performance
indicators (KPIs), used from organisation corporate level to
operations and finally training level. The term Power System
Operator is used as generic that accommodates all different
organisational/functional forms like TSO, ISO, etc. Analysis
performed on data acquired through the international survey
has revealed, among other things presented in the TB, that
performance goals and KPIs exist, but normally for the narrow
domain segments, like reliability but rarely for the whole operations
and training domains. This enabled authors to propose several
recommendations to organisations/utilities in this domain.
Additional practical examples (as case studies) are also presented.
Rsum - BT N 678 - GT C6.21
Comptage avanc, aspects rglementaires,
normes et point du dveloppement
Le comptage avanc se situe comme une premire tape de
la mise en place de rseaux de distribution actifs, du fait de sa
capacit tre une infrastructure avance de comptage (AMI)
et crer de la valeur pour les diffrentes parties prenantes du
secteur de lnergie, c. d. allant des oprateurs de rseaux,
aux commercialisateurs, jusquaux consommateurs de lnergie.
La Brochure Technique dresse un tat des parties prenantes
du comptage dans les diffrentes rgions et continents, des
approches rglementaires (plans futurs, en phase de mise en
place, ou pas de plans) et l'tat de dveloppement du comptage
avanc de chaque rgion, partir de lanalyse des rponses un
questionnaire. De plus, comme la structure des rseaux et les
exigences nationales ont un impact imprtant sur le dveloppement
du comptage avanc dans les diffrentes rgions, elle traite
aussi des cadres rglementaires au plan mondial, des aspects
techniques, des impacts environnementaux et des stratgies de
dveloppement des comptages avancs.
Summary - TB N 678 - WG C6.21
Smart metering, regulatory aspects, standards
and development status
Smart Metering is positioning as a first step for the establishment
of the Active Distribution Networks because of its capability of
being an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and of creating
values for different stakeholders within the energy sector, i.e.
from network operators, retailers to energy consumers. This
report summarises the metering stakeholders in different regions/
continents, the regulatory approaches (future plans, implementing
or no plans) of each region and their development status of
Smarting Metering through questionnaire analyses. In addition,
as the grid structure and national requirements have critical
impacts on the development of Smart Metering in different
areas, the worldwide regulatory framework, technical aspects,
the environmental impacts and strategy of Smart Metering are
discussed.
Rsum - BT N 679 - GT C3.05
Impact environnemental de la production
dcentralise
Le rsultat des travaux du GT est une mthodologie dvaluation de
 limpact environnemental de la production dcentralise intgre Summary - TB N 681 - WG C1.29
dans les rseaux de distribution. La BT donne une vue densemble Planning criteria for future transmission
des impacts de diffrentes technologies de production dorigines networks in the presence of a greater
fossile et renouvelable, en partant des composants. Lvaluation
des impacts environnementaux de la production dcentralise
variability of power exchange with distribution
(DG) doit porter, et tre ralise, sur l'ensemble du cycle de vie systems
des units de production dcentralise, depuis l'extraction des The volumes of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) connecting
matriaux, la fabrication du composant, son utilisation dans to the electricity system at lower voltages are rapidly increasing.
l'exploitation du rseau de distribution, et sa mise au rebut. La Together with more active distribution system management, smart
mthodologie retenue par le GT est l'application de l'Evaluation grids and demand response, this means grid planning methods
du Cycle de Vie, base sur les normes ISO 14040ff, et elle est and assumptions must adapt. In particular, quantity and quality of
data exchanged between TSO-DSO need to be improved. This
explique dans une tude de cas.
report suggests how the TSO-DSO data exchange should evolve
for future-proof grid planning.
Summary - TB N 679 - WG C3.05
Environmental impact of dispersed generation
The result of the work done by the WG is a methodology for Rsum - BT N 682 - GT A1.40
the environmental impact assessment of dispersed generation Enqute sur linstrumentation et la
in distribution networks and it gives an overview about the surveillance des gnrateurs hydrauliques
component based impacts of different generation technologies La demande croissante dnergie lectrique exige une
based on fossil and renewable energy resources. disponibilit plus leve des centrales lectriques. Pour permettre
The assessment of the dispersed generation (DG) environmental aux diverses compagnies de production d'lectricit de dlivrer
impacts has to follow and assess the whole lifetime of the un produit plus fiable et plus conomique, et avec un plus haut
dispersed generation units from material extraction, production of niveau de scurit, un programme cohrent de surveillance d'tat
the component and its utilization in distribution network operation est ncessaire. Le GT A1.40 a t mis en place pour produire une
including its disposal. The chosen methodology by this WG is the Brochure Technique (BT) qui fait le point sur l'instrumentation et
application of Life Cycle Assessment based on the ISO norms les systmes de surveillance installs aujourd'hui sur les divers
14040ff and is explained in a case study. composants de types diffrents des gnrateurs hydrauliques
dans le monde.
Rsum - BT N 680 - GT B1.47
Summary - TB N 682 - WG A1.40
Implmentation des longues liaisons de
Survey on hydro generator instrumentation
systmes cbls CA HT et THT
Lobjectif de ce Groupe de Travail CIGRE est de prparer une and monitoring
Brochure Technique complte dont on espre quelle sera un The increased demand for electric energy is requiring
document de rfrence utile pour les gestionnaires de rseaux, les higher availability of power plants. To enable various power
producing entities to produce a more reliable and cost
organismes dtat et les investisseurs qui envisagent de remplacer
effective product at higher levels of safety, a more stringent
des lignes ariennes par des systmes enterrs, ou dinstaller des
and consistent condition monitoring program is required.
cbles sous-marins sur des longues distances, en particulier en
WG A1.40 was formed to produce a Technical Brochure (TB)
termes dvaluation de ce qui peut tre ralis ou de ce qui a dj
which would identify the current instrumentation and monitoring
t fait.
systems installed on various components of different types of
hydro generators around the world.
Summary - TB N 680 - WG B1.47
Implementation of long AC HV and EHV cable Page Advert - Annonce
systems 2017 CIGRE
The aim of this CIGRE Working Group is to prepare a comprehensive 2me de couv / 2nd cover
Symposium Dublin
Technical Brochure which it is hoped will be a valuable document
for reference by any Utility, Government agency or Investor Page 7 IEEE - Power Foward
looking to put in an underground system in lieu of an overhead Call for Papers Jicable
line, or a long length of submarine cable, particularly in terms of Pages 10-11
HVDC'17 YRC
appreciating what can be done or has been done.
Call for Papers CIGRE AORC
Pages 18-19
Technical Meeting 2017
Rsum - BT N 681 - GT C1.29
Critres de planification pour les futurs Page 25 RTDS Technologies
rseaux de transport dans des conditions de
Page 30 Electra 2017 Ad. Rates
plus grande variabilit des changes avec les
rseaux de distribution Page 31 Electra 2017 Instructions
Les volumes des ressources dnergie distribues (DER) qui sont
connectes aux rseaux lectriques aux plus faibles tensions Page 55 DPSP IET
augmentent rapidement. Si on prend en compte une gestion plus
active des rseaux de distribution, les smart grids et la rponse Page 80 Meetings of interest
de la demande, on conoit que les mthodes de planification et Call for Papers CIGRE
les hypothses doivent sadapter. En particulier la quantit et la 3me de couv / 3rd cover 8th Southern Africa Regional
qualit des donnes changes entre le GRT et le GRD doivent
Conference
tre amliores. Le rapport montre comment les changes
des donnes GRT-GRD devraient voluer pour permettre une 4me de couv / 4th cover Cigre Session 2018
planification qui rponde aux conditions du futur.

2 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 SOMMAIRE| CONTENTS
N 2 9 1 Av r i l | April 2017
N 291 - Avril / April 2017

LIFE OF ASSOCIATION 4-17

In Memoriam: Michel Chamia
Message from the President Rob Stephen
CIGRE Spain National Technical Meeting - Madrid,
November 22-23, 2016
Visit of the President Rob Stephen to CIGRE India - New
Delhi, March 9, 2017
Afrique wind turbines Ikpro - IStock Workshop CIGRE Southern Africa - Johannesburg - March
13-17, 2017
Technical Council Meeting - Arnhem, Netherlands - March
28-30, 2017

ANNUAL REPORT 20-25

SC B1 : Insulated Cables

REFERENCE PAPER 26-29

Recent development and interrupting performance with
SF6 alternative gases

BROCHURES 32-37
THEMATIQUES 676 - GT D1.29 : Dcharges partielles dans les
TECHNICAL transformateurs
BROCHURES 676 - WG D1.29: Partial discharges in transformers

38-43
677 - GT C2.35 : Performance des oprateurs de systme
lectrique: objectifs et indicateurs de performance cls
(KPI) utiliss pour la compagnie, pour l'exploitation et
Revue dite par le CIGRE pour la formation
Magazine edited by CIGRE 677 - WG C2.35: Power system operator performance:
Prsident/ Robert STEPHEN corporate, operations and training goals and KPIs used
Chairman:
Prsident du Mark WALDRON 44-47
Conseil 678 - GT C6.21 : Comptage avanc, aspects
Technique/ rglementaires, normes et point du dveloppement
Chairman of the 678 - WG C6.21: Smart metering, regulatory aspects,
Technical
Council: standards and development status
Trsorier/ Michel AUGONNET 48-55
Treasurer:
679 - GT C3.05 : Impact environnemental de la
Secrtaire Philippe Adam production dcentralise
Gnral/ philippe.adam@cigre.org 679 - WG C3.05: Environmental impact of dispersed
Secretary
General: generation

56-65
Edition/ Marie TAILLANDIER 680 - GT B1.47 : Implmentation des longues liaisons
Redaction: edition@cigre.org
Tl. : 01 53 89 10 07
de systmes cbls CA HT et THT
680 - WG B1.47: Implementation of long AC HV and EHV
Publicit/ Marie TAILLANDIER cable systems
Advertising: edition@cigre.org
Tl. : 01 53 89 10 07 66-69
681 - GT C1.29 : Critres de planification pour les
futurs rseaux de transport dans des conditions de plus
Conception Imprimeries Conformes
ralisation grande variabilit des changes avec les rseaux de
Tl. : 01 40 74 00 18
et impression : distribution
681 - WG C1.29: Planning criteria for future transmission
Dpt lgal : N 291 - Avril 2017 networks in the presence of a greater variability of power
exchange with distribution systems
ISSN : 1286-1146
CIGRE
Copyright 70-79
682 - GT A1.40 : Enqute sur linstrumentation et la
Photo de Afrique wind turbines surveillance des gnrateurs hydrauliques
couverture/ Ikpro - IStock 682 - WG A1.40 : Survey on hydro generator
Front cover Page:
instrumentation and monitoring
Copyright 2017
Conseil International des Grands Rseaux Electriques
International Council on Large Electric Systems
21 rue dArtois - 75008 Paris - France
33 (0)1 53 89 12 90 - http://www.cigre.org No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 3
In memoriam

In Memoriam Michel Chamia

1941 - 2017

Michel Chamia was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1941. He later moved to Sweden which became his new home. He
started his career at Allmnna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA) as development engineer in the field
of Relay protection. He soon advanced to head the Product and Development unit of ASEA Relays in Sweden.
He was then appointed Chief Engineer at ASEA Transmission. In the 1990s he joined the Chalmers University
of Technology in Gothenburg Sweden, in the capacity of head of the Electric Power Technology Department.
A few years later he resumed his activities at ABB Power Systems where he served as Vice-President, Business
Development.
Michel Chamia was an active member of CIGRE and he contributed for many years to the life of our Association.
He started his CIGRE engagement as WG convener in the field of SC 34 (Protection). He became Chairman of
SC 34 in 1986 and held this position until 1990.
He was appointed Chairman of the CIGRE Technical Committee in 1991. Under his leadership the TC was partly
reorganised and the scope of some SCs was enlarged and clarified. A Master Plan for the TC was also developed
ensuring a better coordination of efforts between SCs.
Michel Chamia was elected President of CIGRE in 1996, a position he held until the year 2000.
Under his Presidency, the Statutes and rules of CIGRE were revised and simplified. The name of the Association
was changed from The International Conference on Large Electric Systems to The International Council on
Large Electric Systems in order to underline the permanency of its organisational structure and technical work.
The term of the President was altered to encompass a maximum of four years as opposed to the then existing
practice of maximum six years. This move had the beneficial effect of allowing more countries to hold the
Presidency within a smaller timeframe. A Master Plan for CIGRE was initiated and this practice is still in use
nowadays.
Michel Chamia, was an Honorary Member of CIGRE and a Member of its Administrative Council. He also served
as Chairman of the Swedish National Committee for CIGRE and was deeply involved in the creation of the
Nordic Regional Council of CIGRE (NRCC) comprised of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania and Iceland.
Michel Chamia will be sorely missed by those who knew him and by the CIGRE community.

4 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 EDITORIAL

Message from
the President rob stephen
Explanation of mission
and vision
I am pleased to report that we have agreed on a Mission and Vision statement
which should be used consistently across all parts of the organisation. Although
CIGRE has always had an idea of the Mission and Vision, different presentations
on the organisation did not portray a consistent wording. This was covered in
the newsletter recently issued. I realise that not all members will have subscribed
to the newsletter which is of course free to all members and hence I have
considered it pertinent to cover it once more.
We considered the various versions of the Mission and Vision to be
unprofessional and the Steering Committee worked on this among other issues
in December and early January.
The Mission wording is To be the worlds foremost collaborative technical
reference organization for all aspects of electric power systems. Importance
is placed on the word collaborative and reference. Collaborative being the
way we operate via obtaining views and inputs from experts in all areas of the
world. Reference implies we produce documents which can be referred to for
information from which persons can make their decisions. CIGRE is not an
organization to state a position but rather to provide information in an unbiased
an objective manner to enable others to make informed position decisions. To
this end there is ongoing actions to produce articles on EMF and health issues
as well as operation of systems with low inertia generation.
The Vision wording is To be universally recognised as the leading global
organisation for all aspects of electric power systems. The emphasis here being
on ALL aspects of electric power systems. This includes all voltages, microgrids,
smart grids, beyond meter solutions, markets etc.
The acronym CIGRE is also causing some confusion as it refers to a Council for
large electric systems. This seems to exclude Medium and Low voltage systems
which is not true. There is therefore a suggestion to use CIGRE as a brand
rather than an acronym It is proposed to use the slogan CIGRE sustainable
electricity for all. This is a simple and clear message as to what CIGRE is about
and wishes to achieve.
Our work is vital to the technical establishment of sustainable, reliable and
cost effective networks that if we benefit our members we benefit the society
as a whole. To this end the Technical Council is preparing a document on
the future grid in which there are 10 areas that the industry needs to focus to
ensure successful implementation of the technologies, planning and operational
methods. My view is that CIGRE is an integral critical component for
sustainable energy into the future, without the collaboration and determination
of solutions from international experts working together, it is unlikely the grid
of today would be as successfully implemented as it is.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 5

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

Visit of the President Rob Stephen to CIGRE India

New Delhi, India
March 9, 2017
Dr. Stephen visited New Delhi (India) to participate in the India Smart Grid Week 2017 from 7-10 March 2017. He also
had an interactive meeting with Governing Body and Technical Council of CIGRE India on 9th March 2017. During the
meeting Dr. Stephen was briefed about the highlights of Indian Power Sector and also the best practices adopted by CIGRE
India in enhancing the activities of CIGRE in India. Dr. Stephen appreciated the efforts of Indian National Committee
particularly for increasing the membership from 250 to 611 in the year 2016 and also their target & efforts to further increase
the membership in 2017.

CIGRE President Dr. Rob Stephen being greeted by Mr. R.P. Sasmal, Chairman of Technical Council of CIGRE-India during his meeting with Governing
Body & Tech. Council of CIGRE India on 9th March 2017 at New Delhi (India)

Dr. Stephen interacting with CIGRE India office bearers during his stay in New Delhi

Dr. Stephen also visited CIGRE India & CBIP Center of Excellence at Gurgaon & Power Grid Substation at Manesar

6 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

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CIGRE Spain National Technical Meeting

November 22-23, 2016
at Hotel Puerta America, Madrid, Spain
Organised by CIGRE Spanish National Committee

CIGRE Spain organized the 10th biennial National Technical Meeting, a two-day event that gathered the Spanish
Community of CIGRE with representatives from utilities, manufacturers, research centres, laboratories and universities.

The initial objective of this biennial meeting, whose first edition was organized in 1998, was to inform all the Spanish
CIGRE members, particularly those that were unable to attend the Paris Session, with the main highlights and main
conclusions of the Paris Session. This latter is the reason why the meeting is held in even years, 3 or 4 months after CIGRE
Session.

Taking into consideration the high levels of attendance of the first editions, close to 200 persons, it was decided to include
a full day of presentations by members covering key areas of high interest of electric power systems.

8 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
The theme for the first day discussions was Electric Power System Challenges and the programme was divided in two
parallel sessions, one dedicated to Best use of existing systems and the other dedicated to Future Power Systems, being these
precisely 2 CIGRE Strategic Directions.

nd Best use of existing systems Future Power System

November 22
Room 1 Room 2
08:00 - 09:30 Registration
09:30 - 11:00 New regulatory and environmental aspects Distribution grid monitoring
11:00 - 11:30 Coffee break
11:30 - 12:30 IEC 61850 Round table Grid operation optimizing
12:30 - 14:30 Monitoring and test systems Simulation and modelling tools
14:30 - 16:00 Lunch
16:00 - 18:00 Asset Management PACS and cybersecurity

In total 34 papers were presented by transmission and distribution utilities, manufactures, research centres and universities.

On the second day, there were individual meetings for each of the sixteen Study Committees. At each meeting, a summary
of SC Paris meetings was presented, including last WG, last TB, and main discussions at Paris Session.

rd ROOM 1 ROOM 2 ROOM 3

November 23
Registration
09:00 - 09:45 A1 B1 C1
09:45 - 10:30 A2 B2 C2
10:30 - 11:15 A3 B3 C3
11:15 - 11:45 Coffee break
11:45 - 12:30 D1 B4 C4
12:30 - 13:15 D2 B5 C5
13:15 - 14:00 Women in Engineering C6
14:00 - 15:30 Lunch
15:30 - 16:30 CIGRE Space

Additionally, a small replica of the Women in Engineering Forum was included in the session. There were nice discussions
between attendants and some of them shared the same ideas that were brought into the debate at the Forum in Paris.

Finally, a session called CIGRE Space served as a conclusion for the two-day event. The idea was to provide CIGRE Spanish
members a place and space where they could express their opinions, suggestions and let the National Committee Board
know what the strategic direction of CIGRE Spain should be, following always our national members recommendations.

This 10th edition has been a record-breaking with the attendance of 330 delegates. This figure reflects the good and
increasing participation of experts in the events organized by the Spanish National Committee of CIGRE.

We are looking forward to the 11th National Technical Meeting in 2018 and we expect an increase in interest and in
participation.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 9

 JIC HVDC 17 CO 17 02 04

Jicable HVDC17 YRC

Young Researchers Contest

CALL FOR PAPERS

Dunkirk, France, 20 - 22 November 2017

DEADLINE DATES FOR YOUR DIARY ! !

Submission of abstracts : 1st May 2017
Submission of texts : 1st October 2017

Organised by Jicable with:

SEE, Socit de lElectricit, de lElectronique et des Technologies de lInformation et de la Communication ;
SYCABEL, Syndicat Professionnel des Fabricants de Fils et Cbles Electriques et de Communication ; ENEDIS,
Llectricit en rseau ; RTE, Rseau de Transport dElectricit; SERCE, Syndicat des Entreprises de Gnie
Electrique et Climatique ; CIGRE, International Council on Large Electric Systems.
With the Scientific and Technical Support of:
Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGR)
Socit de lElectricit, de lElectronique & des Technologies de lInformation et de la Communication (SEE)
Committees:
Organisation Committee:
Chairman: Lucien Deschamps (Jicable)
Secretary: Jean Charvet (RTE)
Young Researchers Contest Committee
Chairman: Stanislaw Gubanski (University of Chalmers, Sweden) (tbc)
Secretary : Gilbert Teyssedre (CNRS Toulouse) (tbc)

The Organisation Committee of Jicable HVDC17 is setting up a Young Researchers Contest to encourage the
participation of students and young researchers.
Full-time engineering and science university researchers and PhD students are invited to submit abstracts of their
research work. The topic of the abstract should fall within one of the programme categories listed below related to
HVDC cables systems. Students and researchers whose abstracts are selected will be invited to present their papers,
explain their poster and answer questions at Jicable HVDC17
Prizes will be awarded to the authors of the three best papers.

The objective of the seminar Jicable HVDC17 is to take stock of the developments in DC cable systems

TOPICS:
1) Progress on the understanding of physical phenomena and on materials for use in HVDC.

2) Very high DC voltage: 500 kV extruded power insulated cables, current standardization,

3) HVDC corridor projects in Europe for underground links, hybrid possible systems.

4) Submarine HVDC links: state of the art of extruded and paper power insulated cables, power
transmitted,

Jicable HVDC17 - 17 rue de lAmiral Hamelin 75783 Paris Cedex 16 (France)

Tl. +33 (0)1 56 90 37 02 Fax +33 (0)1 56 90 37 08 Mail : jicable@see.asso.fr

10 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

5) Converters: Technical coordination for the connection cable / converters .

ELIGIBILITY:
Graduate and undergraduate students; Researchers in their first or second year.

SUBMISSION/SELECTION:
All abstracts for proposed papers should be sent to the Jicable HVDC17 YRC secretariat in English by email (as an
attachment using .doc format (97 or 2003) according to the instructions and the template available on
www.jicable-hvdc17.fr Web site by the deadline: 1st May 2017. The abstract should be adequately detailed and
present a synopsis of the paper (500 words maximum, one single page as far as possible) emphasising any new
idea, with title, authors names, their affiliations and emails.
It is mandatory to use the template and detailed instructions available on the Web site www.jicable-hvdc17.fr
Authors whose papers are accepted will be informed by the end of May 2017. Full texts in English should be
received by the Jicable HVDC17 YRC Secretariat (yrc.abstracts@jicable-hvdc17.fr) no later than 1st October, 2017
The conference programme will be finalized by 15 June 2017. Selected papers will be presented at the poster
session young Researchers of Jicable HVDC17 YRC.
Authors of selected papers will be exempt from conference registration fees, they will also receive a grant to help their
participation.
Papers will be reviewed by a jury during the conference. The authors of the three best Papers / Posters will receive
prizes respectively of 1,500 (First prize), 1,000 (Second prize) and 500 (Third prize).

PUBLICATION:
Papers selected will appear in the Jicable HVDC17 CD ROM.

Jicable HVDC17 YRC

I am interested in taking part in the Young Researchers Contest Yes No
Provisional Title:

Family Name: First Name:

Degree in View: Year of Graduation:
Address (University, ...):
No Road:
Postal Code and Town:
Country: Tel.:
Fax: email:

This form together with prepared abstracts must be returned to:

Jicable HVDC17 YRC - 17 rue de lAmiral Hamelin 75783 Paris Cedex 16 (France)
Tl. +33 (0)1 56 90 37 02 Fax +33 (0)1 56 90 37 08 Mail : yrc.abstracts@jicable-hvdc17.fr

Jicable HVDC17 - 17 rue de lAmiral Hamelin 75783 Paris Cedex 16 (France)

Tl. +33 (0)1 56 90 37 02 Fax +33 (0)1 56 90 37 08 Mail : jicable@see.asso.fr

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 11

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

Workshop on low cost substation and

transmission solutions
Johannesburg, South Africa
13-17 March 2017

A Workshop on Low Cost Substation and Transmission Solutions was held during the week of March 13 to 17, 2017
at the Eskom Research and Innovation Center in Johannesburg, South Africa. The workshop was part of the efforts
of CIGREs Working Group B3.43 Contemporary Substation Design for Developing Countries, which started its
endeavor on 5 November 2015 in Baden, Switzerland to provide technical guidance to support developing countries
in securing access to an affordable, reliable and sustainable energy supply that is vital to end extreme poverty and
promote economic prosperity.

Introduction
As background for reporting on this event, according to the National Academy of Engineering, a survey of the
Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century revealed that the number one accomplishment that changed
the world is "Electrification", the basic electrical service we all take for granted. Yet according to the World Bank,
around one in seven, or 1.1 billion people in the world (roughly the population of India), mostly concentrated in
Africa and Asia, live without access to electricity. To support the efforts to electrify these regions where significant
challenges exist regarding development of infrastructure, CIGRE commissioned Working Group B3.43. They were
given the objective to identify opportunities to lower the cost and risk, while improving the efficacy, of new greenfield
substation assets for deployment in developing and under-developed countries, as well as remote locations in these
countries. Once identified, the group will provide guidance to ease the design of cost-effective practical substations
utilizing currently available equipment. This will be done with consideration to the construction, operation and
maintenance of these substations with respect to currently available technologies, practices and the limited resources
locally available in these developing areas. Sustainability of the facilities and electrical service for these regions will
be a key consideration.

To accomplish its objectives, the Working Groups main deliverables will be a Technical Brochure and a Tutorial.
Both are targeted for release in 2018 and both will provide guidance for designing cost-effective and fit-for-purpose
substations in the targeted regions. In addition, WG B3.43 will present technical papers at CIGRE colloquia, symposia
and sessions. A Technical Poster was presented at the 2016 Paris Session.

12 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
To accomplish its deliverables, one of the Working Groups main tasks is to seek engagement from organizations
with the expertise in deploying electric infrastructure in underserved regions. One method employed was to conduct
a survey of practices around the world to identify and assess currently available technologies and challenges relevant
to designing low cost substations in remote areas. Emphasis is on high voltage equipment with consideration for
the balance of plant impact (auxiliary systems, communications and others) necessary to support a sustainable low
cost operation. Another method, unforeseen and innovative, soon developed. Due to the limited input received from
the survey, the group determined that it may be better to go to the subject matter experts rather than seek them out
via a questionnaire. This is where the alternative approach, that of conducting a workshop, was conceived. It is also
worth mentioning that other innovative methods were successfully used by the group. One is the use of Confluence,
CIGREs Knowledge Management System (KMS) for the creation, storage, and communication of WG material in
other words easier collaboration. The other is the use of Skype (soon to be WebEx) for monthly WG meetings in
other words to repeat again, easier collaboration.

The Workshop
The main purpose of the workshop was to create a venue where WG B3.43 could interact face-to-face with utilities
tasked with expanding electrification into underserved areas. Sub-Saharan African utilities were selected since they
were identified by CIGRE as one of the targeted regions; the others being South America and Asia. The WG and
African utilities have a common objective Electrification so this mutual need would help us both accomplish
our goals. The WG received a better understanding of the needs, risks, practices and opportunities of the African
utilities to aid in finalizing a Technical Brochure by 2018. The African utilities received three tutorials (one related to
substations, one to transmission lines and one to distribution lines), which accomplishes part of the WGs objective
to provide technical guidance to support electrification in developing countries. The WG received an opportunity to
visit three Eskom substations to observe design practices deployed along with seeing overhead lines while travelling
the area. Both the WG and African utilities delegates had sufficient time to network together to personally share
knowledge and experience regarding the subject and to establish contacts within the industry. And both will take new
learnings and concepts back home to colleagues to provide support for their endeavors from this valuable exchange
of ideas and information. Finally, the awareness and promotion of CIGRE and The World Bank were also woven into
the workshop.

The Presentations
The Workshop started with a cheerful welcome from WG B3.43 Convener Perry Tonking followed by an
introduction of the CIGRE organization and Working Group B3.34 to the audience. Many of the participants are
new to the workings of CIGRE as the leading global organization for all aspects of electric power systems and its
mission to be worlds foremost collaborative technical reference organization for these systems. This established a
good, basic understanding of CIGRE. This was followed by an overview of the Survey Questionnaire by WG Member
Robert Slebodnik, and an overview of the proposed Technical Brochure by WG Convener Perry Tonking. The main
presentations followed. A summary of each is provided below.

The World Bank Kwawu Gaba, Lead Energy Specialist and Global Lead - Power Systems Solution Group for the
Energy and Extraction Industries Global Practices spoke about the organization's activities in general such as their
visions and goals, their portfolio of projects, global emerging trends, and key areas for focus. He also spoke of their
collaborations with industry organizations such as CIGRE and The World Bank clients in adopting cost effective
T&D solutions.

CIGRE Terry Krieg, Chairman of Study Committee SC B3 Substations gave presentation on global challenges, key
drivers, and industry trends in electrification. He then spoke on how GIGRE and Study Committee B3 are facilitating
and promoting the progress of engineering to meet these challenges through Working Groups, technical brochures,
tutorials, the Green Books, and symposiums. He concluded with information on how workshop participants can join
and get involved.

Eskoms General Manager, Power Delivery Engineering, Prince Moyo, made a presentation about Eskoms
organization, infrastructure and electrification history. Their remarkable first in the world electrification program
started in 1994 to electrify 1.75 million houses by the year 2000 was exceeded by a year, and by end of 1999 more
than 42% of rural households were electrified. In 1996 Eskom received the electricity industrys highest award, the
Edison Award for its contribution to electrification. By 2016, 5.6 million connections out of a target of 6 million

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 13

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

were achieved. He described Eskoms design standardization and practices, which contributed to their successful
electrification program. This serves as an excellent example to workshop participants to emulate.

Tutorial on Substation Design Optimization

CIGRE Tutorials In keeping with the theme of the WG B3.43 desired design outcomes, which are low-cost, value-
engineered, design-optimized substations, tutorials were selected to this meet criteria.

"Substation Design Optimization" - Colm Twomey, Manager, Substation Design with ESB International presented
a tutorial on various configurations developed for substation bus bars to optimize performance in meeting the
various required functionalities. It is based on CIGRE Technical Brochure 585 (June 2014) "Circuit Configuration
Optimization". A case study was presented as an example of how to provide a more efficient solution than the
classical arrangements.

"Overhead Lines General Concepts" - Riaz Vajeth, Sharon Mushabe, Lebo Maphumulo, Arthur Burger, Dr. Rob
Stephen, and Bertie Jacobs, all of Eskoms Lines Engineering Services, presented a group tutorial on based on CIGRE
Technical Brochure on "Overhead Lines" (December 2015) focused on the unique aspect of power lines in that they
are dependent on terrain and ambient conditions to a far greater extent than other devices such as transformers.
This yields benefits for a utility in that the lines can be specifically designed for their location on the grid to a far
greater extent than other devices. The parameters were described that effect the electrical aspects of the line such as
conductor and tower configuration as well as methods to utilize them to achieve the best design optimization.

"The Shield Wire Scheme (SWS) on Transmission Lines for Rural Electrification" - Franklin Gbedey, Power Engineer
and Senior Energy Specialist at the World Bank, presented a tutorial based on The World Bank (ESMAP) Manual
titled "Grid-Based Rural Electrification with Shield Wire Scheme in Low-Income Countries - Manual for Planning,
Engineering, Design, Specification, Construction and Operation". The isolated Shield Wire Scheme supplies power
over an insulated energized shield wire using an earth return. SWS is practical as a low-cost power supply from the
grid to residential and industrial customers such as villages, farms, factories and pumping stations located along or
at a reasonable distance from transmission lines. It is a solution for rural electrification when separate conventional
long medium voltage lines are not justifiable.

African Utilities Delegates from the 15 attending utilities listed below made a 15 minute presentations on their
organizations, infrastructure, current projects and how they are meeting the challenges of electrification. Each one
provided valuable information for WG B3.43 to use.
CEB Electricity of Benin-Togo
TCN Transmission Company of Nigeria
ZESCO Zambian National Electric Utility
TRANSCO Cote dIvoire Liberia Sierra Leone Guinee
EDM-SA Energy of Mali
SNEL/RDC NationalElectricity Company of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo
NIGELEC Niger Electric
KPLC Kenya Power & Lighting Company
SONABEL National Electricity Company of Burkina Faso
ESCOM Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi
CI-ENERGIES Cote dIvoire Energy

14 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
EDG Electricity of Guinee
RWG Rwanda Energy Group
TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company Ltd.
WAPP West Africa Power Pool

Each days sessions began with the course of action from Theunus Marais, Chief Engineer (Substations) in Group
Technology Division of Eskom and member of WG B3.43 who planned coordinated its efforts with Eskom. And
each days sessions ended with a recap by WG B3.43 Secretary Jose Visquert, Principal Engineer Power & Energy at
AECOM.

Eskom Substation Tours Eskom conducted a tour of local substations for the members of WG B3.43.
The purpose was to observe standard designs and practices as well as the environmental conditions and
challenges faced in implementing electrification projects. The group traveled to visit an older substation
(Corobrick), a newer station (Barcelona), and future one (Impophoma) still under construction. All
were of the 88kV primary and 11kV secondary voltage levels utilizing AIS construction. Everyone
provided valuable input for the Working Groups future discussion and consideration.

Impophoma Substation

Corobrick Substation

Barcelona Substation

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 15

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N

The Real Workshop

And now for the real summary of the workshop. Quite often the language of such workshops is spoken in terms
of volts, amps, watts and vars. This is to enable discussions that revolve around such topics as substation bus
voltage, transformer MVA, conductors and insulators, cables, IED's and the like. The discussions result is a Technical
Brochure on better bus configurations, more efficient transformers, comparisons of GIS and AIS, and the like. But
this workshop was very different. Here the language transcended into that of basic light, heat, water, food and
energy. These enabled discussions critical to improving the well-being of the poor who need light to study for better
education; heat to cook for healthier nutrition; pumps and purifiers for easier access to safe drinking water; motors
for machines for efficient production of goods and services; and medical equipment to provide basic health care.
These discussions ought to result in a Technical Brochure for guidance in electrification to support developing
countries in securing access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy. This is vital to promote rural welfare
on a scale equal to urban areas to end extreme poverty and promote economic prosperity of people by increasing
productivity and sustainable livelihoods.

Word of Appreciation
A successful workshop of this magnitude does not happen easily. Recognition and gratitude must go to The World
Bank for funding the participation of the African utilities, transportation, and translators for the English and French
participants; and to Eskom for hosting the workshop and providing training facilities, lunch, tea/coffee breaks,
security, substation tour guides and presenting tutorials; and to the CIGRE officers who attended to provide support
for this cause and to promote its organization; and to the CIGRE Working Group B3.43 members that planned and
conducted the workshop, presented tutorials, recorded minutes, and all the many activities that made this workshop
possible; and finally to the African utility delegates who actively participated in and contributed to the transactions.
For these organizations and people, and anyone we may have missed, we are grateful for all who made this meeting
of the minds and valuable exchange of ideas possible and very successful!

Bob Slebodnik
On behalf of WG B3.43

16 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 L I F E O F T H E A S S O C I AT I O N
Technical Council Meeting
Arnhem, 28-30 March 2017

On March 28-30 2017, the CIGRE Technical Council held its 67th meeting at the office of TenneT TSO BV, the
Dutch Transmission System Operator, in Arnhem.

The Technical Council is responsible for defining and managing the technical activities of CIGRE and it is at the
very heart of CIGRE organisation. The Technical Committee is principally made up of the 16 Study Committee
Chairmen, all of who are established experts and leaders in their respective fields. These individuals, working with the
Technical Committee Chairman, the CIGRE Secretary General and two representatives of the CIGRE Administrative
Council are able to bring together the diverse range of issues and topics that are of interest to our stakeholders and
establish the appropriate work programmes to deliver valuable outputs in the target areas.

The meeting was opened by one of the executive board members of TenneT, Mr Wilfried Breuer, welcoming the
TC members to TenneT.

The topics discussed during this meeting were related to the preparation of the 2018 Paris Session, to the review
of the Study Committee strategic plans and actions plans, and of their activity reports including publications and
future events.

The TC members had the opportunity during the last day to visit to the DNV GL high power laboratory, flex power
grid laboratory and the high voltage laboratory, as well as the control room of TenneT.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 17

 NEW ZEALAND
call for papers
CIGRE ASIA-OCEANIA REGIONAL COUNCIL
(AORC) TECHNICAL MEETING 2017
SECURE AND EFFICIENT DELIVERY OF ENERGY:
ENABLED BY WORLD FORUM FOR POWER SYSTEMS
AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND, 11 - 13 SEPTEMBER 2017

CIGRE AORC technical meeting 2017 brings together experts and key players from power system industry CONFERENCE WEBSITE
across Asia Oceanic region to address the current challenges in delivering secure and efficient energy. cigreauckland2017.org.nz
This unique platform will facilitate the power system engineers/consultants, generation transmission
and distribution owners, system operators, policy makers, regulators and academics across Asia oceanic VENUE
region to share and discuss the current practices and future directions in the secure and efficient delivery
Business Facilities,
of energy.
University of Auckland,
New Zealand

Auckland, with 1.4 million

people is New Zealands
largest city. It has been
ranked third best in quality
of living (The 2011 Mercer
Quality of Living Survey),
9th Most Livable City (The
economist 2011) and in
2010, it was classified as a
Beta World City (World Cities
Study Groups inventory by
Loughborough University).

PROGRAM The AORC technical meeting

will take place at the
CIGRE AORC technical meeting 2017 will be held over 3 days - 11, 12 and 13th of September. It is key
Business Conference Centre,
part of the CIGRE Auckland 2017 event, which is a confluence of 3 major co-located CIGRE events- CIGRE University of Auckland
B5 Colloquium, CIGRE 2017 Administrative Council meeting and CIGRE 2017 AORC Administrative and which is New Zealands
Technical meeting thus bringing the experts and leadership from global power system industry at one only university ranked
location here down-under. amongst the worlds top 100
Trade exhibition, CIGRE Women in Engineering (WIE), CIGRE New Generation Network (NGN) forum, local universities by the Times
industry visits, networking social events are all planned to enrich delegates experience. The tentative Higher Education World
schedule of the coordinated program are as shown below: Rankings of Universities.

Coordinated CIGRE Program for SC B5 and AORC University of Auckland

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday has a reputed Power
10 Sep 11 Sep 12 Sep 13 Sep 14 Sep 15 Sep 16 Sep Engineering program
AORC SCB5 AORC SCB5 AORC SCB5 AORC SCB5 SCB5 SCB5 SCB5
strongly connected with CIGRE.
NGN
SAG
AM TG OS WIE Tutorial PS2
SR
WG OS TAG Forum SC Tour
WG
Optional WG Poster
PM Poster Tour PS1 PS3
City Tour
SC
AORC Joint CIGRE SC
Evening Joint Cocktail Revenge
BANQUET Banquet Dinner
Dinner
NGN: Next Generation Network
OS: Oral Sessions
PS: Colloquium Preferential Subject
SAG: Strategic Advisory Group meeting
SC: Study Committee Annual meeting
SR: Submission and discussion of prepared contributions to the Colloquium
TAG: Tutorial Advisory Group meeting
TG: Thematic Group meetings
WG: Working Group meetings
WIE: Women in Engineering

Note: Registered CIGRE B5 delegates will be allowed to all technical sessions of CIGRE AORC without extra
charge and vice-versa
CIGRE ASIA-OCEANIA REGIONAL COUNCIL
(AORC) TECHNICAL MEETING 2017
AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND, 11 - 13 SEPTEMBER 2017

INVITATION FOR PAPER SUBMISSION,

EXHIBITION AND SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES

TOPICS OF SPECIAL INTEREST

KEY DATES
Papers are invited on all topics that align with the theme of the technical meeting Secure and efficient
delivery of energy. Some examples as below: Abstract submission deadline :
1st May , 2017
Protection, Automation and Control (B5)
Protection issues in modern power systems with renewable generation and storage. Notification of Acceptance :
Design of smart PAC system with IEC 61850 as backbone. 1st June, 2017
Challenges of interfacing IEC61850 network with SCADA/RTU system
Multifunctional Protection IEDs and their applications in transforming transmission and distribution Deadline for submission of
systems. final paper:
HV Equipment and Substation (A3 & B3) 10th July, 2017
New approaches to condition monitoring in new and existing T&D assets in severe environmental
and operating condition
Incorporation of intelligence into HV equipment (e.g. new technologies relevant to IEC 61850, Non COMMITTEES
conventional instrument transformer(NCIT), Controlled switching,).
Local Organizing Committee
Management of ageing HV substation equipment
Dr. Nirmal Nair
Materials and Emerging Test techniques (D1)
(NZ SCB5, AORC Rep, NZNC
Emerging testing and diagnostic techniques for UHV applications , Offshore and subsea applications
(high pressure, corrosion). Secretary)
Advances in partial discharge detection using conventional (IEC 60270) and unconventional methods Rebecca Stewart
Properties and potential applications of new materials. (NZNC Chairman)
Information systems and Telecommunications(D2)
Modeling tools for cyber threats and cybersecurity measures Review Committee Chair
Software platforms for control of distributed energy resources Doug Ray
Modern telecommunication networks for protection and control in EPI
(Vector Limited, NZNC
Cloud computing and IoT technologies for data interchange between electric market participants.
Executive Member, AORC TM
Distribution System and Dispersed Generation (C6)
2017 Technical Chair)
Modelling and analysis of active distribution networks with high share of distributed
energy resources and flexible loads (e.g., electric vehicles, decentralized energy storage systems)
Interoperability and standardization-related topics for Smart Grids CIGRE NZ Interest Group 4 (IG4)
Decentralised solutions for generation and network to deliver to isolated rural areas SC A3 (HV Equipment)
Any other SC with papers aligned with the theme. SC B3 (Substations)
SC B5 (Protection &
PAPER SUBMISSION FORMAT Automation)
SC D1 (Materials & Emerging
Authors should submit a one-page abstract via email to cigreaorc2017@gmail.com. The submitted
abstracts will go through a peer review process. Upon abstract acceptance, a 6 to 8 page paper in CIGR Test Techniques)
format must be submitted for the final contribution. SC D2 (Information Systems &
Accepted final contributions will be included in the conference proceedings and papers will be published Telecommunications)
in the online CIGR library (www.e-cigre.org), provided the contributions are fully registered by at least
one author and presented in person at the conference. Presentation
formats of these selected papers will be either through oral session
or poster.
Templates for submission available at cigreauckland2017.org.nz

REGISTRATION
All the relevant information of the CIGRE AORC technical meeting,
tutorial, WIE program, NGN forum and registration, will be made
available through cigreauckland2017.org.nz

EXHIBITOR/SPONSORSHIP
The CIGR Auckland 2017 is likely to attract around 300 delegates
that includes technology & business leaders, vendors, consultants,
Generation/Transmission/Distribution experts, Policy makers and
regulators from across the host country, Asia-Oceania region, and
CIGRE member countries from rest of the world. Please visit the
conference website for detailed prospectus and procedures to avail
of exhibiting and sponsorship opportunities.

NEW ZEALAND
 ANNUAL
REPORT
2016 Insulated cables
by Marco Marelli, Chairman of SC B1

SC B1

Evergreen!
Insulated cables were addressed by CIGRE from the very beginning, starting with a discussion in the 1921 Session
under the heading construction of lines and the sub heading underground and submarine lines. Six years later it
was founded a specific Study Committee dealing with Power Cables that was initially designed as SC 2, then evolved
to SC 21 and finally changed to SC B1 with the name of Insulated cables. Study committee B1 will thus celebrate
its 90th anniversary in 2017.

The history of the Study Committee is about a technical community capable of balancing rootedness in history
with a constant attention to the evolution of the electrical system, with the ability to renew itself in the structures
and relationships to better serve evolving stakeholders. It is therefore the history of an evergreen Study Committee.

In 1921 CIGRE discussed about utilization limits of single and mufti core cables for AC and DC, determination
of electric constants, after-laying tests. This developed in a more structured and wide coverage of related topics.

In 2016 the field of activities of SC B1 concerns the development and operation of all types of AC and DC
insulated cable systems for land and submarine power distribution and transmission applications. The main focus
of SC B1 remain on high voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV) transmission applications, but with a renewed
shift in the coming years to focus also on distribution, embedded generation and smart grids medium voltage (MV)
cable system applications.

Within this field, the scope of work of SC B1 covers theory, design, applications, manufacture, installation, testing,
operation, maintenance, end of life and diagnostic techniques of insulated cable systems.

Core technologies and expertise of SC B1 are insulated components and equipment for power transmission and
distribution, while for other cable related aspects SC B1 relies on good relations and cooperation with other Study
Committees and other interest groups, in particular for what concerns materials, emerging technologies as well as
asset, operational and environmental management.

20 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 ANNUAL
REPORT
Structure, membership, organization
Strategic Directions and activities of the Study Committee SC B1 are fully aligned with strategies and guidelines
2016
coming from the Technical Committee of CIGRE. SC B1 is organized and structured accordingly. SC B1 has
therefore a Chairman, a Secretary and a number of members. Pierre Argaut (FR) has been the Chairman of the
Study Committee since 2010 and concluded his term at the end of the General Session in August in Paris. The new
Chairman is Marco Marelli (IT) while the Secretary is still Alain Gille (BE) who gives continuity to the action of SC
B1. At the end of 2016, the membership of SC B1 was 24 regular members and 15 Observer Members. SC B1
The technical work is done through Working Groups. Each year, new Working Groups are launched to address
the need coming from stakeholders. The new work items are normally decided during the Annual Study Committee
Meeting. Following decision of the Study Committee the Terms of Reference (TOR) are most often prepared by
Task Forces. The proposals of New Work Items submitted to the Study Committee are prepared by the Customer
Advisory Group (CAG) and formally established by the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) of the Study Committee.
Each Region of the world is represented in the CAG to gather the needs of the Regional Target Groups. At each
CIGRE Session, questionnaires are proposed during the Group Discussion Meeting to identify the needs of the
Target Groups of the Study Committee. A Prospective Advisory Group (PAG) helped to identify the long-term
needs.

The work of Study Committee SC B1 is also kept tuned with IEC, IEEE, and other interest groups, as well as with
Local and Regional CIGRE organizations.

What happened in 2016

As always in even years, the most important events for SC B1 happened in Paris during the CIGRE General
session.

The plenary Annual meeting of Study Committee B1 was hold in August with around 100 SC Members, AG and
WG Conveners, and invited experts. Six new SC members attended the meeting. To ensure that all the items of the
agenda could be addressed, the plenary meeting of the Study Committee had been scheduled on 1.5 days (Monday
22nd afternoon and Tuesday 23rd). Pierre Argaut chaired the meeting, recalling that this was his last SC meeting as
SC Chairman and wishing good luck to the incoming Chairman. He also underlined the crucial role of the Secretary
of the Study Committee and reminded that in the past twenty five years, SC 21/B1 had six Chairmen but only three
Secretaries. The Chairman introduced also the new SC B1 webmaster (Gabriel De Robien, FR), who explained the
status of the two web sites currently in use for B1:
Existing website: http://b1.CIGRE.org
New collaborative tool: http://CIGREgroups.org
Meeting has been very positive. On-going works from Working Groups have been revised and new work
items were launched.

From left to right: Marco Marelli, Chairman of SC B1, Alain Gilles, Secretary of SC B1, Yves Maugain, past
Secretary of SC B1 and current Secretary of the Technical Council, Pierre Argaut and Fredrik Rter, past
Chairmen of SC B1, Aldo Bolza, past Chairman of SC B1 and past Chairman of the Technical Committee

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 21

 ANNUAL
REPORT
At the end of second day, with participation of past chairmen and past secretary, SC B1 paid tribute a long
2016 applause to Pierre Argaut in recognition of his excellent works during the six years of his term.

The Group Discussion Meeting of Study Committee B1 took place on August 25th, 2016 and was chaired by the
Study Committee Chairman, Mr. Pierre Argaut, with Mr. Walter Zenger as Special Reporter and Mr. Alain Gille
as SC B1 Secretary. The incoming Study Committee Chairman of B1, Marco Marelli was also present. This event

SC B1 was attended by an average audience of around 300 delegates from around 30 countries. The Special Report was
proposing 15 questions based on 39 papers submitted for the 2016 CIGRE Session, from 24 different countries
addressing three Preferential Subjects. The 48 prepared contributions coming from 18 different countries showed a
very high quality preparation of the presentations by the authors and fostered interesting discussions and caused 51
valuable spontaneous contributions. Two invited contributions from Young UK CIGRE Members and from Study
Committee D1 were also presented. Main interest have been around new developments in particular for HVDC
and for testing and monitoring strategies, but also operational aspects attracted many questions from the floor. Of
course, not all questions could be answered conclusively; however, this was not the intention and the expectation of
the auditorium. Open questions are considered as the input for future activities of Study Committee B1 Insulated
Cables.

On Friday August 26th in the morning, a Poster Session was organised. This Session had been prepared by Wim
Boone (NL) and chaired by Detled Wald (CH) and Harry Orton (CA). 33 authors were attending this Poster Session
which attracted around 310 visitors. The Customer Advisory Group (CAG) of SC B1 and several Working Groups
were also attending this Session to present their activities.
SC B1 gives lot of value to this event. To express the importance of the papers in the framework of this CIGRE event,
all the authors without any selection procedure have an equal chance to present their papers in a separate poster
session to interested visitors. The format has been once again very much appreciated, authors and WG convenors
were very happy with the given opportunity to communicate in an animated and lively way with interested visitors.

In addition to the events in Paris, SC B1 has been actively participating to several regional meeting and conferences,
including:
AORC CIGRE Technical Meeting (India, Feb 2016)
Colloquium UHV (Canada, May 2016)
IEEE/ICC Spring (USA, Apr 2016)
AORC CIGRE Technical Meeting (Thailand, Nov 2016)
GCC CIGRE Power Conference (Qatar, Nov 2016)
IEEE/ICC Fall (USA, Nov 2016)

The UHV Colloquium in Canada and the ICC Fall Meeting in Arizona in particular have been the occasion to a
total of four deliver high quality tutorials.

As the most important part of SC B1 technical activities are done within Working Groups, the publication of their
outcomes through Technical Brochures is of primarily importance. Four TBs were foreseen to be published in 2016.
Unfortunately two have been delayed, thus the following were published:

WG number Name of the publication Publication date Electra and Technical Brochure

WG B1.37 Guide for the operation of Availability on eCIGRE: Electra 286

self-contained fluid filled cable June 2016
systems Technical Brochure 652

WG B1.34 Mechanical Forces in Large Availability on eCIGRE: Electra 290

Conductor Cross-Section December 2016
XLPE Cables Technical Brochure 669

Technical Brochures are highly considered and regarded as fundamental documents within the technical
community; SC B1 aims to monitor and constantly improve their quality, which is already very good. The time-to-
market of Technical Brochures shall be as good as the quality; SC B1 aims to improve in the preparation of final
reports and in their revision and approval process thus being able to publish a larger number of documents in 2017
and to stabilize around four Technical Brochures published every year.

22 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 ANNUAL
REPORT
Awards
Year 2016 was characterized by three different and significant awards.
2016
During the Opening Ceremony of CIGRE General Session in Paris, on Sunday 21st August, Pierre Argaut (FR)
received the CIGRE Honorary Member Award in recognition of his leadership role as Chairman of Study Committee
B1 Insulated Cables (2010 2016). During the same event, Wim Boone (NL) received the CIGRE Fellow Award
in recognition of his activity as Convener, Special Reporter and Tutorial lecturer for Study Committee B1. Finally, SC B1
Frank de Wild (NL) received the TC Award for SC B1 in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the work of
the SC. He was given with his official certificate during the Group Discussion Meeting, on Thursday 25th August.

These awards have been highly appreciated by the whole SC B1 community, as Pierre, Wim and Frank are well
recognised as active and passionate leaders in their activities for CIGRE.

Technical activities
Technical work of SC B1 is developed by means of working bodies - Task Forces, Working Groups, Advisory
Groups that are all made of valuable people that are often spending their free time for CIGRE to deliver tangible
results. In fact, without their work, there wouldnt be any CIGRE, even! The Study Committee have the deepest
respect and appreciation of these people, as well as of their employer.

There are many technical activities currently on-going within SC B1, at different degrees of progress.
The following WGs were approved beginning of 2016:

WG B1.55 - Recommendations for

additional testing for submarine cables
from 6 kV (Um = 7.2 kV) up to 60 kV
(Um = 72.5 kV)
This work comes from a preparatory
work done in a UK regional WG that
proposed guidelines for wet type cables
up to 72.5 kV, for use on offshore wind
farms. On those bases a new work item
had to be considered in 2015 and a WG
dedicated to this subject was set up for
a two-year period. Terms of Reference
were approved in early 2016. The
Convener of this WG is Marc Jeroense
(SE) and the WG is expected to complete
a report during the second half of 2017.

WG B1.56 - Cable rating verification

As it is rather difficult to verify calculations of calculation tools, especially when these tools provide transient or
dynamic ratings, or real life situations which are not precisely covered by IEC, the WG B1.35 (TB 640) recommended
helping the cable community by setting up a uniform calculation verification protocol, which can be used to ensure
a correctly working software within a certain (limited) domain. WG B1.56 is therefore defining the scope of the
verification protocol in detail, setting a series of cable designs, duty aspects and installation types, making and
reporting calculations for defined situations, establishing verification protocols. The final outcome may also suggest
a future revision of TB 640. Frank de Wild (NL) is the Convener of this WG, which was initially set up for a two-year
period but during last SC B1 a further 1 year extension was granted; the final report is therefore expected around
mid-2018.

WG B1.57 - Update of service experience of HV underground and submarine cable systems

In 2009, the WG B1.10 published a Technical Brochure (TB 379) which collated survey data relating to the installed
quantities of underground and submarine cable systems together with their service experience and performance.
The surveys covered a 5 year period ending December 2005 for land cables and a 15 year period ending December
2005 for submarine cables. WG B1.57 had the Terms of Reference approved in early 2016 and it is due to update
the service experience to the end of 2015, using a format comparable to earlier publications. Information will

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 23

 ANNUAL
REPORT
include land and submarine cables for AC and DC operating at 60 kV and above; internal and external faults will
2016 be investigated with the aim to provide statistic bases to decision makers and in general to all stakeholders. The
Convener of this WG is Sren Mikkelsen from Denmark. Target for this group is to circulate the first draft of a
Technical Brochure in the second half of 2018.

Three new WGs have instead been decided during SC Meeting. Their Terms of Reference were prepared during

SC B1 the second half of 2016 and approved in early 2017 by the TC Chairman. They are the following:

WG B1.58 - Asset Management in MV cable systems

This is the first-ever work of SC B1 entirely focused on MV systems. It comes from the need of DSO Companies
to look for possibility to analyze condition of MV cables. It is considered good to connect knowledge from different
DSOs about their practices about diagnostics systems. The WG will look into details of diagnostic methods used in
MV cable network, cable diagnostics requirements in electrical tests after installation and after repair, diagnostics
in assessing technical condition of the cable line, management of data received from diagnostic tests. The Convener
of this Working Group is Slawomir Noske from Poland. WG is given with a three year period to prepare a report.

WG B1.60 - Maintenance of HV cable

systems
Maintenance procedures and maintenance
strategies are important to pursue the direction
of making the best use of the existing power
system. TB 279 is currently more than 10 years
old and need to be updated as there seem to be
a variety of new developments in the past 10
years, the present Technical Brochure does only
consider AC land cable, and also because TB
279 initially excluded the important aspect of
costs. A new Working Group has been therefore
established to cover above aspects and to address
also predictive maintenance. Bart Mampaey
from Belgium is the Convener of this Working
Group, that is expected to work for a period of
three years to deliver a Technical Brochure.

WG B1.61 - Installation of HV cable systems

In the past years Study Committee B1 widely discussed the need to update the Technical Brochure 194
Construction, laying and installation techniques for extruded and self-contained fluid filled cable systems: this
document is considered an important reference for construction works. Since its publication many techniques have
been developed and many installation issues have been further studied. CIGRE B1 contributed and still contributes
to report about many specific aspects, but its now time to integrate all of them into a new reference document. In
particular the following reports will be considered: TB 640 A guide for rating calculations of insulated cables, TB
669 Mechanical forces in large conductor cross-section XLPE cables, Final Report from WG B1.41 Long term
performance of soil and backfill of cable systems, Final Report from WG B1.48 Trenchless technologies. According
to conclusions from a previous Task Force (TF B1.53), a revision of TB 194 should include also guidelines on how to
coordinate cable design, engineering and installation given project interfaces between different companies, should
add best practices and practical examples to the installation guidelines, should add examples of cable damage
related to installation errors. In order to cover all these issues, Study Committee B1 formed a new WG that will be
convened by Eugene Bergin (IE), with the target to prepare a final report in three years.

In addition to all mentioned Working Groups, during the meeting In August SC B1 decided to launch preparatory
Task Forces to evaluate the need for future WGs on the following subjects:
TF B1.62: Updating of TBs for EHVDC & UHVDC Cable Systems
TB B1.63: Specifications for HVAC Dynamic Cables above 36kV
TB B1.64: Evaluation of Armour Losses
TB B1.65: Installation of Offshore Cable Systems

These Task Forces will report to SC Meeting in 2017 and in case they will recommend to launch Working
Groups they will propose respective Terms of Reference.

24 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 ANNUAL
REPORT
At the end of 2016, SC B1 is convening 19 WGs and convening or officially participating in 4 JWGs.
B1 is also having representatives in 1 JWG and in 2 WGs of other SCs.
2016
A view on 2017
In conclusion, 2016 has been a very positive and fruitful year for Study Committee B1, mainly due to the excellent
chairmanship of Pierre Argaut during the past years.
SC B1
Year 2017 will be characterized by the celebration of the 90th anniversary from the foundation of the committee
dedicated to insulated cables. Celebration will be primarily associated to the Annual Study Committee meeting,
that will take place in New Delhi (India) in the week from the 9th to the 13th of October. In the same occasion SC B1
plan to deliver 5 tutorials on recent Technical Brochures. Other tutorials will be planned elsewhere during the year.

Beside tutorials, SC B1 plan to be present with representatives at the most significant Regional events (e.g.
in Australia, India, Oman, South Africa) as well as at IEEE/ICC biannual meetings. An important event for the
engineering community of insulated cables will be the JicableHVDC17, in Dunkerque (France) on 20-22
November 2017: this is an International Symposium on HVDC cable systems, co-organized by CIGRE B1.

If 2016 suffered lack of publication, 2017 will show a clear recovery with five or six Technical Brochures being
published as soon as the relevant Working Groups will conclude the fine tuning of their work.

Finally, during 2017 it will be published a new Strategic Plan for SC B1. This document will span a period of
10 years and it is intended to define the mid to long term goals of the SC and to provide a global framework on
which to base its activities. The new Strategic Plan will be the tool to keep renewing the Study Committee B1 while
maintaining the original spirit, to remain an evergreen organization.
 PA P E R
re f ere n c e
Recent development and interrupting performance
with SF6 alternative gases
SC A3 workshop on SF6 alternatives jointly with Current Zero Club
Authors
M. Seeger, R. Smeets, J. Yan, H. Ito, M. Claessens, E. Dullni, C. M. Franck, F. Gentils,
W. Hartmann, Y. Kieffel, S. Jia, G. Jones, J. Mantilla, S. Pawar, M. Rabie, P. Robin-Jouan,
H. Schellekens, J. Spencer, T. Uchii, X. Li and S. Yanabu
CIGRE Study Committee A3 held a Workshop on SF6
alternatives jointly with Current Zero Club (CZC) on Monday, 22
August 2016 during the Paris session. Sixty experts attended. The
purpose of the Workshop is to collect the available information on
interrupting and switching performance with state-of-the-art of
SF6 alternatives and then evaluate the interrupting capabilities in
comparison with SF6 in order to discuss whether any new actions
are required in CIGRE, besides the recent publication on SF6
position paper in 2014 [1].
After opening remarks by the chairs of SC A3 and CZC, M. Seeger
first reported an updated investigation conducted by the CZC
members. Then five manufacturers presented the developments
and on-going pilot projects with SF6 alternatives. The amount of
information available is very limited and often only from single
sources. The new promising gases are perfluoroketones and
perfluoronitriles. Due to the high boiling point of these gases, in
HV applications mixtures with CO2 are used. For MV insulation
perfluoroketones are mixed with air, but also other combinations
might be possible. The dielectric and switching performance of
the mixtures is only slightly below SF6, which allows sufficiently
low operating temperatures. Minor design changes or de-rating
of switchgear are therefore necessary. Unlike SF6, the new gases
decompose under the influence of arcing. Differences between the
gas mixtures change the boiling point and the GWP.
Introduction
SF6 is widely used in electric power transmission and distribution
systems, as for example in gas insulated switchgear (GIS), circuit
breakers (CB) and load break switches. It combines unique electrical
insulation and arc interruption capability [1]. However, since it is
also a very strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential
(GWP) of about 23500 over a time horizon of 100 years, e.g. [2],
its use and release are regulated and further restriction is discussed
in some countries. Therefore, search for alternative gases for use
in power applications has been ongoing since about two decades
ago e.g. [3][4]. In the present paper we briefly review the status of
the present solutions, with a focus on switching application. This
review is mainly based on the most recent literature available from
26 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
manufacturers. No independent confirmation is available. Since
vacuum switching technology is a separate ongoing activity [5], it
will be left out in the present review.
Search for alternative gases
The intensification of search for alternative gases started about
two decades ago [3][4] after the Kyoto protocol was agreed in 1997
and further increased in the last 10 years (e.g. [6][7][8][9][10]
[11][12][13][14]). Important requirements for alternative gases
were identified as in the following list:
Low global warming potential (GWP) and zero ozone
depletion (ODP) potential
Low toxicity and non-flammability
High dielectric strength, arc quenching capability and heat
dissipation property
Stability and material compatibility
Availability on the market
From various studies of gases of natural origin, CO2 turned
out to be the most promising arc quenching gas, e.g. [7][10],
possibly enhanced in performance by some additives [11].
However, as was shown, the switching and dielectric performances
of CO2 are both far below those of SF6, e.g. [10][15]. Other
interesting gases were identified to be fluorinated gases like CF3I,
perfluoroketones (e.g. C5F10O), perfluoronitriles (C4F7N), e.g. [6]
[12][13][14][16][17]. Taking all the requirements into account,
the most promising candidates at present appeared to be the C5
perfluoroketone (CF3C(O)CF(CF3)2 or C5-PFK) [18] and the
iso-C4 perfluoronitrile ((CF3)2-CF-CN or C4-PFN) [19]. The
dielectric performance of pure gases scales with the boiling point,
i.e. gases with high dielectric strength usually also have a high
boiling point, see e.g. [9]. For C5-PFK and C4-PFN, the boiling
points at 0.1MPa are 26.5 C and -4.7C, respectively. Thus, for
application in switchgear, where a sufficiently low boiling point
is needed for low temperature requirements, an admixture of a
buffer gas is needed. CO2 is selected for this role in HV due to
its good arc quenching capability. In MV application air is also
reported as the buffer gas in combination with C5-PFK for
insulation purposes [20][21]. The concentration of C5-PFK
 re f ere n c e

PA P E R
Dielectric
Toxicity
CAS Boiling Toxicity strength/
GWP ODP Flammability LC50 (4h) Ref
number 3) point/C TWA1) ppmv pu at 0.1
ppmv
MPa
SF6 2551-62-4 -64 2) 23500 0 No - 1000 1 [6][16]
CO2 124-38-9 -78.5 2)
1 0 No >300000 5000 0.3 [3][4][15]
C5-PFK 756-12-7 26.5 <1 0 No >20000 225 2 [12][16]
C4-PFN 42532-60-5 -4.7 2100 0 No 12000 65 2 [6][16][19][25]
Table 1: Properties of pure gases compared to SF6

1) The occupational exposure limit is given by a time-weighted-average (TWA), 8-hr

2) Sublimation point
3) A unique numerical identifier assigned to every chemical substance described in the open scientific literature

and C4-PFN, and by this the performance of the mixtures, will
depend on the minimum operating temperature requirement of
the switchgear. An additional alternative approach is proposed to
use air for insulation [23][24].
Properties of alternative gases
and mixtures
The properties of the selected alternative gases with reference
to SF6 are shown in table 1. The GWP for the various gases are
different: the C4-PFN has a much higher GWP than CO2 or
C5-PFK that are both around 1. All the gases of interest are not
flammable, have no ODP and are non-toxic according to safety
data sheets available from the chemical manufacturer [18][19]
[25]. The dielectric strength of pure C4-PFN and C5-PFK is nearly
twice that of SF6. CO2 has a dielectric withstand comparable to air
[3][15], significantly below that of SF6.
application, see column 3 in table 2. For Air/C5-PFK mixtures in
MV application 0.13 MPa can be kept and the dielectric withstand
of SF6 is approached. The high dielectric withstand of mixtures
with relatively low admixture ratios of C4-PFN or C5-PFK can be
explained by a synergy effect [6][26][27], i.e. a non-linear increase
of the dielectric strength with the admixture ratio, as is known in
SF6/N2 mixtures. The GWP of mixtures with C5-PFK is negligible,
at the cost of a higher minimum operating temperature. Low
temperature applications of e.g. -25C for HV can be covered
by pure CO2 or CO2+C4-PFN mixtures. This is at the cost of
significantly reduced dielectric withstand in case of pure CO2 or
significantly higher GWP in case of C4-PFN mixtures. Due to
strong dilution, the toxicity of the mixtures is below that of the
pure substances. The toxicity of mixtures containing C5-PFK
or C4-PFN is higher than that of CO2 but can be regarded as
non-toxic according to CLP European Regulation (EC) No
1272/2008[31], thus no specific label is required [6][30].

The properties of gases and mixtures when used in switchgear
are shown in table 2. The concentration of admixtures of
C4-PFN and C5-PFK with the buffer gas is given in the second
column and is typically below 13% (mole). Note that for the use
of C5-PFK in CO2 additionally an oxygen admixture is used.
Due to a reduced dielectric withstand of the mixtures compared
to SF6 (column6) at the same pressure the minimum operating
pressure needs to be slightly increased to about 0.70.8 MPa for
C5-PFK and C4-PFN when using CO2 as the buffer gas for HV
Interrupting and switching
performance of alternative gases and
gas mixtures
The switching performance mainly focusing on thermal
interrupting capability, corresponding to the short-line fault
(SLF) testing duty and the capacitive switching capability were
discussed in the Workshop. Preliminary information on

Toxicity LC50
Cad 1) pmin/ MPa 2) Tmin/C 3) GWP D.S. 4) Ref
ppmv
SF6 - 0.430.6 -41-31 23500 0.861 -

CO2 - 0.61 -48 6)

1 0.40.7 >3e5 [7][10][11]
CO2/C5-PFK/O2 (HV) 6/12 0.7 -5...+5 1 0.86 >2e5 [12][17][24][26]
CO2/C4-PFN (HV) 46 0.670.82 -25-10 327690 0.870.96 >1e5 [6][30][14] [31]
Air/C5-PFK (MV) 713 0.13 -25-15 0.6 0.85 5) 1e5 [16][21][22]
N2/C4-PFN (MV) 2040 0.13 -25-20 13001800 0.91.2 >2.5e4 [15]
Table 2: Properties/performances of gases and mixtures in MV and HV switchgear applications

1) Concentration of admixture is in mole % referred to the gas mixture field Ed with pressure correction in the form of
2) Typical lock-out pressure range Ed=84p0.71 was used
3) Minimum operating temperature for pmin 5) Compared to SF6 at 0.13 MPa, measurements were for a mixture at -15C
4) Dielectric strength compared to SF6 at 0.55 MPa. For the scaling of SF6 breakdown 6) Calculations with Ref: https://www.nist.gov/srd/refprop

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 27

 PA P E R
re f ere n c e
the switching performance of pure CO2 and CO2 mixtures
is collected in table 3. The performance of SF6 is given for
comparison. With an enhanced operating pressure compared to
SF6 the cold dielectric strength, which is e.g. a measure of the
performance in capacitive switching, can reach the same level as
that of SF6. In the scanned literature, only qualitative statements
on the switching performance of C4-PFN and C5-PFK mixtures
could be found. For CO2 a few quantitative comparisons exist.
Very roughly, for pure CO2 at an increased fill pressure of about
1 MPa, about 2/3 of both the dielectric and thermal interruption
performances of SF6 might be expected. With the admixture of
O2 to CO2 in the mixing ratio range up to 30%, an increase of the
thermal interruption performance [11] and also a slight increase
in dielectric strength (e.g. [32]) is expected. With the admixture
of C4-PFN and C5-PFK into CO2 the dielectric performance can
be close to SF6. The SLF switching performance for the mixtures
of CO2/O2/C5-PFK is reported to be 20% below that of SF6 [26].
For an adapted CB with CO2/C4-PFN a similar SLF performance
to that of SF6 is stated, e.g. [6]. There are, however, also direct
comparisons of pure CO2 with CO2/C4-PFN and CO2/C5-PFK
mixtures using identical geometry and pressure, which show
similar thermal interruption performance of CO2 with and
without admixtures [24]. IEC test duties L90 (SLF) and T100
(100% terminal fault) with the new mixtures are passed with some
design modifications [34] or certain de-rating [26], suggesting that
the switching performance of the new mixtures is not significantly
lower than that of SF6. This has also been shown to be valid for
the bus transfer switching duty of disconnector switches, e.g. [33]
[34]. It is expected that dedicated design improvements can still
increase the switching performance in the future.
An important point is the toxicity of the gas after arcing.
C5-PFK and C4-PFN are complex molecules which start to
decompose above approximately 650C in case of C4-PFN, e.g.
[28]. After arcing some C5-PFK and C4-PFN molecules do not
recombine to their original structure, but form smaller molecules.
A decomposition rate of 0.5 Moles/ MJ under high-current
interruption is reported for CO2/O2/C5-PFK mixtures [26].
For partial discharges decomposition rates of more than one
order of magnitude lower are observed for this mixture [35]. No
quantitative information is given so far on the decomposition
rates of C5-PFN. Note that this decomposition involving the new
gases is not comparable with the decomposition of SF6 because the
latter only occurs due to chemical reactions with ablated contact
and nozzle material. The decomposition involving the new gases
Operating pressure Dielectric
[MPa] strength/pu
SF6 0.6 1 1
CO2 0.81 0.50.7
CO2+C5-PFK/O2 0.70.8 close to SF6
CO2/C4-PFN 0.670.82 close to SF6
Table 3: Switching performance of gases and mixtures compared to SF6 at increased operating pressures in HV applications
1) At same pressure build up. 2) Same performance as SF6 is stated but it is not clear if this was under same conditions
28 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
is not seen as a problem over lifetime, but concentrations in the
equipment need to be monitored or regularly checked, in a way
similar to SF6 [36]. Most toxic decomposition products for HV,
i.e. mixtures with CO2, are CO and HF, e.g. [26] [28]. The arced
mixtures are regarded to have similar or lower toxicity as arced SF6.
It is recommended, therefore, to treat this in a way similar to arced
SF6. It must, however, be noted that the above statement is made
only based on the limited knowledge available on the toxicity of
the new gases. Formation of critical by-products under repetitive
switching in a small volume is discussed in [16]. Considerable
more experience seems to be needed on the post arcing toxicity of
the potential SF6 substitute gases. Additional reported issues are:
material compatibility [17][28] (e.g. effects on sealings and grease),
gas tightness and gas handling procedures. Therefore, it should not
be expected that existing HV equipment can be filled with the new
gases without design or material changes. Internal arc tests were
done with all mixtures and no critical issues are reported, e.g. [6]
[17][21]. Heat dissipation of the mixtures is slightly inferior to
SF6 [6][17], i.e. moderate de-rating or design changes might be
necessary with respect to the current carrying capability.
At present field experience is gained with CO2 live-tank CB,
being started some years ago. A CO2 filled CB is also commercially
available. With the C5-PFK mixtures for HV (GIS with 8 bays
for 170 kV, 31.5kA, based on a 245 kV, 50 kA design) and MV
(primary switchgear, 50 panels, 22 kV, nominal current: 1600 A
for feeder, 2000 A for busbars) pilot installations have been in
operation successfully since 2015 in Switzerland [17][36] and
Garmany. Pilot installations with the CO2/C4-PFN mixture
are planned in several European countries [6], such as a 145 kV
indoor GIS in Switzerland, 245 kV outdoor current transformers
in Germany and outdoor 420 GIL in UK [6][34][31].
Conclusions and outlook
Published information on alternative gases for SF6 in switching
applications has been reviewed. In their present state, these
investigations have just started and are by far not as extensive
as for SF6. The presently available manufacturer information
on properties shows that new gases (e.g. C5-PFK and C4-PFN)
are available, which can compete with, but may not fully reach
the performance of SF6 when used in mixture with CO2 as the
buffer gas. Main differences are in the insulation and interruption
performances and boiling point with the latter defining the
minimum operating temperature specified for the switchgear. The
SLF performance compared Dielectric recovery Ref
to SF6 /pu 1) speed/pu
1
0.50.83 0.5 [7][10][11][24]
0.80.87 close to SF6 [17][24]
0.83(1) 2)
close to SF6 [6][24][28]

lowest operating temperatures (e.g. -50C) can be reached with
CO2. However, CO2 has a lower switching performance than gas
mixtures containing C4-PFN or C5-PFK. The advantage of CO2/
C5-PFK mixture compared with CO2/C4-PFN mixture is the
negligible GWP of about 1 compared to 427600 of the latter.
The advantage of CO2/C4-PFN compared to CO2/C5-PFK is the
lower minimum operating temperature of about -25C compared
to about -5C of the latter. Since research and development of these
new SF6 alternatives has just started, design improvements can
be expected in the future. Exhaustive studies on decomposition
products after current interruptions and their level of toxicity
during a lifetime are still required, as it was performed in the
past for SF6, in different operating conditions. Probably from all
different alternatives, a convergence to a single solution can be
expected on the longer term. For sure, much more investigations
and experimental validations have to be carried out.
CIGRE current decision
The CIGRE position paper [1] claimed there were no alternative
interrupting media comparable to SF6 covering the complete high
voltage and breaking current ranges as needed by todays power
systems with the same reliability and compactness as modern SF6
circuit breakers. It was also emphasized that the environmental
impact of any specific application should be evaluated and
compared using the Life Cycle Assessment approach from its
production to disposal as regulated by ISO 14040.
Since available information on long-term interrupting
capability with SF6 alternatives is still limited, SC A3 decided to
postpone the creation of a new WG to investigate the interrupting
and switching capability and will continue to collect scientific
data, even though CIGRE already established WG B3.45: Gas
handling, etc. and WG D1.67: Insulation properties. By setting a
preferential subject related to SF6 alternatives, SC A3 will discuss
this subject at the coming 2017 Winnipeg colloquium and the
2018 Paris Session.
References:
[1] P. Glaubitz et al., CIGRE Position Paper on the Application of SF6 in
Transmission and Distribution Networks, Electra, Vol 34, No. 274, 2014
[2] T. Stocker et al., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, https://www.ipcc.
ch/report/ar5/wg1/
[3] L. Niemeyer, A Systematic Search for Insulation Gases and Their Envi-
ronmental Evaluation, Gaseous Dielectrics Vol VIII, pp. 459-464, 1998
[4] L. Christophorou, J. K. Olthoff, and D. S. Green, Gases for Electrical
Insulation and Arc Interruption: Possible Present and Future Alterna-
tives to Pure SF6, US Department of Commerce, Technology Adminis-
tration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997
[5] CIGRE 589, The Impact of the Application of Vacuum Switchgear at
Transmission Voltages, WG A3.27, 2014
[6] Y. Kieffel et al., Green Gas to Replace SF6 in Electrical Grids, IEEE
Power and Energy Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 32-39, 2016
[7] T. Uchii et al, Fundamental Research on SF6-Free Gas Insulated Swit-
chgear Adopting CO2 Gas and Its Mixtures, Proceedings of Internatio-
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[8] T. Ueno et al, Evaluation of SLF Interruption Capability on Various
re f ere n c e
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[9] M. Rabie and C. M. Franck, Predicting the Electric Strength of Pro-
posed SF6 Replacement Gases by Means of Density Functional Theory,
18th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Seoul,
Korea, 25-30 August, 2013
[10] P. Stoller et al., CO2 as an Arc Interruption Medium in Gas Circuit
Breakers, IEEE Trans Plasma Science, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 2359, 2013
[11] T. Uchii et al., Thermal Interruption Capabilities of CO2 gas and CO2-
based Gas Mixtures, Proceedings of the XVIII International Conference
on Gas Discharges and Their Applications, Greifswald, Germany, 2010
[12] J. D. Mantilla, N. Gariboldi et al., Investigation of the Insulation Per-
formance of A New Gas Mixture with Extremely Low GWP, Electrical
Insulation Conference (EIC), Philadelphia, USA, 2014
[13] M. Taki et al., Interruption Capability of CF3I Gas as a Substitution
Candidate for SF6 Gas, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 341-346, 2007
[14] Y. Kieffel et al., SF6 Alternative Development for High Voltage Switch-
gears, Cigr Paper D1-305, Paris, 2014
[15] K. Juhre, E. Kynast et al., High Pressure N2, N2/CO2 and CO2 Gas
Insulation in Comparison to SF6 in GIS Applications, 14th Intl. Symp.
High Voltage Eng.(ISH), Paper C-01, pp. 1-6, 2005
[16] C. Preve et al., Validation Method for SF6 Alternative Gas, CIGRE, 2016
[17) D. Tehlar et al., Ketone Based Alternative Insulation Medium in a 170
KV Pilot Installation, CIGRE Colloquium, Nagoya, Japan, 2015
[18] 3M Novec 5110 Dielectric Fluid, Technical Data Sheet, 2015
[19] 3M Novec 4710 Dielectric Fluid, Technical Data Sheet, 2015
[20] Saxegaard et al., Dielectric Properties of Gases Suitable for Secondary
MV Switchgear, CIRED, Paper 0926, 2015
[21] Hyrenbach et al., Alternative Gas Insulation in Medium Voltage Swit-
chgear, CIRED, 2015
[22] N. Presser, Advanced Insulation and Switching Concepts for Next Ge-
neration High Voltage Substations, CIGRE B3-108, 2016
[23] S. Kosse, Development of CB with SF6 Alternatives, Presentation at
Workshop of Current Zero Club with CIGRE SC A3 on Switching in
Alternative Gases, CIGRE, 2016
[24] J.G. Owens, Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions through Use of a
Sustainable Alternative to SF6 EIC, 2016
[25] J. D. Mantilla et al., Environmentally Friendly Perfluoroketones-based
Mixture as Switching Medium in High Voltage Circuit Breakers,
CIGRE A3-348, 2016
[26] P. Simka et al., Dielectric Strength of C5 Perfluoroketone, Proc. 19th
Int. Symp. High Voltage Eng, Pilsen, Czech Republic, 2015
[27] H. Hama , S. Okabe et al., Insulation Co-ordination Related to Internal
Insulation of Gas Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures
under AC Conditions, CIGRE WG C4.302, 2008
[28] European Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling
and Packaging of substances and mixtures
[29] Pohlink, et al., Characteristics of Fluoronitrile/CO2 Mixture-an Ater-
native to SF6, CIGRE, D1-204, 2016
[30] E. Laruelle et al., Reduction of Greenhouse Gases in GIS Pilot Project
in UK, CIGRE, Paper C3-304, 2016
[31] H. Zhao et al., Prediction of the Critical Reduced Electric Field Strength
for Carbon Dioxide and Its Mixtures with 50% O2 and 50% H2 from
Boltzmann Analysis for Gas Temperatures up to 3500 K at Atmospheric
Pressure, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol.47, pp. 325203, 2014
[32] Y. Kieffel et al., SF6 Alternative Development for High Voltage Switch-
gears, EIC, Seattle, Washington, USA, 2015
[33] D. Gautschi, Application of a Fluoronitrile Gas in GIS and GIL as an
Environmental Friendly Alternative to SF6, CIGRE, B3-106, 2016
[34] T. Hammer, Decomposition of Low GWP Gaseous Dielectrics Caused
By Partial Discharges, 21st Int. Conference on Gas Discharges and
Their Applications, Nagoya, Japan, 2016
[35] P. Mller, Praxiserfahrungen der Ersten 170-kV-GIS mit Alternati-
vem Isolationsmedium Basierend auf Ketonen, GIS Anwenderforum,
Darmstadt, Germany, 2016
[36] P. Sderstrm et al., Suitability Evaluation of Improved High Voltage
Circuit Breaker Design with Drastically Reduced Environmental Im-
pact, CIGRE, 2012.
No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 29
ELECTRA
CIGREs Bilingual Bimonthly Journal
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 676 GT D1.29
brochure thmatique

dcharges partielles dans les transformateurs

Membres
J. Fuhr, Chef de file (CH), S. Markalous, Secrtaire (DE),
S. Coenen (DE), M. Haessig (CH), M. Judd (GB), A. Kraetge (DE), M. Krueger (AT),
R. Lebreton (FR), E. Lemke (DE), S. Okabe (JP), R. Schwarz (AT),
U. Sundermann (DE), S. Tenbohlen (DE), P. Werle (DE)

Introduction Principaux rsultats de la BT

Les transformateurs de grande puissance sont parmi Sur la base des discussions du GT D1.29, une procdure
les composants les plus chers, et les plus importants dinvestigation en trois tapes a t dfinie pour les mesures,
stratgiquement, de tout systme de production et de en laboratoire HT ou sur site, destines valuer les problmes
transport dlectricit. Le fonctionnement fiable dun de DP des transformateurs de puissance. Un rsum de cette
transformateur dpend fortement de la capacit du systme procdure est donn ci-aprs. (Les dtails sont prsents dans
disolation supporter, sans dfaillance, la contrainte la BT).
lectrique permanente pendant sa dure de vie attendue,
typiquement de plus de 40 ans. En exploitation le systme Etape 1 : analyse du profil des dp
disolation lectrique vieillit continuellement, essentiellement
par la combinaison des contraintes lectriques, mcaniques et et calibration
chimiques. Comme consquence de ce processus normal
de vieillissement, des zones de faiblesse prsentant une tenue Distribution des DP
dilectrique rduite apparaissent, localises de faon alatoire
dans le systme d'isolation. Ces zones affaiblies, prsentant
une tenue dilectrique rduite, sont des sources potentielles
d'une activit permanente de dcharges partielles (DP), qui
peut long terme tre nfaste au fonctionnement sr de tout
composant HT. C'est la raison pour laquelle la mesure des
dcharges partielles est un outil essentiel pour la dtermination
de l'tat rel de tous les systmes HT d'isolation lectrique. La
mesure des DP est une des rares mthodes non destructives
qui permette de dtecter des dfauts locaux (sources de DP)
dans des systmes d'isolation lectrique complexes, tels que
ceux des transformateurs de puissance.

Primtre des travaux Analyser du profil des DP enregistres au niveau des

traverses (en conformit avec la CEI 60270) pendant l'essai
Lobjectif des travaux du GT D1.29 tait de faire un point d'induction de tension triphase, et confirmer que l'origine
synthtique des progrs raliss en matire de mesure des DP de l'activit de DP dtecte se trouve bien l'intrieur du
dans les transformateurs, sur un plan gnral. La Brochure systme d'isolation lectrique.
Technique (BT) CIGRE dcrit la fois les applications
des diffrents systmes de mesure des DP et les diffrents Matrice de couplage
principes de la mesure, ainsi que les mthodes danalyse. Dans
lannexe de la BT on prsente un certain nombre dtudes de U V W
cas pratiques, pour lesquels les responsables des essais ont d U 100% 25% 17%
aller au-del des conditions spcifies dans les normes CEI et V 47% 100% 54%
IEEE pour obtenir une solution positive aux problmes de DP. W 18% 30% 100%
Finalement on a essay de dfinir des critres qui pourraient Temps 15.00 15.01 15.02
permettre de distinguer les sources de DP dangereuses et les
moins dangereuses dans les isolations lectriques imprgnes Une matrice de couplage de calibration des DP est utilise
lhuile des transformateurs de puissance. pour dterminer le couplage chacune des bornes,

32 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG D1.29
technical brochure 676
Partial discharges in transformers

Members
J. Fuhr, Convenor (CH), S. Markalous, Secretary (DE),
S. Coenen (DE), M. Haessig (CH), M. Judd (GB), A. Kraetge (DE), M. Krueger (AT),
R. Lebreton (FR), E. Lemke (DE), S. Okabe (JP), R. Schwarz (AT),
U. Sundermann (DE), S. Tenbohlen (DE), P. Werle (DE)

Introduction PD problems in power transformers. A summary of this

Large power transformers are amongst the most expensive procedure is given below (details are described in the TB).
and strategically important components of any power
generation and transmission system. Reliable operation Step 1: analysis of pd pattern and
of transformers is strongly dependent on the ability of
the insulation system to withstand permanent electrical calibration
stress without damage during the expected life of typically
more than 40 years. During service, the transformers PD pattern
insulation system is continuously aging, primarily through a
combination of electrical, mechanical, thermal and chemical
stresses. As a result of this normal aging process, weak
regions with decreased dielectric strength are generated and
randomly distributed in the insulation system. Weak regions
with decreased dielectric strength are potential sources of
permanent partial discharge (PD) activity which in the
long run can be harmful to the safe operation of any HV
component. For this reason, partial discharge measurement
is an important tool in establishing the actual condition of all
HV electrical insulation systems. PD measurement is one of
the few non-destructive methods, able to detect local defects
(PD sources) in complex electrical insulation systems, such as
those in power transformers. Analyse the PD pattern recorded at bushings (according to
IEC 60270) during the three phase induced voltage test and
Scope confirm that the detected PD activity is inside the electrical
insulation system.
The goal of the work of WG D1.29 was to summarize
the progress in PD measurements on transformers taking a Coupling matrix
wide view. The CIGRE Technical Brochure (TB) describes
both, the application of different PD measuring systems and
U V W
different measurement principles, as well as the analysing
methods. A number of practical case studies are show in the U 100% 25% 17%
Annex of the TB, where for the successful solution of PD V 47% 100% 54%
problems the testers have to go beyond the requirements W 18% 30% 100%
specified in the IEC and IEEE Standards. Finally, an attempt Temps 15.00 15.01 15.02
has been made to define possible criteria for distinguishing
between dangerous and less dangerous PD sources in the A calibration PD coupling matrix is used to define the
oil-impregnated electrical insulation of power transformers. coupling at each terminal, where a calibrated pulse generator
is connected to the terminal with the highest pC value
Major results of the TB recorded in previous PD tests.

Based on discussions in WG D1.29, an investigation Use wide band PD-sensors (up to 30 MHz) at all accessible
procedure containing three steps was established for bushings of the transformer (HV side, LV side, neutral
measurements in HV-laboratories and on-site to assess terminal, grounding of the core and press plate).

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 33

 676 GT D1.29
brochure thmatique

laquelle est connect un gnrateur d'impulsions calibres, de Etape 2 : Position des sondes
valeur gale la valeur maximale de pC enregistre lors des acoustiques et uhf
essais de DP antrieurs.
Capteurs acoustiques
Il faut utiliser des capteurs de DP large bande (jusqu' 30
MHz), toutes les traverses accessibles du transformateur
(Ct HT, ct BT, borne de neutre, mises la terre du circuit
magntique et de la plaque de serrage).

Signal de DP dans le domaine temps

Les signaux dans le domaine temps, issus de la matrice

de couplage, sont une rponse du rseau RLCM du
transformateur au signal de calibrage inject sur la borne
pour laquelle on a dtect les plus fortes valeurs de DP
(Caractrisation du transformateur soumis l'essai).

Signal de DP dans le domaine frquence

Analyse des signaux acoustiques enregistrs par mthode

informatique (Modle 3D du transformateur)

Sonde UHF

Les signaux dans le domaine frquence, issus de la

matrice de couplage, sont une rponse du rseau RLCM du
transformateur au signal de calibrage inject sur la borne
pour laquelle on a dtect les plus fortes valeurs de DP
(Caractrisation du transformateur soumis l'essai).

Enregistrer les configurations DP et les signaux DP rels

dans les domaines temps et frquence, pour les mmes
conditions d'essais, sur toutes les traverses (o les signaux
DP sont disponibles).

Analyser toutes les donnes enregistres et les comparer

aux valeurs caractristiques de la matrice de couplage de
calibration du transformateur, matrice de couplage de
transfert.

34 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG D1.29
technical brochure 676
PD signal in time domain

Coupling matrix signals in the time domain are a response Software based analysis of recorded acoustic signals (3D
to the RLCM network of the transformer to the calibrating model of the transformer)
signal injected at the terminal where the highest PD values
were detected (characterization of the transformer under test). UHF probe

PD signal in frequency domain

Coupling matrix of signals in the frequency domain are

a response to the RLCM network of the transformer to the
calibrating signal injected at the terminal where the highest
PD values were detected (characterization of the transformer).

Record PD patterns and real PD signals in the time- and

frequency-domain under the same testing conditions at all
bushings (where PD signals are available).

Analyse all recorded data and compare them with the

characteristic values of the transformer: calibration coupling
matrix, transfer function coupling matrix.

Step 2: position of acoustic and

uhf probes
Acoustic sensors

Analysis of recorded UHF signals

Record all data described in step 1 with simultaneous

detection of acoustic and UHF PD signals.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 35

 676 GT D1.29
brochure thmatique
Analyse des signaux UHF enregistrs
Enregistrer toutes les donnes dcrites dans l'tape 1, avec
dtection simultane des signaux acoustiques et UHF de DP.
Etape 3 : simulation de la source
de DP
Injecter un signal de calibrage aux points supposs tre
la source des DP dans les parties actives du transformateur.
Mesurer la rponse au niveau des traverses, ou sur les
extrmits des enroulements raccords des condensateurs
de couplage externes.
Comparer les signaux de DP dans les domaines temps
et frquences enregistrs et les rponses de la partie active
(rseau RLCM) une excitation par un signal calibr inject
aux points supposs tre la source des DP.
Signal DP mesur
36 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
Signal de calibration
La source relle des DP est situe l o les rponses au
signal de calibration, appliqu l'isolation, prsentent
la plus forte similitude avec les signaux de DP dans les
domaines temps et frquences mesurs (Voir les tudes de
cas dans l'Annexe de la BT).
Conclusions
Les mesures de DP font partie des mesures les plus
importantes mises en uvre pour une dtermination fiable
de l'tat des quipements lectriques HT, neufs ou qui
ont vieilli en exploitation. L'interprtation des rsultats des
mesures DP est encore base sur l'amplitude enregistre de
la charge apparente en pC ou en V. Un examen critique
confirme que la mesure conventionnelle de la charge
apparente au niveau des traverses d'un transformateur, en
particulier pour des DP dont les origines se situent au sein
du systme d'isolation (et qui sont considres comme
dangereuses), et la valeur mesure de la charge apparente
ne permettent pas de bien valuer le risque li l'activit
DP dtecte. En consquence, toute activit DP dtecte
dans un transformateur lors d'un essai d'acceptation en
usine, et en particulier un niveau voisin de la tension
nominale, devrait faire l'objet d'une investigation et d'une
localisation. Bien que l'on ait un retour d'exprience
d'un grand nombre d'exemples pratiques de dfauts
DP identifis et localiss, comme montr dans l'annexe
de cette BT, l'identification claire des sources des DP
dangereuses au sein des systmes d'isolation lectrique
des transformateurs de puissance appelle encore des
recherches supplmentaires.
 WG D1.29
technical brochure 676
Step 3: simulation of the PD Calibrating signal
source

The real PD source is located where the responses to the

Inject a calibrating signal at assumed PD source locations
in the active part of the transformer. Measure the response
at bushings, or at leads of windings connected to external
coupling capacitors.
Compare PD signals in the time- and frequency-domain
recorded during the PD test with responses of the active part
(RLCM network) to the excitation with a calibrating signal at
assumed PD source locations.
Measured PD signal
calibrating signal, as applied to the insulation, deliver the
closest match with the measured PD signals in the time- and
frequency-domain (see case studies in Annex of the TB).
Conclusions
PD measurements are amongst the most important
measurements made for the reliable assessment of the
condition of new or service aged HV components. The
interpretation of PD results is still based upon the recorded
amplitude of the apparent charge in pC or V. A critical
review confirms that the conventional measurement of the
apparent charge at bushings of a transformer, in particular
for PD sources hidden inside the insulation system (which are
considered to be dangerous), and the measured value of the
apparent charge do not sufficiently reflect the real risk of the
detected PD activity. Therefore, any detected PD activity in a
transformer during the factory acceptance test, especially at
the level of the nominal rated voltage, should be investigated
and localized. Despite the large number of practical examples
with identified and localized PD defects, as shown in
the Annex of this TB, the unambiguous identification of
dangerous PD sources in the electrical insulation system of
power transformers still remains a topic for further research.

BROCHURE N 676
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

300 e

Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 37

 677 GT C2.35
brochure thmatique

Performance des oprateurs de systme lectrique:

objectifs et indicateurs cls de performance (KPI)
utiliss pour la compagnie, pour lexploitation
et pour la formation
Membres

N. Cukalevski, Chef de file (RS), C. Coluzzi (IT), J. Darriba Macdo (BR),
F. Villella (BE), D. Kearney (IE), J. Kreienkamp (DE), M. Gilbert (AU),
M. Markovic (AT), J. Muller (ZA/AE), M.M. Van Ravenhorst (NL),
H. Sarmiento (MX), R. Zacheo (IT)

Introduction volume de savoir en matire de formation des exploitants, savoir

Lindustrie moderne de la fourniture dlectricit (ESI) doit
faire face une srie de dfis lis lextension des systmes
lectriques et aux complexits des marchs. Ces dfis sont mieux
perus l'occasion des grandes perturbations des rseaux ou des
pannes gnralises. Lors de ces vnements nfastes, il est du
plus haut intrt de toutes les compagnies que la performance
constate de l'exploitation soit leve et mesurable.
Comme une qualit insuffisante de l'exploitation peut avoir
des consquences financires importantes, il serait d'un grand
avantage pour les compagnies d'lectricit de dfinir, de suivre,
d'analyser et d'amliorer la performance des oprateurs des
systmes lectriques1. Cependant les objectifs des activits
des oprateurs de systme lectrique, et donc des objectifs de
performance correspondants, ne sont pas toujours dfinis et
quantifis clairement, avec des indicateurs cls de performance
(KPI) et des index.
Peu de travaux concernant les objectifs de performance des
niveaux de la compagnie, de lexploitation et de la formation ont
t conduits prcdemment. Il y a de cela plus de deux dcennies,
au sein du CE 39 du CIGRE (qui est devenu le CE C2), un
Groupe de Travail GT 39.05 avait t mis en place. Il sintressait
essentiellement aux performances oprationnelles du rseau de
grand transport (BES), en visant principalement la qualit de
fourniture, avec des rsultats tirs d'une enqute portant sur les
systmes de mesure utiliss, les donnes effectives d'nergie non
dlivre (END) et la frquence des incidents. Les rsultats de ces
travaux ont t prsents dans la Brochure Technique BT n53.
Les travaux du GT C2.33 du CIGRE, dans les dernires
annes, ont t publis dans la BT 524. Ils prsentent un grand
1 Le terme oprateur de systme lectrique est employ comme une
appellation gnrique et peut couvrir une de tous les diffrents types
d'organisations ou de fonctions telles que ISO, RTO, TSO et VIU.
recueilli et illustr de plusieurs tudes de cas de par le monde.
Les questions lies la performance du travail de l'oprateur (et
la qualit de la formation correspondante) ont t identifies,
mais sans une analyse en profondeur de la manire dont les
oprateurs travaillent, ou sans que l'on dise comment la qualit a
t mesure et quantifie.
On se doit de mentionner les travaux passs du Groupe de
Comparaison des GRT, compos de 15 25 TSO , qui a t actif
de 1995 maintenant, et dont lobjectif tait de comparer les
performances et dchanger les bonnes pratiques en matire
dexploitation des systmes lectriques. Environ 50 mesures de
performance ont t produites. Malheureusement pour ceux
qui sont intresss seulement une vingtaine dentre elles a t
publie.
De mme, le 2010 Metrics Report, pour l'industrie de
l'lectricit des Etats-Unis, a t publi et fournit des donnes
de performance des six principaux ISO/RTO des Etats-Unis.
Cette publication a t coordonne par la FERC, dans le but de
compiler les informations et de suivre les donnes en rapport
avec la performance des ISO et des RTO dans les domaines de
la fiabilit, du fonctionnement du march de gros de l'lectricit
et de l'efficacit de l'organisation. Avant cette publication
les compagnies d'lectricit et la FERC avait dvelopp des
indicateurs communs de performance adapts.
Le primtre couvert dans la BT est relatif la performance
de l'oprateur du systme lectrique, avec ses objectifs et ses
KPI, dans l'environnement hirarchique le plus large. Dans ce
cadre les objectifs de l'exploitation doivent tre normalement
dfinis au niveau de la compagnie (le plus haut), et les objectifs
de l'exploitation et les KPI doivent tre utiliss comme des
objectifs pour la conception des programmes de formation des
oprateurs et pour l'valuation du travail des oprateurs (en
incluant l'habilitation), c'est dire. au niveau de la formation

38 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA


Power system operator performance:
corporate, operations and training goals
and kpis used
Members
N. Cukalevski, Convenor (RS), C. Coluzzi (IT), J. Darriba Macdo (BR),
F. Villella (BE), D. Kearney (IE), J. Kreienkamp (DE), M. Gilbert (AU),
M. Markovic (AT), J. Muller (ZA/AE), M.M. Van Ravenhorst (NL),
H. Sarmiento (MX), R. Zacheo (IT)
Introduction
The modern electricity supply industry (ESI) faces
a series of challenges due to growing power system
and market complexities. These challenges can best be
identified during large system disturbances and blackouts.
During these adverse events, it is in the best interest of
all utilities that the demonstrated level of operations
performance be superior and measurable.
Since operations underperformance can have large
financial consequences, utilities will be advantaged if they
define, track, analyse and improve power system operator1
performance. However, power system operator work goals,
and thus their performance goals, are not always explicitly
defined and quantified with suitable key performance
indicators (KPIs) and metrics.
Previous work regarding corporate level, operation level
and training level performance goals and KPIs is scarce.
More than two decades ago within the CIGRE SC 39
(predecessor of the SC C2) there was a WG 39.05 which
focused on BES (bulk electricity system) operational
performance, mainly focusing on security of supply,
with survey based results (on measurement systems used,
actual data on ENS-energy not supplied and frequency of
events). The results of this work are presented in Technical
Brochure (TB) n53.
Work done in recent years in CIGRE WG C2.33 that
was presented in the TB 524 included vast amount of
knowledge regarding operator training, that was acquired
and illustrated with several case studies from around the
world. Within it, issues of operator work performance (and
related training performance) were identified but did not
1 The term power system operator is used as generic that accommodates all
different organisational/functional forms like ISO, RTO, TSO and VIU.
WG C2.35
technical brochure 677
deeply analyse how operators work, or how performance
was measured and quantified.
It is also relevant to mention previous work by the
TSO Comparison Group, composed of 15-20 TSOs,
and active from 1995 until today, with the objective to
benchmark performance and exchange best practice on
system operation. About 50 performance measures were
identified, but unfortunately for the interested; only about
20 of them have been published.
Also, within the USA electricity industry, and coordinated
by the FERC, with the goal to compile information and
track certain data points that are relevant to ISO and RTO
performance in the areas of reliability, wholesale electricity
market performance and organizational effectiveness, 2010
Metrics Report was published, with performance data for
six main US ISO/RTO. Before this was published, utilities
and FERC developed suitable joint performance metrics.
The domain explored in this TB is related to power system
operator performance, with its goals and KPIs, in the wider
hierarchical environment, where goals for the operation
level should normally be defined at the corporate (upper)
level, and where operation level goals and KPIs should be
used as targets for operator training program design and
operator work evaluation (including accreditation) i.e.
at the operator training level. This TB outlines the results
and recommendations from a survey of utilities worldwide
about their Operations performance and its relationship
with operator training goals, and consequently operator
performance quantification and measurement.
Performance goals and KPIs
The survey took account of operations performance
improvement being related to the wider business power
No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 39
 677 GT C2.35
brochure thmatique
Figure 1. KPI de direction gnrale lis aux objectifs dentreprise : croissance
des oprateurs. La BT prsente les rsultats et les
recommandations, tires d'une enqute auprs des compagnies
d'lectricit de par le monde, portant sur la performance de
l'exploitation et sur sa relation avec les objectifs de formation des
exploitants, et par consquent sur la quantification et la mesure
de la performance des oprateurs.
Objectifs de performance et KPI
Dans lenqute on a pris en compte les progrs des
performances dexploitation qui relvent de la classe des objectifs
plus larges de performance dactivit, normalement dfinis au
niveau de la compagnie. Les objectifs et les KPI de la compagnie
(essentiellement techniques) ont par consquent t aussi inclus
dans le primtre des travaux (avec des tches semblables pour
identifier les pratiques existant dans les compagnies dlectricit,
en matire dobjectifs de performance globale de la compagnie
et de dfinitions de leurs indicateurs). Une tche supplmentaire
a consist mettre en vidence la cartographie des liens (si
elle existe) entre les objectifs/KPI mis en uvre aux diffrents
niveaux.
En ce qui concerne les KPI de la compagnie lis la croissance
et aux perspectives futures de l'entreprise, ils sont principalement
lis au suivi de la performance, de la ralisation des projets et
du dveloppement des actifs. 80% de ces KPI sont dfinis en
interne. La Figure 1 illustre ce point.
Dans lenqute les objectifs oprationnels et les KPI ont t
rpartis en six catgories/objectifs, numrs ci-aprs. Des
questions spcifiques ont port sur les objectifs et les KPI que
l'oprateur de systme a class dans les catgories/objectifs
spcifiques:
Scurit et fiabilit du rseau
(Bonnes) pratiques dexploitation
Scurit des personnes en exploitation et environnement
Oprations conomiques
Satisfaction des clients
Satisfaction et dveloppement du personnel
Figure 2. Objectifs de performance oprationnelle dfinis dans les organisations
40 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
Quand on examine les objectifs prcdents, il est clair que
pratiquement chaque objectif de performance et chaque KPI
peuvent tre quantifis. Il est par consquent intressant de
noter que les rsultats de l'enqute ont montr que presque
un tiers des contributeurs ont indiqu que leurs objectifs
oprationnels ne sont pas dfinis au moyen de KPI, mme si
la plupart des compagnies d'lectricit se donnent des objectifs
qui sont dfinis et suivis par le biais de KPI, comme le montre
la Figure 2. Parmi les cinq compagnies, cependant, quatre ne
prcisent pas les informations qui sont utilises la place des
KPI. Une seule d'entre elles indique que d'autres dpartements,
non oprationnels, dont les reprsentants n'ont pas contribu
au questionnaire par manque de temps, utilisent certains des
objectifs/KPI dfinis.
Les retours d'exprience des exploitants et les mesures
quantifies de performance accroissent l'efficacit de la
formation, de l'expertise de l'exploitant et du reporting des
incidents.
A lavenir les grands incidents de rseau et les pannes
gnralises vont demander, de la part des compagnies, des
reportings plus transparents sur la performance de lexploitation
du systme, et par consquent il faut que la performance de
loprateur soit amliore et soit mesure aprs la formation.
Quant lexistence dune structure formelle qui coordonne
la formation des oprateurs du systme dans les organisations,
les options suivantes ont t identifies et sont prsentes dans
la Figure 3.
Enseignements
A partir de lanalyse dtaille des donnes de lenqute,
prsente dans la BT, on peut dduire que :
Il existe des objectifs de performance et des KPi, mais
habituellement pour des segments dactivit troits, comme la
fiabilit, mais rarement pour les domaines de lexploitation et
de la formation dans leur totalit.

Figure 1. Corporate KPIs related to the corporate goal: Growth
system performance goals normally defined at the
corporate level. Hence corporate level (mostly technical)
goals and KPIs were also included in the scope of work
(with similar tasks to identify existing utility practices in
corporate level performance targets and their indicator
settings). An additional task was to find (if any) mapping
between the goals/KPIs used at different levels.
With regards to corporate KPIs related to the growth
and the future company perspectives, they are mostly
related to performance monitoring together with project
delivery and growth of the assets, 80% of such KPIs are
fixed internally. Figure 1 demonstrates this.
The Operational goals and KPIs in this survey were
divided into six categories (goals) as listed below, with
specific questions on which goal and KPIs are mapped
by the System Operator to specific categories/goals. The
operational categories (goals) were:
Grid Security and Reliability
(Good) Operational Practices
Operational Safety and Environment
Economical Operations
Customer Focus
Employee Satisfaction and Development
Looking at the goals above, it is clear that almost every
performance goal and associated KPI can be quantified.
It is therefore interesting to note that survey results
showed that almost a third of respondents indicate that
their operational goals are not defined through KPIs, even
though most utilities will have goals that are defined and
monitored through KPIs, what is illustrated in Figure 2.
But from those five, four didnt provide the information
what was used instead. Just one of them indicated that other
(non-operational) departments, whose representatives
were not involved in the Questionnaire due to time
limitations, define some of the stated goals/KPI.
Figure 2. Operational Performance Goals defined in Organisations
WG C2.35
technical brochure 677
Operator feedback and quantitative performance
measures increase the effectiveness of training, operator
capability and incident reporting.
Large system disturbances and blackouts in the future
will require more transparent reporting by utilities
about system operation performance, hence operator
performance needs to be improved and measured after
training.
Regarding the existence of formal structure to coordinate
power system operator training in organisations the
following options were identified and presented in Fig.3.
Findings
The detailed analysis of survey data, given in the TB, has
revealed that:
Performance goals and KPIs exist, but normally for
narrow domain segments, like reliability, but rarely for
the whole operations and training domains.
Clear mapping of goals/metrics between all levels of
the entire hierarchical decisionmaking chain are
non-existent in most companies. This is understandable
because such mappings are not currently an issue in the
daily work of system operators. Goal/metric mapping
will, however, become very important for operation
performance as the electricity supply industry evolves
and many key business components (like cost of
service, tariffs and etc.) are recognised/paid for based
on demonstrated operations performance. In the area
of operational reliability (a term mainly used in North
America), performance metrics/KPIs are well developed
and employed, while in Europe, The European Network
of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
(ENTSO-E) are yet to develop suitable improved metrics
for network security, although work is in progress.
Similarities and differences exist for system operators
worldwide regarding performance goals and KPIs
No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 41
 677 GT C2.35
brochure thmatique
Figure 3. Structure de coordination de la formation des oprateurs du systme
Une rpartition claire des objectifs/indicateurs entre les
tous les niveaux de la chane de dcision nexiste pas dans la
plupart des compagnies. On peut le comprendre parce que
de labsence de telles rpartitions ne pose pas actuellement de
problmes dans le travail au jour le jour des oprateurs. Cette
rpartition des objectifs/indicateurs va cependant devenir
trs importante pour la performance de lexploitation,
dans la mesure o lindustrie de llectricit volue et o de
nombreux composants essentiels de lactivit (comme le cot
du service, les tarifs, etc.) sont reconnus et rtribus sur la
base dune performance dexploitation dmontre. Dans le
domaine de la fiabilit dexploitation (un terme surtout utilis
en Amrique du Nord), les indicateurs/KPI de performance
sont largement dvelopps et utiliss, tandis quen Europe
ENTSO-E, lAssociation Europenne des Gestionnaires de
Rseaux Electriques, na toujours pas dvelopp des outils
de mesures performants et utilisables pour la scurit des
rseaux, bien le travail soit cependant en cours.
En matire dobjectifs de performance et de KPI utiliss par les
oprateurs de systme de par le monde, il existe des similitudes
et des diffrences. Les carts proviennent de lutilisation dune
terminologie et de dfinitions diffrentes, ainsi que des carts
entre les pratiques et les rgles des compagnies.
Dans des domaines, tels que la planification oprationnelle, la
formation et l'valuation, les objectifs de performance et les
indicateurs ne sont pas au mme niveau et aussi formaliss
(c. d. quantifis et normaliss au plan international) que les
indicateurs de fiabilit de l'exploitation.
Il reste une grande place pour des amliorations, partout
dans le monde, par l'unification et la normalisation de la
terminologie, des indicateurs de performance d'exploitation
et par la coopration internationale, par le CIGRE ou d'autres
organisations internationales.
Recommandations
Dans la BT, partir de lanalyse des donnes de lenqute
et des enseignements tirs, on propose aux compagnies/
organisations en charge de lexploitation des rseaux lectriques
les recommandations cls suivantes :
Quand ceci nexiste pas dj, les compagnies devraient dfinir
et si possible quantifier des objectifs et des indicateurs de
performance, ce tous les niveaux importants (compagnie,
exploitation, formation), mais en priorit pour l'exploitation.
Il faut que les compagnies suivent la qualit de l'exploitation
du systme lectrique au moyen d'indicateurs de performance
42 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
(KPI), de faon continue, en s'appuyant sur les outils TIC les
plus modernes.
Les compagnies devraient cooprer entre elles sur la question
de la performance de l'exploitation, pour se comparer et
dfinir des rfrences de paramtres et de rsultats, l'chelle
rgionale et mme continentale.
Les chapitres de la BT
Aprs une introduction, le chapitre 2 est consacr aux
recherches et la prsentation des organisations internationales
pertinentes, dont celles de lAmrique du Nord (NERC) et de
lEurope (ENSTO-E), et aux travaux raliss ce jour sur les
objectifs de performance de lexploitation et les KPI. Le chapitre 3
expose les enseignements cls et les recommandations en matire
de performance de lexploitation des systmes lectriques, pour
des diffrents niveaux (compagnie, exploitation et formation),
tels quils ressortent de lanalyse des donnes recueillies par
le biais dune enqute lchelle internationale. Le chapitre 4
prsente les rsultats dune quantification rapide et dune analyse
des rponses au questionnaire collectes auprs de 16 TSO/ISO.
La structure de ce chapitre suit celle du questionnaire (donnes
du systme lectrique, donnes de la compagnie, objectifs et KPI
de la compagnie, objectifs et KPI de lexploitation, et objectifs et
KPI de la formation). Le chapitre 5 expose en dtail des exemples
pratiques (comme tudes de cas), provenant de National Grid
(GB), ESKOM (Afrique du Sud) et ONS (Brsil). Le chapitre 6,
le dernier, rassemble les conclusions, les recommandations, et les
suggestions d'activits futures.
Activits futures
Il est clair, enfin, que les variations constates, au plan
mondial, entre les valuations des objectifs d'exploitation
et des KPI, appellent des travaux supplmentaires et des
investigations plus pousses. Les rsultats de l'enqute ont
montr que certains KPI d'une compagnie sont directement
traduits en KPI d'exploitation, alors que d'autres sont plus
flous et par consquent interprts diffremment par chaque
TSO. Les performances d'exploitation et les KPI ne sont pas
toujours dfinis et quantifis explicitement ( aucun des niveaux
analyss). Ceci peut conduire une potentielle dgradation de
la performance et devrait tre une raison importante pour que
les compagnies d'lectricit dfinissent, suivent et amliorent
leurs performances oprationnelles prsentes, aprs avoir t la
motivation de cette recherche du CIGRE.
 WG C2.35
technical brochure 677

Figure 3. Structure to coordinate power system operator training

used. Differences generally result from use of different
terminology and definitions, as well as different practices
and company rules.
In areas, like operational planning, training and
assessment, performance goals/metrics are not at
the same level or as formalised (i.e. quantified and
internationally standardised) as operational reliability
metrics development.
There is important room for improvement worldwide,
through unification and standardisation of terminology,
operations performance metrics and international
cooperation (through CIGRE or other international
organisations).
Recommendations
Based on the survey data analysed and findings, this TB
proposes the following key recommendations to power
system operation organisations/utilities:
If non-existent, companies should define and possibly
quantify goals and performance indicators at all key
levels (corporate, operations, training), but at operations
level at first.
Companies need to track power system operation
performance through performance indicators (KPIs)
on a continual basis with the help of state of the art ICT.
Companies should cooperate on the issue of operations
performance, to compare and benchmark metrics and
results, at the regional or even continental base.
KPIs, operational level goals and KPIs and training goals
and KPIs). Chapter 5 details practical examples (as case
studies) from the National Grid (UK), ESKOM (South
Africa) and ONS (Brazil). The final chapter, Chapter 6,
contains conclusions, recommendations and suggestions
for future work.
Future work
Finally, it is clear that the variability worldwide between
performance goal and KPIs assessments needs further
work and investigation in more detail. The survey results
found that certain corporate KPIs are mapped directly
to the operational KPI whilst others are more ambiguous
and are therefore interpreted differently by each TSOs.
Performance goals and KPIs are not always explicitly
defined and quantified (at any level analysed) what can
lead to potential underperformance and should be a major
motivator for utilities to define, track, analyse and improve
its actual operations performance, and it was also a reason
for this CIGRE research.
BROCHURE N 677
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

The TB chapter structure Disponible sur / Available on:

Following an introduction, Chapter 2 prospects
and presents relevant international organisations and
work done so far in operations performance goals and
www.e-cigre.org
KPIs, including in North America (NERC) and Europe
(ENTSO-E). Chapter 3 presents key findings and Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
recommendations related to power system operations
performance at different levels (corporate, operation and 180 e
training). This, as well as findings and recommendations
derived from the analysis of data acquired through a
survey conducted worldwide. Chapter 4 sets out results
of basic quantification and analysis of questionnaire Purchase (non-members)
answers collected from 16 participating TSO/ISOs. The Free download (members)
chapter is aligned with the questionnaire structure (power
system data, company data, corporate level goals and

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 43

 678 GT C6.21
brochure thmatique

Comptage avanc, aspects rglementaires,

normes et point du dveloppement

Membres
Eduardo Navarro, Chef de file (ES), John Skog, Secrtaire (US),
Samuel Jupe, Editeur (GB), Txetxu Arzuaga (ES), Hassan Farhangi (CA),
Jianzhong Wu (GB), Alberto Sendn (ES), Iigo Larumbe (ES), Mark Lendich (AU),
Yasuo Matsuura (JP), Wayne Cross (CA), George Gross (US),
Vic Lawrence (ZA), Nikos Hatziargyriou (GR), Aris Dimaes (GR),
Payon Punjad (TH), Rungsiwut Muenya (TH), Dennis Keen (NZ), Marcelo Miziara (BR),
Carlos Alberto Monteiro (BR), Paulo Gama (BR), Rob Steele (GB),
Yukitoki Tsukamoto (JP), Marta Marmiroli (JP), Giuseppe Mauri (IT),
Zhao Ma (CN), Mingtian Fan (CN)

Introduction Canada
Chine
La Brochure Technique (BT) du GT C6.21 fait le point Danemark
sur les parties prenantes du comptage dans les diffrentes Grce
rgions et continents, les approches rglementaires (plans Italie
futurs, en phase de mise en place, ou pas de plans) et Japon
ltat du dveloppement du comptage avanc dans chaque Core du Sud
rgion, partir de lanalyse des rponses un questionnaire. Nouvelle Zlande
De plus, comme la structure des rseaux et les exigences Afrique du Sud
nationales ont un impact important sur le dveloppement Espagne
du comptage avanc dans les diffrentes rgions, elle traite Thalande
aussi des cadres rglementaires au plan mondial, des Grande Bretagne
aspects techniques, des impacts environnementaux et des Etats-Unis
stratgies de dveloppement des comptages avancs.
Dans le chapitre 3 on trouve une vue densemble des
Le contenu approches de conception des rseaux de distribution, dans
diffrentes parties du monde, principalement en Europe et
Le chapitre 1 prsente la stratgie suivie pour collecter en Amrique du Nord.
les informations en provenance des diffrentes parties
du monde. Un questionnaire a t conu dans ce but, Le chapitre 4 est consacr une synthse trs complte
avec pour objectif dobtenir une image de la situation du des exigences des diffrents pays en matire de comptage
comptage avanc structure sous trois aspects : avanc, allant des fournisseurs dnergie qui doivent
respecter le cadre rglementaire, aux aspects techniques et,
Les acteurs du comptage finalement, aux impacts environnementaux. 9 synthses
Lapproche rglementaire sont disponibles, pour les pays suivants :
Ltat de lart Australie
Brsil
Le chapitre 2 donne un rsum des 30 rponses au Chine
questionnaire, reues de diffrentes parties prenantes/ Japon
organisations de 16 pays: Nouvelle Zlande
Australie Afrique du Sud
Autriche Espagne
Brsil Thailande

44 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG C6.21
technical brochure 678
Smart metering, regulatory aspects, standards
and development status

Members
Eduardo Navarro, Convenor (SP), John Skog, Secretary (US),
Samuel Jupe, Editor (UK), Txetxu Arzuaga (SP), Hassan Farhangi (CA),
Jianzhong Wu (UK), Alberto Sendn (SP), Iigo Larumbe (SP), Mark Lendich (AU),
Yasuo Matsuura (JP), Wayne Cross (CA), George Gross (US),
Vic Lawrence (ZA), Nikos Hatziargyriou (GR), Aris Dimaes (GR),
Payon Punjad (TH), Rungsiwut Muenya (TH), Dennis Keen (NZ), Marcelo Miziara (BR),
Carlos Alberto Monteiro (BR), Paulo Gama (BR), Rob Steele (UK),
Yukitoki Tsukamoto (JP), Marta Marmiroli (JP), Giuseppe Mauri (IT),
Zhao Ma (CN), Mingtian Fan (CN)

Introduction Greece
Italy
Technical Brochure (TB) summarises the metering Japan
stakeholders in different regions/continents, the regulatory Korea
approaches (future plans, implementing or no plans) of New Zealand
each region and their development status of Smarting South Africa
Metering through questionnaire analyses. In addition, Spain
as the grid structure and national requirements have Thailand
critical impacts on the development of Smart Metering UK
in different areas, the worldwide regulatory framework, United States
technical aspects, the environmental impacts and strategy
of Smart Metering are discussed. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the distributioin network
design approaches in different parts of the world. Mainly
between Europe and North America.
The contents
Chapter 4 is an extense summary of country
Chapter 1 describes the strategy used to gather requirements regarding smart metering. From energy
information form different regions around the world. For suppliers going through regualtory framework, technical
this a questionnaire was designed with the aim of having a aspects and finishing with environmental impacts. Inside
picture of the smart metering in 3 different aspects: you will find 9 summaries from the following countries:
metering actors Australia
regulatory approach Brazil
state of the art China
Japan
Chapter 2 presents a summary of the results of the New Zealand
30 questionnaires received different stakeholders/ South Africa
organizations in 16 countries: Spain
Australia Thailand
Austria UK
Brazil United States
Canada
China Chapter 5 covers the different aspects that any decission
Denmark maker has to take into account regarding smart meters.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 45

 678 GT C6.21
brochure thmatique
Figure 1: Architecture du systme
Grande Bretagne
Etats-Unis
Le chapitre 5 prsente les diffrents aspects quun
preneur de dcision doit prendre en compte en matire
de compteurs avancs. On rappelle au responsable de la
dcision la ncessit danalyser dans quelle mesure les
compteurs avancs sont capables de remplir leur rle
dinterface du dernier kilomtre entre la compagnie
dlectricit et ses clients. On traite des aspects tels que le
compteur lui-mme, les systmes de gestion des donnes
du compteur, les tlcommunications, la scurit, la
stratgie dinformation du client, le systme de gestion de
la distribution et les cots.
Dans le chapitre 6 on prsente de faon rsume une
large varit de solutions technologiques qui sont en cours
46 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
de dploiement ou de discussion de par le monde, pour
mettre en place des solutions avances de comptage (AMI).
A cette fin, on prsente tout dabord une architecture de
rfrence (voir Figure1).
Sur cette base les diffrentes difficults seront prsentes.
Certaines seront relatives lensemble du systme, comme
la scurit, alors que dautres seront relatives une
interface particulire.
On trouve dans le chapitre 7 des conclusions qui dans
une certaine mesure mettent en oeuvre les travaux du
Groupe de Travail. On met en exergue les fonctionnalits
futures, mais en tenant compte du fait que lon est
seulemnt au dbut dune nouvelle re pour les rseaux de
distribution, dans laquelle les analyses de donnes auront
un nouveau rle.
 WG C6.21
technical brochure 678

Figure 1: System Architecture

We make decision makers aware of the need to establish

to what degree smart meters are able to fulfil their role BROCHURE N 678
as the last mile interface between the utility company and
its customers. We deal with aspects as meter itself, meter (en anglais seulement)
data management system, telecommunication, security,
customer information strategy, distribution management (in English only)
system and costs.

Chapter 6 summarizes a wide range of technology Disponible sur / Available on:

solutions that are being deployed / discussed all over the
world to deploy AMI solutions. To do so, first of all, an
architecture of reference is introduced (Figure 1). www.e-cigre.org

Based on it, different challenges will be enumerated. Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
Some challenges will be related to the whole system, such
as security, and some others will be related to a certain
interface 170 e

Chapter 7 provides conclusions that at some extend

implement the work done during the Working Group.
Purchase (non-members)
Future functionalities are highligthed but take into
account that this is only the beginning of a new era for Free download (members)
distribution networks where data analytics will have a new
protagonism.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 47

 679 GT C3.05
brochure thmatique

Impact environnemental de la production

dcentralise
Membres
Dr. Thomas Smolka, Chef de file (DE), Masanobu Katagiri (JP),
Andr Luiz Mustafa (BR), Prof. Dr. Stefanie Hellweg (CH), Evanise Mesquita (BR),
Stephen Martin (AU), Yasuhide Nakagami (JP), Eva Szechowicz (DE),
Thomas Dederichs (DE), Dr. Christian Capello (CH),
Melanie Haupt (CH), Lea Eymann (CH)

Introduction Dfinition de la production

On estime que la production dcentralise, partir de
sources fossiles et renouvelables, va connatre une forte
pntration dans les rseaux lectriques, mais la question
de son impact sur lenvironnement reste ouverte. Lobjectif
du Groupe de Travail tait de dfinir des procdures et
des mthodes pour valuer limpact de la production
dcentralise (DG) intgre dans les rseaux de distribution.
Le GT a procd une collecte et une analyse de cas pratiques,
ainsi qu une synthse et une comparaison de diffrentes
mthodes et expriences.
Le Groupe de Travail est conscient quil ny a pas une
rponse unique la question et que l'on ne sait pas dire
si la production dcentralise est plus favorable ou non
au plan environnemental, parce que cela dpend du cas
spcifique et des conditions particulires. Le GT sait que
l'approche du cycle de vie (LCA) pour l'valuation des
impacts environnementaux de la production, prsente ici,
n'est qu'une approche parmi d'autres dmarches de dcision,
parmi lesquelles par ex. les considrations conomiques
et les contraintes de rseaux. Nanmoins on pense qu'il y a
un besoin de dfinir une procdure globale et des mthodes
pertinentes pour l'valuation des impacts environnementaux
des DG, qui prennent en compte les facteurs importants
spcifiques du site susceptibles d'influencer ces impacts.
dcentralise
Conformment la dfinition de la Production Dcentralise
donne par le GT 37.23, le GT C3.05 a dfini ainsi la Production
Dcentralise :
elle nest pas aujourdhui centralement dispatche;
elle est raccorde au rseau de distribution (BT, MT);
la capacit installe infrieure 50 MW;
elle est constitue d'units de cognration (chaleur et
lectricit), de productions partir de sources renouvelables
ou d'autres sources conventionnelles, ou de dispositifs de
stockage d'lectricit.
Comme exemples de DG on a des micro turbines, des moteurs
combustion interne, des oliennes et des convertisseurs
photovoltaques, des mini centrales hydrauliques, des systmes
de production partir de biomasse et de dchets, des piles
combustibles, etc.
Vue densemble des impacts
environnementaux de la production
dcentralise
Le tableau ci-aprs prsente un chantillon des impacts
environnementaux des units de production dcentralise qui
sont prendre en compte dans les valuations environnementales
exhaustives base sur la LCA, tels que les voit le GT.

Impacts environnementaux
Emissions
Source lis la fabrication,
Technologie de premire
(par ex. combustible) l'exploitation
importance
et la mise au rebut

Micro turbines et moteurs Biomasse (incinration 1. Aspects respiratoires 1. Particules

combustion interne directe et gazification) 2. changement climatique, 2. CO2, CH4, utilisation des
(Systmes de cognration biodiversit, toxicit, sols et de leau, missions
chaleur et lectricit) et piles eutrophisation de pesticides, missions de
combustible nutriments

48 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG C3.05
technical brochure 679
Environmental impact
of dispersed generation

Members
Dr. Thomas Smolka, Convenor (DE), Masanobu Katagiri (JP),
Andr Luiz Mustafa (BR), Prof. Dr. Stefanie Hellweg (CH), Evanise Mesquita (BR),
Stephen Martin (AU), Yasuhide Nakagami (JP), Eva Szechowicz (DE),
Thomas Dederichs (DE), Dr. Christian Capello (CH),
Melanie Haupt (CH), Lea Eymann (CH)

Introduction Definition of dispersed generation

Dispersed Generation, based both on fossil sources
and on renewables, is expected to experience a large
penetration in power systems but the issue of its
impact on the environment is still open. The aim of the
Working Group was to define procedures and methods
to evaluate the environmental impacts of Dispersed
Generation (DG) in distribution networks. A collection
and analysis of practical experience and a synthesis and
benchmarking of different methods and experiences
have been done.
According to CIGRE WG 37.23 definition Dispersed
Generation made, WG C3.05 has defined Dispersed
Generation as:
today not centrally despatched;
connected to the distribution network (MV, LV);
smaller than 50 MW;
based on co-generation units (heat and electricity),
renewable energies or other conventional sources or
electrical storage devices.

The Working Group is aware that there is no universal
answer to the question, whether dispersed generation is
better or worse from an environmental point of view, as
this depends on the specific case and special conditions.
The WG is aware that the life cycle assessment (LCA)
approach for assessing the environmental impacts of
dispersed generation presented here is only one among
several decision dimensions, including e.g. economic
considerations and net constraints. However, need is felt
to define a global procedure and relevant methods for
the evaluation of environmental impacts of DG, taking
into account relevant site-specific key factors that may
influence this impact.
Examples for DG are micro turbines, internal
combustion engines, wind energy and photovoltaic
converters, mini hydropower systems, biomass and waste
material power systems fuel cells, etc.
Overview of environmental
impacts for dispersed generation
The table bellows shows a selection of the environmental
impacts of dispersed generation units that should be
considered in comprehensive environmental assessments
by using LCA from the view of this WG.

Environmental
Priority
impacts by
Technology Source (e.g. fuel) emissions
manufacturing,
of concern
operation and disposal

Micro turbines and internal Biomass (direct incineration 1. Respiratory aspects 1. Particles
combustion engines and gasification) 2. Climate change, bio 2. CO2, CH4, land and water
(Combined Heat & Power diversity, toxicity, use, pesticide emissions,
systems) and fuel cells eutrophication nutrient emissions

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 49

 679 GT C3.05
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Impacts environnementaux
Emissions
Source (par ex. lis la fabrication,
Technologie de premire
combustible) lexploitation et la mise
importance
au rebut

Micro turbines et moteurs Biomasse (digestion) 1. Rchauffement 1. CH4 , Emissions de

combustion interne climatique, eutrophisation
(Systmes de cognration 2. Aspects respiratoires,
chaleur et lectricit)) biodiversit, toxicit,
odeur
composs N dans lair et
les sols
2. Particules, CO2,
utilisation des sols et
de leau, missions de
pesticides, missions de
nutriments

Micro turbines et moteurs
combustion interne
(systmes de cognration
chaleur et lectricit) et piles
combustible
Gaz naturel, diesel, ptrole 1. Rchauffement climatique CO2, CH4 (pertes dues au
et aspects respiratoires, transport), particules
dpltion des ressources
2. Acidification

Turbines oliennes Vent Fabrication:

rchauffement climatique,
dpltion des ressources
Exploitation:
Bruit, utilisation du terrain,
oiseaux, impacts visuels

Systmes solaires Soleil Rchauffement climatique,

dpltion des ressources

Mini systmes hydrauliques Energie potentielle Impact sur la biodiversit

et mini units marmotrices du milieu aquatique et du
terrain occup

Systmes de production 1. Perturbation des

gothermiques cosystmes souterrains
2. Rchauffement
climatique, tremblements
de terre

Mthodologie dvaluation de
limpact environnemental
Pour analyser les impacts environnementaux de la
production dcentralise, il est clair quil faut en tout
premier lieu dfinir le systme analyser et ses limites.
Un rseau de distribution spcifique doit tre dfini
comme lobjet de lvaluation. Tous les flux de matire
et dnergie, toutes les units de production intgres
dans le rseau, l'infrastructure du rseau lui-mme
(cbles, lignes ariennes, postes, etc.), et l'ensemble de la
demande d'lectricit et de chaleur des consommateurs
finaux pour une priode de temps donne (par ex. mois,
anne) doivent figurer. Aprs la dfinition de l'objet de
l'valuation un outil informatique d'analyse de la LCA doit
tre utilis, dans une approche du berceau la tombe,
pour obtenir des rsultats pertinents de l'valuation des
impacts environnementaux du systme ainsi dfini.
La mthode de la LCA demande que l'on passe en revue
l'ensemble du cycle de vie, comme montr sur la figure 1-1.
Ceci implique aussi la prise en compte de la fabrication des
composants, des ressources et du systme lectrique, sur
le cycle de vie, et de leur mise au rebut. On tient compte
de l'influence de ces composants du cycle de vie dans le
modle en introduisant une valuation du cycle de vie de
la fourniture d'nergie dans les rseaux de distribution. Au
cours du processus les missions relatives la fabrication et
la mise au rebut sont compares l'ensemble des impacts
environnementaux de la fourniture d'nergie. En outre
le LCA va intgrer la prise en compte des pertes thermiques
du courant dans le rseau lectrique, comme composantes
du modle.
Le principe de la conception technique du modle est
montr sur la Figure 1-2. Celle-ci reprsente la fourniture des
nergies lectrique et thermique au consommateur final,

50 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG C3.05
technical brochure 679
Environmental
Priority
impacts by
Technology Source (e.g. fuel) emissions
manufacturing,
of concern
operation and disposal

Micro turbines and internal
combustion engines
(Combined Heat & Power
systems)
Biomass (digestion)
1. Climate change and
eutrophication
2. Respiratory aspects, bio
diversity, toxicity, odour
1. CH4, N-Emissions to air
and soil
2. Particles, CO2, land
and water use, pesticide
emissions, nutrient
emissions

Micro turbines and internal Natural gas, diesel, oil 1. Climate change and respi- 1. CO2, CH4 (losses by
combustion engines ratory aspects, resource transport), particles
(Combined Heat & Power depletion
systems) and fuel cells 2. Acidification

Wind turbines Wind Manufacturing:

Global warming, resource
depletion
Operation:
Noise, land use, birds, visual
impacts

Solar power systems Sun Global warming, resource

depletion

Mini Hydropower systems Potential energy Impact on biodiversity in

and tidal power systems aquatic system and occupied
land

Geothermal power systems 1. Disturbance of subsurface

ecosystems
2. Global warming,
earthquakes

Methodology for environmental energy supply in distribution networks. In the process

impact assessment
For the analysis of the environmental impacts of
dispersed generation it is obvious that first of all a
definition of the system to be analyzed and its boundaries
have to be done. As evaluation object a specific distribution
network including all material and energy flows including
all in the network integrated power generation units,
the network infrastructure itself (cables, overhead lines,
substations, etc.) and the overall end-consumers electricity
and heat demand in a specific timescale (e.g. month, year)
has to be defined. After the definition of the evaluation
object a software-tool based LCA-analysis has to be done
considering the cradle to grave approach to get relevant
results of the environmental impacts of the defined system.
The method of LCA requires a review of the entire life
cycle, as shown in Fig. 11: Entire life cycle1. This also
includes a consideration of lifecycle parts manufacturing
and disposal of the electrical resources and systems. The
influence of these lifecycle parts in the present model
is considered by including a life cycle assessment of
the emissions related to the manufacture and disposal
are compared to the complete environmental impacts
of energy supply. Furthermore the LCA will include an
accounting of current heat losses in power grid as part of
the model.
The basic technical design of the model is shown in figure
1-2. It represents the supply of electrical and thermal energy
of the end customer in a distribution network. The system
boundary of the model is the physical distribution network
with all included material and energy flows of decentralized
energy supply to achieve the electricity and heat demand of
the end-customers.
Output factors can be for example the overall
CO2-equivalents/year or CO2-emissions/ kWh of energy
used in the system. By using this method for environmental
impact assessment of dispersed generation in a distribution
network the user of such a study gets out a so called finger-
print of the environmental food-print of the overall energy
flows in the system. The output results of such a study
can help power distribution network planners and local
governments to monitor and evaluate the overall

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 51

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brochure thmatique

Figure 1-1 : Ensemble du cycle de vie

dans un rseau de distribution. La limite du systme du
modle est constitue par le rseau lectrique physique de
distribution, avec lensemble des flux de matire et dnergie
de la fourniture dcentralise dnergie pour satisfaire la
demande dlectricit et de chaleur des clients finaux.
Les facteurs de sortie peuvent tre par exemple les
quivalents-CO2/an ou les missions-CO2/kWh de l'nergie
utilise dans le systme. En utilisant cette mthode pour
l'valuation de l'impact environnemental de la production
dcentralise, l'auteur d'une tude obtient une sorte d'image
de l'empreinte environnementale de l'ensemble des flux
d'nergie dans le rseau. Les rsultats d'une telle tude peuvent
permettre aux planificateurs de rseaux de distribution et aux
gouvernements locaux de surveiller et d'valuer l'impact global
du rseau, par ex. dans une localit, et de dfinir des objectifs

Figure. 1-2 : Dfinition de l'objet d'valuation production dcentralise dans un rseau de distribution spcifique

52 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG C3.05
technical brochure 679

Figure 1-1: Entire life cycle

environmental impacts of the network e.g. a local city and
define targets to achieve less environmental impacts in the
future by the use of new environmental friendly power
generation units.
Conclusions
from an environmental point of view, as this depends on the
specific case and special conditions.
By following the explained procedures of environmental
impact assessment for DG the following main aspects should be
taken into account:

The Working Group is aware that there is no universal answer Fossil based DG produces pollutant emissions in densely
to the question, whether dispersed generation is better or worse populated areas, while centralised power stations can be

Figure 1-2: Definition of the evaluation object dispersed generation in a specific distribution network

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 53

 679 GT C3.05
brochure thmatique

pour limiter l'avenir les impacts environnementaux, en
faisant appel des moyens de production nouveaux plus
favorables l'environnement.
Conclusions
Le Groupe de Travail est conscient quil ny a pas une
rponse unique la question et que lon ne sait pas dire si la
production dcentralise est plus favorable ou non au plan
environnemental, parce que cela dpend du cas spcifique et
des conditions particulires.
Quand on suit les procdures expliques pour lvaluation
de limpact environnemental des DG, il faut prendre en
compte les aspects importants suivants :
Les units de DG utilisant des combustibles fossiles produisent
des missions polluantes dans des zones forte densit de
population, alors que des centrales peuvent tre implantes
distance des villes et des autres zones de rsidence ;
Les units de DG utilisant des combustibles fossiles
doivent utiliser des combustibles plus propres que les
centrales, parce quil est pour elles plus difficile de mettre
en uvre des systmes de traitement perfectionns des gaz
de combustion ;
La DG rapproche la production des points de
consommation, avec une potentielle rduction des pertes
de transport et de distribution, et diminue les besoins de
renforcement de rseau;
L'intgration de la DG avec des units de cognration
chaleur et lectricit (CHP), permet sa diffusion chez les
clients des secteurs tertiaire ou rsidentiel, c. d. prs des
centres de consommation, et conduit des niveaux plus
levs d'efficacit nergtique (avec des avantages pour
l'environnement) ;
La DG s'accommode trs bien des sources d'nergie
renouvelable (SER). Cependant elle n'apporte pas
seulement des avantages pour l'environnement (rduction
des missions polluantes, coulements de liquides,
dchets), mais elle cre aussi des problmes comme les
impacts visuels, l'occupation des sols et le bruit;
Beaucoup de rsultats LCA sont disponibles au niveau
d'un composant de la DG, mais au niveau du rseau ils
doivent tre rviss lors d'une valuation, comme on le
dfinit dans le rapport final du GT ;
L'intgration d'une LCA ds la phase de planification est
ncessaire pour dgager une solution qui convienne au
mieux au plan environnemental ;
Les rsultats de la LCA de la DG dans des rseaux de
distribution doivent tre adapts aux conditions locales, c.
d. que les rsultats ne sont valides que s'ils sont appliqus
aux circonstances locales ;
Le site et les limites du rseau sont importants et peuvent
influer sur le choix de la meilleure solution.
La production dcentralise (DG) peut jouer un rle cl
en rduisant les impacts environnementaux par rapport un
systme d'alimentation uniquement assur partir d'nergies
fossiles. Le GT sait que l'approche du cycle de vie (LCA)
prsente n'est qu'une approche parmi plusieurs autres,
parmi lesquelles, par ex., les considrations conomiques et les
contraintes de rseaux. De nouvelles solutions et technologies
souvent mentionnes comme des constituants du Smart
Grid, tels que les dispositifs de stockage comme par ex. les
vhicules lectriques, les transformateurs de distribution
rglage de tension (VRDT) et les nouvelles solutions TCI
pour la gestion de la demande, les centrales virtuelles et les
nouvelles solutions d'automatisation des processus, peuvent
galement conduire une rduction des missions dans les
rseaux de distribution. Mesurer limportance de leur impact
peut se faire en utilisant le modle de systme dfini dans ce
rapport.
Afin de promouvoir des solutions favorables pour
l'environnement dans les rseaux de distribution futurs,
il serait pertinent d'utiliser les rsultats de l'valuation de
l'impact environnemental de la DG intgre dans les rseaux
de distribution. Ceci crera un systme d'incitation en faveur
de l'appel des technologies optimales pour l'environnement,
comme cela a dj t ralis dans certains pays pour certaines
technologies.

BROCHURE N 679
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)

Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:

130 e
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

54 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA


located away from cities and other residential zones;
Fossil based DG needs cleaner fuels than centralised
generation, because it is more difficult to apply sophisticated
flue gas treatment systems;
DG brings power generation closer to consumption points,
with potential reduction of transmission and distribution
losses and reduces the need for network reinforcements;
Integration of DG with Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
allows its diffusion within tertiary and residential customers,
i.e., near load centres, leading to higher energy efficiency
levels (with environmental benefits);
DG fits very well with renewable energy sources (RES)).
However, it not only provides environmental benefits
(reduction of pollutant emissions, liquid discharges,
wastes), but also creates problems like visual impact, land
occupation, and noise;
Many LCA results are available at the component level of DG
but at the system level perspective they have to be reviewed
during an assessment as defined in the final report of this
WG;
Integration of a LCA assessment of DG in the planning phase
is necessary to find an overall environmental best fit solution;
LCA results for DG in distribution networks have to be
adapted to local conditions i.e. results are valid only if they
are applied to local circumstances;
12 15 March 2018 | The Europa Hotel, Belfast, UK
CALL FOR PAPERS
THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEVELOPMENTS IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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We are pleased to invite you to submit your abstracts around the key
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Submit your abstract at www.theiet.org/dpsp by 30 June 2017
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IET_3420_DPSP_2018_Half_Page_AD_Electra_Greyscale_PRINT.indd 1
WG C3.05
technical brochure 679
Site and network boundaries are important and might
influence the best solution.
Dispersed generation (DG) could play a key role in lowering
the environmental impacts compared to a fossil based energy
supply system alone. The WG is aware that the LCA approach
presented here is only one among several approaches, including
e.g. economic considerations and net constraints.
New solutions and technologies often mentioned as Smart
Grid Components as electrical storage devices e.g. electrical
cars, voltage regulated distribution transformers (VRDT) and
new ICT Solutions for demand side management, virtual power
plants and new process automation solutions may as well lead
to minimized emissions in distribution networks. How big their
impact is can be measured by using the defined system model
in this report.
In order to promote environmentally friendly solutions
in future distribution networks, it would help to use the
results of the environmental impact assessment of DG in
distribution networks to create incentive systems for using the
environmentally optimal technologies, as already performed for
some technologies in some countries.
Successful authors receive benefits including
A presentation slot in the conference programme
Your full paper published by the IET in the conference proceedings
Indexed on IET Inspec and the IET Digital Library
Submitted for indexing to IEEE Xplore
A reduced registration fee to attend the conference
#IETdpsp
06/01/2017
No. 291 - April 2017 12:01
ELECTRA 55
 680 GT B1.47
brochure thmatique

Implmentation des longues liaisons de

systmes cbls CA HT et THT

Membres
K. Barber, Chef de file (AU), G. Aanhaanen, Secrtaire (NL), P. Bracher (CH),
S. Lauria (IT), Y. Wang (CN), S. Kobayashi (JP), H. Suyama (JP), M. Soga (JP),
T.Yamamoto (JP), F. Waite (GB), H. Orton (CA), J. Kim (KR), C. Akerwall (SE),
F. Renaudin (NO), J. Domingo (ES), F. Lesur (FR), M. Bodec (FR),
N. Rahman (AU), U. Gudmundsdottir (DK), D. Lindsay (US),
V. Werle (DE), P. Morgan (IE). S. Dambone Sessa (IT), S.K. Ghosh (IN)

Introduction qui pourrait tre class comme grande longueur de cbles HT

Lobjectif de ce Groupe de Travail CIGRE est de prparer
une Brochure Technique complte dont on espre quWelle
sera un document de rfrence utile pour les gestionnaires
de rseaux, les organismes dtat et les investisseurs qui
envisagent de remplacer des lignes ariennes par des systmes
enterrs, ou dinstaller des cbles sous-marins sur des longues
distances, en particulier en termes dvaluation de ce qui peut
tre ralis ou de ce qui a dj t fait.
CA et la dfinition suivante a t choisie :
Une longue liaison de cble isol se dfinit par une
liaison o la charge due par le courant capacitif des
cbles doit tre prise en compte dans la conception du
systme. Concrtement, cela pourrait tre 40 km pour
les liaisons de tensions infrieures 220 kV et 20 km
pour 220 kV ou plus.

Cest essentiellement pour des raisons conomiques que

le rseau de transport d'nergie a t dvelopp au cours
des dernires dcennies sur la base de l'utilisation des
lignes ariennes (LA). Les systmes de cbles souterrains
extra haute tension sont disponibles depuis longtemps
mais leur utilisation a essentiellement t limite des
interconnexions partir de ces lignes de transport o il y
avait ncessit de connecter des villes, des zones urbaines et
industrielles et o il y avait des contraintes dues aux aspects
environnementaux.
Dans de nombreux pays, il existe des milliers de kilomtres
de cbles souterrains haute tension et extra haute tension
mais les longueurs de ces circuits sont gnralement
comprises dans la plage 2-20 km. Aujourd'hui, on constate de
nombreuses liaisons souterraines et sous-marines atteignant
des longueurs de 50 150 km. Cette Brochure Technique
explique les raisons de cette spectaculaire volution et fournit
des indications sur les facteurs particuliers qui doivent tre
pris en considration pendant la phase de conception des
telles liaisons par rapport aux donnes usuelles pour des
liaisons plus courtes.
Primtre de ltude
La premire tche tait de convenir dune dfinition de ce
Dans le cadre de cette tude, cette dfinition est lgrement
diffrente de celle du TB 556 Power System Technical
Performance Issues Related to the Application of Long HVAC
Cables, qui couvre plusieurs aspects techniques relatifs aux
liaisons de cbles courant alternatif. Ce document sappuie
cependant sur dautres aspects, en mettant l'accent sur les
questions de mise en uvre, et par consquent la dfinition
ci-dessus a t retenue pour tirer profit de l'exprience
acquise travers une centaine de projets actuels et futurs
travers le monde.
Le document comporte six chapitres :
1. tat actuel du dveloppement
2. Dfis de la mise en uvre
3. Conception du systme
4. Installation
5. Contrle et surveillance
6. Maintenance
Puis, le septime chapitre reprend des exemples issus de 11
pays diffrents et un huitime chapitre donne des statistiques
sur l'exprience mondiale.
Enfin, il y a une trs courte conclusion, des documents de
rfrence et 4 annexes. La premire annexe est une liste

56 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG B1.47
technical brochure 680
Implementation of long AC HV and EHV
cable systems

Members
K. Barber, Convenor (AU), G. Aanhaanen, Secretary (NL), P. Bracher (CH),
S. Lauria (IT), Y. Wang (CN), S. Kobayashi (JP), H. Suyama (JP), M. Soga (JP),
T.Yamamoto (JP), F. Waite (GB), H. Orton (CA), J. Kim (KR), C. Akerwall (SE),
F. Renaudin (NO), J. Domingo (ES), F. Lesur (FR), M. Boedec (FR),
N. Rahman (AU), U. Gudmundsdottir (DK), D. Lindsay (US),
V. Werle (DE), P. Morgan (IE). S. Dambone Sessa (IT), S.K. Ghosh (IN)

Introduction
The aim of this Technical Brochure is to provide a
comprehensive document which it is hoped will be a
valuable reference by any Utility, Government agency or
Investor looking to put in an underground system in lieu
of an overhead line, or a long length of submarine cable,
particularly in terms of appreciating what can be done or
has been done.
Basically, due to economics, the power transmission
network has been developed during the last decades
based on the use of overhead lines (OHL). EHV
underground cables systems have been available since
a long time, but their use has mainly been to provide
interconnections from these transmission lines
where they are needed to connect to cities, urban and
industrial areas or where there are other constraints due
to environmental aspects.
In many countries, there are many thousands of
kilometers of underground HV & EHV cables but the
nominal length of these underground circuits is usually
between 2 and 20 km. Today however, we are seeing many
underground or sub-sea cable circuits being established
which are 50 150 km in length. This TB explains the
reasons for this dramatic change and have provides
guidance in terms of the special factors that must be
considered when designing such links compared with the
normal considerations given to shorter links.
A long length of insulated cable is one where
the load due to the capacitive current needs to be
considered in the system design. Typically, this
would be 40 km for voltages less than 220 kV and
20 km for 220 kV or greater.
Given the scope of work, this definition is slightly different
to that of TB 556 Power System Technical Performance
Issues Related to the Application of Long HVAC Cables
which covers many of the technical aspects relating long AC
cable links. This document however, addresses some of the
other aspects, with the emphasis on implementation issues
and so the above definition was selected to be able to draw
on the experience gained from approximately one hundred
current and future projects worldwide.
The document has six chapters which address the following:
1. Current state of development
2. Challenges for Implementation
3. System Design
4. Installation
5. Monitoring
6. Maintenance
Then there is a seventh chapter providing examples of
practical experience from 11 different countries and an
eighth chapter giving statistics on world experience.

Scope Finally, there is a very short conclusion, some reference

documents and 4 Appendixs. The first of these lists 81 projects
The first task was to come up with a definition of what from all over the world and then 3 giving mathematical
could be classified as a long length of HVAC cables and examples of load flow and efficiency of long length cable
the following was chosen: systems.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 57

 680 GT B1.47
brochure thmatique
Nombre Nombre Longueur
Priode danne de
sur la priode projets liaison
1967-1997 30 ans 13
1997-2007 10 ans 12
2007-2012 5 ans 20 1122 km
2012-2015 3 ans 22 1349 km
2015-2018+ - 14
TOTAL 48 ans 81 4111 km
de donnes quantitatives sur 81 projets dinstallation de
longues liaisons dans le monde. Les 3 autres annexes traitent
dapplications mathmatiques sur le transfert de lnergie et
lefficacit des systmes de cbles de grande longueur.
Rsum de la brochure technique
Chapitre 1 - tat actuel du dveloppement - Ce chapitre
examine les raisons de cette croissance rapide qui est trs
lie lutilisation de nouveaux matriaux, aux technologies
de traitement, lutilisation d'quipements auxiliaires et des
nouvelles techniques d'installation utilises aujourd'hui. Ces
facteurs technologiques ont permis de matriser notamment
des problmes tels que la capacitance, les pertes dilectriques
et le niveau de courant nominal relativement faible par
rapport celui des lignes ariennes, de sorte que la contrainte
sur la longueur maximale des liaisons et la capacit maximale
du transfert de puissance ont t largement surmonts.
Les difficults d'installation de nouvelles lignes ariennes
rendent indispensable de considrer l'utilisation de liaisons
souterraines plus longues; en mme temps, le dveloppement
dinstallations off-shore a cr une demande pour de longs
cbles sous-marins.
A ce titre, il est intressant de noter que pendant 30 ans entre
1967 et 1997, seulement 13 projets dont la longueur totale
cumule de circuits est moins de 400 km ont t identifis.
En revanche, en seulement 3 ans, de 2012 2015, on
comptabilise au moins 22 projets, lesquels ont gnr une
quantit de cble 5 fois plus importante et cette tendance
se poursuit en raison de la demande sur les interconnexions
rapides sur les rseaux. Cette Brochure Technique traite des
orientations technologiques de la conception des cbles et
accessoires, de la compensation ractive pour contrebalancer
la capacitance des cbles, du besoin de filtrer les harmoniques,
et surtout des facteurs cls considrer en termes de fiabilit
de l'approvisionnement.
58 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
Longueur Moyenne
Moyenne pro-
de de longueur de
jet/anne
cble cble /anne
398 km 458 km 0,43 15 km/ an
538 km 682 km 1,20 68 km/ an
1343 km 4,00 269 km/ an
1947 km 7,33 649 km/ an
703 km 1216 km - -
5645 km
Chapitre 2 - Dfis pour la mise en uvre - Il y a beaucoup
de dfis techniques trs importants prendre en considration
au cours de la phase de planification de mise en uvre de telles
installations de cbles, l'impact sur le rseau de transport, les
systmes de protection, l'esprance de vie, et l'installation. La
coordination des capacits de transport des lignes ariennes aux
systmes de cbles souterrains est discute avec la ncessit de
considrer l'effet des systmes du renclenchement automatique
de la protection et l'augmentation de tension cause par l'effet
Ferranti. La commutation des liaisons sur le rseau, la rsonance
harmonique ainsi que l'attnuation des champs magntiques
sont galement abords. Enfin, l'esprance de vie et l'importance
relle des essais avant mise en service qui dmontre le niveau de
fiabilit de la liaison sont des facteurs nettement plus importants
lorsquil sagit de longues liaisons.
Chapitre 3 - Conception du systme - Ces aspects sont
abords. Il y a une brve comparaison entre les solutions CA
et CC et ensuite, une discussion propos de la compensation
ractive et des solutions de mise la terre des crans du cble
qui sont les deux facteurs essentiels considrer pour les
systmes CA.
Puisquil y a maintenant un besoin de considrer des cbles
avec des conducteurs de larges sections, les aspects importants
des forces thermomcaniques et de leurs quilibrages sont
galement discuts.
Une partie du chapitre traite aussi des champs magntiques
et du maintien de la charge des circuits qui ncessitent
souvent lutilisation de cbles et des dispositions dinstallation
diffrents le long du trac.
Enfin, des tendances futures telles que la rduction en
frquence et les nouveaux matriaux sont discutes.
Chapitre 4 - Installation - Bien que les aspects de
linstallation sont trs bien couverts dans dautres Brochures
Techniques de CIGRE, il a t considr que nous devions
 WG B1.47
technical brochure 680
Number of
Number of Average project Average cable
Period years in the Links length Cables Length
Projects /year km/year
period

1967-1997 30 years 13 398 km 458 km 0,43 15 km/year

1997-2007 10 years 12 538 km 682 km 1,20 68 km/year

2007-2012 5 years 20 1122 km 1343 km 4,00 269 km/year

2012-2015 3 years 22 1349 km 1947 km 7,33 649 km/year

2015-2018+ - 14 703 km 1216 km - -

TOTAL 48 years 81 4111 km 5645 km

Description of the technical
brochure
Chapter 1 - Current State of Development discusses the
reasons for this rapid growth which is very much related to
the use of new materials, processing technology, ancillary
equipment and installation techniques being used today.
These factors have overcome some of the problems of
capacitance, dielectric losses and the relatively low current
rating compared to overhead lines, such that the constraints
on maximum length and power transfer have largely been
overcome.
The difficulties in installing new overhead lines are making
it essential to consider the use of longer underground cable
links, at the same time the development of off-shore facilities
has created a demand for long submarine cables.
As such it is interesting to note that for 30 years between
1967 - 1997 there are only 13 projects involving less than 400
km of total circuit length being reported.
life time expectancy and the real importance of testing during
commissioning to demonstrate reliability of the circuit is
clearly much more important for these long length systems.
Chapter 3 - System Design aspects are addressed. There
is brief comparison of AC - DC and then a discussion
about the reactive compensation and cable sheath bonding
arrangements that are the two essential factors to be
considered for AC systems.
Because there is now a need to consider very large
conductor cables the important aspects of thermomechanical
forces and their compensation is also discussed.
Part of the chapter addresses EMF and the maintenance of
circuit ratings which often requires use of different cables and
installation arrangements along the route.
Finally, future trends such as reduction in frequency or new
materials are discussed.

Now in the 3 years 2012 - 2015 there were at least 22
projects involving more than 5 times as much cable and this
trend is continuing because of the demand to have rapid
interconnections to the grid. The TB discusses cable and
accessory design trends, reactive compensation to offset the
cable capacitance, the need for harmonic filtering and most
importantly the key factors to consider in terms of reliability
of supply.
Chapter 2 - Challenges for Implementation - there
are very significant technical challenges to be considered
whilst planning such cable installations, the impact on
the transmission grid, protection systems and life time
expectancy and installation. The matching of ratings for
overhead lines to underground cable systems are discussed
along with the need to consider the effect of auto re-closures
on the protection system and the voltage rise due to the
Ferranti effect. Switching and Harmonic resonance along
with Mitigation of magnetic fields are discussed. Finally, the
Chapter 4 - Installation - whilst is acknowledged that
installation aspects are very well covered in other CIGRE
Technical Brochures it was consider that we needed to address
this subject in some detail because it is one of the most
expensive part of any long length cable projects and therefore
readers of this TB need to understand the importance of this
topic.
It is also important to discuss the steps that need to be
taken in route planning and then explain the three types of
cable installation being:
1. Rigid Constrained
2. Semi Flexible Constrained
3. Flexible constrained
Attention is given to transportation of drums which is one
of the most significant factors because to limit the number of
joints, very long cable lengths are preferred, which often presents
a significant problem in remote areas and in major cities.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 59

 680 GT B1.47
brochure thmatique
aborder ce sujet en dtail parce que cest une des composantes
les plus coteuses pour tout projet cble de grande longueur
et cest pourquoi cette Brochure Technique permet aux
lecteurs comprendre limportance de ce sujet.
Il est aussi important de discuter des tapes suivre pour
la planification de litinraire des liaisons puis dexpliquer
ensuite les trois types dinstallation des cbles:
1. Rigide
2. Semi-flexible
3. Flexible
Une attention particulire est accorde aussi aux modes
dacheminement des tourets puisquil sagit dun des facteurs
les plus importants. En effet, pour limiter le nombre de joints,
il est prfrable de privilgier des liaisons avec des sections
de longueurs de cble trs longues, ce qui pose souvent un
problme dans les grandes villes ainsi que dans les zones
recules.
Ensuite, il y a des exemples dessais possibles aprs
linstallation ainsi que des critres rpondant des normes
60 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
dassurance qualit qui, de nouveau, ont un impact plus
grand pour les longs circuits.
Chapitre 5 - Contrle et surveillance - Des progrs
significatifs ont t raliss dans les systmes de surveillance
du fonctionnement des liaisons en cbles, quils soient
souterrains ou sous-marins. Les systmes DTS de
dtection des tempratures distribues le long des liaisons
sont maintenant disponibles pour la surveillance thermique
de grandes longueurs de cbles et cette technologie est
considre comme trs importante pour les liaisons de cbles
CA de grande longueur car elle permet l'valuation en temps
rel des conditions qui permettent rapidement de localiser un
dfaut aprs un dfaut.
Nous exposons les diffrents systmes avec pour
rfrences des documents CIGRE appropris et mettons en
lumire le dveloppement dautres systmes de surveillance
pour les efforts, les limiteurs de surtensions qui protgent
les gaines (SVL), lvaluation de ltat disolement de la
gaine, les dcharges partielles (DP) et la rflectomtrie
(TDR).

Then there are examples of the possible testing requirements
after installation and quality assurance requirements which
again have a greater impact when considering long length
circuits
Chapter 5 - Monitoring - significant developments have
been made in systems for monitoring the condition of cable
circuit both in Underground and subsea cables. Distributed
Temperature Sensing (DTS) systems are now available for
monitoring of long cable lengths and this technology is
considered very important for long length AC cable circuits
as it enables On line Real time condition assessment as
well as very fast and accurate fault location.
We discuss the various systems with references to
appropriate CIGRE documents and highlight developments
in other monitoring systems, for strain, Sheath Voltage
Limiters (SVLs), sheath condition assessment, Partial
WG B1.47
technical brochure 680
Discharge (P.D.) and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR).
Chapter 6 - Maintenance - this is clearly an important topic
for both land and submarine cables because if a fault occurs
then the circuit needs to be put back in service as quickly as
possible. However, the process is slightly different for these
two situations so that land and submarine maintenance and
fault location are discussed separately.
Chapter 7 - Examples of world experience - includes a
short summary of long length HV & EHV cable links in 11 of
the countries that were provided by members of this WG. The
examples are representative of the 81 that are documented in
Chapter 8 and include both land and submarine cable links to
show what has been done.
Chapter 8 - Statistics of long length HV AC Cable Projects
- these are shown graphically in this section
No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 61
 680 GT B1.47
brochure thmatique

Essais HT sur site par rsonance

Chapitre 6 Maintenance Cest clairement un sujet Longueur

important tant pour les cbles souterrains que sous-marins, Nombre Longueur totale
car lorsqu un dfaut se produit, le circuit doit tre remis en Tension de de cble de cbles
liaisons (par liaison) dans
service le plus rapidement possible. Cependant, le processus
le systme
est lgrement diffrent pour ces deux situations si bien que la
maintenance et le reprage de dfaut des liaisons souterraines
et sous-marines seront traits sparment. U0 170kV 36 2446 km 3222 km

Chapitre 7 - Exemples de projets internationaux - Y est

inclus un bref rsum des longues liaisons en cbles HT et 170kV U0
34 1298 km 1860 km
EHT issues de 11 des pays membres du Groupe de Travail. Les 380kV
exemples sont reprsentatifs des 81 projets documents dans
le chapitre 8 et incluent la fois des liaisons souterraines et
U0>380kV 11 367 km 563 km
sous-marines pour montrer ce qui a t ralis.

Chapitre 8 - Statistiques sur les projets de longues

liaisons CA haute-tension - Ces donnes sont prsentes TOTAL 81 4111 km 5645 km
graphiquement dans cette section

Signal DTS avec un point chaud

Rponse TDR montrant la localisation d'un dfait

62 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG B1.47
technical brochure 676
680

Essais HT sur site par rsonance

Cable
Number
Length
Total cable Conclusion
Voltage Level of length in
(per
System system
circuit) From the information provided in this Technical Brochure
it can be seen, that it is practical to build long lengths AC
Cable links for a wide range of power transfer requirements.
U0 170kV 36 2446 km 3222 km Currently 110 km is the about the longest length installed
but we can expect to see longer lengths installed in the
future. However, it needs to recognised that each link is
170kV U0 380kV 34 1298 km 1860 km unique so that in each case, system design modelling needs
to be done to confirm practicality and ensure compatibility
with the network.

U0>380kV 11 367 km 563 km

Secondly to reduced risks of failure in service there needs
to be a very good quality assurance plan including onsite
testing at commissioning where ever possible and at the
TOTAL 81 4111 km 5645 km same time a monitoring system must be implemented.
The later, being very important because the link may

DTS trace showing hotspot

TDR trace showing Fault location

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 63

 680 GT B1.47
brochure thmatique
Conclusion
partir des informations fournies dans cette Brochure
Technique, on constate qu'il est pratique de construire des
longues liaisons de cbles CA pour une large gamme de
puissance faire transiter. Actuellement, la liaison la plus
longue mesure 110 km, mais lavenir nous pouvons nous
attendre voir merger des distances plus longues encore.
Cependant, il faut reconnatre que chaque liaison est
unique si bien que, dans chaque cas, le dimensionnement
du systme doit tre fait pour confirmer laspect pratique et
assurer la compatibilit avec le rseau.
Par ailleurs, pour rduire les risques de dfaut pendant
le fonctionnement, il faut se doter dun trs bon plan
64 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
dassurance qualit incluant une campagne dessais avant
la mise en service dans la mesure du possible et, en mme
temps, intgrant un systme de contrle et surveillance.
Ce dernier, tant particulirement important parce que la
liaison peut inclure diffrents cbles et accessoires installs
dans des conditions environnementales trs varies voire
par des mthodes diffrentes.
Enfin, il faut prparer un plan de dveloppement pour
la localisation des dfauts, la rparation des pannes qui
intgrera la fourniture de cbles, d'accessoires, de matriel
et services spcialiss et d'une quipe d'intervention rapide
pour mettre en uvre la rparation.
 WG B1.47
technical brochure 680

include cable and accessories installed in very different must be prepared which will include supply of cable,
environmental conditions and or by different methods. accessories, specialised equipment or services and a rapid
Finally, a fully developed plan for fault location and repair response team to implement the repair.

BROCHURE N 680
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
Disponible sur / Available on:

www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
340 e
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 65

 681 GTC CIGRE / CIRED C1.29
brochure thmatique

Critres de planification pour les futurs

rseaux de transport dans des conditions
de plus grande variabilit des changes
avec les rseaux de distribution

Membres
J. Wilson, Co-chef de file (GB), R. Lama, Co-chef de file (IT), D. Clarke, Secrtaire (GB),
S. Zhang (GB) H. Pluntke (DE), H. Halidah (DE), P. Glantz (SE), A. Melek (BR)
I. Cowan (GB), A. Prajapati (GB), S. Weerasinghe (GB), I. Stewart (GB)

Introduction plus forte des Energies Renouvelables Dcentralises (DER)

Notre monde est en train de changer. Dans de nombreux pays
les centrales de production traditionnelles combustible fossile
ferment pour des raisons de cot, de rendement, ou de politique
environnementale. Dans de nombreux pays en dveloppement,
mais aussi dans des pays dvelopps, on anticipe une croissance
de la consommation dlectricit. On prvoit que le charbon et le
gaz vont voir leur rle diminuer, avec plus de 15% de l'lectricit
produite partir de sources renouvelables autour de 2020 dans
de nombreux pays, et avec un pourcentage beaucoup plus lev
dans de nombreux petits et grands pays. La rcession gnrale a
impact la demande globale d'nergie dans certains pays, mais
mme pour ceux-ci on pense que l'lectrification du chauffage
domestique et du transport contribuera une augmentation
de la demande d'lectricit ds le dbut des annes 2020. De
nombreux scnarios doivent tre tudis, qui prdisent chacun nets d'lectricit des oprateurs de rseau de transport (GRT)
une croissance diffrente de l'nergie d'origine renouvelable, mais
qui tous voient les sources renouvelables jouer un rle croissant
dans le systme de fourniture d'lectricit, qui lui-mme va
reprsenter une part croissante du systme nergtique.
Une grande partie de cette croissance est constate aujourd'hui
dans les rseaux de distribution. Des parcs oliens de petite
taille, des fermes solaires et des sources d'nergie domestiques
(habitation) contribuent modifier la faon dont fonctionnent
les rseaux de transport et de distribution d'lectricit. Cette
nergie dcentralise, souvent variable et pas encore contrlable,
requiert une plate-forme de plus en plus sophistique
pour permettre de fournir conomiquement l'nergie aux
consommateurs.
et l'exigence de maintien de la scurit et de la qualit de la
fourniture, dans des conditions d'exploitation changeantes (par
ex. des dfaillances de production intgre, des dfauts dans le
rseau de distribution, la perte d'une interconnexion), ou dans
des priodes particulires du jour, de la semaine ou de l'anne
(par ex. un excs de production en heure creuse ou des priodes
de maintenance).
Jusqu' maintenant les critres conventionnels de planification
de la demande sont ceux initialement tablis avec une hypothse
d'appel trs limit aux DER, avec de petites volutions
apportes aux normes de planification pour prendre en compte
laugmentation des productions dcentralises.
En utilisant les donnes historiques relatives aux transferts
aux oprateurs de rseaux de distribution (GRD), pour planifier
l'volution des rseaux de transport, on peut in fine aboutir
un sous-investissement dans les besoins de renforcement
du rseau haute tension (HT), et on peut mme mettre en
cause la scurit du rseau. A contrario si on conoit le rseau
de faon tre capable de fournir la totalit de la puissance de
transformation installe on peut aboutir in surinvestissement
inacceptable.
L'accroissement consquent de la pntration des DER,
l'utilisation de l'interconnexion avec d'autres rseaux, et la
mise en uvre des technologies avances de rseau, font que la
planification des rseaux de transport et de distribution est plus
difficile que par le pass.

Ceci fait que les rseaux lectriques actuels ont faire face Dans ce contexte, un groupe de travail commun CIGRE-
des difficults croissantes, lies la pntration de plus en CIRED, le GT C1.29, a analys la croissance des DER et a mis

66 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA


Planning criteria for future transmission
networks in the presence of a greater
variability of power exchange
with distribution systems
Members
J. Wilson, Co-convenor (UK), R. Lama, Co-convenor (IT), D. Clarke, Secretary (UK),
S. Zhang (UK) H. Pluntke (DE), H. Halidah (DE), P. Glantz (SE), A. Melek (BR)
NGN Members - I. Cowan (UK), A. Prajapati (UK), S. Weerasinghe (UK), I. Stewart (UK)
Introduction
Our world is changing. In many countries traditional fossil
fuel power stations are closing due to cost, inefficiencies, or
environmental policy. In many developing but also developed
countries we are expecting electricity usage to increase. Coal
and gas is expected to become less prevalent, with more than
15% of electricity being produced from renewable means
by 2020 in many countries and much higher percentages in
many small and large countries globally. The global recession
has affected overall power demand in some countries, but
electrification of domestic heating and transport is expected
to contribute to an increase in energy demand from the early
2020s even there. There are many scenarios to be considered,
each one predicting different growths in renewable energy, but
all predicting that renewable energy will play a growing part of
the electricity system which in turn becomes a growing part of
the energy system.
Much of this growth is currently being seen in distribution
networks. Smaller scale wind farms, solar farms and domestic
(household) energy sources are contributing to a changing
way in which the Electricity Transmission and Distribution
system works. This decentralised energy, often variable and
not well controllable, needs an ever-sophisticated platform to
economically deliver energy to consumers.
This results in increasing challenges facing the current
electricity system associated with the increasing penetration of
Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and the importance of
maintaining the security and quality of supply during varying
operational conditions (e.g. failures in embedded generation,
distribution network faults, interconnector non-availability) or
in specific periods of day, week or year (e.g. excess generation
in non-peak or maintenance periods).
CIGRE / CIRED JWG C1.29
technical brochure 681
To date conventional demand planning criteria has been
initially based on very little use of DER, with small evolutionary
modifications made to planning standards to cater for
distributed resource growth.
Using historical data relating to Transmission System
Operators (TSO) to Distribution System Operators (DSO) net
power exchange in order to plan the evolution of transmission
systems may eventually lead to under-investing in the need
to reinforce the High Voltage (HV) network, and may even
impact on system security. Whilst at the same time, designing
the system in order to be able to supply the full transformation
power installed could give rise to unacceptable over-investment.
Significant increase in penetration of DER, use of
interconnection with other grids, and utilisation of smart
grid technologies makes distribution and transmission system
planning more challenging than in the past.
In this context, a Joint CIGRE-CIRED Working Group
(JWG), C1.29, has investigated the growth of DER and
highlighted the implications for transmission and distribution
planners, the output of which is this brochure: It details where
historical methods of data exchange may be inadequate, and
further, what future exchanges of data between transmission
and distribution system operators may be required to create
a more robust demand planning criteria for electricity grids.
Content of the Technical Brochure
The brochure begins with an assessment of the most
common, traditional and state-of-the-art methodologies
for Transmission planning taking into account the presence of
DER and comparing them in terms of complexity, accuracy,
system security and cost-efficiency. This task involved
No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 67
 681 GTC CIGRE / CIRED C1.29
brochure thmatique
en lumire ses implications pour les planificateurs des rseaux
de transport et de distribution. Cette brochure prsente ses
travaux et on y prcise dans quel cas la mthode des donnes
historiques pourrait ne pas tre adapte et, en outre, quelles
donnes devraient tre changes entre les oprateurs des
rseaux de transport et de distribution pour dfinir des critres
plus robustes de planification de la demande.
Contenu de la Brochure Technique
La brochure dbute par une valuation des mthodologies
les plus courantes, traditionnelles et de ltat de lart, de
planification des rseaux de transport qui prennent en compte
la prsence de DER, et par leur comparaison en termes de
complexit, de prcision, de scurit du systme lectrique et
defficacit conomique. Cette tche a impliqu de collecter
des informations concernant les pratiques les plus courantes
adoptes par les GRT, en portant une attention particulire aux
informations que les GRD connects leur communiquent pour
leur permettre de planifier le rseau de transport.
Une section importante de la brochure est consacre la
dfinition des critres conceptuels de la planification des rseaux
de transport connects des rseaux de distribution dans un cas
d'cole possible extrme de conditions futures, c..d. avec des
changes de puissance active GRT-GRD nuls ou ngligeables
dans les conditions normales. Dans cette section sont identifies
les donnes actuellement indisponibles, ou les mesures qui sont
hautement ncessaires pour les avoir, qui conditionnent une
bonne planification dans ces conditions.
Pour cette tche il a fallu recueillir des informations sur les
tendances actuelles en matire de planification.de rseaux
de transport auprs d'une slection de GRT et de GRD, dans
les documents CIGRE et CIRED et dans d'autres littratures
ouvertes au public, et procder un exercice mthodique
utilisant une matrice SWOT couple avec une description
GAP, afin de caractriser les mthodes existantes en termes
d'adquation aux futures volutions de scnarios, et de produire
des recommandations de travaux futurs.
Le scnario extrme mentionn pourrait arriver vite
si les GRD influencent le comportement des utilisateurs,
auparavant sans restriction, pour qu'ils exploitent galement
leurs propres possibilits de flexibilit, pour grer leurs
rseaux d'une manire nouvelle, qui pourrait tre plus
conomique, en optimisant l'exploitation, minimisant les
pertes, et rduisant galement les changes de puissance entre
les rseaux HT et MT. Ceci pourrait se faire seulement si, et
l o, la production intgre serait capable de fournir toute
l'nergie appele par les charges dans les conditions normales
et si, et l o, les profils de consommation et d'injection des
charges seraient rendus gaux au moyen de fortes actions de
rponse de la demande et de dispositifs de stockage. Dans
le scnario futur extrme, pour lequel les changes de
puissance entre la HT et la MT pourraient tre fortement
affects par les actions ralises par le GRD, la capacit de
l'interface transport/distribution pourrait devenir de plus en
68 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
plus mal utilise, si le systme avait t planifi sur la base des
demandes historiques.
L'examen des donnes changes entre GRT et GRD
montre qu'il existe quelques pratiques communes au niveau
des types des informations changes (capacit de production
intgre, capacit nouvelle connecte, nombre et puissance des
transformateurs), bien il y ait une certaine incohrence dans le cas
de quelques donnes partages, comme le type de combustible
d'une nouvelle production connecte, et la capacit de transfert
inverse des transformateurs. Les recherches ont montr que
seulement deux tiers des GRT avaient une connaissance en
temps rel de la production renouvelable instantane, et que si
que les trois quarts des GRT avaient la possibilit de rduire la
production renouvelable intgre, le quart qui n'avait pas cette
possibilit tait constitu de ceux qui ont actuellement une forte
pntration de renouvelables.
De manire gnrale, les GRD sont surtout proccups
d'assurer le service de leurs clients finaux, et comptent donc sur
le GRT pour assurer la stabilit et la fiabilit du rseau dans son
ensemble. Quand on planifie un investissement, il est logique de
ne pas prendre en compte le cot du redispatching et le cot de
la rduction de production des DER, puisque les GRD ne sont
pas normalement autoriss pratiquer ces actions. En gnral
tous les GRD montrent qu'ils tiennent compte des aspects
conomiques de la rglementation, et si des bonifications/
pnalits de quelque sorte sont prvues ils les adoptent comme
des lments de cot dans l'valuation des investissements. Le
degr et la manire dont les GRD interviennent dans la gestion
des DER sont variables entre compagnies d'lectricit et entre
pays, principalement en fonction des rglementations existantes.
Conclusion
Dans la brochure on conclut que si les mthodologies de
planification actuelles continuent dtre appliques, il est
probable que lon aboutira un sous-investissement dans
linterface GRT-GRD, pour satisfaire les besoins futurs. Les
mthodes actuelles de prvision du futur sappuient sur des
modlisations de scnarios ou des mthodes probabilistes qui
cherchent minimiser les incertitudes inhrentes ces modles
et minimiser limpact sur le consommateur. Elles demandent
cependant une faible collaboration entre GRD et GRT.
Un nombre important de donnes supplmentaires partager
entre GRT et GRD est exig pour comprendre les futurs besoins
de l'interface.
Il faut qu'il y ait des incitations l'adresse du GRT pour
qu'il gre son rseau de faon minimiser l'impact sur le GRT,
tout particulirement dans le contexte d'un scnario futur
o le transfert d'nergie active est trs rduit du fait du grand
volume d'lectricit venant de productions dcentralises. Les
mthodes actuelles de partage du gain pourraient s'avrer
tre une incitation utile pour encourager les GRD et GRT
travailler ensemble pour partager les donnes et minimiser les
investissements dans les rseaux des GRT.

collecting information about most common practices
adopted by TSOs with specific regards to the information that
interfacing DSOs presently bring to support Transmission
network planning.
A significant section of this brochure is devoted to defining
conceptual criteria for planning of transmission systems
connecting distribution systems in an instructive possible
extreme case of future conditions, i.e. with zero or negligible
TSO-DSO active power exchange in ordinary conditions. That
section specifies presently unavailable data or measurements
which are crucial for this for good system planning under such
conditions.
This task involved collecting information about tendencies
in transmission network planning from chosen TSOs and
DSOs, relevant Cigr-CIRED papers and other publically
available literature and carrying out a methodical exercise
using a SWOT matrix coupled with a GAP description in order
to characterise existing methodologies in terms of adequacy
towards future-proof scenarios, and provide recommendations
for future work.
The mentioned extreme scenario could get closer if DSOs
influence previously unrestricted behaviours of connected
users, as well as operating their own flexibility resources,
to manage their systems in an unprecedented and possibly
more efficient manner, optimising operation, minimizing
losses, and also limiting power exchange between HV and
MV systems. This could only work if and where embedded
generation would be able to provide all the energy the loads
require under ordinary conditions, and if and where the load
profiles of energy consumption and injection would be equal
through use of strong demand response activities and storage
facilities. In this future extreme scenario, where the power
exchange between HV and MV could be strongly affected by
actions carried out by the DSO, the sizing of the Transmission/
Distribution interface could be increasingly inefficient if only
historical demand data were used for system planning.
The review of data exchanged between TSO and DSO
shows some common practice in the types of information
exchanged (embedded generation capacity, new connection
capacity, number and size of transformers) although there is
some data that is inconsistently shared such as new connection
fuel type and transformer reverse power flow capability. Our
research showed that only two thirds of TSOs have a live view
of currently generating renewable energy, and although three-
quarters of TSOs have the capability to curtail embedded
renewable generation, the quarter that dont have this ability
are ones with currently high renewable penetration.
As a general rule, DSOs are mainly focussed on the service
they need to provide to their end customers and so rely on the
TSO to ensure overall system stability and reliability. When
carrying out investment planning, it is logical that the cost of
re-dispatch and cost of curtailment of DER are not considered,
as DSOs are not normally permitted to perform these activities.
CIGRE / CIRED JWG C1.29
technical brochure 681
In general, all DSOs show they take into account the economic
aspects of regulation, in the sense that if incentives/penalties
of any kind are foreseen, they are also adopted as investment
evaluation cost elements. The extent, and the way in which
DSOs play their role in managing DER varies in different
utilities, and in different countries, mainly according to the
existing regulations.
Conclusion
The brochure concludes that if current planning
methodologies continue, there is likely to be under-investment
in the TSO-DSO interface in order to make it future-proof.
Current methods of predicting the future utilise scenario
modelling or probabilistic methods which look to deal with
the uncertainty in those models and minimise any impact
to the consumer. These however require little additional
collaboration between the DSO and TSO.
Significant additional data is required to be shared between
TSO and DSO in order to understand the future requirements
of the interface. There needs to be an incentive for the DSO
to manage their network to minimise the impact on the
TSO, especially in the context of a future scenario where there
is negligible active power transfer due to large amounts of
distributed energy. Current methods of gain share could prove
a useful incentive for the DSO and TSO to work together to
share data and minimise investment in the TSO network.
BROCHURE N 681
(en anglais seulement)
(in English only)
Disponible sur / Available on:
www.e-cigre.org
Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
110 e
Purchase (non-members)
Free download (members)
No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 69
 682 GT A1.40
brochure thmatique

Enqute sur linstrumentation

et la surveillance des gnrateurs hydrauliques

Membres
Bruintjies Mark, Chef de file, (ZA), Ttreault Andr, Secrtaire, (CA),
Agamalov Oleg (UA), Geir Aalvik (NO), Nanayakkara Kapila (AU),
WiehePeter (AU), Villarrubia Alberto (ES), Zagozen Ivan (SI),
Pesnel Thomas (FR), Curiac Paul (RO), Elez Ante (HR),
Polak Josip (HR), Turnescu Traian (RO), Kane Claude (US),
Piccolo Andrea (DE), Renno Francisco (BR), Sanz Jacques (BR),
Miki Takahiro (JP), Stone Greg (CA)

Le besoin dune disponibilit leve des centrales
lectriques sest accru du fait de la demande plus
forte dnergie lectrique. Maintenir les gnrateurs
hydro-lectriques disponibles pour le service est un
facteur important dans lobtention dune productivit
maximale dans la production dlectricit. Pendant
leur fonctionnement les composants des gnrateurs
hydro-lectriques sont exposs en permanence des
contraintes thermiques, lectriques, mcaniques et
environnementales. Une seule de ces contraintes, ou
leffet combin de plusieurs dentre elles, conduit une
dfaillance dun composant qui, si elle nest pas dtecte,
rsulte en une dfaillance de la production ou mme des
pannes trs graves.
Une dfaillance fortuite dun composant peut se
traduire par un arrt impos et des rparations en urgence
trs coteuses, avec un impact financier considrable. De
nombreuses compagnies lectriques ont mis en place
une instrumentation comme moyen de prvention des
dfaillances fortuites de composants, avec pour objectif
de mettre en place des programmes de surveillance dtat
de leurs quipements.
Introduction
Une instrumentation prcise et des systmes de contrle
fournissent les moyens ncessaires une surveillance
permanente, la collecte de donnes et au contrle des
quipements dans la plage normale de fonctionnement.
L'instrumentation est le moyen de donner un clairage
sur le niveau de bon fonctionnement de la machine ou,
plus important, de voir quelles sont, l'intrieur de la
machine, les zones qui posent problme. L'ensemble de
l'instrumentation fournit de nombreux niveaux de retours
d'information pour le contrle, aussi bien de systmes
simples que de systmes trs complexes, qui permettent
ainsi aux utilisateurs de procder aux ajustements,
aux corrections, aux amliorations et aux rparations
ncessaires pour obtenir le contrle, le rendement et la
disponibilit optimaux des machines.
Par l'utilisation de systmes experts, les donnes
fournies par l'instrumentation peuvent tre rduites
des paramtres cls essentiels lexploitation fiable et
sre. Ces systmes experts possdent normalement des
possibilits de diagnostic de dfaut, qui rduisent par
consquent les dures d'arrt de machine.
Primtre des activits
Lobjet des travaux du Groupe de Travail A1.40 tait
de conduire une enqute sur linstrumentation et les
quipements de surveillance des gnrateurs hydro-
lectriques, en sintressant plus particulirement :
Aux instrumentations et aux systmes de surveillance
les plus modernes (systmes en ligne ou hors ligne,
systmes ddis ou systmes intgrs, tltransmission
de lacquisition de donnes), pour le stator, le rotor et
la turbine;
Aux paramtres typiques qui ont fait lobjet de
lenqute: tempratures et vibrations du rotor et
du stator, courants et tensions de larbre du rotor,
dbits des fluides de refroidissement, pressions des
composants, DP dans les barres du stator, etc.;

70 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG A1.40
technical brochure 682
Survey on hydro generator instrumentation and
monitoring

Members
Bruintjies Mark, Convenor, (ZA), Ttreault Andr, Secretary, (CA),
Agamalov Oleg (UA), Geir Aalvik (NO), Nanayakkara Kapila (AU),
WiehePeter (AU), Villarrubia Alberto (ES), Zagozen Ivan (SI),
Pesnel Thomas (FR), Curiac Paul (RO), Elez Ante (HR),
Polak Josip (HR), Turnescu Traian (RO), Kane Claude (US),
Piccolo Andrea (DE), Renno Francisco (BR), Sanz Jacques (BR),
Miki Takahiro (JP), Stone Greg (CA)

The need for high availability of power plants has
increased due to the increased demand of electric energy.
Keeping hydro turbine generators available on-line is a
major factor in achieving maximum productivity in power
generation. During operation hydro turbine generator
components are continuously exposed to thermal,
electrical, mechanical and environmental stresses. A
single or the combined effect of these stresses results in
component failure, which if not detected, results in failure
in service or even catastrophic failures.
Unexpected component failure can result in forced
outages and costly emergency repairs resulting in
significant financial impact. As mitigation to prevent
unexpected component failure, many power entities
installed instrumentation with the goal of initiating
condition monitoring programs on their equipment.
Introduction
Accurate instrumentation and control systems provide
the required means for constant monitoring, data
collection and control of machinery within the normal
range of operation. Instrumentation is the tools that
provide insight as to how well the machine is operating,
or more importantly, what areas are problematic within
the machine. All of the instrumentation provides
numerous layers of feedback for control of both simple
and very complex systems, thereby allowing users to make
the required adjustments, corrections, improvement
or repairs required for optimum control, efficiency and
availability of machines.
The data collected from instrumentation can be
reduced to essential key parameters for reliable and safe
operation by utilizing expert system concepts. These
systems normally incorporate diagnostic fault finding
capabilities, thereby limiting the machine downtime.
Scope
The scope of the works for Working Group A1.40
was to conduct a survey on Hydro Turbine Generator
Instrumentation and Monitoring equipment, with focus
on:
State of the art existing instrumentation and
monitoring systems (on-line vs. offline systems, stand-
alone vs. integrated systems, remote data acquisition)
for stator, rotor and turbine;
Typical parameters that were surveyed: rotor and
stator temperatures and vibrations, rotor shaft
voltages and currents, flow rates of cooling elements,
components pressures, stator bar PD, etc.;
Diagnosis tools and capabilities (data recording,
diagnostic models, remote assistance, off-line and
on-line expert systems, etc.).
Data collection
Data was collected for generators of different capacities,
voltages and turbine types from manufacturers, power
producers and consulting entities from nine (9) different
countries across the world. Data was received for 1611
generators and 463 turbines respectively.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 71

 682 GT A1.40
brochure thmatique
Aux outils de diagnostics et aux possibilits offertes
par les diagnostics (enregistrement de donnes,
modles de diagnostics, assistance distance, systmes
experts en ligne et hors ligne, etc.).
Collecte des donnes
Les donnes qui ont t collectes concernent des
gnrateurs de diffrentes puissances, tensions et avec
des types de turbines diffrents. Elles ont t fournies
par des constructeurs, des producteurs dlectricit et
des entreprises de conseils, de neuf (9) pays diffrents de
par le monde. Les donnes couvrent respectivement 1611
gnrateurs et 463 turbines.
Informations tires de lenqute
Types et puissances des gnrateurs
et des turbines
On voit sur la Figure 1 quen termes dunits les
constructeurs des gnrateurs sont les principaux
contributeurs (75%)
Quant au type des turbines, il apparat clairement
que les turbines Francis sont celles le plus couramment
installes. On le voit trs clairement sur la Figure 2 avec les
turbines Francis constituant 81% de la base des turbines
installes (463).
Les puissances nominales des gnrateurs installs sont
rpartis de faon relative homogne comme le montre
la Figure 3, la plus grande diffrence, de 10%, tant
Figure 1 - Nombre dunits prises en compte dans lenqute
72 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
constate entre les puissances 10-20 MVA et 60-100 MVA.
Malheureusement pour la relation entre le type de turbine
et la puissance de la turbine, et il ny a pas de conclusion
sur ce point.
Paramtres surveills
Les nombres suivants de fonctions de surveillance des
composants majeurs d'un gnrateur hydro-lectrique
ont t rapports dans l'enqute:
Stator : lenqute porte sur 19 paramtres diffrents
surveills
Rotor : lenqute porte sur 14 paramtres diffrents
surveills
Turbine : lenqute porte sur 25 paramtres
diffrents surveills
La surveillance des vibrations relve dun groupement
diffrent parce quelle est majoritairement installe sur les
diffrents paliers : 9 signaux diffrents ont t rpertoris
dans lenqute.
La Figure 4 donne une vue densemble exhaustive des
diffrents paramtres qui peuvent tre surveills sur les
gnrateurs hydro-lectriques. On y indique galement
le nombre de diffrentes fonctions quon peut surveiller
pour chaque paramtre. On voit, en comparant les
fonctions de surveillance dtat couvertes par lenqute et
les paramtres surveiller possibles de la Figure 4, que
lon a couvert dans lenqute la totalit des fonctions de
surveillance oprationnelle possibles du point de vue de
linstrumentation.

Survey Feedback
Types and ratings of generators and
turbines
From figure1 it can be seen that the feedback (number
of units) was dominated by the Generator Manufacturers
(75%).
From a turbine type perspective it is clear that Francis
turbines are the most commonly installed. Figure 2 shows
this clearly with 81% of the installed base (463) being
Francis turbines.
The generator power ratings of installed generators
is fairly evenly spread as illustrated in figure 3 with the
biggest differential of 10% between ratings 10-20 MVA
and 60-100MVA. Unfortunately the information from the
questionnaire does not allow meaningful interrogation
regarding the type of turbine vs the size of turbine, hence
no conclusions regarding this matter.
Monitoring parameters
The survey covered the following number of monitoring
functions for the major components found in a hydro
generator:
Stator: 19 different monitoring parameters surveyed
Rotor: 14 different monitoring parameters surveyed
Turbine: 25 different monitoring parameters
surveyed
Figure 1 - No. of units surveyed
WG A1.40
technical brochure 682
Vibration was monitored as a different entity as it is
predominantly installed on the different bearings. 9
different signals were surveyed.
Figure 4 shows a comprehensive overview of the various
parameters that can be monitored on hydro generators,
it also indicates the quantity of different functions
monitorable within each parameter. A comparison
between the surveyed condition monitoring functions
covered by this survey and the possible monitoring
parameters identified in Figure 4 show that all operational
monitoring functions possible from an instrumentation
perspective were covered in this survey.
This vast difference in monitoring philosophies
between the surveyed countries is also illustrated in
table 1. Table 1 indicates the percentage of monitoring
done on each major hydro generator component, where
100% monitoring will be the monitoring of all possible
functions as shown in Figure 4. The values below indicate
the difference between the countries with the highest
percentage of parameters being monitored versus the
country with the lowest percentage of parameters being
monitored. A smaller differential value indicates a lower
difference in monitoring philosophies between countries
for the specific major component.
The differentials as follows:
Rotor: 28 (Canada 2: 71% vs Italy: 43%)
Stator 42 (Canada 2: 79% vs Brazil, Japan: 37%)
Turbine 36 (Canada 1: 64% vs Japan: 28%)
Vibration 67 (Brazil: 100% vs Canada 1 and Italy:
33%)
No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 73
 682 GT A1.40
brochure thmatique

Figure 2 - Type de turbines de lenqute

Figure 3 - Puissances des machines de lenqute

Les grandes diffrences de philosophies de surveillance
constates entre les pays contributeurs sont aussi exposes
dans le Tableau 1. Le Tableau 1 donne le pourcentage des
surveillances ralises sur chaque composant important
des gnrateurs hydro-lectriques, 100% correspondant
la surveillance de toutes les fonctions quil est possible
de surveiller que montre la Figure 4. Les valeurs ci-aprs
correspondent aux carts entre le pays o on surveille
la plus grande proportion de fonctions et celui o on
surveille la plus faible proportion de fonctions. Un cart
plus petit veut dire quil y a moins de diffrences dans les
philosophies de surveillance dun paramtre entre les pays.
Les diffrences se prsentent comme suit:
Rotor 28 (Canada 2: 71% contre Italie: 43%)
Stator 42 (Canada 2: 79% contre Brsil et Japon:
37%)
Turbine 36 (Canada 1: 64% contre Japon: 28%)
Vibration 67 (Brsil: 100% contre Canada 1 et
Italie: 33%)
On peut noter, la lecture des valeurs ci-dessus, quil y a

74 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG A1.40
technical brochure 682

Figure 2 - Type of turbines surveyed

Figure 3 - Surveyed Machine Power Output

As can be seen from the differential values above, there
is a significant difference in monitoring philosophies
between the surveyed countries.
It is clear that there is no consistent application
of monitoring for the mentioned hydro generator
components. It seems as if Canada 1 and Australia, both
Power producers, have almost the same monitoring
philosophy with Australia practicing more vibration
monitoring. Canada 2 (Generator manufacturer) is
applying the most comprehensive monitoring of the rotor
and stator with Brazil (Power producer) doing complete
coverage from a vibration perspective, whereas the
respondent from Italy (Generator manufacturer) is doing
the least amount of monitoring. Vibration monitoring
differentials is the highest indicating vast differences in
vibration monitoring philosophies.
When separating the above data between Generator
manufacturers and Power producers, the biggest
differentials are found to be on the stator and vibration
monitoring philosophies respectively.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 75

 682 GT A1.40
brochure thmatique

Figure 4 - Nombre des fonctions de surveillance possibles des gnrateurs hydro-lectriques

une diffrence significative de philosophies de surveillance la surveillance. Il apparat que Canada 1 et Australie, tous
entre les diffrents pays qui ont particip. Il est clair quil deux producteurs dlectricit, suivent peu prs la mme
ny a pas, pour les composants de gnrateur hydro- philosophie de surveillance, lAustralie pratiquant plus de
lectrique mentionns, une mise en uvre cohrente de surveillance des vibrations. Canada 2 (constructeur de

Pourcentage (%) des paramtres installs

Pays Rotor Stator Turbine Vibration

Canada 1 57 % 42 % 64 % 33 %

Australie 57 % 42 % 60 % 89 %

Japon 57 % 37 % 28 % 56 %

Italie 43 % 42 % 0% 33 %

Brsil 64 % 37 % 56 % 100 %

Canada 2 71 % 79 % 40 % 56 %

Diffrences 28 42 36 67

Tableau 1 - Pourcentage de surveillance ralise sur les composants majeurs excluant les pays qui ont fourni moins de 1% des donnes

* Les valeurs en gras italique indiquent les pays pratiquant le pourcentage le plus lev et le plus faible de paramtres surveills pour le composant spcifique

76 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA

 WG A1.40
technical brochure 682

Figure 4 - Number of Monitoring Functions Possible on Hydro Generators

Table 2 is comparing the instrumentation philosophies coincidence, these were the highest data contributors for
of a Generator manufacturer (Canada 2) and Power the respective entities, Generator manufacturer (44.4%)
producer (Canada 1) in the same country, Canada. By and Power producer (19.7%).

Percentage (%) of parameters installed

Country Rotor Stator Turbine Vibration

Canada 1 57 % 42 % 64 % 33 %

Australia 57 % 42 % 60 % 89 %

Japan 57 % 37 % 28 % 56 %

Italy 43 % 42 % 0% 33 %

Brazil 64 % 37 % 56 % 100 %

Canada 2 71 % 79 % 40 % 56 %

Differentials 28 42 36 67

Table no. 1 - Percentage of Monitoring installed on Major Components excluding countries contributing less than 1% of data

*Values in bold italic indicate the countries with the highest and the lowest percentage of monitored parameters for the specific component.

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 77

 682 GT A1.40
brochure thmatique
Pourcentage (%) de paramtres installs
Pays Rotor
Canada 1 57%
Canada 2 71%
Diffrences 14
Tableau 2 - Comparaison des philosophies de surveillance des compagnies dlectricit et des constructeurs de gnrateurs.
* Les valeurs en gras italique indiquent les entits pratiquant le pourcentage le plus lev et le plus faible de paramtres surveills pour le composant spcifique
gnrateur) pratique la surveillance la plus complte du
rotor et du stator, avec le Brsil (producteur dlectricit)
qui assure la couverture la plus complte du sujet des
vibrations, alors que le contributeur Italien (constructeur
de gnrateur) pratique la surveillance la plus lgre.
Cest en matire de surveillance des vibrations que lon
voit les plus grands carts, indiquant par l des diffrences
importantes de philosophie.
Quand on compare les donnes ci-dessus pour les
constructeurs de gnrateurs et pour les producteurs
dlectricit, les carts les plus grands sont constats
respectivement pour les philosophies de surveillance du
stator et des vibrations.
Dans le Tableau 2 on compare les philosophies
dinstrumentation dun constructeur de gnrateurs
(Canada 2) et un producteur dlectricit (Canada 1) du
mme pays, le Canada. Ils taient aussi, par concidence,
les plus grands contributeurs de donnes respectivement
pour la catgorie des constructeurs de gnrateurs
(44,4%) et des producteurs dlectricit (19,7%).
Les carts sont les suivants :
Rotor 14 (Canada 2: 71% contre Canada 1: 57%)
Stator 37 (Canada 2: 79% contre Canada 1: 42%)
Turbine 24 (Canada 1: 64% contre Canada 2: 40%)
Vibration 23 (Canada 2: 56% contre Canada 1: 33%)
Il apparat que mme dans le mme pays il y a une
diffrence dans les philosophies de surveillance du
producteur d'lectricit et du constructeur de gnrateur.
Il est surprenant de constater que, sauf pour la turbine, le
constructeur de gnrateur prconise une philosophie de
surveillance plus exhaustive.
78 No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA
Stator Turbine Vibration
42% 64% 33%
79% 40% 56%
37 24 23
Conclusion
Globalement lenqute montre clairement que des
philosophies de surveillance diverses sont mises en
uvre. Bien quil existe des normes internationales IEEE
Std 1129-2014 et IEEE Std C50.12-2005, Guide pour la
surveillance en ligne des gnrateurs synchrones de grande
puissance et Norme pour les gnrateurs synchrones
ples saillants 50 Hz et 60 Hz et les gnrateurs/moteurs
pour les gnrateurs hydro-lectriques de 5 MVA et
plus, tous les contributeurs suivent une philosophie de
surveillance personnalise.
Quand on analyse les donnes, il y a parmi les
constructeurs de gnrateurs des variations significatives
entre les philosophies de surveillance. En dehors de la
question des vibrations, les producteurs d'lectricit
paraissent plus homognes dans leurs philosophies de
surveillance.
Bien que la surveillance et l'accumulation de donnes
historiques soient partie intgrante d'une exploitation
de machines fiables et conomiques, il n'existe
malheureusement pas de norme internationale rgissant la
surveillance des gnrateurs hydro-lectriques, en termes
d'instrumentation. Actuellement, l'industrie pense que
le volume des instruments de surveillance installer sera
fonction de l'importance de la machine dans le rseau
spcifique et de l'impact de la dfaillance pour l'oprateur
de la machine
Il faut cependant que les exploitants des machines
soient conscients du fait qu'une instrumentation fiable,
combine des donnes historiques, fournira des
informations d'une valeur inestimable en matire de
stratgies de maintenance prdictive.
 WG A1.40
technical brochure 682
Percentage (%) of parameters installed

Country Rotor Stator Turbine Vibration

Canada 1 57% 42% 64% 33%

Canada 2 71% 79% 40% 56%

Differentials 14 37 24 23

Table no. 2 - Comparing Utilities vs Generator Manufacturer Monitoring Philosophies

*Values in bold italic indicate the countries with the highest and the lowest percentage of monitored parameters for the specific component.

The following are the differentials: instrumentation perspective. The current industry view
is that the amount of monitoring instruments installed
Rotor: 14 (Canada 2: 71% vs Canada 1: 57%) would be determined by the significance of the machine
Stator 37 (Canada 2: 79% vs Canada 1: 42%) to the particular network and impact of a failure to the
Turbine 24 (Canada 1: 64% vs Canada 2: 40%) operator of the machine.
Vibration 23 (Canada 2: 56% vs Canada 1: 33%)
However, machine operators should take cognizance
It seems that even in the same country, there is a that reliable instrumentation coupled with historical
difference in monitoring philosophies between the power data would provide invaluable information regarding
producer and generator manufacturer. Surprisingly, other predictive maintenance strategies.
than the turbine, the generator manufacturer has a more
comprehensive monitoring philosophy.
BROCHURE N 682
Conclusion
From the survey it is clear that there are various (en anglais seulement)
monitoring philosophies being applied globally. Although
there are international standards IEEE Std 1129-2014 and (in English only)
IEEE Std C50.12-2005, Guide for Online Monitoring of
Large Synchronous Generators and Standard for Salient-
Disponible sur / Available on:
Pole 50 Hz and 60 Hz Synchronous Generators and
Generator/Motors for Hydraulic Turbine Applications
Rated 5MVA and Above respectively, all the respondents www.e-cigre.org
have a bespoke monitoring philosophy.

When analysing the data, there are significant variances Prix non-Membres / Non-Member Price:
in monitoring philosophies amongst the Generator
manufacturers. Other than vibration, the Power producers 170 e
seem to be much more aligned regarding their monitoring
philosophies.
Purchase (non-members)
Although monitoring and accumulating historical
data is integral to operating reliable and cost effective Free download (members)
machines, there is unfortunately no international standard
governing the monitoring of hydro generators, from an

No. 291 - April 2017 ELECTRA 79

 Meetings* of
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*For updated list of events, please visit our events section of the website at www.cigre.org

CIGRE Events
4th International Colloquium Transformer Research CIGRE Winnipeg 2017 international colloquium
and Asset Management & exhibition
Pula - Croatia Winnipeg, Canada
May 10-12, 2017 September 30 - October 6, 2017
http://www.cigre.org/Events/CIGRE-Colloquia/4th- http://cigre.org/Homepage/Events/CIGRE-Colloquia/
International-Colloquium-Transformer-Research-and-Asset- CIGREA3-B4-D1-International-Colloquium-in-Winnipeg
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13th Conference CIGRE-CIRED 2017 National Committee and EPRI
Maribor, Slovenia Cleveland, Ohio, USA
May 22-24, 2017 October 22-24, 2017
http://www.cigre.org/Events/Other-CIGRE-Events/13th- http://www.cigre.org/Events/Other-CIGRE-Events/2017-
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29 May 2 June, 2017 Cape Town, South Africa
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papers-8th-southern-Africa-Regional-Conference
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September 11-13, 2017 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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September 18-20, 2017
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September 20-22, 2017 Strasbourg, France
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CIGRE.couloir3.com
 8TH SOUTHERN AFRICA
REGIONAL CONFERENCE
southern africa 14 - 17 NOVEMBER 2017

call for papers

OBJECTIVE SUBMISSION OF SYNOPSES
To provide an international platform to share information between electric utilities, system operators,
Submission of abstracts:
regulators, manufacturers and suppliers, universities, standardizing bodies, research laboratories and
31 March 2017
authorities on the selected topics in the field of enabling the supply of electricity to Africa and Developing
Economies. Notification of acceptance:
28 April 2017
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE
Sub-Saharan Africa is a region of historical paradox and full of promise for the future, particularly in the Submission of Full Papers:
domain of electricity where many opportunities exist. 14 July 2017
About 20% of the population has access to electricity, but in rural areas this figure drops to 8%.
Certain countries have adopted successful electrification programs, where electricity penetration SUBMISSION OF PAPERS
reaches more than 80% of the population. It should be possible to learn from such cases.
Participants wishing to present
Only a small percentage of the huge energy resources have been put into use; a significant portion papers are invited to submit a
of hydro capacity and other resource types can still be exploited. synopsis(abstract) (500 words,
Distributed Generation and Microgrid technologies have advanced significantly in recent years. Case in English) by e-mail to the
studies of successful projects that have been implemented will assist with the learning process. Chairman and the Organizing
Network losses (both technical and non-technical) are very high; long transmission distances and Committee by 31 March 2017.
inefficient metering and revenue collection methods contribute to this state of affairs.
Economic growth and electricity infrastructure growth does not always happen in tandem. Frequent Each abstract or synopsis
load shedding events and poor network reliability often exacerbate the generation/load balance. must indicate the topic to be
addressed (see number 1 to 3
The aim of the Conference is to provide a unique forum for the exchange of ideas to contribute to the of the Programme). The name,
future vision for the development of electrical systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. title, affiliation, full address
(postal, fax and e-mail) of the
PROGRAMME author is required.
The Conference is the biennial Discussion Forum organized by the Cigr Southern Africa National
Committee for members, associates and experts from Africa and Developing Economies. The theme of The notification of the
the Conference will be based on the following: acceptance of papers will be
sent to the authors by 28 April
Electricity Supply to Africa and Developing Economies Challenges and Opportunities 2017, and completed papers (in
English), will be required by 14
The Preferential Subjects that will be discussed are within the following scope: July 2017.
1. Enabling Universal Access to electricity in developing economies
2. Technology solutions and innovations for developing economies Synopses and papers must be
3. Planning for the future in uncertain times sent to the following e-mail
addresses:
14 November 2017 Tutorial session Chairman: Mr Roger Cormack
rogercormack1949@gmail.com
15 November 2017 Conference Day 1
16 November 2017 Conference Day 2 Organising Committee:
17 November 2017 Technical Tours Mr Kurt Dedekind
dedekivk@eskom.co.za
The Conference will be held as a four-day session. The first day will be dedicated to a Tutorial session
that will be hosted by a variety of industry experts. All papers that are within the scope will be accepted, For further information or
and authors should be prepared to present a summary of their paper at the Conference and to answer assistance, please contact:
questions from the audience. It will include the classical sessions with presentations and discussions of Anelja de Bok
reports that have been prepared in advance, but will also feature panel discussions on selected topics. Active Capture
anelja@activecapture.co.za
The Chairman and Organizing Committee however also reserve the right to identify papers that are not Mobile: +27 (0)82 902 4606
directly linked to the discussion stream and to publish these without presentation or discussion. Fax: 086 523 8112
 Save THE DATE

CigrE SESSion
August 26-31, 2018
Paris /France
47
A TECHniCAl
EXHiBiTion
Palais des Congrs-PorteMaillot oN3Floors
An All wEEk
TEchNical
PrograMME
See our Call for Papers
A uniquE
on the website oPPorTuniTy For
http://www.cigre.org nETworking
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CigrE SESSion 46 PowEriNdusTry.
Photos : CIGRE / Couloir3 - FOTOLIA - Graphisme : Laurent Turquin.

InternatIonal CounCIl on large eleCtrIC SyStemS

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