All Biology

4 For
Examiners
Use
2 Starch is broken down during digestion by an enzyme, amylase.
The test for starch uses iodine solution.
When all the starch has been completely digested, the orange brown iodine solution does
not change colour.
(a) Three test tubes A, B and C each contained 5 cm3 of 1% starch solution.
To tube A, 1 cm3 of water and 2 cm3 of 1% amylase solution were added.

The stop clock was started immediately and the mixture was stirred.
Every minute a drop was removed from the mixture and added to iodine solution on a
white tile.
To tube B, 1 cm3 of water an 2 cm3 of boiled and cooled 1% amylase solution were
added.
The same method of testing was used.
To tube C, 1 cm3 of 0.5% sodium chloride solution and 2 cm3 of 1% amylase solution
were added.
The same method of testing was used.
The colours observed are shown in Table 2.1.

These investigations were carried out at room temperature.
Table 2.1
time / mins tube A tube B tube C

1 black black black
2 black black dark brown
3 black black dark brown
4 black black lighter brown
5 dark brown black lighter brown
6 dark brown black orange brown
9 lighter brown black orange brown
13 orange brown black orange brown
(i) State how long it took for the starch to be completely broken down in tubes A and
C.
tube A ................................................. tube C .....................................................[2]
UCLES 2004 0610/06/M/J/04

5 For
Examiners
Use
(ii) Describe the effect on the reaction of using sodium chloride solution.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) State the purpose of tube B in this investigation.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(b) In the human alimentary canal, starch is broken down by amylase. The pH of the
alimentary canal varies between pH 2 and pH 8.5.
Suggest how you could investigate the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total : 10]
UCLES 2004 0610/06/M/J/04 [Turn over

6 For
Examiners
Use
3 Fig. 3.1 shows two joined mature Acer fruits.
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Make a large drawing of one of these fruits in the space below.
Label the position of the seed.
[4]
UCLES 2004 0610/06/M/J/04

7 For
Examiners
Use
(ii) Calculate the magnification of your drawing using the maximum length of the fruit in
Fig. 3.1 that you have drawn.
maximum length of your drawing of one fruit ...................................................... cm
maximum length of the same fruit in Fig. 3.1 ...................................................... cm
working:
magnification .........................................................................................................[2]
The background in Fig. 3.1 is a grid, with squares of 1 mm x 1 mm.
(iii) Determine the surface area of one of the fruits including the wing-like extension.
Explain how you worked out your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

7
2 Fig. 2.1 shows an insect-pollinated flower, cut in half longitudinally. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Make a large drawing of the cut surface of the half-flower shown in Fig. 2.1.
[4]
(ii) On your drawing, label each of the following with a label line and the letter X, Y or Z:
X for the part of the flower in which the pollen grains are produced,
Y for the part of the flower to where the pollen grains are transferred during
pollination,
Z for the part of the flower through which the pollen tube grows, shortly after
pollination.
[3]

8
(b) (i) Insects such as the honey bee, Apis mellifera, collect nectar to make into honey. For
Describe how you could test a sample of honey for the presence of each of the Examiner's
Use
following:
reducing sugar;
starch.
[3]
(ii) Honey contains reducing sugar.
State the colour change you would observe during the reducing sugar test in (b) (i).
[1]
(c) Fig. 2.2 shows one pollen grain, as seen with the aid of an electron microscope. This
pollen grain has been magnified 200 times.
Fig. 2.2
(i) Calculate the actual size of this grain.

Show your working.
actual size [2]
(ii) State one feature visible in Fig. 2.2, that suggests that this pollen grain is from an
insect-pollinated flower.
[1]
UCLES 2005 0610/06/M/J/05

2
1 Fig.1.1 shows a diagram of a groundnut plant, Arachis hypogaea. For

Examiner's
Use
The flower stalks grow downwards so that the fruits develop below the soil surface.
Fig. 1.2 shows the mature fruits, one of which has been cut open.
Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2
UCLES 2006 0610/06/M/J/06

3
(a) (i) Make a large, labelled drawing of the open fruit and its contents. For
Examiner's
Use
[5]
(ii) Measure the length of your drawing.
Measure the length of the same structure in Fig. 1.2.
Calculate the magnification of your drawing.
Show your working.
Magnification [3]

6 For
Examiner's
Use
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a stage in the life cycle of an animal.
Fig 2.1
(a) Make a large, labelled drawing of the stage shown in Fig. 2.1.
[4]
UCLES 2007 0610/06/M/J/07

7 For
Examiner's
Use
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows an adult of a similar species.
Fig. 2.2
(i) Name the group of organisms to which this animal belongs.
[1]
(ii) List three features of the adult stage visible in Fig. 2.2 which helped you to classify
this animal.
3 [3]

10 For
Examiner's
Use
3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of a root tip cut longitudinally. The section has been stained to show the
DNA of the nucleus.
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Draw a circle around a cell that shows the daughter chromosomes have just
separated at the equator and are moving towards the poles of the cell (anaphase).
[1]
(ii) Describe two visible features of these dividing cells.
2 [2]
(iii) Name the type of cell division taking place.
[1]
(b) Suggest what happens to these cells after cell division, as the root grows.
[2]
[Total: 6]
UCLES 2007 0610/06/M/J/07

11 For
Examiner's
Use
4 A nutritional drink was said to contain simple sugars and protein.
Describe how you could find out if these food substances were present in the drink.
[6]
[Total: 6]
UCLES 2007 0610/06/M/J/07

6
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a tomato and Fig. 2.2 shows an apple, both are cut in half longitudinally For
through the middle. Examiner's
Use
x1 x 0.5
Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2
(a) Make a large, labelled drawing of the cut surface of the tomato fruit shown in Fig. 2.1.
[5]
UCLES 2008 0610/06/M/J/08

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(b) (i) Complete Table 2.1 to show four differences between the two fruits visible in For
Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2. Examiner's
Use
Table 2.1
tomato apple
[4]
(ii) Describe two similarities between the two fruits visible in Fig. 2.1 and in Fig. 2.2.
1.
2. [2]
(c) Describe an investigation you could carry out to compare the reducing sugar content of
these two fruits.
Include any safety precautions you will need to consider.
[6]
[Total: 17]

2
1 Fig.1.1a shows a whole garlic bulb and Fig.1.1b shows a section with many 'cloves' For
arranged around a central stem. Examiner's
Use
Fig.1.1a Fig.1.1b
Fig. 1.2a shows a whole potato and Fig. 1.2b shows a section of the potato stem tuber.
Fig.1.2a Fig.1.2b
UCLES 2009 0610/06/M/J/09

3
(a) Make a large, labelled drawing of Fig. 1.1b. to show the section of the garlic bulb. For
Examiner's
Use
[5]
(b) (i) Compare one visible similarity between the garlic bulb and the potato tuber.
[1]
(ii) Describe two visible differences between the garlic bulb and the potato tuber.
[2]

4
(c) Describe how you would carry out tests on the garlic and the potato to compare the For
starch content and the reducing sugar content. Include any necessary safety Examiner's
Use
precautions.
starch
reducing sugar
[6]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2009 0610/06/M/J/09

10
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a photomicrograph of a human blood smear. For

Examiner's
Use
out image - do not delete

white space to balance
Magnification 800
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, draw label lines and name three different types of blood cell.
[3]
(ii) Name two parts of the blood that can pass through the capillary walls.
1.
2. [2]
(b) (i) Measure the diameter of the blood cell labelled A.
mm [1]
(ii) The photomicrograph has been enlarged by x 800, calculate the actual size of
cell A.
show your working
actual size of cell A [2]
(iii) State the function of cell A.
[1]
[Total: 9]
UCLES 2009 0610/06/M/J/09

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(b) Potato crops are grown for their carbohydrate content. For
Examiner's
Use
Describe how you could safely test the two species of potato to compare their
carbohydrate content.
test for starch
test for reducing sugar
[8]
[Total: 11]

6
(d) Describe how you would safely test samples of green leaves and meat to find out For
which has more fat. Examiner's
Use
[6]
[Total: 16]
UCLES 2010 0610/62/M/J/10

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2 A number of leaves were removed from a holly tree Ilex aquifolium. Fig. 2.1 shows the For
upper and the lower surfaces of one leaf. Examiner's
Use
upper surface lower surface
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Describe one way in which the appearance of the upper surface differs from that of
the lower surface as shown in Fig. 2.1.
[1]
(ii) Measure the size of the grid squares.

Calculate the area of the lower surface of this leaf.
Show your working.
area cm2 [2]

11
Fig. 3.2 shows part of the fungus as seen with the aid of a microscope. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 3.2
(b) On Fig.3.2, label the following structures,
(i) a hypha;
(ii) a spore. [2]
(c) Fig. 3.3 shows the cell of a fungus.
nucleus cell wall
vacuole
Fig. 3.3
Compare the cell of a fungus shown in Fig. 3.3 with a green plant cell and an animal
cell.
difference from a green plant cell
similarity to a plant cell
difference from an animal cell [3]

3
(b) Use these results to suggest the approximate vitamin C concentration of S3. For
Examiner's
Use
Give reasons for your answer.
[3]
(c) Suggest four ways in which you could improve this method to find the concentration of
an unknown vitamin C solution.
1.
2.
3.
4.
[4]

4
(d) Fig. 1.1 shows the results of a similar investigation into the concentration of vitamin C For
in five fruit juices. The students counted the number of drops of iodine solution used to Examiner's
Use
reach the end-point for each fruit juice.
Fig. 1.1
(i) On the grid below plot the data from Fig. 1.1 to show the variation in the number of
drops of iodine solution required to reach the end-point.
[5]
(ii) State which fruit juice has the highest concentration of vitamin C.
[1]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2011 0610/62/M/J/11

6
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a photograph of the larva of an insect. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) In the space below make a large drawing of the larva shown in Fig. 2.1.
Labels are not needed.
[5]
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7
(ii) Measure the length of the larva in Fig. 2.1 and in your drawing. For
Examiner's
Use
length of larva in Fig. 2.1
length of larva in your drawing [2]
(iii) Calculate the magnification of your drawing compared with the larva in Fig. 2.1.
Show your working.
magnification [2]

9
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the leaf in Fig. 2.2 may die and fall off. For
Examiner's
Use
1.
2.
[2]
(c) The larva in Fig. 2.1 becomes a moth.
Fig. 2.3 and Fig. 2.4 show the moth.
Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.4
Look at Fig. 2.3 and Fig. 2.4.
(i) State one visible feature of this moth which is used to classify it as an arthropod.
[1]
(ii) State three visible features of this moth which are used to classify it as an insect.
1.
2.
3. [3]
[Total: 20]

4
(b) Fig. 1.3 is a photomicrograph of a section through a tubular onion leaf. For
Examiner's
Use
10
green tubular
leaf
200
Fig. 1.3
(i) On Fig. 1.3, use lines and the letters A, B and C to label,
A - a mesophyll cell
B - a xylem vessel
C - an epidermal cell.
Draw the label lines with the letters A, B and C on Fig. 1.3. [3]
(ii) There are stomata on the leaf in Fig. 1.3. Draw a circle round one of them.
Draw the circle on Fig. 1.3. [1]
UCLES 2012 0610/61/M/J/12

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(c) Fig. 1.4 shows a photograph of a section through the onion leaf. Its actual diameter For
was 5 mm. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.4
Measure the diameter of the leaf shown in the photograph in Fig. 1.4.
diameter
Calculate the magnification of the onion leaf in the photograph in Fig. 1.4.
Show your working.
Magnification X [3]

6
(d) (i) Explain exactly how you would safely test another 2 cm piece of onion leaf for the For
presence of reducing sugar. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(ii) The reducing sugar test can tell you that:
reducing sugar is absent

reducing sugar is present at a low concentration
reducing sugar is present at a high concentration
Explain how you can tell the difference between these possible results.
[3]
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(e) Onion leaves are green. Students testing onion leaves for the presence of starch used For
the method shown in the four stages of Fig. 1.5. Examiner's
Use
Explain the reasons for the details shown in each stage. Write your answers on the
lines below Fig. 1.5
1 2
onion leaf onion leaf ethanol for

ten minutes
boiling hot water
water
for one bunsen burner
minute bunsen burner
flame alight not alight
3 4
onion leaf
iodine solution
onion leaf
cold water for
half a minute
white tile
Fig. 1.5
reasons for stage 1
reasons for stage 2
reasons for stage 3
reasons for stage 4
[4]
[Total: 22]

8
2 Fig. 2.1 shows three worms. One is a nematode. For

Examiner's
Use
A B C
0.5 1 20
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Write the letter that identifies a nematode worm . [1]
(ii) Give two reasons for your answer.
[2]
(iii) The other two worms belong to a different group.
Name this group [1]
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(b) Part of the worm labelled B is shown in a rectangle. For

Examiner's
Use
Make a large labelled drawing of this part of worm B.
[4]

2
For
1 Some students compared the metabolism of two yeast mixtures in test-tubes W1 and W2, Examiner's
Use
using the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1. Both mixtures contained the same concentration of
sucrose.
thermometer
delivery tube
W2 W1
foam
beaker of water
at 30 C 40 C water
20 cm3 active yeast

mixture in test-tube
Fig. 1.1
The apparatus was left for two minutes. After this period, the number of gas bubbles
released from the delivery tube was counted for two minutes. This number was recorded as
trial 1 in Table 1.1.
The yeast mixture was shaken and the number of bubbles was recorded for two more
minutes as trial 2. This was repeated for trial 3.
The whole procedure was then repeated using test-tube W2.
The results for all three trials for test-tube W2 were recorded in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
number of bubbles of gas released in two minutes

yeast mixture
trial 1 trial 2 trial 3
W1 5 3 2
W2 20 15 10
(a) Gas bubbles are produced in this experiment.
(i) State which metabolic process is being carried out by the yeast cells to produce
this gas.
[1]
(ii) Name this gas. [1]
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3
(iii) Describe a test for this gas and the result that you would expect. For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
(b) Suggest why the test-tubes W1 and W2 were placed in a beaker of warm water during
the experiment.
[2]
(c) Describe and explain any differences observed in the number of bubbles of gas
released.
[3]
UCLES 2012 0610/61/O/N/12 [Turn over

6
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the upper surface of two leaves, W3 and W4. For
Examiner's
Use
W3 W4
Fig. 2.1
(a) Make a large, labelled drawing of leaf W3.
[4]
UCLES 2012 0610/61/O/N/12

7
(b) Carefully observe leaf W3 and leaf W4 in Fig. 2.1. For

Examiner's
Use
Describe one similarity and two differences that you can see. Do not include size in
your comparison.
(i) similarity
[1]
(ii) differences
[2]

9
(d) Measure the length, from A to B, of cell Y on Fig. 2.2. For

Examiner's
Use
Record your measurement.
length from A to B mm
Calculate the actual length of cell Y.
Show your working.
actual length of cell Y mm [3]

11
(ii) Use the measurements from Table 2.1 to plot a graph to show how the mass of the For
leaf samples change with time. Examiner's
Use
[4]
(iii) Describe the results for the change in mass shown on the graph.
[3]
[Total: 23]

12
3 Fig. 3.1 shows an invertebrate animal. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2 shows the external features of six other animals.
A C
F
D
not to scale
Fig. 3.2
(a) Give the letters of two animals that belong to the same group as the invertebrate
shown in Fig. 3.1.
2 [2]
UCLES 2012 0610/61/O/N/12

2
1 Apple tissue changes colour in the air. Apple cells are thought to contain an enzyme which For
is a catalyst for the reaction: Examiner's
Use
enzyme
colourless compounds + oxygen in the air coloured compounds
Some students investigated this reaction.
The students cut a slice of apple with a knife as shown in Fig. 1.1.
cut surfaces
skin
Fig. 1.1
This slice was broken into two pieces as shown in Fig. 1.2.
cut surface
broken surface
Fig. 1.2
Each piece was put into a different dish. The dishes were labelled 1 and 2.
A few drops of water were put on the cut surface and the broken surface of the piece of
apple in dish 1.
A few drops of lemon juice were put on the cut surface and the broken surface of the piece
of apple in dish 2.
Every five minutes for 20 minutes the students observed the pieces of apple and recorded
their observations in Table 1.1.
UCLES 2012 0610/62/M/J/12

3
Table 1.1 For

Examiner's
Use
dish 1, apple with water dish 2, apple with lemon juice
time /
minutes
broken surface cut surface broken surface cut surface
5 no change very light brown no change no change
10 no change light brown no change no change

light brown with
15 very light brown dark brown no change no change
patches
20 light brown dark brown no change no change
The lemon juice was tested with litmus paper. It changed colour from blue to red.
(a) State the meaning of this colour change.
[1]
(b) Look at Table 1.1. Describe the differences between the appearance of the cut
surfaces in dish 1 and dish 2 during the experiment.
[1]
(c) The colour changes are thought to involve enzyme activity.
(i) Explain how the observations in Table 1.1 and your description in (b) support this
statement.
[3]

4
(ii) Using your knowledge of enzyme activity, describe another experiment that would For
test the idea that enzymes are involved in this colour change. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(d) (i) Look at Table 1.1. Describe the differences between the appearance of the broken
surface and the cut surface in dish 1 during the experiment.
[2]
(ii) Cutting the apple with a knife damages cells, releasing the contents.
Suggest, from the observations in Table 1.1 and your description in (d)(i), how
breaking instead of cutting the apple may affect the cells.
[1]
[Total: 11]
UCLES 2012 0610/62/M/J/12

6
(c) Fig 2.2 shows a trap which can be used to catch other insects such as fruit flies. For
Examiner's
Use
fruit fly
filter funnel
conical flask
pieces of
banana
Fig. 2.2
(i) Fruit flies feed on fruits such as bananas. Bananas contain carbohydrates.
Describe how you could safely test a piece of banana for two different
carbohydrates.
[6]
(ii) Describe the observations expected if these two carbohydrates are present.
[2]
UCLES 2012 0610/62/M/J/12

7
(d) Fig. 2.3 shows a banana and a similar fruit called a plantain. For
Examiner's
Use
banana
plantain
100 mm
Fig. 2.3
Suggest an investigation to find out if fruit flies are more likely to feed on banana or
plantain.
[3]
[Total: 19]

9
Fig 3.2 shows four pollen grains from an Amaryllis flower. For
Examiner's
Use
200
Fig. 3.2
(b) Measure the length of a pollen grain in mm.
Length of pollen grain mm
Calculate the actual length of the pollen grain that you measured in mm.
Show your working.
actual length of pollen grain mm [3]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2012 0610/62/M/J/12

2
1 Milk is the main food for young mammals and contains all the required nutrients for the first For
few months of life. Milk needs to be clotted before it can be digested. Examiner's
Use
The stomach of a young mammal produces an enzyme which causes soluble proteins in
milk to form insoluble clots.
Some students investigated the effect of temperature on this enzyme using two types of
milk. The students measured the time taken for clots to form.
Table 1.1 shows the results for fresh milk.
Table 1.2 shows the results for dried milk mixed with water.
Table 1.1
time taken for fresh milk to clot / seconds

temperature / C
1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading mean
33 36 42 30 36
35 35 34 30 33
37 15 20 25

39 19 15 20 18
41 27 25 23 25
(a) Complete Table 1.1 by calculating the mean value for 37 C.
Write your answer in Table 1.1 [1]
Table 1.2
time taken for dried milk to clot / seconds

temperature / C
1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading mean
33 210 160 200 190
35 165 174 150 163
37 150 125 130 135
39 118 90 110 106
41 69 102 60 77
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3
(b) (i) Plot a graph of the data for both types of milk on one set of axes to show the For
effect of temperature on the mean clotting time. Examiner's
Use
[5]
(ii) Describe and compare the effect of temperature on the clotting time for both types
of milk.
[4]

4
(c) Suggest and explain why each test has been carried out three times. For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
(d) Enzymes are involved in the clotting process. A water bath was used to keep the
temperature constant, at each temperature, for each test.
Suggest why it is important to keep the temperature constant.
[3]
(e) The clots are separated and used in cheese making.
Describe how you would safely carry out a test to compare the protein content of the
separated clots with the protein content of the liquid.
[4]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2012 0610/62/O/N/12

5
2 Fig. 2.1 shows part of a plant organ cut vertically in half. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Make a large, labelled drawing of the cut surface of this organ.
[4]

6
(ii) Suggest two biological functions of this organ for the plant. For
Examiner's
Use
1
2 [2]
(b) A student removed a small sample of the organ and tested it for the presence of starch.
State the name of the reagent used to test for the presence of starch.
[1]
(c) Fig. 2.1, on page 5, shows roots growing from the organ.
Fig. 2.2 shows some cells found just behind the growing tip of a root.
Fig. 2.2
(i) Some of these cells are dividing. During division the daughter chromosomes
separate at the equator and move towards the poles of the cell.
On Fig. 2.2 draw a circle around one cell that shows the chromosomes which have
separated. [1]
(ii) Name the type of cell division taking place in Fig. 2.2.
[1]
UCLES 2012 0610/62/O/N/12

8
3 Flies lay eggs which hatch into maggots. An investigation was carried out on the respiration For
rate of maggots. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 3.1 shows some living maggots in a large test-tube.
The apparatus was left to settle with the clip open.
The clip was then closed and a drop of coloured liquid was introduced into the open end of
the capillary tube.
scale
rubber tubing
clip
glass tubing
capillary coloured
tube liquid
maggots
metal gauze
soda lime
Fig. 3.1
Soda lime absorbs carbon dioxide.
During the investigation, the drop of coloured liquid moved along the capillary tube towards
the test-tube.
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9
(a) Explain why the drop of coloured liquid moved towards the test-tube. For
Examiner's
Use
[4]
(b) Suggest a suitable control for this investigation.
[1]

3
For
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a woodlouse. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the invertebrate group to which this animal belongs.
[1]
(ii) Describe two features that are characteristic of this invertebrate group.
2 [2]
Small invertebrates such as woodlice respond to different environmental conditions.
24 woodlice were placed in a choice chamber linked by a connecting passage, as shown in

Fig. 1.2.
12 of the woodlice were placed in the damp area on one side of the choice chamber; the
other 12 were placed in the dry area on the other side of the choice chamber.
connecting passage woodlouse
transparent lid
choice chamber
damp dry
Fig. 1.2

8
Fig. 2.4 shows a cross section through a swollen leaf stalk. For
Examiner's
Use
air
space
Z
100
Fig. 2.4
(b) The internal tissue is shown in Fig. 2.4. The internal tissue has many large air spaces
between the cells.
Measure the size of the air space Z on Fig. 2.4.
size of air space Z mm
Use your measurement to calculate the actual size of air space Z.
Show your working.
actual size of air space Z mm [3]
(c) Using the information provided, suggest how the structure of the leaf stalk helps the
plant to grow in the environment in which it is found.
[2]
UCLES 2012 0610/63/O/N/12

10
3 A protease enzyme digests the white protein in milk to form a clear soluble product. For
Examiner's
Use
Some students carried out an investigation to find the effect of temperature on this process.
5 cm3 of milk and a few drops of enzyme were warmed separately to 40 C and then mixed
together. The time taken for the white mixture to clear was recorded. This procedure was
repeated two more times at this temperature.
The whole procedure was repeated for a range of temperatures and all the results were
recorded in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
time for milk to clear / seconds

temperature
/ C
1st test 2nd test 3rd test mean
20 120 110 115 115
30 60 55 59 58
40 30 35 28 31
50 19 25 22 22
60 80 75 76 77
UCLES 2012 0610/63/O/N/12

11
(a) (i) Plot the data to show the effect of temperature on the mean time for the milk to For
clear. Examiner's
Use
[4]
(ii) Describe and explain the effect of temperature on the time taken for the milk to
clear.
[4]
UCLES 2012 0610/63/O/N/12

12
(b) (i) Suggest and explain why each test was carried out three times. For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
(ii) In this investigation, temperature was varied.
Suggest and explain one variable that needs to be controlled.
[2]
[Total: 12]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 2 Fig. 2.1 Water hyacinth image Alamy Ltd
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
UCLES 2012 0610/63/O/N/12

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a birds egg. Part of the shell has been removed. For
Examiner's
Use
shell
yolk
albumen
Fig. 1.1
Approximately 90 % of albumen is water. The remaining 10 % is made up of other

substances such as reducing sugar.
(a) Describe how you could safely test a sample of albumen for reducing sugar.
[4]
(b) A student tested some albumen for the presence of protein using Biuret reagent.
The solution changed colour. It was a positive result.
Describe this colour change.
[1]
UCLES 2013 0610/61/M/J/13

3
(c) Fig. 1.2 shows an experiment to investigate the effect of acid on albumen. For
Examiner's
Use
3 drops 3 drops of
of water dilute acid
test-tube 1 test-tube 2
Fig. 1.2
The test-tubes were observed after five minutes.

The results are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
test-tube observation
1 stayed as a clear liquid
2 changed from a clear liquid to a white solid
(i) State a conclusion that can be made from these results.
[1]
(ii) State why water was added to test-tube 1.
[1]

4
(d) Fat is present in the yolk. For

A student carried out the emulsion test on a sample of yolk and it gave a positive result. Examiner's
Use
State what the student would observe.
[1]
(e) Two students wanted to investigate the effect of concentration of acid on albumen.
For this investigation, suggest a suitable:
variable to change;
variable to measure or observe;
variable to control. [3]
[Total: 11]
UCLES 2013 0610/61/M/J/13

5
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the back leg of two animals. For

Examiner's
Use
The animals belong to two different vertebrate groups.
P Q
animal A animal B
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Describe one similarity, visible in Fig. 2.1, between the leg of animal A and the
leg of animal B.
[1]
(ii) Complete Table 2.1 to state two differences, visible in Fig. 2.1 between the leg of
animal A and the leg of animal B.
Table 2.1
feature animal A animal B
[3]

6
(b) Make a large, labelled drawing of the leg of animal A. For

Examiner's
Use
[5]
(c) You are going to calculate the magnification of your drawing of the photograph of the
leg of animal A.
Length of line PQ in Fig. 2.1 is 36 mm.

Draw line PQ on your drawing in the same position as in Fig. 2.1.
Length of line PQ in drawing mm
Calculate the magnification of your drawing.

Show your working.
magnification [3]
UCLES 2013 0610/61/M/J/13

6
(iii) Describe how you could carry out a similar investigation to determine whether For
temperature affects the rate of water uptake of shoots with leaves. Examiner's
Use
[3]
UCLES 2013 0610/62/M/J/13

7
Question 1 continues on page 8.

8
(c) A group of students measured the mass lost from a flask containing a shoot with For
leaves. Examiner's
Use
The shoot was placed in water, on a balance as shown in Fig. 1.4.
An automatic data logger recorded the mass every six hours for two days.
shoot with
leaves
flask
oil
water
balance
data logger
Fig. 1.4
Only natural light from the sun was allowed to fall on the shoot.
The students calculated the mass lost every six hours. The data is shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
time of day mass lost / g
10:00 0.0
16:00 3.0
22:00 5.0
04:00 5.0
10:00 7.0
16:00 10.0
22.00 11.5
04.00 11.5
10.00 13.5
UCLES 2013 0610/62/M/J/13

9
(c) (i) Plot the data from Table 1.1 on Fig. 1.5. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.5
[4]
(ii) Describe and explain the results.
description
explanation
[3]

2
1 (a) Some students investigated the effect of enzyme concentration on starch. For
They were provided with a Petri dish containing a layer of starch agar jelly. Examiner's
Use
The students cut three small holes in the starch agar jelly and labelled them as shown
in Fig. 1.1.
Petri dish starch agar jelly

P
R Q hole in the
starch agar jelly
Fig. 1.1
They placed the starch agar jelly that had been cut out of the holes on a white tile and
added two drops of dilute iodine solution to each piece.
The dilute iodine solution changed from yellow/brown to deep blue.
(i) State why the colour changed.
[1]
The students were given two different concentrations of the same enzyme,
solution 1 and solution 2.
They put two drops of enzyme solution 1 into hole P.

They put two drops of enzyme solution 2 into hole Q.
They put two drops of water into hole R.
After 15 minutes dilute iodine solution was poured over the surface of the
starch agar jelly.
UCLES 2013 0610/63/M/J/13

3
Fig. 1.2 shows the appearance of the surface of the starch agar jelly after dilute iodine For
solution had been added. The Petri dish was placed on a piece of squared paper. Examiner's
Use
P
key
deep blue
clear
hole in the
starch agar
R Q jelly
1 small square = 4mm 2

= 4mm 2
Fig. 1.2
(ii) Holes P, Q and R are the same size.

Use the grid and count the squares to estimate the area of hole R.
area of hole R mm2 [1]

4
(iii) Describe the results shown in Fig. 1.2. For

Examiner's
Use
[3]
(iv) Explain the results shown in Fig. 1.2.
[3]
(v) Suggest the name of the enzyme used in this investigation.
[1]
(vi) State why water was added to hole R.
[1]
UCLES 2013 0610/63/M/J/13

5
(b) Germinating seeds produce enzymes that change stored food into soluble materials. For
Examiner's
Use
Suggest a method similar to that in (a) that you would use to find out if germinating pea
seeds produce the same enzyme as in enzyme solutions 1 and 2.
[4]

8
(d) Fig. 1.4 shows pea seeds in a pod. For

Examiner's
pea seeds Use
pod
Fig. 1.4
The number of pea seeds in a pod varies.

Two students picked a sample of 23 pods.
They opened the pods and counted the number of pea seeds.
Fig. 1.5 shows the students results.
number of pea seeds in each pod
8, 10, 11, 10, 9, 11, 9, 4,

10, 11, 12, 10, 10, 11, 8, 12,
10, 9, 11, 8, 10, 9, 12
Fig. 1.5
UCLES 2013 0610/63/M/J/13

2
1 What is defined as the chemical reactions that break down food molecules in cells to release
energy?
A excretion
B movement
C nutrition
D respiration
2 The diagram shows an arthropod animal.
Which features are characteristic of all arthropods?
A jointed legs and segmented body

B jointed legs and thorax
C segmented body and wings
D thorax and wings
UCLES 2010 0610/11/M/J/10

3
3 The diagram shows a section through a flower.
petal
Using the key, identify this flower.
1 sepals present .............................................. go to 2

sepals absent ............................................... go to 3
2 stamens attached to petals .......................... A
stamens not attached to petals .................... B
3 stigma above anthers ................................... C
stigma below anthers ................................... D
4 Which row shows the most likely number of chloroplasts in three types of cell in a leaf?
epidermis palisade mesophyll guard cells
A 0 6 17
B 0 17 6
C 6 17 0
D 17 0 6

4
5 The diagram shows some liver cells as they appear under the microscope.
How many cell walls can be seen?
A 0 B 2 C 3 D 5
6 Which row shows the structures present in plant and animal cells?
cell wall cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane
A plant cell
animal cell
B plant cell
animal cell key
C plant cell = present
animal cell = absent
D plant cell
animal cell
7 Which structure is at a different level of organisation from the other three?
A kidney
B liver
C neurone
D testis
8 Which diagram shows one organ only?
A B C D
UCLES 2010 0610/11/M/J/10

5
9 On a dry, sunny day, how does water vapour move through the stomata of a leaf?
A into the leaf by diffusion

B into the leaf by osmosis
C out of the leaf by diffusion
D out of the leaf by osmosis
10 The diagram shows an experiment using a potato.
concentrated
sugar solution
fresh potato
water
Which shows the result of the experiment after 24 hours?
A B C D
11 The graph shows how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction changes with temperature.
rate of
reaction
temperature X
What is happening within the temperature range marked X?
A The enzyme is becoming denatured.

B The enzyme is being used up.
C The reaction is occurring at body temperature.
D The reaction is occurring at the optimum temperature.

6
12 Which condition can sometimes be prevented by eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables?
A bleeding gums
B brittle bones
C diabetes
D soft bones
13 Which solutions are used for testing for protein, reducing sugar and starch?
test for reducing

test for protein test for starch
sugar
A Benedicts iodine biuret

B biuret Benedicts iodine
C biuret iodine Benedicts
D iodine biuret Benedicts
14 A protease is added to a suspension of egg protein in a test-tube and kept at 37 C.
After 8 minutes, the protein changes from cloudy to transparent.
Which product, or products, will now be present in the test-tube?
A amino acids
B a simple sugar
C fatty acids and glycerol
D water
UCLES 2010 0610/11/M/J/10

7
15 The photograph shows human blood cells as seen under a microscope at high power.
S
R
Which are red cells?
A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D S and P
16 What is a description of transpiration?
A exchange of gases between the leaf and the atmosphere

B loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of a plant
C movement of water from the roots to the leaves
D movement of water through the cells of the leaf
17 The diagram shows the stem of a plant. A strip of the outer tissue including the phloem has been
removed.
xylem
phloem
How is transport in the plant affected?
A Amino acids and sucrose cannot pass to the roots.

B Dissolved salts cannot pass to the leaves.
C Water cannot pass to the leaves.
D Water cannot pass to the roots.

8
18 The diagram shows someone blowing up a balloon.
What percentage of the gas in the balloon is carbon dioxide?
A 0.04 % B 0.4 % C 4.0 % D 40 %
19 The table shows some of the features of respiration.
Which row is correct for anaerobic respiration?
amount of
energy remaining releases carbon
energy chemical pathway
in products dioxide
released
A high high always the same sometimes

B high low different in different organisms sometimes
C low high different in different organisms always
D low low always the same always
20 Four words are shown below.
alcohol anaerobic sugar yeast
These words can be used in the spaces P, Q, R and S to complete the sentence below.
In brewing and bread making, respiration takes place. The micro-organism called P
uses Q... as a source of food. The product of this R respiration is S .
Which combination of words correctly completes the sentences?
A P Q R S
B Q P S R
C R S Q P
D S R Q P
UCLES 2010 0610/11/M/J/10

2
A 0 B 2 C 3 D 5
A 0 6 17
B 0 17 6
C 6 17 0
D 17 0 6
A plant cell
animal cell
B plant cell
animal cell key
D plant cell
animal cell
A kidney
B liver
C neurone
D testis
UCLES 2010 0610/12/M/J/10

3
energy?
A excretion
B movement
C nutrition
D respiration
petal

A B C D

4

D thorax and wings
test for reducing

sugar


UCLES 2010 0610/12/M/J/10

5
concentrated
sugar solution
fresh potato
water
A B C D
A amino acids
B a simple sugar
D water
A bleeding gums
B brittle bones
C diabetes
D soft bones

6
rate of
reaction
temperature X

removed.
xylem
phloem

UCLES 2010 0610/12/M/J/10

7
amount of
in products dioxide
released

A P Q R S
B Q P S R
C R S Q P
D S R Q P

8
S
R
A 0.04 % B 0.4 % C 4.0 % D 40 %

UCLES 2010 0610/12/M/J/10

2
A 0 B 2 C 3 D 5
A 0 6 17
B 0 17 6
C 6 17 0
D 17 0 6
A plant cell
animal cell
B plant cell
animal cell key
D plant cell
animal cell
A kidney
B liver
C neurone
D testis
UCLES 2010 0610/13/M/J/10

3
energy?
A excretion
B movement
C nutrition
D respiration
petal

A B C D

4

D thorax and wings
test for reducing

sugar


UCLES 2010 0610/13/M/J/10

5
concentrated
sugar solution
fresh potato
water
A B C D
A amino acids
B a simple sugar
D water
A bleeding gums
B brittle bones
C diabetes
D soft bones

6
rate of
reaction
temperature X

removed.
xylem
phloem

UCLES 2010 0610/13/M/J/10

7
amount of
in products dioxide
released

A P Q R S
B Q P S R
C R S Q P
D S R Q P

8
S
R
A 0.04 % B 0.4 % C 4.0 % D 40 %

UCLES 2010 0610/13/M/J/10

9
21 What happens when the body temperature rises above normal?
blood vessels in the

sweat production
surface of skin
A constrict decreases
B constrict increases
C dilate decreases
D dilate increases
22 The diagram shows some of the muscles and bones of the human arm.
muscle Y
muscle X
elbow joint
When muscle X contracts, what happens to the arm and what happens to muscle Y?
arm muscle Y
A bends contracts
B bends relaxes
C straightens contracts
D straightens relaxes

2
1 Which characteristic is shown when a person smells a gas in the air?
A excretion
B movement
C respiration
D sensitivity
2 The diagram shows four arthropods.
Pediculus 20 Anopheles 10
Dermacentor 7 Carcinus 0.5
How many of these arthropods are insects?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
3 An organism has dry scales covering its body.
To which vertebrate group does it belong?
A amphibian
B fish
C mammal
D reptile
UCLES 2011 0610/11/M/J/11

3
4 The diagram shows an animal.
Use the key to identify the animal.
1 has legs .............................................. go to 2

has no legs ......................................... go to 3
2 has a shell .......................................... animal A
has no shell ........................................ animal B
3 has one muscular foot ........................ animal C
has more than one foot ...................... animal D
5 The diagram shows four specialised cells.
liver cell white blood cell muscle cell sperm cell
Which feature is not common to all of these cells?
A cell membrane
B cytoplasm
C diploid number of chromosomes
D nucleus
6 The diagram shows a plant cell.
P
Q
R
S
T
Which labelled structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D S and T

4
7 The diagram shows another plant cell.
Which feature shows that it is a palisade cell?
A a large nucleus
B a large vacuole
C a thick cell wall
D many chloroplasts
8 Which structures are adapted for supporting a plant?
A phloem tissues
B root hair cells
C stomata
D xylem vessels
9 Which describes the structure and function of a red blood cell?
structure function
A cell contents are dead transport of water

B has a nucleus produces antibodies
C has cilia moves particles in the respiratory tract
D has no nucleus transport of substances
UCLES 2011 0610/11/M/J/11

5
10 Boiling potatoes destroys their cell membranes. A peeled, boiled potato strip is placed in a
concentrated solution of salts.
concentrated solution
boiled potato strip of salts
What takes place?
solute
osmosis
diffusion
A key:
B = takes place
C = does not take place
D
11 A red blood cell is placed in a concentrated sugar solution.
What happens and why?
A The cell bursts as sugar molecules diffuse into it.

B The cell bursts because the concentrated sugar solution enters it.
C The cell shrinks because sugar molecules leave it.
D The cell shrinks because water leaves it.
12 What are enzymes made of?
A carbohydrates
B DNA
C fats
D proteins
13 At which temperature do most enzymes from the human body become completely denatured?
A 0 C B 27 C C 40 C D 65 C

6
14 The graph shows pH changes in the mouth after eating.
8
7
6
5
pH 4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time after eating / minutes
Why is it a good idea to brush teeth after eating?
A Acidic conditions help bacteria to grow.

B Acids dissolve tooth enamel.
C Alkaline conditions help bacteria to grow.
D Alkalis dissolve tooth enamel.
15 What does photosynthesis form in a leaf first?
A cellulose
B protein
C starch
D sugar
16 Nutrients are made up of smaller basic units. Nutrients can be identified by food tests.
Which nutrient is a protein?
nutrient smaller basic units food test
A amino acids Benedicts test

B amino acids biuret test
C sugars Benedicts test
D sugars biuret test
UCLES 2011 0610/11/M/J/11

7
17 In which order does water pass through these structures in a plant?
A mesophyll root hair xylem
B mesophyll xylem root hair
C root hair mesophyll xylem
D root hair xylem mesophyll
18 Which two substances are transported in the phloem?
A amino acids and protein

B amino acids and sucrose
C protein and starch
D starch and sucrose
19 The diagram shows some parts from the blood of a mammal.
Which part would contain the breakdown products of bacterial cells?
A B C D

8
20 The graph shows the rate and depth of a persons breathing before exercise.
2.5
volume of air in 2.0

lungs during
breathing / dm3 1.5
1.0
0 4 8
time / s
Which graph shows the rate and depth of breathing of the same person immediately after a
period of exercise?
A B
2.5 2.5
volume of air in 2.0 volume of air in 2.0

lungs during lungs during
breathing / dm3 1.5 breathing / dm3 1.5
1.0 1.0
0 4 8 0 4 8
time / s time / s
C D
2.5 2.5

1.0 1.0
0 4 8 0 4 8
time / s time / s
UCLES 2011 0610/11/M/J/11

9
21 The diagram shows changes in air pressure inside the lungs during a complete cycle of
breathing. Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.
Which position on the graph marks the point at which the ribs are beginning to be raised?
B
102
pressure
in lungs 101
/ kPa
D
100
time
22 Which statement about respiration is not correct?
A All living cells respire.

B Heat is always produced.
C Plants respire in the light and in the dark.
D Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
23 In which part of the body do drugs break down?
A brain
B heart
C kidneys
D liver

2
1 The diagram shows a food web.
eagle
rabbit fleas
voles mice rabbits
fruit and seeds tree seedlings grass
Which of the following is a food chain in this web?
A grass rabbits eagle
B grass voles eagle
C rabbit fleas rabbits grass
D seeds voles mice
2 In a particular habitat, hyaenas eat antelopes and grass is eaten by antelopes.
What is the source of energy for the grass?
A antelopes
B carbon dioxide
C hyaenas
D the Sun
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

3
3 A single tree is food for a large population of caterpillars. Several small birds eat the caterpillars.
The small birds are eaten by a bird of prey.
Which diagram shows the pyramid of numbers for this food chain?
A B
C D
4 The diagram shows some of the effects of human activity on a river.
bacteria use up
dissolved oxygen
water weeds
grow quickly fish die from
lack of oxygen
What could have caused these effects?
A air pollution
B deforestation
C over-use of fertilisers
D presence of weed killers

4
5 A large area is heavily overgrazed for many years.
What is the effect on soil nutrients and soil erosion?
soil nutrients soil erosion
A decrease decrease
B decrease increase
C increase decrease
D increase increase
6 An organism has dry scales covering its body.
To which vertebrate group does it belong?
A amphibian
B fish
C mammal
D reptile
1 has legs .............................................. go to 2

has no legs ......................................... go to 3
2 has a shell .......................................... animal A
has no shell ........................................ animal B
3 has one muscular foot ........................ animal C
has more than one foot ...................... animal D
8 What are enzymes made of?
A carbohydrates
B DNA
C fats
D proteins
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

5
9 At which temperature do most enzymes from the human body become completely denatured?
A 0 C B 27 C C 40 C D 65 C
10 The diagram shows a developing human fetus within the uterus.
uterus wall
fetus
What is a main function of X?
A passing faeces to the mother

B passing oxygen to the fetus
C passing the mothers blood to the fetus
D protecting the fetus from knocks
11 The diagram shows a pod from a pea plant.
Which line correctly shows the path that was taken by a pollen tube to an ovule?
A B C D
key
path taken
by pollen tube

6
12 In rabbits, the allele for dark fur, R, is dominant to the allele for white fur, r.
The diagram shows a cross between a rabbit with dark fur and a rabbit with white fur.
What are the genotypes of the offspring?
A Rr and rr B RR and rr C RR and Rr D R and r
13 What is always found in female gametes and may be found in male gametes?
A one X chromosome
B one Y chromosome
C two X chromosomes
D one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
14 In which order does water pass through these structures in a plant?
A mesophyll root hair xylem
B mesophyll xylem root hair
C root hair mesophyll xylem
D root hair xylem mesophyll
15 Which pair of substances is transported in the phloem?
A amino acids and protein

B amino acids and sucrose
C protein and starch
D starch and sucrose
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

7
16 What is formed first in a leaf as a result of photosynthesis?
A cellulose
B protein
C starch
D sugar
17 The diagram illustrates changes in air pressure taking place inside the lungs during a complete
cycle of breathing. Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.
Which position on the graph corresponds to the point at which the ribs are beginning to be
raised?
B
102
pressure
in lungs 101
/ kPa
D
100
time

8
18 The graph shows the rate and depth of a persons breathing before exercise.
2.5
volume of air in 2.0

lungs during
breathing / dm3 1.5
1.0
0 4 8
time / s
Which graph shows the rate and depth of breathing of the same person immediately after a
period of exercise?
A B
2.5 2.5

1.0 1.0
0 4 8 0 4 8
time / s time / s
C D
2.5 2.5

1.0 1.0
0 4 8 0 4 8
time / s time / s
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

9
Pediculus 20 Anopheles 10
Dermacentor 7 Carcinus 0.5
How many of these arthropods are insects?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4

10
20 The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle.
carbon dioxide
in the air
Which process is taking place at X?

A combustion
B decomposition
C photosynthesis
D respiration
21 The diagram shows part of the water cycle.
Which arrow represents condensation?
clouds
A B
D
water vapour plants soil
river
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

11
22 Which characteristic is shown when a person detects a gas in the air by its smell?
A excretion
B movement
C respiration
D sensitivity
23 Which statement about respiration is not correct?
A All living cells respire.

B Heat is always produced.
C Plants respire in the light and in the dark.
D Plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
24 Which process does not involve an increase in dry mass?
A a bacterium getting larger before it divides

B a fetus developing inside the uterus
C a green shoot growing towards light
D a seed germinating under the ground
25 The diagram shows four flasks which were set up to investigate the conditions needed for
germination.
In which experiment will the seeds germinate most quickly?
A B C D
seeds
seeds
dry cotton
wool damp
cotton cotton
wool boiled wool
water
stored at 18 C stored at 18 C stored at 18 C stored at 2 C

12
26 Some bacteria were grown in a nutrient solution over a period of two weeks. The graph shows
how the population of bacteria changed during this time.
Which is the lag phase in the growth of this population?
population
B
size D
0 1 2
time / weeks
P
Q
R
S
T
Which labelled structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D S and T
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

13
28 The diagram shows another plant cell.
Which feature indicates that it is a palisade cell?
A a large nucleus
B a large vacuole
C a thick cell wall
D many chloroplasts
29 Which structures are adapted for supporting a plant?
A phloem tissues
B root hair cells
C stomata
D xylem vessels
30 The diagram shows some parts from the blood of a mammal.
Which part would contain the breakdown products of bacterial cells?
A B C D

14
31 Which describes the structure and function of a red blood cell?
structure function
A cell contents are dead transport of water

B has a nucleus produces antibodies
C has cilia moves particles in the respiratory tract
D has no nucleus transport of substances
32 Boiling potatoes destroys their cell membranes. A peeled, boiled potato strip is placed in a
concentrated solution of salts.
concentrated solution
boiled potato strip of salts
What takes place?
solute
osmosis
diffusion
A key:
B = takes place
C = does not take place
D
33 A red blood cell is placed in a concentrated sugar solution.
What happens and why?
A The cell bursts as sugar molecules diffuse into it.

B The cell bursts because the concentrated sugar solution enters it.
C The cell shrinks because sugar molecules leave it.
D The cell shrinks because water leaves it.
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

15
34 Nutrients are made up of smaller basic units. Nutrients can be identified by food tests.
Which nutrient is a protein?
nutrient smaller basic units food test
A amino acids Benedicts test

B amino acids biuret test
C sugars Benedicts test
D sugars biuret test
35 In which part of the body does the breakdown of drugs occur?
A brain
B heart
C kidneys
D liver
36 The graph shows pH changes in the mouth after eating.
8
7
6
5
pH 4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time after eating / minutes
Why is it a good idea to brush teeth after eating?
A Acidic conditions help bacteria to grow.

B Acids dissolve tooth enamel.
C Alkaline conditions help bacteria to grow.
D Alkalis dissolve tooth enamel.

16
37 The diagram shows a cell.
What type of cell is shown?
A ciliated cell
B motor neurone
C relay neurone
D sensory neurone
38 The diagram shows four specialised cells.
liver cell white blood cell muscle cell sperm cell
Which feature is not common to all of these cells?
A cell membrane
B cytoplasm
C diploid number of chromosomes
D nucleus
39 Weeds are growing in a crop.
What should be used to kill the weeds?
A artificial fertiliser
B herbicide
C magnesium salts
D organic manure
UCLES 2011 0610/12/M/J/11

2
1 A living organism, X, can make its own food, get rid of toxic materials and detect and respond to
stimuli.
What other four processes must organism X carry out to stay alive?
A excretion, growth, movement, sensitivity

B excretion, growth, nutrition, respiration
C growth, movement, reproduction, respiration
D movement, reproduction, respiration, sensitivity
2 Which group of organisms has the following features?
three pairs of jointed legs

three-part segmented body
one pair of antennae
A arachnids
B crustaceans
C insects
D myriapods
3 The table shows some characteristics of four different vertebrates.
Which vertebrate is a reptile?
fins legs scales hair
A key
B = feature present
C = feature absent
D
UCLES 2012 0610/11/M/J/12

3
4 The diagram shows a fish.
dorsal fin
caudal fin
pectoral fin
anal fin
pelvic fin
Use the key to identify the fish.
1 black stripe across the eye ....................................... go to 2

no black stripe across the eye .................................. A
2 black stripe on caudal fin .......................................... go to 3
no black stripe on caudal fin ..................................... B
3 black spot below dorsal fin ....................................... C
no black spot below dorsal fin .................................. D
5 The diagram shows a students drawing of guard cells.
Which label is not correct?
A chloroplast
B cytoplasm
C stoma
D cell wall

4
6 The diagram shows a liver cell.
Which structure is found in a palisade cell that is not present in this liver cell?
A cell membrane
B chloroplast
C cytoplasm
D nucleus
7 Which diagram shows a plant cell?
A B C D
8 Which statement about cells or tissues, is correct?
A Cells in the respiratory tract are long and thin.

B Muscle cells are biconcave.
C Red blood cells have no nucleus.
D Xylem vessels have ciliated cells.
UCLES 2012 0610/11/M/J/12

5
9 Why do some root cells have root hairs?
A for the maintenance of the temperature of the cell sap

B to increase the surface area of the cells
C to increase the volume of the cell sap
D to provide a place for cell nuclei
10 Which structures must be present in a cell for osmosis to take place?
A cell (sap) vacuole and cell wall

B cell wall and cell membrane
C chloroplast and cytoplasm
D cytoplasm and cell membrane
11 A frogs skin is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
When a frog is swimming in pond water, in which directions will oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuse?
from the frogs skin from the water into

into the water the frogs skin
A carbon dioxide oxygen

B carbon dioxide and oxygen
C oxygen carbon dioxide
D carbon dioxide and oxygen
12 Which chemical reaction takes place in the stomach?
A Proteins are digested by protease.

B Proteins are digested into fatty acids.
C Starch is digested into amino acids.
D Starch is digested by lipase.

6
13 Which row correctly identifies the chemical elements found in proteins?
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
A key
B = present
C = absent
D
14 A person has bleeding gums.
This could be caused by a lack of which nutrient?
A calcium
B iron
C vitamin C
D vitamin D
15 The diagram shows a cell with groups of bacteria around its edge.
cell cytoplasm
spiral-shaped
chloroplast
bacteria
The bacteria move to areas of high oxygen concentration.
Which process in the cell causes the bacteria to form these groups?
A digestion
B photosynthesis
C reproduction
D respiration
UCLES 2012 0610/11/M/J/12

7
16 Which diagram shows the human double circulatory system?
A B
heart
heart
C D
heart heart
17 The table shows the main contents of four meals.
Which meal will be the most effective at preventing constipation?
g / 100 g
fibre
carbohydrate fat protein
(roughage)
A 18 12 8 25
B 30 32 2 12
C 38 4 22 10
D 48 15 10 5
18 Why does chewing food speed up digestion?
A Bacteria in the food are killed.

B Food is mixed with protease.
C The surface area of the food is increased.
D The taste of food is improved.

8
19 What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
A glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
B glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide
C glucose alcohol + water
D glucose lactic acid + water
20 Which process depends on energy from respiration?
A diffusion
B osmosis
C peristalsis
D photosynthesis
21 Which set of conditions would make the percentage of water in urine decrease the most?
conditions
temperature of the surroundings amount of activity
A low low
B low high
C high low
D high high
UCLES 2012 0610/11/M/J/12

9
22 The diagram shows the human urinary system.
Which substance is not found in the liquid at X in a healthy person?
A glucose
B salt
C toxins
D urea
23 The diagram shows a section through part of the eye.
iris
suspensory ligament
pupil
lens
X is a circular muscle.
What effect does it have when it contracts?
A decreases the size of the pupil

B increases the size of the pupil
C pulls on the lens, decreasing its curvature
D reduces the pull on the lens, increasing its curvature

2
1 Which process in plant cells uses chlorophyll?
A growth
B nutrition
C movement
D respiration
2 The diagram shows the external features of an animal.
To which group does the animal belong?
A annelids
B arthropods
C molluscs
D nematodes
3 Which vertebrate groups have scaly skin?
A amphibians and fish

B amphibians and mammals
C fish and mammals
D fish and reptiles
4 Some cells have cell walls.
Which statements are correct for cell walls?
in animals in plants
A absent present inside cell membrane

B absent present outside cell membrane
C present inside cell membrane absent
D present outside cell membrane absent
UCLES 2012 0610/12/M/J/12

3
5 The diagram shows a specialised cell cut in half.
What does this diagram indicate about the structure of this cell?
A The cell does not have a membrane.

B The cell is concave on each side.
C The cell is long and thin.
D The cell is red and carries oxygen.
6 In a mesophyll cell, where are chloroplasts found?
A between the cell wall and the cell membrane

B in the cytoplasm
C in the nucleus
D in the vacuole
7 In a plant, a group of xylem vessels form
A a cell.
B a tissue.
C an organ.
D an organ system.

4
8 The bar chart compares the percentage of oxygen carried by red blood cells entering and leaving
a relaxed muscle. On the bar chart, 100% is the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells as
they leave the lungs.
100
90
80
70
% of oxygen 60
carried by 50
red blood cells 40
30
20
10
0
entering leaving
How much oxygen would red blood cells be likely to carry when leaving the same muscle after
contraction?
A 40 % B 60 % C 90 % D 100 %
9 Which diagram shows the appearance of a plant cell after it is placed in distilled water?
A B
C D
UCLES 2012 0610/12/M/J/12

5
10 The diagram shows cells from the epidermis of a leaf.
Which parts are partially permeable?
A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D P and S
11 Equal quantities of a protein-digesting enzyme were added to 5 cm3 of protein solutions of

different pH. Each tube was kept at 37 C.
The amount of amino acid in each tube was measured after 3 minutes. The results are shown in
the table.
amount of amino acid

pH
/ arbitrary units
1 10
2 9
3 7
4 2
5 1
6 1
7 1
8 0
At which pH was the enzyme most active?
A 1 B 7 C 8 D 10

6
12 Four test-tubes were set up as shown in the diagram.
In which tube is the starch digested most quickly?
A B C D
water bath water bath

at 15 C at 35 C
starch solution starch solution

and amylase and amylase
starch solution starch solution

and boiled amylase and boiled amylase
13 The activity of lipase is measured in four parts of the gut.
Which part has the most lipase activity?
A colon
B duodenum
C oesophagus
D stomach
14 The table shows the colour of a biuret solution before and after a food test was carried out.
colour of solution before food test colour of solution after food test
blue lilac / purple
Which nutrient was present?
A fat
B protein
C reducing sugar
D starch
UCLES 2012 0610/12/M/J/12

7
15 The diagram shows some organs of the digestive system.
Where is amylase made?
A 1 and 4 B 2 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

8
16 The diagram shows the heart as seen from the front.
Which section shows the heart cut through line P-Q?
A P Q
B P Q
C P Q
D P Q
UCLES 2012 0610/12/M/J/12

9
17 The graph shows how the rate of transpiration is affected by X.
rate of
transpiration
What is X?
A humidity
B light intensity
C soil moisture
D temperature
18 What is the characteristic feature of a double circulation?
A In each circuit, blood passes from the gut to the liver before going back to the heart.
B In each circuit, blood passes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart before
going to other parts of the body.
C In each circuit, blood passes through atria and ventricles before going to other parts of the
body.
D In each circuit, blood passes through the arteries and the capillaries before returning to the
heart in veins.
19 Which process, inside cells, releases energy useful to the human body?
A digestion
B excretion
C mitosis
D respiration
20 Why is yeast used in bread-making?
A Aerobic respiration produces alcohol.

B Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide.
C Anaerobic respiration produces alcohol.
D Anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide.

2
dorsal fin
caudal fin
pectoral fin
anal fin
pelvic fin
1 black stripe across the eye ....................................... go to 2

no black stripe across the eye .................................. A
2 black stripe on caudal fin .......................................... go to 3
no black stripe on caudal fin ..................................... B
3 black spot below dorsal fin ....................................... C
no black spot below dorsal fin .................................. D
Which label is not correct?
A chloroplast
B cytoplasm
C stoma
D cell wall
UCLES 2012 0610/13/M/J/12

3
3 A living organism, X, can make its own food, get rid of toxic materials and detect and respond to
stimuli.
What other four processes must organism X carry out to stay alive?
A excretion, growth, movement, sensitivity

B excretion, growth, nutrition, respiration
C growth, movement, reproduction, respiration
D movement, reproduction, respiration, sensitivity
4 Which group of organisms has the following features?
three pairs of jointed legs

three-part segmented body
one pair of antennae
A arachnids
B crustaceans
C insects
D myriapods
5 The table shows some characteristics of four different vertebrates.
Which vertebrate is a reptile?
fins legs scales hair
A key
B = feature present
C = feature absent
D

4
6 Which diagram shows a plant cell?
A B C D
7 Why do some root cells have root hairs?
A for the maintenance of the temperature of the cell sap

B to increase the surface area of the cells
C to increase the volume of the cell sap
D to provide a place for cell nuclei
Which structure is found in a palisade cell that is not present in this liver cell?
A cell membrane
B chloroplast
C cytoplasm
D nucleus
UCLES 2012 0610/13/M/J/12

5
9 A frogs skin is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
When a frog is swimming in pond water, in which directions will oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuse?
from the frogs skin from the water into

into the water the frogs skin
A carbon dioxide oxygen

B carbon dioxide and oxygen
C oxygen carbon dioxide
D carbon dioxide and oxygen
10 Which statement about cells or tissues, is correct?
A Cells in the respiratory tract are long and thin.

B Muscle cells are biconcave.
C Red blood cells have no nucleus.
D Xylem vessels have ciliated cells.
11 Which structures must be present in a cell for osmosis to take place?
A cell (sap) vacuole and cell wall

B cell wall and cell membrane
C chloroplast and cytoplasm
D cytoplasm and cell membrane
12 Which chemical reaction takes place in the stomach?
A Proteins are digested by protease.

B Proteins are digested into fatty acids.
C Starch is digested into amino acids.
D Starch is digested by lipase.
13 A person has bleeding gums.
This could be caused by a lack of which nutrient?
A calcium
B iron
C vitamin C
D vitamin D

6
14 Why does chewing food speed up digestion?
A Bacteria in the food are killed.

B Food is mixed with protease.
C The surface area of the food is increased.
D The taste of food is improved.
15 Which diagram shows the human double circulatory system?
A B
heart
heart
C D
heart heart
16 Which row correctly identifies the chemical elements found in proteins?
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
A key
B = present
C = absent
D
UCLES 2012 0610/13/M/J/12

7
17 The diagram shows a cell with groups of bacteria around its edge.
cell cytoplasm
spiral-shaped
chloroplast
bacteria
The bacteria move to areas of high oxygen concentration.
Which process in the cell causes the bacteria to form these groups?
A digestion
B photosynthesis
C reproduction
D respiration
18 The table shows the main contents of four meals.
Which meal will be the most effective at preventing constipation?
g / 100 g
fibre
(roughage)
A 18 12 8 25
B 30 32 2 12
C 38 4 22 10
D 48 15 10 5
19 Which process depends on energy from respiration?
A diffusion
B osmosis
C peristalsis
D photosynthesis

8
Which substance is not found in the liquid at X in a healthy person?
A glucose
B salt
C toxins
D urea
21 The diagram shows a section through part of the eye.
iris
suspensory ligament
pupil
lens
X is a circular muscle.
What effect does it have when it contracts?
A decreases the size of the pupil

B increases the size of the pupil
C pulls on the lens, decreasing its curvature
D reduces the pull on the lens, increasing its curvature
UCLES 2012 0610/13/M/J/12

9
22 Which set of conditions would make the percentage of water in urine decrease the most?
conditions
temperature of the surroundings amount of activity
A low low
B low high
C high low
D high high
23 What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
A glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
B glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide
C glucose alcohol + water
D glucose lactic acid + water
24 A natural method of birth control assumes that sperms live for three days after intercourse,
ovulation occurs between days 13-15 of the menstrual cycle and released ova live for 36 hours.
On which day of the cycle should intercourse not result in pregnancy?
A day 7 B day 10 C day 12 D day 16
25 Read the following sentence.
In order to prevent the human body from losing heat, the arterioles supplying the skin
become narrow.
Which process does this sentence describe?
A constriction
B shivering
C sweating
D vasodilation
26 Which statement describes human cells formed by meiosis?
A They are genetically identical and they become gametes.

B They are genetically identical and they become tissues.
C They are not genetically identical and they become gametes.
D They are not genetically identical and they become tissues.

10
27 The diagram shows a food chain.
Which organism is the producer?
A B C D
rose-bush greenfly ladybird blue tit
28 What special dietary advice should be given to a pregnant woman?
A Eat less fibre (roughage).

B Eat less protein.
C Eat plenty of fat.
D Eat plenty of iron.
29 In addition to a suitable temperature, what else is necessary for seed germination?
A carbon dioxide and sunlight

B mineral ions only
C sunlight only
D water and oxygen
30 A short-toed animal was crossed with a long-toed animal of the same species. All the offspring
had short toes. One of these offspring was crossed with another long-toed animal of the same
species.
Which ratio of short-toed to long-toed animals should be expected?
A 1:1 B 2:1 C 3:1 D 4:1
31 Which types of variation can be inherited?
variation caused by variation caused by

genes the environment
A
B
C
D
UCLES 2012 0610/13/M/J/12

2
1 Worms come to the soil surface after heavy rain.
Which characteristic of living organisms does this show?
A growth
B nutrition
C reproduction
D sensitivity
2 Which animal is not an arthropod?
A B
C D
3 The diagram shows a sea lion.
Which labelled feature shows that this animal is a mammal?
A
streamlined body
D
whiskers
C
skin
B
flipper
UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13

3
4 The diagram shows an animal found in fresh water.
1 body divided into segments ............... go to 2

body not divided into segments ......... go to 3
2 straight body ...................................... animal A
curved body ....................................... animal B
3 has a shell ......................................... animal C
has no shell ....................................... animal D
5 Which statement about xylem is correct?
A It carries sucrose.
B It converts light energy to chemical energy.
C It divides actively to help the plant to grow.
D It is no longer living.
6 The diagram shows a bacterial cell.
cytoplasm cell wall
DNA cell membrane
How is this cell different from a typical animal cell?
A It has a cell membrane.

B It has cytoplasm.
C It has no chloroplasts.
D It has no nucleus.

4
In which labelled part of the cell is sugar made?
D A
cell wall vacuole
B
chloroplast
C
nucleus
8 Which of these tissues is not part of the organ with which it is paired?
organ containing this

tissue
tissue
A ciliated root
B muscle intestine
C nervous brain
D xylem leaf
9 The diagram shows a specialised cell.
nucleus
vacuole
cell membrane
cell wall
For which function is the cell adapted?
A absorption of water
B contraction of muscles
C movement of dust particles
D transport of oxygen
UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13

5
10 The diagram represents two liquids, separated by a membrane through which osmosis can occur.
membrane
left right
key
molecule of water
molecule of
dissolved sustance
What movement of molecules will occur?
A Molecules of dissolved substance move from left to right.

B Molecules of dissolved substance move from right to left.
C Overall, water molecules move from left to right.
D Overall, water molecules move from right to left.
11 The scent from a bunch of flowers spreads throughout a room.
How does the scent spread?
A by conduction
B by diffusion
C by osmosis
D by transpiration
12 A human cell contains a length of DNA that carries the code for making which substance?
A fat
B glycogen
C lipase
D starch

6
13 A student set up a test-tube containing starch, water and amylase.
How could the student test whether the amylase had digested all the starch?
A Add Biuret solution.

B Add dilute hydrochloric acid.
C Add iodine solution.
D Weigh the test-tubes and contents before and after the experiment.
14 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen
production during photosynthesis.
measuring
gas cylinder
bright beaker
light
glass funnel
aquatic plant
water
The investigation was repeated several times and the average amount of gas collected was
calculated.
Which two factors must be kept constant during this investigation?
A the amount of water in the beaker and the height of the measuring cylinder
B the size of aquatic plant and the amount of gas in the measuring cylinder
C the size of aquatic plant and the duration of exposure to light
D the size of the beaker and the funnel
UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13

7
15 The diagram shows the four types of human tooth.
1 2 3 4
incisor canine premolar molar
Which teeth are used for cutting rather than grinding food?
16 The diagram shows an experiment kept at room temperature.
tubing containing test-tube

starch, protease,
protein and simple
sugars distilled water
membrane permeable
to small molecules only
What is present in the water surrounding the membrane after 45 minutes?
A amino acids and simple sugars

B protein and amino acids
C protein and simple sugars
D starch and simple sugars

8
17 The diagram shows a double circulatory system.
2 3
capillaries of heart capillaries of the

the lungs rest of the body
1 4
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood?
18 The photograph shows two blood cells, X and Y.
What are the functions of cells X and Y?
cell X cell Y
A carries out phagocytosis carries oxygen

B carries oxygen produces antibodies
C carries oxygen carries carbon dioxide
D produces antibodies carries oxygen
UCLES 2013 0610/11/M/J/13

2
1 The diagrams show a plant at the start of an experiment, and the same plant two days later.
light from
one side
start of experiment after two days
Which characteristic of living organisms is not demonstrated by this experiment?
A excretion
B growth
C movement
D sensitivity
2 An animal can swim, has a backbone, suckles young and breathes air.
To which group does it belong?
A amphibians
B fish
C mammals
D reptiles
3 What is a feature of both insects and arachnids?
A antennae
B compound eyes
C exoskeleton
D six legs
UCLES 2013 0610/12/M/J/13

3
4 The diagram shows an arthropod.
Using the key, identify this arthropod.
1 body segments clearly visible ....................... go to 2

body segments not visible ............................ go to 4
2 body with many segments ............................ go to 3
body with three distinct parts ........................ go to 4
3 antennae longer than the legs ...................... A
antennae shorter than the legs ..................... B
4 three pairs of legs ......................................... C
more than three pairs of legs ........................ D
5 The diagram shows some cells.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
What are these cells?
A liver cells
B palisade cells
C red blood cells
D white blood cells

4
In which labelled part of the cell is sugar made?
D A
cell wall vacuole
B
chloroplast
C
nucleus
7 Which cells line the trachea?
A B C D
UCLES 2013 0610/12/M/J/13

5
8 The photograph shows a cross-section of a root.
root hair
xylem
The root hair and the xylem are part of the same
A cell and organism.

B cell and tissue.
C organ and organism.
D tissue and organ.
9 The scent from a bunch of flowers spreads throughout a room.
How does the scent spread?
A by conduction
B by diffusion
C by osmosis
D by transpiration

6
10 The diagram represents two liquids, separated by a membrane through which osmosis can occur.
membrane
left right
key
molecule of water
molecule of
dissolved sustance
What movement of molecules will occur?
A Molecules of dissolved substance move from left to right.

B Molecules of dissolved substance move from right to left.
C Overall, water molecules move from left to right.
D Overall, water molecules move from right to left.
11 The temperature of an enzyme-controlled reaction is increased by 10 C.
How does this affect the rate of reaction?
A It always increases the rate.

B It always decreases the rate.
C It may increase or decrease the rate.
D It has no effect on the rate.
12 In an experiment, the effect of temperature on the action of amylase is investigated.
Six different test-tubes are set up, each containing a mixture of amylase and starch solution.
Which condition should not be kept the same in each of the six test-tubes?
A concentration of amylase
B pH
C temperature
D volume of starch solution
UCLES 2013 0610/12/M/J/13

7
13 The diagram shows an experiment kept at room temperature.
tubing containing test-tube

starch, protease,
protein and simple
membrane permeable

C protein and simple sugars
14 What is the result of a diet lacking iron?
A bleeding gums
B poor wound healing
C reduced number of red blood cells
D weak bones and teeth

8
15 The diagram shows the four types of human tooth.
1 2 3 4
incisor canine premolar molar
Which teeth are used for cutting rather than grinding food?
2 3
capillaries of heart capillaries of the

the lungs rest of the body
1 4
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood?
17 Which words correctly complete the following sentence?
Transpiration is the 1 of water at the surface of the 2 cells followed by the

3 of water vapour from the plant 4 .
1 2 3 4
A active uptake xylem gain stem

B diffusion guard gain root
C evaporation mesophyll loss leaves
D osmosis cuticle loss flower
UCLES 2013 0610/12/M/J/13

2
1 What is a characteristic of all living organisms?
A breathing
B circulation
C egestion
D sensitivity
2 Which kind of skin do amphibians have?
A dry without scales

B dry with scales
C moist without scales
D moist with scales
3 The diagram shows how Homo sapiens (modern people) could have evolved from their
ancestors.
Homo sapiens (modern people)
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo erectus
Homo habilis (very early people)
Which statement about modern people and their ancestors is correct?
A They are in the same species and the same genus.

B They are in the same species but not the same genus.
C They are in the same genus but not the same species.
D They are neither the same species nor the same genus.
4 Which structures are found in a human sperm cell?
cell membrane cell wall haploid nucleus
A
key
B = present
= absent
C
D
UCLES 2004 0610/01/M/J/04

3
body
Using the key, which animal is it?
body divided body not divided

into visible segments into visible segments
tail tail legs legs

present absent 3 pairs 4 pairs
animal animal animal animal

A B C D
Use the diagram of a section through a leaf to answer questions 6 and 7.
6 Which can perform the most photosynthesis?
A P B Q C R D S
7 The structures shown are all parts of the same
A cell.
B organ.
C organ system.
D tissue.

4
8 The diagrams show examples of movement of substances in organisms.
alveoli small intestine atmosphere
oxygen amino acids carbon dioxide
capillaries capillaries leaf cells
Which process is taking place in all three examples?
A assimilation
B diffusion
C osmosis
D translocation
9 Some red blood cells were placed in distilled water and others were placed in three salt solutions
of different concentrations.
Which diagram shows the appearance of a cell has changed after being in the distilled water for a
short time?
A B C D
10 The table shows the conditions in four test-tubes containing equal quantities of starch and
salivary amylase.
In which test-tube is the starch broken down fastest?
pH temperature
A 2 27
B 2 37
C 7 27
D 7 37
UCLES 2004 0610/01/M/J/04

5
11 Which graph shows the effect of temperature on the activity of an enzyme?
A B
enzyme enzyme
activity activity
0 50 100 0 50 100
temperature / oC temperature / oC
C D
enzyme enzyme
activity activity
0 50 100 0 50 100

6
12 The diagram shows a shoot growing from a potato tuber.
soil level
shoot
food store
in potato tuber
What is being transported in the phloem cells at X?
A starch downwards
B starch upwards
C sugars downwards
D sugars upwards
13 Which substance contains nitrogen?
A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch
14 Why is sunlight necessary for photosynthesis?
A It is a catalyst.
B It is a source of energy.
C It provides nutrients.
D It provides oxygen.
UCLES 2004 0610/01/M/J/04

7
15 The table shows the percentage of protein, fat and carbohydrate in four samples of dried food.
Which sample has the highest energy content?
protein fat carbohydrate

% % %
A 76 9 15
B 17 0 83
C 33 32 35
D 15 85 0
16 The table shows some of the nutrients in four meals.
Which meal will be the most likely to stimulate peristalsis in the alimentary canal?
g / 100 g
carbohydrate fat fibre protein

(roughage)
A 18 12 8 25
B 30 32 2 12
C 40 15 10 5
D 38 4 22 10

2
1 A student was walking along a road when he saw an object under a tree.
When the student touched the object it changed colour, rolled over and divided into two.
Which characteristics of living organisms has the object shown?
A excretion movement nutrition

B growth reproduction sensitivity
C movement reproduction respiration
D movement reproduction sensitivity
2 Which type of living animal has a rough, dry, scaly skin?
A amphibian
B fish
C mammal
D reptile
3 The diagram shows features used in classifying the golden eagle.
backbone
P feathers and wings
curved beak and clawed feet
eagle
(Aquila)
Q golden
(chrysaetos)
To which groups, used in classification, do P and Q refer?
P Q
A class genus
B class species
C genus class
D species genus
UCLES 2005 0610/01/M/J/05

3
petal
1 sepals present go to 2
sepals absent .. go to 3
2 stamens attached to petals .. A
stamens not attached to petals B
3 stigma above anthers C
stigma below anthers D
5 Which does not contain cytoplasm?
A liver cell
B palisade tissue
C red blood cell
D xylem vessel
6 Which parts are found in both plant and animal cells?
A cell membrane, large vacuole

B cell membrane, cytoplasm
C cell wall, large vacuole
D cell wall, cytoplasm

4
7 The diagram shows parts of a mesophyll cell.
What are found in the parts labelled R and S?
R S
A chloroplasts nucleus
B chloroplasts and nucleus watery solution
C nucleus chloroplasts
D watery solution chloroplasts and nucleus
8 What is the heart?
A a cell
B an organ
C an organ system
D a tissue
9 Which function is carried out by the ciliated cells in the respiratory tract?
A filtering dirt from passing air

B making mucus
C moving carbon dioxide out of the lungs
D moving mucus to the throat
UCLES 2005 0610/01/M/J/05

5
10 Osmosis is the passage of 1 molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region
of their lower concentration through a 2 permeable membrane.
Which words fill gaps 1 and 2?
1 2
A sugar completely
B sugar partially
C water completely
D water partially
11 The diagram shows part of an alveolus and part of a nearby capillary.
The arrows show the direction of movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
capillary
carbon
oxygen
dioxide
alveolus
By which process do these gases move?
A conduction
B diffusion
C osmosis
D transpiration
12 What is the optimum pH for a stomach protease?
A pH2 B pH7 C pH9 D pH12

6
13 The graph shows the activity of an enzyme.
enzyme
activity
1 7 14
pH
What does the graph show about the activity of this enzyme?
A It is destroyed by high temperatures.

B It is most active in acid conditions.
C It is most active in neutral conditions.
D It is unaffected by pH.
14 Which function is performed by the ileum?
A absorption
B assimilation
C egestion
D ingestion
15 Which substances are stored in the body of a healthy person?
substance
A Key
B = yes
C = no
D
UCLES 2005 0610/01/M/J/05

7
16 Which of these is digested by protease?
A key
B amino acid
glucose
C
chemical bond
D
17 What is translocated from the leaves to the growing parts of the plant?
A amino acids
B carbon dioxide
C starch
D water vapour
18 Double circulation of the blood means that for every complete circuit of the body
A atria and ventricles contract alternately.
B blood flows through the arteries and veins.
C blood flows through atria and ventricles.
D blood flows twice through the heart.
19 Which matches the component of blood to its function?
component function
A plasma carries glycogen

B platelets carry hormones
C red blood cells carry oxygen
D white blood cells carry nutrients

8
20 Four flasks are sterilised and are set up as shown.
Which flask will contain most alcohol after several hours?
A B C D
cotton wool
yeast yeast yeast, water yeast, water

and water and water and sugar and sugar
at 4 C at 20 C at 4 C at 20 C
21 The diagram shows some body cells and a nearby capillary.
body cell
capillary
Which substances must pass in the direction of the arrow for the cells to respire aerobically?
A carbon dioxide and water

B glucose and oxygen
C salts and glucose
D water and salts
22 Which features of an animals skin make it suitable as a gaseous exchange surface?
features of skin
large area compared well supplied with
with body size blood vessels
A key
B = suitable
C = not suitable
D
UCLES 2005 0610/01/M/J/05

2
1 Which organisms carry out respiration, growth, movement and excretion?
A all animals and all plants

B animals only
C arthropods and flowering plants only
D plants only
2 Which group includes animals with four legs and a dry scaly skin?
A amphibians
B birds
C mammals
D reptiles
3 Which structure contains genes?
A the cell membrane of an animal cell

B the cytoplasm of an animal cell
C the nucleus of a plant cell
D the vacuole of a plant cell
4 The diagram shows a leaf.
Use the key below. From which plant, A, B, C or D was the leaf taken?
1 leaf has a smooth edge .. go to 2

leaf has a toothed (serrated) edge go to 3
2 leaf has a long stalk (petiole) plant A
leaf has a short stalk (petiole) .. plant B
3 leaf is longer than it is wide . plant C
leaf is wider than it is long plant D
UCLES 2006 0610/01/M/J/06

3
In which part of the cell do carbon dioxide and water combine to form glucose?
6 The diagrams show the outer layers of cells.
Which is correct for an animal cell?
A B
outer surface outer surface
key
= cellulose cell wall

C D = cell membrane
outer surface outer surface
7 The diagrams show four different cells (not drawn to scale).
1 2 3 4
blood cell sperm cell root hair cell muscle cell
Which cells provide a large surface area for absorption?

4
8 The diagram shows a section through a leaf.
Which structure is an organ and which structure is a tissue?
organ tissue
A P S
B Q R
C R P
D S Q
9 Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water molecules
A down their concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane.

B down their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane.
C up their concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane.
D up their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane.
10 Which structure is adapted for the diffusion of gases?
A alveolus
B diaphragm
C oesophagus
D trachea
UCLES 2006 0610/01/M/J/06

5
11 Starch is digested by amylase in the mouth, but it is not digested in the stomach.
What is the reason for this?
A All starch digestion is completed in the mouth.

B The pH in the stomach is not suitable for the amylase to work.
C The starch does not stay in the stomach long enough to be digested.
D The temperature in the stomach is not suitable for the amylase to work.
12 Which graph shows the effect of temperature on the activity of a human digestive enzyme?
A B
rate of rate of
reaction reaction
20 70 20 70
o o
temperature / C temperature / C
C D
rate of rate of
reaction reaction
20 70 20 70

6
13 The apparatus shown in the diagram is used to investigate the effect of a green plant on carbon
dioxide in the air.
light
air in air out
limewater limewater
X plant pot Y
in plastic
bag
Limewater goes cloudy if carbon dioxide is bubbled through it.
What happens to the limewater in X and in Y?
X Y
A goes cloudy goes cloudy

B goes cloudy stays clear
C stays clear goes cloudy
D stays clear stays clear
14 Which substance is transported by xylem vessels?
A carbon dioxide
B oxygen
C sugar
D water
UCLES 2006 0610/01/M/J/06

7
15 How is the rate of transpiration affected by decreasing temperature and by decreasing light
intensity?
decreasing decreasing
temperature light intensity
A slower slower
B slower faster
C faster slower
D faster faster
16 Poor nutrition can lead to a condition called rickets in which bones fail to develop properly.
The table shows some minerals and vitamins present in four foods.
Which food would be best for a child who has rickets?
calcium iron vitamin C vitamin D
A key
B = substance present
C = substance absent
D
17 The diagram shows a potted plant and the same plant 24 hours later.
24 hours
What causes the change in the appearance of the plant?
A Water moves from the leaves to stem.

B Water loss is greater than water uptake.
C Water uptake is equal to water loss.
D Water uptake is greater than water loss.

8
18 Which shows the functions of the parts of the blood?
red blood cells white blood cells platelets
A antibody production clotting oxygen transport

B clotting oxygen transport antibody production
C oxygen transport antibody production clotting
D oxygen transport clotting antibody production
19 Which word equation represents anaerobic respiration in human muscle?
A glucose carbon dioxide + ethanol (alcohol)
B glucose carbon dioxide + lactic acid
C glucose ethanol (alcohol)
D glucose lactic acid
20 In an experiment three glass bell jars were set up as shown in the diagram.
air
from
bell jar lungs
green
plant
P Q R
left in sunlight left open to the air breathed out by a
for 8 hours air for 8 hours student for 5 minutes
At the end of the experiment, which bell jar has the most oxygen and which has the least?
most oxygen least oxygen
A P Q
B P R
C Q P
D R P
UCLES 2006 0610/01/M/J/06

2
1 Which process involves the release of energy from food substances in all living cells?
A breathing
B nutrition
C respiration
D transpiration
2 Which of the four vertebrates in the table is a mammal?
scaly skin hair four limbs tail
A key
B = present
C = not present
D
3 The picture shows an animal.
What is the name of this animal according to the binomial system?
A Catus
B Felis leo
C Male African lion
D Top African jungle carnivore
UCLES 2007 0610/01/M/J/07

3
dorsal fin
caudal fin
pectoral fin
anal fin
pelvic fin
1 black stripe across the eye .. go to 2

no black stripe across the eye ..... A
2 black stripe on caudal fin . go to 3
no black stripe on caudal fin B
3 black spot below dorsal fin ... C
no black spot below dorsal fin . D
5 Which structures are found in a human sperm cell?
cell membrane cell wall haploid nucleus
A key
B = present
C = not present
D
6 What is cytoplasm?
A a fluid-filled space
B a jelly-like substance
C a surrounding wall
D a tiny green disc

4
7 The diagram shows some of the structures found in the human abdomen.
What type of structures are X and Y?
X Y
A organ organ
B organ organ system
C organ system tissue
D tissue organ system
8 Cilia are present on the surface of the cells of the trachea. The cilia of a smoker work less
effectively than those of a non-smoker.
How does this affect the smoker?
A Less carbon dioxide is released.

B Less oxygen is released.
C More bacteria enter the lungs.
D More mucus is removed from the lungs.
9 What is an example of osmosis?
A Carbon dioxide goes out through the stomata of a leaf.

B Digested food is absorbed from the small intestine.
C Oxygen goes into the blood from an alveolus.
D Water enters a plant root from the soil.
UCLES 2007 0610/01/M/J/07

5
10 The diagram shows an experiment on diffusion.
sugar solution X
20 % sugar solution
permeable bag
More sugar diffuses out of the bag than diffuses in.
What is the concentration of sugar in solution X?
A 10 % B 20 % C 30 % D 40 %
11 The temperature of an enzyme-controlled reaction is increased by 10 C.
How does this affect the rate of reaction?
A It always increases the rate.

B It always decreases the rate.
C It may increase or decrease the rate.
D It has no effect on the rate.
12 An enzyme from the stomach that digests protein, and cooked egg white that contains protein,
are placed in four test-tubes.
When the egg white is digested the mixture becomes clear.
Which tube becomes clear first?
A B C D
egg white egg white egg white egg white

and enzyme and enzyme and enzyme and enzyme
acid acid alkali alkali
temperature 20 C temperature 37 C temperature 20 C temperature 37 C

6
13 The diagrams show the arrangement of cells in a section of a green leaf.
Which arrow represents the diffusion of the most oxygen during bright sunlight?
A B
C D
14 Which elements do carbohydrates contain?
A carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

B carbon, hydrogen and sulphur
C carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
D carbon, nitrogen and sulphur
UCLES 2007 0610/01/M/J/07

7
15 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal, with a string marked in metres beside it.
oesophagus
0
3
string marked
in metres
4
9 anus
How long is the small intestine?
A 2m B 6m C 8m D 9m
16 What is a function of the human blood system?
A carrying eggs from the ovary to the uterus

B carrying glucose from the gut to the liver
C carrying partly digested food from the mouth to the stomach
D carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder

8
removed.
xylem
phloem

18 The diagram shows how the appearance of a potted plant changes over a period of four days.
Which environmental conditions are most likely to cause this change?
humidity light intensity
A high high
B high low
C low high
D low low
UCLES 2007 0610/01/M/J/07

9
19 Why is yeast used in breadmaking?
A to provide alcohol
B to provide carbon dioxide
C to provide oxygen
D to provide lactic acid
20 Which features are present in gaseous exchange surfaces?
large surface area moist thick walls
A key
B = present
C = not present
D
21 Which component of cigarette smoke is most likely to cause lung cancer?
A carbon dioxide
B carbon monoxide
C nicotine
D tar
22 What is an example of homeostasis?
A breathing in oxygen
B regulating blood glucose
C removing undigested food through the anus
D urinating to empty the bladder

10
23 The table shows an analysis of urine and of blood after filtration in the kidney.
percentage of substance in
substance
blood urine
glucose 0.10 0.00

salts 0.30 0.60
urea 0.03 2.00
water 90.00 97.00
Which substance is completely reabsorbed by the kidney?
A glucose
B salts
C urea
D water
24 The diagram shows a neurone.
X Y
Which structures could be found at X and Y?
X Y
A brain intestine
B brain leg
C eye hand
D skin spinal cord
25 The diagram shows shoots of maize seedlings.
Which shoot shows negative geotropism?
A B C D
light light
gravity gravity
UCLES 2007 0610/01/M/J/07

2
1 The diagram shows some organisms living in water.
plant
animals
decomposers
Which process is carried out by all the living organisms shown?
A photosynthesis
B pollination
C respiration
D transpiration
2 The table lists some of the features of three groups of invertebrates arthropods, annelids and
molluscs.
Which shows the correct features of each group?
arthropods annelids molluscs
A segmented body, segmented soft body, rarely unsegmented soft body,

exoskeleton and jointed have legs have internal or external
limbs shell
B segmented body, segmented body, segmented soft body, rarely
exoskeleton and jointed exoskeleton and jointed have legs
limbs limbs
C unsegmented soft body, segmented soft body, rarely unsegmented soft body,
have internal or external have legs have internal or external
shell shell
D segmented soft body, rarely unsegmented soft body, segmented body,
have legs have internal or external exoskeleton and jointed
shell limbs
3 What is the correct order of arthropod groups, from those with most legs to those with fewest
legs?
A arachnids crustaceans insects myriapods
B crustaceans myriapods insects arachnids
C insects arachnids myriapods crustaceans
D myriapods crustaceans arachnids insects
UCLES 2008 0610/01/M/J/08

3
Use the key to identify this animal.
1 rounded ears ................................ A

pointed ears .................................. go to 2
2 spots on the body ......................... B
no spots on the body .................... go to 3
3 straight tail .................................... C
curly tail ........................................ D
5 The diagram shows a type of plant cell.
cytoplasm vacuole
nucleus chloroplast
In which tissue is this cell found?
A leaf epidermis
B palisade mesophyll
C root epidermis
D xylem
6 Which structure is found only in plant cells?
A cell membrane
B chloroplast
C cytoplasm
D nucleus

4
7 The table shows features that may be found in cells.
Which is true for a liver cell?
large cellulose
chloroplasts
central vacuole cell wall
A key
B = found
C = not found
D
8 What do all living things release during respiration?
energy oxygen carbon dioxide
A key
B = released
C = not released
D
9 The diagram shows a section through an eye.
What are structures X and Y?
A organs in an organ system

B organs in a tissue
C organ systems in an organ
D tissues in an organ
UCLES 2008 0610/01/M/J/08

5
10 A student investigated osmosis in potatoes. He set up the apparatus shown.
potato cylinder potato cylinder

P Q
scales
distilled very concentrated

water sugar solution
At the beginning the potato cylinders were exactly balanced. He immersed the cylinders into the
liquids for 4 hours, after which the cylinders were lifted out of the liquids. Cylinder P was now
heavier than cylinder Q.
Which statement explains what happened?
A Water moved into both cylinders.

B Water moved out of both cylinders.
C Water moved into the cylinder in the distilled water and out of the cylinder in the sugar
solution.
D Water moved out of the cylinder in the distilled water and into the cylinder in the sugar
solution.
11 An experiment is set up as shown.
membrane permeable
to iodine molecules
mixture of
starch and water
iodine solution
What is the colour of the starch and water mixture after 30 minutes?
A blue-black
B orange
C white
D yellow-brown

6
12 Which are characteristics of enzymes?
A They are carbohydrates and biological catalysts.

B They are carbohydrates and chemical messengers.
C They are proteins and biological catalysts.
D They are proteins and chemical messengers.
13 The diagram shows part of the digestive system.
1
2
What is a function of the liquid produced by part 1 and released into part 2?
A to digest proteins to amino acids

B to increase the surface area of fat droplets
C to acidify the contents of part 2
D to prevent further digestion of starch
UCLES 2008 0610/01/M/J/08

7
14 The graphs show the quantities of selected vitamins and minerals in four foods.
vitamin C vitamin D Fe Ca
mg / 100 g g / 100 g mg / 100 g mg / 100 g
30 15 3 150
20 10 2 100
10 5 1 50
0 0 0 0
fish
fruit
fish
fruit
fish
fruit
egg
beans
egg
beans
egg
beans
egg
beans
fish
fruit
Which food is the richest source of the vitamin or mineral essential for the transport of oxygen by
the blood?
A beans
B eggs
C fish
D fruit
15 The table shows whether starch was still present after four different experiments.
experiment result
starch + water at 20 C key

starch + amylase at 20 C = starch present
starch + amylase at 30 C = starch absent
starch + boiled amylase at 30 C
What broke down the starch?
A amylase
B boiled amylase
C heat
D water

2
1 Which process removes the waste products of metabolism from the body?
A excretion
B nutrition
C reproduction
D respiration
2 According to the binomial system, how should a human be named?
A Homo Sapiens
B Homo sapiens
C homo Sapiens
D homo sapiens
3 Which leaf comes from a monocotyledonous plant?
A B C D
4 The diagram shows a palisade cell from a leaf.
Which labelled structure produces oxygen?
A
B
D
UCLES 2009 0610/01/M/J/09

3
5 Which structure contains genes?
A the cell membrane of an animal cell

B the cytoplasm of an animal cell
C the nucleus of a plant cell
D the vacuole of a plant cell
6 The diagram shows a cross section through two guard cells of a leaf.
W X
Which labelled structures would also be found in an animal cell?
A W and X B X and Y C Y and Z D Z and W
7 The diagram shows some cells from the lining of the trachea (windpipe) in the respiratory tract.
What is the function of the structures labelled X?
A absorbing oxygen
B killing micro-organisms
C moving mucus
D trapping bacteria

4
8 Which structures contain a cell nucleus?
red blood cell root hair cell xylem vessel
A key
B = contains nucleus
C = no nucleus
D
9 Which diagram shows the appearance of a plant cell several minutes after it has been placed in a
concentrated solution of sugar?
A B
C D
10 The dots represent molecules of a gas in four tubes at the beginning of an experiment.
In which tube will more molecules move from X to Y than in the opposite direction?
X Y
UCLES 2009 0610/01/M/J/09

5
11 What is the optimum pH for stomach protease?
A pH 2 B pH 7 C pH 9 D pH 12
12 The diagram shows part of a starch molecule.
Which diagram shows this molecule after it has been completely digested?
13 Which cell type contains the most chloroplasts?
A palisade mesophyll
B phloem
C spongy mesophyll
D xylem

6
14 Four foods were tested for
fat (using ethanol),

protein (using the biuret test),
reducing sugar (using Benedicts solution),
starch (using iodine solution).
Which food contains protein and starch?
colour of result of food test

blue / black purple / lilac brick-red / orange milky-white
A key
B = nutrient present
C = nutrient absent
D
15 Cobalt chloride paper is blue when dry but turns pink when wet. Some blue cobalt chloride paper
was fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf on a plant X and a leaf on plant Y.
The diagram shows the results of the experiment.
12
10
8
time taken for
cobalt chloride
6
paper to turn
pink / minutes
4
0
upper lower upper lower
surface surface surface surface
plant X plant Y
Through which leaf surface was water lost most quickly?
A plant X, upper surface

B plant X, lower surface
C plant Y, upper surface
D plant Y, lower surface
UCLES 2009 0610/01/M/J/09

7
16 The diagrams show stages in the passage of water through a plant.
The circles are the starting points for arrows to show the direction in which the water moves.
Which circle must have an arrow pointing downwards only?
17 Translocation occurs in phloem tubes. Aphids feed on the contents of phloem tubes.
What type of food would be lacking in their diet?
A amino acid
B fat
C sucrose
D water

8
18 The diagram shows the human heart.
W X
Z Y
Which two chambers contract at the same time?
A W and X B W and Z C X and Z D X and Y
19 Which substances are formed during anaerobic respiration in animals and yeast?
animals yeast
A alcohol alcohol and lactic acid

B alcohol and carbon dioxide alcohol
C lactic acid alcohol and carbon dioxide
D lactic acid and water lactic acid
UCLES 2009 0610/01/M/J/09

9
20 In an experiment, three glass bell jars were set up as shown in the diagram.
air
from
bell jar lungs
green
plant
P Q R
left in sunlight left open to the air breathed out by a
for 8 hours air for 8 hours student for 5 minutes
At the end of the experiment, which bell jar has the most oxygen and which has the least?
most oxygen least oxygen
A P Q
B P R
C Q P
D R P
21 The diagram represents the exchange of gases during breathing and during respiration in the
body.
oxygen
oxygen in blood
X Y
carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide
in blood
What is represented by X and by Y?
X Y
A lungs air
B lungs body cells
C body cells air
D body cells lungs

10
22 The diagram shows a kidney and its blood vessels.
artery
vein
ureter
In a healthy person, which structures transport glucose?
A artery only
B artery and ureter
C artery and vein
D ureter and vein
23 What is true for a runner, at the end of a marathon race, in a hot climate?
A sweating and vasoconstriction

B sweating and vasodilation
C vasoconstriction only
D vasodilation only
24 When a person is frightened, adrenalin is released by the adrenal glands.
What are the effects of the adrenalin?
breathing rate heart beat rate
A decreased decreased
B decreased increased
C increased decreased
D increased increased
UCLES 2009 0610/01/M/J/09

11
25 What crosses the placenta from fetal blood to maternal blood in larger quantities than from
maternal blood to fetal blood?
A amino acids
B carbon dioxide
C glucose
D oxygen
26 Fruits can be dispersed by animals or by wind. The table contains descriptions of four fruits.
Which fruit will be dispersed by wind?
fruit description
A fleshy and scented

B light weight and has a wing
C sticky and has hooks
D sweet tasting and brightly coloured
27 The graph shows the relationship between age and weight for boys and girls.
70 boys
60
50 girls
40
mass / kg
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
age / years
At what age does the graph show that girls are heavier than boys?
A 3 B 7 C 12 D 15

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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
er
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
s.c
om
BIOLOGY 0610/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice
May/June 2003
45 minutes
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Soft clean eraser
Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the answer sheet in the spaces provided
unless this has been done for you.
There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question, there are four possible
answers, A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate answer sheet.
Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

SP (SC/KN) S42065/4
CIE 2003 [Turn over
2
1 Which of the following lists contains only arthropods?
A annelids, insects, myriapods

B arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods
C crustaceans, insects, molluscs
D insects, myriapods, nematodes
2 The diagram shows a half-flower.
petal
stamen
ovary
Use the following key to identify the type of flower.
1 petals attached above the ovary .. go to 2

petals attached below the ovary .. go to 3
2 stamens less than ten type A
stamens more than ten . type B
3 sepals absent .. type C
sepals present . type D
0610/01/M/J/03
3
3 The diagram shows some external features of a rat.
Which features, seen in the diagram, show that a rat is a mammal?
A diaphragm and lungs

B fur and whiskers
C legs and tail
D milk and sweat production
4 The table shows features that may be found in living cells.
Which features are found in a liver cell?
large cellulose
chloroplasts
A
B
C
D
5 The diagram shows a section through a mesophyll cell of a leaf.
Which part is partially permeable?
A
B
0610/01/M/J/03 [Turn over

4
6 The diagram shows four cells.
1 2 3 4
Which cells transport water?
A 1 and 2
B 1 and 3
C 2 and 4
D 3 and 4
7 In the pancreas, there are groups of cells that make insulin.
What describes these cells?
A an organ in an organism
B an organ system in an organism
C cells within a cell wall
D tissue in an organ
8 In an osmosis experiment, four potato strips, each 5 cm in length, were left in salt solutions of
different concentrations.
The table shows the lengths of the strips after 30 minutes.
Which salt solution was the most concentrated?
length of strips after

salt solution
30 minutes
A 4.5 cm
B 4.8 cm
C 5.0 cm
D 5.3 cm
0610/01/M/J/03
5
By which process does carbon dioxide pass from X to Y?
A diffusion
B osmosis
C translocation
D transpiration

6
10 The graph shows how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction changes with pH.
rate of
enzyme-controlled
reaction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pH
Which statement is correct?
A This enzyme is destroyed by acidic conditions.

B This enzyme works best in acidic conditions.
C This enzyme works best in alkaline conditions.
D This enzyme works best in neutral conditions.
11 Which kind of molecule could be an enzyme?
A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch
0610/01/M/J/03
7
12 The table shows the mass of some nutrients found in 100 g of four different foods.
carbohydrate fat protein vit C vit D

food
/g /g /g / mg / mg
beans 10.0 0.4 5.0 3.0 0.0

bread 48.0 1.5 9.0 0.0 0.0
cheese 0.0 34.0 25.0 0.0 0.4
eggs 0.0 11.0 13.0 0.0 1.5
Which foods would best prevent rickets and scurvy?
rickets scurvy
A beans bread
B bread cheese
C cheese eggs
D eggs beans
13 The diagram shows some food moving along the alimentary canal.
direction of
circular muscle movement of
contracting food
food moved
along
What is the name of the process that pushes the food along?
A absorption
B digestion
C peristalsis
D swallowing

8
Use this diagram, which shows a cross-section through a leaf, to answer questions 14 and 15.
14 Which cell type absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day?
15 A leafy shoot is placed in a solution of red dye.
After 30 minutes, which part of a leaf from this shoot will contain the red dye?
16 The diagram shows cross-sections of three types of blood vessel (not drawn to the same scale).
X Y Z
What is the identity of the three vessels?
artery capillary vein

A X Y Z
B Y X Z
C X Z Y
D Y Z X
0610/01/M/J/03
9
17 What is happening in a bolus of food as it passes along the oesophagus?
A Fats are being digested.

B Fats are being emulsified.
C Protein is being digested.
D Starch is being digested.
18 The photograph shows some blood as seen under the microscope.
What is the function of the cell labelled X?
A blood clotting
B carrying oxygen
C defending against disease
D transporting hormones

10
19 The roots of green plants take up nitrates from the soil.
What are the nitrates used to make?
A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch
20 Which substance in cigarette smoke causes lung cancer?
A carbon dioxide
B carbon monoxide
C nicotine
D tar
21 Why does anaerobic respiration by yeast release less energy than aerobic respiration?
A Energy is lost in carbon dioxide.

B Energy is lost in oxygen.
C Energy remains trapped in ethanol.
D Energy remains trapped in lactic acid.
22 In which organ are excess amino acids broken down?
A bladder
B brain
C kidneys
D liver
0610/01/M/J/03
2
1 Which characteristic of living organisms can involve ingestion, absorption and assimilation?
A excretion
B growth
C nutrition
D respiration
2 Which system is used for naming species?
A binomial
B conservation
C dichotomous
D natural selection
3 The table shows some characteristic features of four vertebrates.
Which vertebrate is a mammal?
feature
scales lays eggs feathers wings hair
A key
B = present
C = not present
D
Which label line is incorrect?
A cell membrane
B cytoplasm
C stoma
D cell wall
UCLES 2010 0610/11/O/N/10

3
5 The diagram shows a cell from a plant leaf.
5 1
Which parts are not found in animal cells?
6 The diagram shows the breathing system and a section of an alveolus surrounded by a capillary.
Which label shows a cell?
B
C
D
A

4
7 The diagram shows a structure found in the human body.
This is an example of
A an organ.
B an organism.
C an organ system.
D a tissue.
8 Water is a good solvent.
What does this mean?
A It dissolves well in many other substances.

B It flows easily through vessels.
C It is permeable to gases.
D Many substances dissolve well in it.
UCLES 2010 0610/11/O/N/10

5
9 The diagram shows two solutions that are separated by a partially permeable membrane.
partially permeable
membrane
dilute concentrated
solution solution
of of
sucrose sucrose
X Y
In which direction will most water molecules move in relation to their concentration gradient?
A from X to Y against their concentration gradient

B from X to Y down their concentration gradient
C from Y to X against their concentration gradient
D from Y to X down their concentration gradient
10 Two enzyme-controlled reactions are shown.
enzyme 1
amino acids proteins
enzyme 2
proteins amino acids
From these reactions, what deduction can be made about enzymes?
A Enzyme 1 has been changed to enzyme 2.

B Enzyme 2 slows down the production of amino acids.
C Enzymes can build up large molecules.
D Enzymes only break down large molecules.
11 Six test-tubes were set up at different temperatures. Each contained identical solutions containing
starch and amylase mixtures. The table shows the time taken for the reactions to finish in each
test-tube.
temperature / C 15 25 35 45 55 65
time / seconds 35 22 13 5 35 66
At which temperature does the amylase work best?
A 15 C B 35 C C 45 C D 65 C

6
12 What does the digestion of starch produce?
A fatty acids
B glucose
C mineral salts
D water
13 Which type of tooth is used for crushing food?
A B C D
14 The diagram shows a type of tooth.
crown
root
Use the key to identify the tooth.
1 double rooted tooth ......................................... go to 2

single rooted tooth ........................................... go to 3
2 flattened crown ................................................ A
deeply ridged crown ........................................ B
3 chisel shaped tooth ......................................... C
cone shaped tooth ........................................... D
UCLES 2010 0610/11/O/N/10

7
15 The table shows vitamin and mineral salt content of four foods.
food vitamin C vitamin D calcium iron
1 low high low low

2 low low low high
3 low low high low
4 high low low low
Which foods would stop a person from suffering from anaemia (lack of haemoglobin) and scurvy
(bleeding gums)?
anaemia scurvy
A 1 2
B 1 3
C 2 4
D 3 4
16 Which substance is lost from the body by the kidneys, lungs and skin?
A carbon dioxide
B excess ions
C urea
D water
17 How often must a blood cell in the renal artery pass through the heart before it again reaches the
renal artery?
A once
B twice
C three times
D four times

8
18 The diagram shows blood vessel P which carries digested food from the small intestine to the
liver.
liver
blood vessel
P
small
intestine
Which row describes the level of glucose in blood vessel P and the level of glycogen in the liver,
shortly after a meal containing carbohydrates?
glucose in blood vessel P glycogen in liver
A high decreasing
B high increasing
C low decreasing
D low increasing
19 What are the effects of smoking on the gas exchange system?
mucus in the airways chance of lung infection
A decreased decreased
B decreased increased
C increased decreased
D increased increased
20 What are the properties of an efficient gas exchange system, assuming it has a good blood
supply?
A large surface and thick walls

B large surface and thin walls
C small surface and thick walls
D small surface and thin walls
UCLES 2010 0610/11/O/N/10

9
21 Yeast, warm water and substance Z were put into a test-tube. The apparatus was then set up as
shown. After a while, the lime water began to go cloudy.
yeast, warm water lime water

and substance Z
What is substance Z?
A alcohol
B carbon dioxide
C glucose
D oxygen
22 Where do the breakdown of drugs and the storage of urine occur?
breakdown of
storage of urine
drugs
A kidney muscles
B liver bladder
C liver kidney
D muscles liver

2
1 Which characteristic of living organisms is described by the following definition?
The ability to detect changes in the environment and make responses.
A excretion
B movement
C respiration
D sensitivity
legs?
3 Which animal is an annelid?
1 has legs .............................................. go to 2

has no legs ......................................... go to 3
2 has six legs......................................... organism A
has eight legs ..................................... organism B
3 has a shell .......................................... organism C
has no shell ........................................ organism D
4 Root hair cells are found on plant roots.
Which feature would be present in a root hair cell but not a sperm cell?
A cell membrane
B cell wall
C chloroplasts
D cytoplasm
UCLES 2011 0610/11/O/N/11

3
5 Which structure is found in a palisade cell but not in a liver cell?
A cell membrane
B central vacuole
C cytoplasm
D nucleus
6 Which cell shows the position of the nucleus correctly?
A B C D
7 What are the levels of organisation of
the wall of a villus,

the small intestine?
wall of a villus small intestine
A cell organ
B cell organ system
C tissue organ
8 Phloem is an example of
A a cell.
B a tissue.
C an organ.
D an organ system.

4
9 The diagram shows a fetus attached by the placenta to the uterus wall of the mother.
fetus
placenta
uterus wall
By which process do all substances pass between the fetus and the mother in the placenta?
A diffusion
B nutrition
C osmosis
D respiration
10 What happens in osmosis?
A movement of solute molecules against their concentration gradient

B movement of solute molecules down their concentration gradient
C movement of water molecules against their concentration gradient
D movement of water molecules down their concentration gradient
11 A human digestive enzyme breaks down its substrate at a fast rate at 35 C.
What would occur if the enzyme and substrate were kept at 75 C?
A The enzyme would stop working and be denatured.

B The reaction would continue at the same rate.
C The reaction would take place more quickly.
D The reaction would take place more slowly.
UCLES 2011 0610/11/O/N/11

5
12 The diagram shows the action of amylase.
amylase part of a
starch molecule
What is the function of the enzyme amylase?
A breaks down the substrate into amino acids

B changes the product into the substrate
C increases the rate of starch breaking down into glucose
D increases the rate of starch breaking down into maltose
13 Which is an incisor tooth?
B
C
A
14 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules.
A Amino acids are basic units of carbohydrates.

B Fatty acids are basic units of glycogen.
C Glycerol is a basic unit of oils.
D Simple sugar is a basic unit of protein.

6
15 The roots of plants take up nitrates from the soil.
A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch
16 Dietary fibre passes through several structures after leaving the stomach.
In which order does the dietary fibre pass through these structures?
A duodenum ileum colon rectum
B duodenum ileum rectum colon
C ileum duodenum colon rectum
D ileum duodenum rectum colon
17 In what form does a plant absorb and lose water?
absorbs loses
A liquid liquid
B liquid vapour
C vapour liquid
D vapour vapour
UCLES 2011 0610/11/O/N/11

7
18 The diagram shows a plant shoot and the same shoot six hours later.
plant shoot same shoot six hours later
Which change in environmental conditions could cause this change in the appearance of the
shoot?
A a decrease in available water

B a decrease in light intensity
C a decrease in wind speed
D an increase in humidity
19 An experiment is set up to investigate the uptake of oxygen by germinating seeds.
water bath soda lime absorbs

at 25 C carbon dioxide
germinating dead seeds rinsed

seeds in antiseptic
X Y
coloured coloured
water water
What happens to the levels at X and Y?
X Y
A falls rises
B falls unchanged
C rises falls
D rises unchanged

8
20 Which group contains substances that are all carried in the blood?
A amino acids, carbon dioxide and cellulose

B glucose, glycogen and lactic acid
C oestrogen, oxygen and starch
D salts, testosterone and urea
21 Which process does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
A decomposition of animals
B photosynthesis of plants
C respiration of animals
D respiration of plants
22 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?
kidneys lungs
A carbon dioxide carbon dioxide

B carbon dioxide urea
C urea carbon dioxide
D urea urea
23 The graph shows the variation in a persons body temperature over a period of time.
Which temperature change is likely to cause most sweating?
increase in body
temperature B
normal body C
temperature time
D
decrease in body A
temperature
UCLES 2011 0610/11/O/N/11

9
24 The diagram shows a germinated bean seed with a horizontal radicle. This is placed on a slowly
rotating disc and is left for three days.
electric motor slowly rotating disc
radicle
bean seed
Which diagram shows the appearance of the radicle after three days?
A B C D
25 Which type of cells do all sense organs contain?
A ciliated
B effector
C mesophyll
D receptor

10
26 The diagram shows the early growth of a green plant.
What is occurring?
mitosis development
A key
B = occurs
C = does not occur
D
27 The diagram shows a neurone.
X Y
Which structures could be found at X and Y?
X Y
A brain intestine
B brain leg
C eye hand
D skin spinal cord
UCLES 2011 0610/11/O/N/11

2
1 Root hair cells are found on plant roots.
Which feature would be present in a root hair cell but not a sperm cell?
A cell membrane
B cell wall
C chloroplasts
D cytoplasm
2 Which cell shows the position of the nucleus correctly?
A B C D
legs?
4 Which animal is an annelid?
1 has legs .............................................. go to 2

has no legs ......................................... go to 3
2 has six legs......................................... organism A
has eight legs ..................................... organism B
3 has a shell .......................................... organism C
has no shell ........................................ organism D
UCLES 2011 0610/12/O/N/11

3
5 What are the levels of organisation of
the wall of a villus,

the small intestine?
wall of a villus small intestine
A cell organ
B cell organ system
C tissue organ
6 Which characteristic of living organisms is described by the following definition?
The ability to detect changes in the environment and make responses.
A excretion
B movement
C respiration
D sensitivity
7 Phloem is an example of
A a cell.
B a tissue.
C an organ.
D an organ system.
8 Which structure is found in a palisade cell but not in a liver cell?
A cell membrane
B central vacuole
C cytoplasm
D nucleus

4
9 Which is an incisor tooth?
B
C
A
10 A human digestive enzyme breaks down its substrate at a fast rate at 35 C.
What would occur if the enzyme and substrate were kept at 75 C?
A The enzyme would stop working and be denatured.

B The reaction would continue at the same rate.
C The reaction would take place more quickly.
D The reaction would take place more slowly.
11 The diagram shows a fetus attached by the placenta to the uterus wall of the mother.
fetus
placenta
uterus wall
By which process do all substances pass between the fetus and the mother in the placenta?
A diffusion
B nutrition
C osmosis
D respiration
UCLES 2011 0610/12/O/N/11

5
12 Dietary fibre passes through several structures after leaving the stomach.
In which order does the dietary fibre pass through these structures?
A duodenum ileum colon rectum
B duodenum ileum rectum colon
C ileum duodenum colon rectum
D ileum duodenum rectum colon
13 What happens in osmosis?
A movement of solute molecules against their concentration gradient

B movement of solute molecules down their concentration gradient
C movement of water molecules against their concentration gradient
D movement of water molecules down their concentration gradient
14 The roots of plants take up nitrates from the soil.
A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch
15 The diagram shows the action of amylase.
amylase part of a
starch molecule
What is the function of the enzyme amylase?
A breaks down the substrate into amino acids

B changes the product into the substrate
C increases the rate of starch breaking down into glucose
D increases the rate of starch breaking down into maltose

6
16 Small molecules are used as the basic units in the synthesis of large food molecules.
A Amino acids are basic units of carbohydrates.

B Fatty acids are basic units of glycogen.
C Glycerol is a basic unit of oils.
D Simple sugar is a basic unit of protein.
17 The diagram shows a germinated bean seed with a horizontal radicle. This is placed on a slowly
rotating disc and is left for three days.
electric motor slowly rotating disc
radicle
bean seed
Which diagram shows the appearance of the radicle after three days?
A B C D
18 Which process does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
A decomposition of animals
B photosynthesis of plants
C respiration of animals
D respiration of plants
UCLES 2011 0610/12/O/N/11

7
19 In what form does a plant absorb and lose water?
absorbs loses
A liquid liquid
B liquid vapour
C vapour liquid
D vapour vapour
20 The graph shows the variation in a persons body temperature over a period of time.
Which temperature change is likely to cause most sweating?
increase in body
temperature B
normal body C
temperature time
D
decrease in body A
temperature

8
21 An experiment is set up to investigate the uptake of oxygen by germinating seeds.
water bath soda lime absorbs

at 25 C carbon dioxide
germinating dead seeds rinsed

seeds in antiseptic
X Y
coloured coloured
water water
What happens to the levels at X and Y?
X Y
A falls rises
B falls unchanged
C rises falls
D rises unchanged
22 Which type of cells do all sense organs contain?
A ciliated
B effector
C mesophyll
D receptor
23 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?
kidneys lungs
A carbon dioxide carbon dioxide

B carbon dioxide urea
C urea carbon dioxide
D urea urea
UCLES 2011 0610/12/O/N/11

9
24 The diagram shows a plant shoot and the same shoot six hours later.
plant shoot same shoot six hours later
Which change in environmental conditions could cause this change in the appearance of the
shoot?
A a decrease in available water

B a decrease in light intensity
C a decrease in wind speed
D an increase in humidity
25 Which group contains substances that are all carried in the blood?
A amino acids, carbon dioxide and cellulose

B glucose, glycogen and lactic acid
C oestrogen, oxygen and starch
D salts, testosterone and urea

2
1 The diagram shows an amoeba, a single-celled living organism.
oxygen diffuses into the cell

X
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell
nucleus
food vacuole
The movement of gases at X indicates the occurrence of which process or processes in the cell?
A excretion and nutrition

B excretion and respiration
C nutrition and respiration
D respiration only
2 Which are characteristics of insects?
have two
have six legs
body sections
A
B
C
D
3 A student observed a vertebrate swimming in a pond. The animals surface was smooth and
hairless. It used its four legs to swim. At intervals, the animal came to the surface to take
mouthfuls of air.
To which vertebrate class does this animal belong?
A amphibians
B fish
C mammals
D reptiles
UCLES 2012 0610/11/O/N/12

3
4 The diagram shows a motor (effector) neurone.
Which structure is also found in white blood cells, but not in red blood cells?
B
C
5 Which structures are found in a liver cell?
cell
cell wall chloroplast large vacuole cytoplasm nucleus
membrane
A
B
C
D
A catus
B male African lion
C Panthera leo
D top African carnivorous cat

4
7 At what level of organisation is a leaf?
A organ
B organism
C organ system
D tissue
8 The diagram shows a cross-section through a plant stem.
Q shows the part that is stained red when the stem is placed in water containing a red dye.
What is found at Q?
A guard cells
B palisade cells
C phloem
D xylem

UCLES 2012 0610/11/O/N/12

5
10 The diagram shows part of a section through a leaf.
Which arrow shows the direction of movement of water by osmosis in a leaf?
D A
leaf cells
11 The graph shows the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of three different enzymes.
enzyme 2
enzyme 1 enzyme 3
rate of
reaction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
What does the graph show?
A Each enzyme works best at a different pH.

B Each enzyme works best over a narrow temperature range.
C Enzymes work best in acid conditions.
D Enzymes work best in alkaline conditions.

6
12 Some plants digest insects and use the nutrients for growth.
What must these plants produce to digest the insects?
A acids
B alkalis
C enzymes
D hormones
13 When solution X is tested with iodine solution, a blue-black colour is observed.
A different solution, Y, is added to a new sample of solution X and the mixture is shaken and left
for 30 minutes at 40 C. When tested with iodine solution, an orange-brown colour is observed.
What are solutions X and Y?
X Y
A maltose amylase
B maltose lipase
C starch amylase
D starch lipase
14 A child decided to eat only meat, oily fish, cheese and bread, and drink only water.
Which nutrient would be in low levels in this diet?
A calcium
B iron
C vitamin C
D vitamin D
15 What has not increased the worlds food production in the last 100 years?
A artificial selection
B herbicides
C natural selection
D pesticides
UCLES 2012 0610/11/O/N/12

7
16 What could increase the rate of water uptake by a shoot?
A covering the shoot with a black plastic bag

B covering the shoot with a clear plastic bag
C removing the leaves from the shoot
D shining a bright light onto the shoot
17 What shows the sequence of organs through which urea passes as it travels from where it is
produced to where it is removed from the blood?
A kidneys heart lungs heart liver
B kidneys heart liver lungs heart
C liver heart lungs heart kidneys
D liver lungs heart kidneys heart
18 The diagram shows how water is lost from a leaf.
water vapour
By which process is the water lost?
A osmosis
B photosynthesis
C translocation
D transpiration

8
19 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in a muscle?
lactic acid carbon dioxide
A key
B = produced
C = not produced
D
20 The table shows the percentage composition of three gases in atmospheric air.
oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen
21 0.04 78
What is the composition of the air breathed out by a person?
oxygen / % carbon dioxide / % nitrogen / %
A 5 73 20
B 16 4 78
C 21 0.04 78
D 78 2 20
21 Four test-tubes were set up as shown in the diagram and left in full sunlight.
After several hours, which test-tube would contain the most dissolved carbon dioxide?
A B C D
pond
pond weed
water
weed
water water
water
snail snail
UCLES 2012 0610/11/O/N/12

9
22 A healthy person eats a very high-protein diet.
What effect will this have on their urine?
A It will contain amino acids.

B It will contain glucose.
C It will contain more urea.
D It will contain more water.
23 The diagram represents some human organs and their blood vessels.
liver
P
Q
gut
kidney
R
Immediately after taking an alcoholic drink, how would the levels of alcohol compare in blood
vessels P, Q and R?
P Q R
A high medium high

B medium high low
C low low medium
D high low low

10
24 The graph shows the rates of sweat production and urine production at different environmental
temperatures.
150 sweat
100
rate of
production
/ cm3 per hour
50
urine
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
environmental
temperature / C
A As the temperature increases, the rate of sweat production decreases.
B At 22 C the rates of sweat and urine production are the same.

C Urine and sweat production are directly proportional to environmental temperature.
D When the urine production decreases, the sweat production decreases.
25 A man injures his arm in an accident. Afterwards, he can feel objects touching his hand, but he
cannot move his hand away from them.
What could cause this?
A Receptors in his hand are damaged.

B The nerve connection is cut only between the receptors in his hand and his central nervous
system.
C The nerve connection is cut only between his central nervous system and the effectors in his
arm.
D Both of these nerve connections are cut.
26 During a long race, an athletes skin temperature rises.
What causes this?
A increased sweating
B opening of the pores in the skin
C vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the skin
D vasodilation of the blood vessels in the skin
UCLES 2012 0610/11/O/N/12

2
1 Which are characteristics of insects?
have two
have six legs
body sections
A
B
C
D
2 A student observed a vertebrate swimming in a pond. The animals surface was smooth and
hairless. It used its four legs to swim. At intervals, the animal came to the surface to take
mouthfuls of air.
To which vertebrate class does this animal belong?
A amphibians
B fish
C mammals
D reptiles
3 The diagram shows an amoeba, a single-celled living organism.
oxygen diffuses into the cell

X
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell
nucleus
food vacuole
The movement of gases at X indicates the occurrence of which process or processes in the cell?
A excretion and nutrition

B excretion and respiration
C nutrition and respiration
D respiration only
UCLES 2012 0610/12/O/N/12

3
A catus
B male African lion
C Panthera leo
B
C
A organ
B organism
C organ system
D tissue

4
7 Which structures are found in a liver cell?
cell
cell wall chloroplast large vacuole cytoplasm nucleus
membrane
A
B
C
D
D A
leaf cells

UCLES 2012 0610/12/O/N/12

5
What is found at Q?
A guard cells
B palisade cells
C phloem
D xylem
11 What could increase the rate of water uptake by a shoot?
A covering the shoot with a black plastic bag

B covering the shoot with a clear plastic bag
C removing the leaves from the shoot
D shining a bright light onto the shoot
12 Some plants digest insects and use the nutrients for growth.
What must these plants produce to digest the insects?
A acids
B alkalis
C enzymes
D hormones

6
13 When solution X is tested with iodine solution, a blue-black colour is observed.
A different solution, Y, is added to a new sample of solution X and the mixture is shaken and left
for 30 minutes at 40 C. When tested with iodine solution, an orange-brown colour is observed.
What are solutions X and Y?
X Y
A maltose amylase
B maltose lipase
C starch amylase
D starch lipase
14 The graph shows the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of three different enzymes.
enzyme 2
enzyme 1 enzyme 3
rate of
reaction
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
A Each enzyme works best at a different pH.

B Each enzyme works best over a narrow temperature range.
C Enzymes work best in acid conditions.
D Enzymes work best in alkaline conditions.
UCLES 2012 0610/12/O/N/12

7
15 What shows the sequence of organs through which urea passes as it travels from where it is
produced to where it is removed from the blood?
A kidneys heart lungs heart liver
B kidneys heart liver lungs heart
C liver heart lungs heart kidneys
D liver lungs heart kidneys heart
16 A child decided to eat only meat, oily fish, cheese and bread, and drink only water.
Which nutrient would be in low levels in this diet?
A calcium
B iron
C vitamin C
D vitamin D
17 What has not increased the worlds food production in the last 100 years?
A artificial selection
B herbicides
C natural selection
D pesticides
18 The table shows the percentage composition of three gases in atmospheric air.
oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen
21 0.04 78
What is the composition of the air breathed out by a person?
oxygen / % carbon dioxide / % nitrogen / %
A 5 73 20
B 16 4 78
C 21 0.04 78
D 78 2 20

8
19 The diagram shows how water is lost from a leaf.
water vapour
By which process is the water lost?
A osmosis
B photosynthesis
C translocation
D transpiration
20 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in a muscle?
lactic acid carbon dioxide
A key
B = produced
C = not produced
D
UCLES 2012 0610/12/O/N/12

9
21 The diagram represents some human organs and their blood vessels.
liver
P
Q
gut
kidney
R
Immediately after taking an alcoholic drink, how would the levels of alcohol compare in blood
vessels P, Q and R?
P Q R
A high medium high

B medium high low
C low low medium
D high low low
A B C D
pond
pond weed
water
weed
water water
water
snail snail

10
23 A healthy person eats a very high-protein diet.
What effect will this have on their urine?
A It will contain amino acids.

B It will contain glucose.
C It will contain more urea.
D It will contain more water.
24 During a long race, an athletes skin temperature rises.
What causes this?
A increased sweating
B opening of the pores in the skin
C vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the skin
D vasodilation of the blood vessels in the skin
25 The graph shows the rates of sweat production and urine production at different environmental
temperatures.
150 sweat
100
rate of
production
/ cm3 per hour
50
urine
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
environmental
temperature / C
A As the temperature increases, the rate of sweat production decreases.
B At 22 C the rates of sweat and urine production are the same.

C Urine and sweat production are directly proportional to environmental temperature.
D When the urine production decreases, the sweat production decreases.
UCLES 2012 0610/12/O/N/12

2
1 What is respiration?
A breathing
B giving out carbon dioxide
C releasing energy from food
D taking in oxygen
2 The table shows some features of the leaves of four plants.
Which plant is a monocotyledon?
has broad has parallel

leaves veins
A
B
C
D
UCLES 2012 0610/13/O/N/12

3
3 The diagram shows a key for five vertebrates.
START HERE
has legs has no legs
organism P
has wings has no wings
organism Q
has scales has no scales
organism R
has fur has no fur
organism S organism T
Which class of vertebrates does organism T belong to?
A amphibians
B birds
C fish
D reptiles

4
A catus
B male African lion
C Panthera leo
5 The cell shown in the diagram has been magnified 3000 times.
16 mm
What is the actual diameter of the cell?
16
A = 0.005 mm
3000
B 16 3000 = 48000 mm
C 16 300 = 4800 mm
16
D = 0.05 mm
100
UCLES 2012 0610/13/O/N/12

5

What is found at Q?
A guard cells
B palisade cells
C phloem
D xylem
B
C

6
A organ
B organism
C organ system
D tissue
10 How do carbon dioxide and oxygen move in and out of a leaf mesophyll cell?
A active transport
B diffusion
C respiration
D transpiration
D A
leaf cells
UCLES 2012 0610/13/O/N/12

7
12 The graph shows the effect of pH on the activity of two enzymes.
enzyme
activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
At which pH is the activity of both enzymes the same?
A 1 B 3 C 5 D 8
13 Four identical mixtures of starch and amylase were kept at different temperatures. The graph
shows the time taken for the starch to be completely digested at each temperature.
At which temperature is the rate of reaction quickest?
time for
starch to
be digested
A B C D
temperature
14 Which nutrient produces a purple colour when mixed with biuret solution?
A fat
B protein
C reducing sugar
D starch

8
15 Which form of energy is stored within glucose molecules made during photosynthesis?
A chemical
B heat
C light
D mechanical
16 The graph shows the effect of several minutes of vigorous (hard) exercise on heart rate.
Which letter on the graph is at a time when the person is doing this exercise?
B
C
heart rate
A D
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time / min
17 Which blood vessel, if it becomes blocked, could lead directly to a heart attack?
A coronary artery
B pulmonary artery
C pulmonary vein
D vena cava
18 Which substances are dissolved in human blood plasma?
A carbon dioxide, haemoglobin and glucose

B carbon dioxide, oxygen and haemoglobin
C glucose, hormones and urea
D oxygen, urea and starch
UCLES 2012 0610/13/O/N/12

9
A B C D
pond
pond weed
water
weed
water water
water
snail snail
20 The diagram shows apparatus used to investigate anaerobic respiration in yeast.
scale
clip
glass tube
capillary coloured
tube liquid
air from which oxygen

has been removed
yeast suspension
in a solution of
glucose in boiled,
cooled water
What happens to the coloured liquid?
A moves rapidly to the left

B moves slowly to the left
C moves to the right
D stays still

10
21 A man injures his arm in an accident. Afterwards, he can feel objects touching his hand, but he
cannot move his hand away from them.
What could cause this?
A Receptors in his hand are damaged.

B The nerve connection is cut only between the receptors in his hand and his central nervous
system.
C The nerve connection is cut only between his central nervous system and the effectors in his
arm.
D Both of these nerve connections are cut.
renal vein
renal artery
ureter
bladder
Which row shows substances that are present in each of these structures in a healthy person?
renal artery renal vein ureter bladder
A glucose glucose salts urea

B protein salts water protein
C salts water protein water
D urea glucose protein salts
UCLES 2012 0610/13/O/N/12

2
1 What are characteristics of all organisms?
A egestion and excretion

B egestion and nutrition
C excretion and nutrition
D nutrition and photosynthesis
2 The table shows some characteristic features of four vertebrates.
Which vertebrate is a mammal?
feature
vertebrate
scales lays eggs feathers wings hair
A key
B feature present
C feature absent
D
3 Which information is needed when classifying a frog using the binomial system?
A class : amphibian
B genus : Rana
C kingdom : animal
D phylum : vertebrate
0610/1/O/N/02
3
Use this diagram of the plant cell to answer questions 4 and 5.
4 Which two parts are also found in liver cells?
A W and X
B W and Z
C Y and X
D Y and Z
5 In which part of the cell do carbon dioxide and water combine to form glucose?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z
0610/1/O/N/02 [Turn over

4
6 The diagram shows the female reproductive system.
ovum
uterus
At which level of organisation are the ovum and the uterus?
ovum uterus
A cell organ
B cell tissue
C organ tissue
D tissue organ
0610/1/O/N/02
5
7 The diagram shows a section through an eye.
What are structures X and Y?
A organs in an organ system

B organs in a tissue
C organ systems in an organ
D tissues in an organ

6
8 Which shows the changes in appearance of a plant cell as it remains in a concentrated sugar
solution for thirty minutes?
9 By which process does oxygen move into the cytoplasm of a root hair cell?
A diffusion
B osmosis
C photosynthesis
D transpiration
10 Which statement about enzymes is correct?
A Enzymes are carbohydrates.

B Enzymes are catalysts.
C Enzymes are not affected by pH.
D Enzymes are not affected by temperature.
0610/1/O/N/02
7
11 The graph shows the results of an investigation into enzyme activity.
rate of an
enzyme-controlled
reaction
How should the horizontal axis of the graph be labelled?
A pH
B temperature
C time
D volume
12 What are the features of a xylem vessel?
side wall end wall
A thick absent
B thick present
C thin absent
D thin present
13 Which two substances are the products of photosynthesis?
A carbon dioxide and sugar

B carbon dioxide and water
C oxygen and carbon dioxide
D oxygen and sugar

8
Between which two points does most gaseous exchange take place?
A P and R
B Q and S
C R and Q
D S and P
15 The table shows the nutritional information of a plain biscuit.
Which nutrient needs no digestion?
A fat 3.0 g
B glucose 2.8 g
C protein 3.5 g
D starch 5.5 g
0610/1/O/N/02
9
16 An experiment on diffusion was set up as shown in the diagram.
partially permeable
membrane
mixture of protein
solution and
protease
water at 37 C
What was found in the water in the test-tube after 15 minutes?
A amino acids
B fatty acids
C glucose
D glycerol
17 The diagram shows the four chambers of a human heart.
S P
R Q
Which statement describes the direction of blood flow?
A Blood enters P directly from the lungs.

B Blood enters S directly from the lungs.
C Blood passes directly from Q to P.
D Blood passes directly from Q to the lungs.

10
18 The double circulation of the blood means that, for every complete circuit of the body,
A atria and ventricles contract alternately.

B blood flows through the arteries and veins.
C blood flows through atria and ventricles.
D blood flows twice through the heart.
19 Which air sample has just been breathed out?
air percentage of percentage of percentage

sample oxygen carbon dioxide humidity
A 21 0.04 20
B 16 4.04 100
C 4 0.40 80
D 20 4.00 60
20 In an experiment to investigate the anaerobic respiration of yeast, two bottles are set up in a warm
room.
P Q
balloon balloon
sugar, yeast yeast and water

and water
What describes the appearance of the balloons after one day?
balloon P balloon Q
A inflated inflated
B inflated no change
C no change inflated
D no change no change
0610/1/O/N/02
2
1 Which organisms carry out respiration, growth, movement and excretion?
A all animals and all plants

B animals only
C plants only
D some animals and some plants
2 Which characteristics do fish have?
backbone scales hair
Use this diagram, which shows the structure of a palisade cell, to answer questions 3 and 4.
2
4
1
5
3 Which features are also found in a liver cell?
4 In which part does photosynthesis take place?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
0610/1/O/N/03
3
5 The diagrams show a leaf and a section through part of the same leaf.
Which label indicates an organ?
D C
6 Which features are shown by a red blood cell?
shape nucleus
A disc absent
B disc lobed
C irregular absent
D irregular lobed
7 The diagram shows two solutions that are separated by a partially permeable membrane.
partially permeable membrane
dilute concentrated
solution solution
of of
sucrose sucrose
X Y
In which direction will most water molecules move?
A from X to Y, against their concentration gradient

B from X to Y, down their concentration gradient
C from Y to X, against their concentration gradient
D from Y to X, down their concentration gradient
4
8 By which process do oxygen molecules move down a concentration gradient?
A breathing
B diffusion
C osmosis
D respiration
9 What is the chemical nature of an enzyme?
A an amino acid
B a carbohydrate
C a protein
D a vitamin
10 The diagram shows an experiment using an enzyme.
2 cm3 of an enzyme
added and stirred
37C 37C 37C
8 minutes later
cloudy cloudy clear
10 cm3 of a solution
of egg protein
The suspension might have become clear more quickly if
A more egg protein had been used.

B the mixture had not been stirred.
C the pH of the mixture had been changed.
D the temperature had been raised to 75 C.
0610/1/O/N/03
5
11 Glycogen, protein and starch are all large molecules made from smaller basic units.
Which basic units form these molecules?
glycogen protein starch
A amino acids simple sugars fatty acids
B fatty acids simple sugars simple sugars
C simple sugars amino acids simple sugars
D simple sugars fatty acids amino acids
12 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.
Which structure does not secrete digestive enzymes?
B
C

6
13 The diagram shows part of a plant with a woody stem, which does not have enough water. The
leaves have wilted, but the stem is still firm and upright.
wilted leaf
firm, upright stem
Why have the leaves wilted?
A Photosynthesis cannot take place without water.

B The cells in the leaves have lost their internal pressure.
C The humidity in the air is too high.
D The lignin in the leaves has become soft.
Use this diagram, which shows a section through a leaf, to answer questions 14 and 15.
3
4
X
5
14 What takes place in the structures indicated?
transport of water to use of water to transport of sugar

the cells of the leaf make sugar to the stem and root
A 4 1 5
B 3 2 4
C 3 1 4
D 4 2 5
0610/1/O/N/03
7
15 The leaf is losing water to the atmosphere.
What processes are occurring at X and Y?
X Y
A diffusion evaporation
B evaporation diffusion
C osmosis transpiration
D transpiration osmosis
16 The table shows the deficiency symptoms that result from a lack of some substances in the
human diet.
Which symptom results from a deficiency in iron?
deficiency symptom
A anaemia (haemoglobin deficiency)
B rickets
C scurvy
D soft teeth
17 In an experiment to compare water loss, four similar leaves are treated with petroleum jelly
(Vaseline) and left on a table for one hour.
leaf 1 upper surface only covered

leaf 2 lower surface only covered
leaf 3 both surfaces covered
leaf 4 neither surface covered
Which shows the water loss from the leaves?
water loss
most least
A 1 4 3 2
B 1 2 4 3
C 4 3 1 2
D 4 1 2 3

8
18 The diagram shows part of the human circulatory system.
Which part carries oxygenated blood at low pressure?
lungs
A
B
rest of body
19 The diagram shows an experiment to find out the rate at which small land animals and freshwater
animals give off carbon dioxide during respiration.
All the tubes were kept at the same temperature and all animals were equally active.
In which tube would the indicator be the first to change colour?
A B C D
key
land animal
metal tray
freshwater animal
carbon dioxide indicator
0610/1/O/N/03
9
20 The diagram shows an experiment to investigate the respiration of yeast.
balloon
gas evolved
yeast in sugar yeast, sugar

solution and new compound
at the beginning after 24 hours
Which gas is evolved and which new compound is present?
gas evolved new compound
A carbon dioxide ethanol
B carbon dioxide lactic acid
C oxygen ethanol
D oxygen lactic acid
21 The diagram shows some organs in the human body.
In which part are amino acids broken down to urea?
D A

10
22 Which diagram shows a motor neurone?
A B
C D
23 The diagram shows a section through part of the human eye.
suspensory
ligaments
lens
When a person looks at a close object, which of the following takes place?
suspensory
lens
ligaments
A slacken becomes fatter
B slacken becomes thinner
C tighten becomes fatter
D tighten becomes thinner
0610/1/O/N/03
2
1 The diagram shows some organisms living in water.
plants
animals
decomposers
Which process is carried out by all the living organisms shown?
A photosynthesis
B pollination
C respiration
D transpiration
2 An animal has four legs, fur and a tail.
To which class of vertebrates does it belong?
A amphibians
B birds
C mammals
D reptiles
3 The diagram shows a type of cell.
Using the key below, which letter identifies the cell?
1 cell has a nucleus .. go to 2

cell has no nucleus ... go to 3
2 cell has a central vacuole . A
cell has no central vacuole B
3 cell has granules inside it .. C
cell has no granules inside it . D
UCLES 2004 0610/01/O/N/04

3
4 Which part of a plant cell contains cellulose?
A cell wall
B chloroplast
C cytoplasm
D vacuole
5 The table shows the number of chloroplasts in three different types of leaf cell.
Which shows the correct numbers for each type of cell?
A 0 6 17
B 0 17 6
C 6 17 0
D 17 0 6
Which part will stain blue / black with iodine solution?
A B
7 Which is an organ?
A a group of ciliated cells
B the liver
C the nervous system
D the xylem

4
8 The diagram shows some of the blood vessels and other structures in the human body.
The blood vessels shown are all parts of the same
A cell.
B organ.
C organ system.
D tissue.
9 What causes oxygen to diffuse into the blood from an alveolus (air sac) in the lungs?
A The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is higher than in the atmosphere.

B The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is lower than in the blood.
C The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is higher than the carbon dioxide concentration.
D The oxygen concentration in the blood is lower than in the alveolus.
UCLES 2004 0610/01/O/N/04

5
10 A strong solution of salt accidentally flooded a field of young rice plants.
The graph shows the effect on two varieties of rice in the field.
100 variety X
80
60
percentage
plants alive
40
20
variety Y
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
time after flooding / days
What causes the effect shown by the graph?
A Water enters the root cells of X.

B Water enters the root cells of Y.
C Water leaves the root cells of X.
D Water leaves the root cells of Y.
11 Two samples of a human enzyme were used in an experiment. Before they were used
sample X was heated to 80 oC and then cooled to 37 oC

sample Y was cooled to 0 oC and then heated to 37 oC.
How will this affect their activity?
A Sample X and sample Y are no longer active.

B Sample X and sample Y will be equally active.
C Sample X will be more active than sample Y.
D Sample Y will be more active than sample X.

6
12 The graph shows the effect of temperature on the digestion of starch.
rate of
reaction
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
o
temperature / C
At which temperature are most starch molecules broken down in one minute?
A 10 oC B 30 oC C 40 oC D 50 oC
13 Which of the following, needed for protein synthesis, is carried into a leaf through the xylem?
A carbon dioxide
B nitrate ions
C oxygen
D sugar
14 Four test-tubes are set up as shown.
Which test-tube contains the most carbon dioxide after one hour?
A B C D
black
water polythene
to keep
water out light
snail light light light
water
weed
UCLES 2004 0610/01/O/N/04

7
15 What is lacking in the diet of someone with anaemia (haemoglobin deficiency)?
A calcium
B iron
C vitamin C
D vitamin D
16 By which process is undigested waste material removed from the body?
A absorption
B assimilation
C egestion
D ingestion
17 The diagram shows the directions of blood flow through a heart.
Which chamber of the heart receives blood directly from the lungs?
A B
D C
18 Which of the following describes a vein?
valves thick muscle

present tissue in wall
A
B
C
D

8
19 Anaerobic respiration in muscles can be summarised by the following equation.
glucose X + energy
What is X?
A ethanol
B hydrogen
C lactic acid
D water
20 Which component of cigarette smoke is most likely to cause lung cancer?
A carbon dioxide
B carbon monoxide
C nicotine
D tar
21 How do sweat glands and blood vessels near the skin surface respond when body temperature
rises above normal?
blood vessels
sweat glands
near the skin surface
A decreased activity constriction

B decreased activity dilation
C increased activity constriction
D increased activity dilation
22 A person has a high-protein diet.
What describes the level of urea in the blood leaving the liver and in the urine leaving the
kidneys?
blood leaving liver urine leaving kidneys
A high urea high urea

B high urea low urea
C low urea high urea
D low urea low urea
UCLES 2004 0610/01/O/N/04

2
1 The diagrams show two characteristics of living organisms.
flower
fruit
seedling
Which characteristics are shown?
A excretion and growth

B growth and reproduction
C reproduction and respiration
D respiration and excretion
2 The diagram shows some external features of a rat.
Which features, seen in the diagram, show that a rat is a mammal?
A two external ears and two eyes

B fur and whiskers
C tail and four legs
D milk and sweat production
UCLES 2005 0610/01/O/N/05

3
3 The diagram shows an animal whose scientific name is Loxodonta africana.
To which species does it belong?
A africana
B Loxodonta
C mammal
D vertebrate
4 The diagram shows part of a flowering plant.
Using the key, identify this plant.
1 three petals go to 2
more than three petals . go to 3
2 leaves longer than they are wide A

leaves wider than they are long .. B
3 leaves parallel-veined .. C
leaves not parallel-veined D

4
5 The diagram shows a palisade cell.
Which part contains chromosomes?
B
C
D
6 The diagram shows a cell from the stem of a plant.
chloroplast
cell wall
vacuole
cytoplasm
Which of the parts would not be found in a cell from the root?
A chloroplast
B cell wall
C cytoplasm
D vacuole
7 The table shows features that may be found in living cells.
Which features are found in a liver cell?
large cellulose
chloroplasts
A key
B = found
C = not found
D
UCLES 2005 0610/01/O/N/05

5
8 The diagram shows some heart muscle cells.
Which describes the level of organisation of these cells and their specific function?
level of organisation specific function
A organ contraction
B organ support
C tissue support
D tissue contraction
9 Which features are present in red blood cells and are also present in nerve cells?
cell membrane nucleus
A key
B = present
C = not present
D
10 Why does a red blood cell burst when placed in water?
A Dissolved substances diffuse into the cell.

B Dissolved substances diffuse out of the cell.
C Water diffuses into the cell.
D Water diffuses out of the cell.

6
11 The diagram shows a fetus attached by the placenta to the uterus wall.
fetus
placenta
uterus wall
By which process do all substances pass between the placenta and the uterus wall?
A diffusion
B nutrition
C osmosis
D respiration
12 During digestion, large molecules are broken into smaller molecules by which of the following?
A bile
B enzymes
C peristalsis
D teeth
13 The graph shows the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction at different temperatures.
Which point on the graph shows that the enzyme has been denatured (destroyed)?
B
rate of
reaction
A D
0 temperature
UCLES 2005 0610/01/O/N/05

7
14 What is needed in the diet of a man working hard in a hot climate?
high energy
protein extra water
intake
A key
B = needed
C = not needed
D
15 The diagram shows the small intestine, the liver and blood vessel P that joins them.
blood
vessel P
small liver
intestine
direction of blood flow
Which carbohydrate is found in blood vessel P and which carbohydrate is found in the liver?
blood vessel P liver
A glucose glycogen
B glucose starch
C maltose glycogen
D maltose starch

8
16 The diagram shows some apparatus set up and kept at room temperature.
paper
clip
tubing containing
starch, proteases, test - tube
protein and simple
membrane permeable

C protein and simple sugar
17 Which cells pass from blood, through capillary walls, to tissues?
white blood red blood

cells cells
A key
B = pass
C = do not pass
D
18 The table shows the rates of water uptake and transpiration of a plant during a morning.
time 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
rate of water uptake / cm3 per hour 15 16 16 17

transpiration / cm3 per hour 7 12 16 19
At what time does the plant show signs of wilting?
A 09.00 B 10.00 C 11.00 D 12.00
UCLES 2005 0610/01/O/N/05

9
19 What describes anaerobic respiration?
energy released oxygen required waste products
A a little no lactic acid

B a little yes carbon dioxide and water
C a lot no lactic acid
D a lot yes carbon dioxide and water
20 What happens to the depth and rate of breathing during increased physical activity?
depth rate
A decrease decrease
B decrease increase
C increase decrease
D increase increase
21 The diagram shows a gaseous exchange surface (alveolus) and part of a nearby capillary.
air
alveolus wall
blood capillary
blood
What would increase the rate of absorption of oxygen into the capillary?
A increasing the thickness of alveolus wall

B increasing the surface area of alveolus wall
C lowering the concentration of oxygen in the alveolus
D slowing down the rate of breathing

10
22 One body process is defined as the removal of toxic materials, the removal of waste products of
metabolism and removal of substances in excess.
Of which process is this a definition?
A excretion
B nutrition
C reproduction
D respiration
23 What happens when the body temperature rises above normal?
blood vessels in the

sweat production
surface of skin
A dilate decreases
B constrict increases
C constrict decreases
D dilate increases
24 The table shows the composition of the urine of four people.
Which person is most likely to have been eating a lot of protein on a hot, dry, day?
urea content water content

person
of urine of urine
A high high
B high low
C low high
D low low
25 What shows the order in which these structures are involved in a reflex action?
start finish
A effector motor neurone relay neurone sensory neurone receptor

B effector sensory neurone motor neurone relay neurone receptor
C receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector
D receptor motor neurone sensory neurone relay neurone effector
UCLES 2005 0610/01/O/N/05

2
1 Living animals release carbon dioxide.
This is an example of which life process?
A excretion
B movement
C nutrition
D sensitivity
2 Which of these features is used to classify organisms as flowering plants?
A roots with hairs

B seeds within fruits
C single-celled spores
D underground stems
3 The diagram shows some cells.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
What are these cells?
A liver cells
B palisade cells
C red blood cells
D white blood cells
UCLES 2006 0610/01/O/N/06

3
4 The diagram shows a leaf.
Use the key to identify the leaf.
1 leaf with several small leaflets go to 2

leaf with one large leaf blade.. go to 3
2 leaflets broad and flat .. A
leaflets narrow and hair-like B
3 leaf with smooth edge .. C
leaf with toothed edge .. D
5 The photomicrograph shows a cell from a type of pondweed.
R Q P
Which parts labelled on the diagram indicate that this is a plant cell?
A P and R B P and S C Q and R D Q and S

4
6 The diagram shows some of the main organs in the human body.
trachea
lung heart
oesophagus
diaphragm
liver stomach
intestine
Which group of organs belongs to the same organ system?
A diaphragm, oesophagus, trachea

B heart, liver, lungs
C heart, stomach, trachea
D oesophagus, intestine, stomach
7 Why is the epidermis of a leaf an example of a tissue?
A The cells all have a similar structure and function.

B The cells allow light to pass through.
C The cells allow water to enter them by osmosis.
D The cells are covered by a waxy cuticle.
8 On a dry, sunny day, water vapour moves through the stomata of a leaf.
Which phrase describes this movement?

UCLES 2006 0610/01/O/N/06

5
9 The dots represent molecules of a gas in four tubes.
In which tube do more molecules move from X to Y than in the opposite direction?
X Y
10 The graph shows the results of experiments in which the activity of an enzyme was measured at
different pH values.
optimum pH
increasing
enzyme
activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH
In which part of the alimentary canal would this enzyme be likely to work?
A mouth cavity
B oesophagus
C small intestine
D stomach

6
11 The apparatus shown in the diagram was used for an experiment on starch digestion.
Which tube would contain most sugar after 20 minutes?
tube A tube B tube C tube D
starch starch
solution starch solution
and solution and
amylase amylase
water bath at 15 oC water bath at 37 oC
12 The table shows four substances and the parts of the plant to which they are transported.
substance part of plant
1 amino acids flower buds

2 carbon dioxide leaf cells
3 sucrose root cells
4 water stomata
Which are examples of translocation?
13 In humans, where does most absorption of digested food take place?
A colon
B kidney
C liver
D small intestine
UCLES 2006 0610/01/O/N/06

7
14 The graph shows how the rate of transpiration is affected by X.
rate of
transpiration
What is X?
A humidity
B light intensity
C soil moisture
D temperature
15 The table shows nutrients found in a biscuit.
Which nutrient needs no digestion?
A fat 3.0 g
B glucose 2.8 g
C protein 3.5 g
D starch 5.5 g
16 By which process is food moved through the alimentary canal?
A assimilation
B digestion
C ingestion
D peristalsis

8
17 The diagram shows the circulation of blood in the body, through the heart, lungs and other
organs.
lungs
heart
other organs
What is the name of X?
A left atrium (auricle)

B right atrium (auricle)
C left ventricle
D right ventricle
18 What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?
alcohol carbon dioxide lactic acid
A
B
C
D
UCLES 2006 0610/01/O/N/06

9
19 Which chemical contains energy that is released in aerobic respiration?
A carbon dioxide
B glucose
C oxygen
D water
20 In an experiment to investigate anaerobic respiration, two bottles are set up in a warm room, as
shown in the diagram.
P Q
balloon balloon
sugar, yeast yeast

and water and water
What would happen to each balloon after one day?
P Q P Q
A B
P Q P Q
C D

2
1 What are characteristics of all organisms?
A egestion and excretion

B egestion and nutrition
C excretion and nutrition
D excretion and photosynthesis
2 The table shows the classification of four vertebrate animals.
animal 1 animal 2 animal 3 animal 4
phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata

class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
order Dermoptera Dermoptera Dermoptera Dermoptera
family Lemuridae Indridae Lemuridae Indridae
genus Eulemur Propithecus Eulemur Avahi
species fulvus diadema coronatus laniger
Which two organisms are most closely related?
3 Cacti have fewer stomata than other plants.
How does this help them to survive in desert conditions?
A It increases loss of water.

B It increases uptake of carbon dioxide.
C It reduces loss of water.
D It reduces uptake of carbon dioxide.
UCLES 2007 0610/01/O/N/07

3
1 front limbs with five fingers go to 2

front limbs with four fingers go to 3
2 skin with spots . A
skin without spots B
3 tail with fins C
tail without fins .. D
Which structures are also found in a root hair cell of a plant?
X Y Z
A key
B = present in root hair cell
C = not present in root hair cell
D

4
6 The diagram shows four cells.
Which cell performs the function of contraction?
A B C D
7 Which of these structures is a single tissue?
A chloroplast
B phloem
C urethra
D uterus
A B C D
UCLES 2007 0610/01/O/N/07

5
9 The arrows in the diagram show the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body cells
and the blood in capillaries.
key
oxygen
blood flow carbon

dioxide
body cell
capillary
By which process does this movement occur?
A diffusion
B excretion
C osmosis
D respiration
10 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an experiment on osmosis.
1 2 3 4
sugar
distilled
solution
water sugar
solution
dialysis
tubing distilled
water
In which tubes will osmosis take place?
11 What helps proteins to change into amino acids?
A antibodies
B auxins
C enzymes
D hormones

6
12 The graph shows the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of an enzyme.
rate of
reaction
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
A The enzyme is destroyed at pH 9.

B The enzyme works best at pH 6.
C The rate of reaction halves as the pH changes from pH 5 to pH 7.
D The rate of reaction is the same at pH 5 and pH 8.5.
13 What is the definition of digestion?
A Large insoluble molecules are changed into faeces.

B Large insoluble molecules are changed into smaller soluble molecules.
C Small soluble molecules are carried to the liver.
D Small soluble molecules are passed through the wall of the intestine.
UCLES 2007 0610/01/O/N/07

7
14 The diagram shows blood vessel P which carries digested food from the small intestine to the
liver.
liver
blood vessel
P
small
intestine
What describes the level of glucose in blood vessel P and the level of glycogen in the liver,
shortly after a meal containing carbohydrates?
glucose in blood vessel P glycogen in liver
A high decreasing
B high increasing
C low decreasing
D low increasing
15 The diagram shows a section through a leaf, seen under the microscope.
In which part is the carbon dioxide concentration lowest on a warm sunny day?

8
16 What shows the correct translocation of carbohydrate in a potato plant that is growing in bright
sunlight?
source of type of carbohydrate destination of

carbohydrate translocated carbohydrate
A leaves glucose tubers

B leaves sucrose tubers
C tubers glucose leaves
D tubers sucrose leaves
17 The diagram shows part of the human circulatory system.
Which part carries oxygenated blood at low pressure?
lungs
A B
rest of body
18 Which conditions of humidity, light intensity and temperature make transpiration slowest?
humidity / % light intensity temperature / oC
A 10 high 4
B 10 low 14
C 80 high 14
D 80 low 4
UCLES 2007 0610/01/O/N/07

9
19 What are features of gaseous exchange surfaces in animals?
A thick-walled, dry, large area

B thick-walled, moist, small area
C thin-walled, dry, small area
D thin-walled, moist, large area
20 An athlete produces lactic acid in the leg muscles while running a race. After the race he is seen
to breathe faster and deeper.
How does this help to remove the lactic acid?
A More carbon dioxide is used up.

B More energy is needed.
C More lactic acid is breathed out.
D More oxygen is breathed in.
21 The flow diagram shows what happens to food in humans.
Which stage shows human respiration?
large complex food molecules
smaller food molecules in the gut
smaller food molecules in

the blood and body cells
C D
large molecules smaller molecules and
in body cells energy in body cells

10
22 Blood is filtered in the kidneys. After this filtration, some substances are reabsorbed into the
blood and other substances pass out of the body in the urine.
Which line shows the correct movement of substances in a healthy person?
substances reabsorbed into the substances passed out of the

blood body in the urine
A glucose, some salts, urea glucose, some salts, some water

B glucose, some salts, some water some salts, some water, urea
C some salts, some water, urea glucose, some water, urea
D some salts, some water, urea glucose, some salts, some water
23 Four urine samples were collected on different days from a person whose exercise and water
intake was the same each day.
Which sample was collected on a cold day?
volume of urine volume of sweat

produced / dm3 produced / dm3
A 1.5 0.8
B 0.8 0.8
C 0.8 1.5
D 0.4 0.8
UCLES 2007 0610/01/O/N/07

2
1 Which characteristic is shown by all living things?
A breathing
B growing
C sleeping
D walking
2 The diagrams show four different animals. They are not drawn to the same scale.
W X
Y Z
Which are vertebrates?
A W and X B X and Y C Y and Z D W and Z
UCLES 2008 0610/01/O/N/08

3
3 The diagram shows half a flower.
The following key may be used to identify the plant on which the flower is growing.
1 petals separate from sepals ................................ go to 2

petals and sepals joined ...................................... plant P
2 flower with four stamens ...................................... plant Q
flower with more than four stamens ..................... go to 3
3 ovary as tall as wide ............................................ plant R
ovary taller than wide ........................................... go to 4
4 flower has two petals ........................................... plant S
flower has more than two petals .......................... plant T
To which plant does the flower belong?
A plant P B plant Q C plant R D plant T
4 Which two functions does xylem perform?
absorption conduction contraction support
A key
B = performs
C = does not perform
D

4
5 The diagram shows a cell.
What type of cell is shown?
A epidermis
B muscle
C nerve
D palisade
6 Which diagram shows a cell from the liver?
A B C D
7 The diagrams show a leaf and a section through part of the same leaf.
Which label on the diagrams indicates an organ?
A
B
D
C
UCLES 2008 0610/01/O/N/08

5
8 What is the main function of muscle?
A absorption
B conduction
C contraction
D transport
9 Which two features are found in both a root hair cell and a red blood cell?
A cell membrane and cytoplasm

B cell membrane and vacuole
C nucleus and chloroplast
D nucleus and cytoplasm
10 What controls the passage of substances into and out of plant cells?
A the cell surface membrane

B the cellulose cell wall
C the chloroplasts
D the vacuole
11 An experiment on diffusion was set up as shown in the diagram.
partially
mixture of protein permeable
solution and membrane
protease
water at 37 C
What was found in the water after 15 minutes?
A amino acids
B fatty acids
C glucose
D glycerol

6
12 Which substance is an enzyme?
A bile
B fibrinogen
C lipase
D maltose
13 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.
In which parts does peristalsis take place?
14 Some liquid is collected from the xylem in the stem of a plant.
What is present in the liquid?
A amino acids
B inorganic ions
C starch
D sugar
UCLES 2008 0610/01/O/N/08

7
15 The diagram shows cells from a storage organ of a flowering plant after they have been stained
with iodine solution.
Structures X stain black.
What does this show that structures X contain?
A chlorophyll
B fat
C starch
D sugar
2 3
capillaries capillaries of the

of the lungs heart rest of the body
1 4
Which two vessels carry blood at the highest pressure?

8
17 The diagram shows an external view of the human heart.
right atrium
left atrium
X
right ventricle
left ventricle
What is the name of the blood vessel labelled X?
A coronary artery
B hepatic artery
C pulmonary artery
D renal artery
UCLES 2008 0610/01/O/N/08

9
18 The diagram shows two shoots at the start of an experiment on transpiration.
shoot X shoot Y
spring balance
30 g 30 g
oil
water
What are the readings on the spring balances after three days?
shoot X shoot Y
A 30 g 30 g
B 30 g 25 g
C 25 g 30 g
D 25 g 25 g
19 What is the role of anaerobic respiration in bread-making?
A to produce alcohol to flavour the bread

B to produce gas to make the bread rise
C to release enough energy to bake the bread
D to release enough lactic acid to kill the yeast
20 Gas exchange in annelid worms occurs through the whole of the skin surface.
What are the most likely characteristics of the skin surface?
surface area condition

to volume ratio of surface
A large dry
B large wet
C small dry
D small wet

10
21 An athlete runs a race. The graph shows how the concentration of lactic acid in his leg muscles
changes.
6
lactic acid
concentration 4
(arbitary units)
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time from start of race / min
For how long did the athlete run?
A 2 minutes
B 4 minutes
C 6 minutes
D 10 minutes
22 The diagram shows the human excretory system and its main associated blood vessels.
Which labelled structure contains urine?
UCLES 2008 0610/01/O/N/08

2
1 Which process produces heat to maintain a persons body temperature?
A excretion
B nutrition
C reproduction
D respiration
2 Which shows an organism that has been named using the binomial system?
A Bacterium
B Flowering plant
C HIV
D Homo sapiens
Which arthropod is an insect?
A B C D
UCLES 2009 0610/11/O/N/09

3
4 The diagram shows a flowering plant.
Use the key to identify the plant.
plant
flower has four petals flower has five petals
leaves with leaves with leaves with leaves with

smooth edges jagged edges smooth edges jagged edges
A B C D
Which labelling line is not correct?
A cell membrane
B cytoplasm
C stoma
D cell wall

4
6 The photograph shows some human cells under the microscope.
What are structures P and Q?
P Q
A cytoplasm cell membrane

B cytoplasm cell wall
C nucleus cell membrane
D nucleus cell wall
7 Which cell moves dust particles out of the body?
A ciliated
B muscle
C red blood
D xylem
UCLES 2009 0610/11/O/N/09

5
8 The diagrams show four types of tissues found in living organisms.
Which tissue is involved in contraction?
A B C D
9 What increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen into red blood cells in the lungs?
A Air leaving the lungs is saturated with water vapour.

B Air leaving the lungs still contains 16 % oxygen.
C Blood arriving in the lungs is saturated with oxygen.
D Blood is taken away from the lungs as it circulates.
10 The diagrams show an experiment when set up and the same experiment two hours later.
when set up two hours later
partially
permeable
membrane
dye has
concentrated moved
sugar solution pure into this
coloured with dye water side
What explains the movement of water and dye?
movement of water movement of dye
A diffusion osmosis
B osmosis diffusion
C osmosis translocation
D translocation diffusion

6
11 Which graph shows the effect of temperature on the activity of a human digestive enzyme?
A B
rate of rate of
reaction reaction
20 70 20 70
C D
rate of rate of
reaction reaction
20 70 20 70
Which cell type absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day?
13 Which element is found in a molecule of chlorophyll?
A calcium
B iron
C lead
D magnesium
UCLES 2009 0610/11/O/N/09

7
14 Which substances do root hairs take from the soil?
A water and carbon dioxide

B water and mineral ions
C carbon dioxide and oxygen and mineral ions
D carbon dioxide and oxygen and water
15 The diagram shows a plant.
What is the pathway taken by most of the water absorbed by this plant?
A XYZ
B WYZ
C ZYX
D ZYW
16 What describes the aortic (semi-lunar) and bicuspid (mitral) heart valves when the left ventricle is
relaxing?
aortic valve bicuspid valve
A closed closed
B closed open
C open closed
D open open

8
17 The diagram shows the blood circulatory system of a human.
lungs
upper
body
liver
gut
kidneys
lower
body
How many times does the blood pass through the heart on its way from the kidneys to the aorta?
A one
B two
C four
D more than four
UCLES 2009 0610/11/O/N/09

8
4 Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a root of radish covered in many root hairs. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 4.1
(a) Root hairs absorb ions, such as nitrate ions and magnesium ions, from the soil by
active transport.
Explain how ions are absorbed by active transport into root hairs.
[3]
Many plants can be cultivated in nutrient solutions rather than in soil. This method of
cultivation is called hydroponics. Using this method a student investigated the growth rate
of radish plants.
Fig. 4.2 shows the apparatus that the student used.
solution solution
inflow outflow
nutrient solution
Fig. 4.2
UCLES 2009 0610/32/M/J/09

9
The student determined the dry mass of 10 radish plants over a period of time and For
calculated the rate of growth of the plants. The results are shown in Table 4.1. Examiner's
Use
Table 4.1
dry mass of 10
rate of growth /
time / weeks radish plants /
grams per week
grams
1 1.3 1.3
2 6.2 4.9
3 17.5 11.3
4 20.4 2.9
5 26.7 ..
6 28.0 1.3
(b) Calculate the rate of growth of the radish plants during week 5 and enter your answer
in Table 4.1. [1]
(c) Describe three factors that the student should keep constant during this investigation.
1.
2.
3.
[3]
(d) Describe how the student would find out the dry mass of the radish plants.
[3]

10
(e) The student also grew some radish plants in a solution that contained all the mineral For
ions required by plants except nitrate. The radish plants did not grow as well as those Examiner's
Use
given all the mineral ions.
(i) Describe the appearance of plants grown without any nitrate ions.
[2]
(ii) Outline how nitrate ions are used by plants to help their growth.
[2]
(f) Plants also require magnesium ions. If plants are grown where there is very little
magnesium available they show deficiency symptoms.
Explain how a deficiency of magnesium ions leads to poor growth in plants.
[3]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2009 0610/32/M/J/09

2
1 (a) Define the term sensitivity. For

Examiner's
Use
[2]
Fig. 1.1 shows a horizontal section through the eye.
X
D
A
Y
Fig. 1.1
(b) (i) Name structures A to D.
D [4]
(ii) State the functions of structures B and E.
E [2]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

4
2 A student measured the uptake and release of carbon dioxide from a plant during 24 hours. For
It was a very bright, sunny day between sunrise and sunset. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 2.1 shows the students results.
uptake of
carbon
dioxide
no net
uptake
or release
release of
carbon
dioxide
0000 0600 1200 1800 2400

time / h
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Use the information in Fig. 2.1 to state the time that sunrise occurred.
[1]
(ii) Using Fig. 2.1, state the times when there is no uptake or release of carbon
dioxide.
1.
2. [1]
(iii) State why plants release carbon dioxide at night.
[1]
(iv) Explain why it is important for plants that carbon dioxide uptake during the day is
greater than carbon dioxide released at night.
[2]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

6
The yields of tomatoes grown in open fields in India are very low compared with yields of For
tomatoes grown in glasshouses in Europe. Examiner's
Use
In a study, scientists in India grew tomato plants in glasshouses and in open fields nearby.
The growth of the plants and the yields of tomatoes were recorded.
Table 2.1
tomato plants grown in
glasshouses open fields

mean final height of
84.1 69.0
tomato plants / cm
mean number of
leaves per tomato 123.0 82.0
plant
mean fresh mass of
988.3 491.7
tomato plants / g
mass of tomatoes
2986.0 818.9
per plant / g
mean fresh mass of
95.0 84.4
tomatoes / g
(b) (i) The mean fresh mass of tomatoes grown in glasshouses was greater than the
mean fresh mass of tomatoes grown in open fields.
Calculate the difference in mean fresh mass as a percentage of the mean fresh
mass of tomatoes grown in open fields.
Show your working.
Answer = % [2]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

7
(ii) Suggest how an increase in the height of the plants and the number of leaves on For
each plant affects the yield of tomatoes. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(c) The scientists made sure that the only differences between the two groups of plants
were the result of the protection provided by the glasshouses.
Suggest the factors that the scientists should have kept the same for the two groups of
plants in this investigation.
[3]
(d) The growth and final yields of crops grown in open fields are often limited by
environmental factors.
Describe how these factors are controlled in commercial glasshouses to give high
yields of crops such as tomatoes.
[4]
[Total: 17]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10 [Turn over

11
Fig. 4.2 shows the pH ranges that some animals that live in lakes can tolerate. For
Examiner's
Use
animals pH
group examples 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
trout
fish bass
perch
frogs
amphibians
salamanders
clams
molluscs
snails
crustacean crayfish
mayfly larvae
insects
blackfly larvae
Fig. 4.2
(c) State one feature of molluscs that is not a feature of crustaceans.
[1]
(d) Using the information in Fig. 4.2,
(i) name an animal that could be found in a lake with a pH of 4.0;
[1]
(ii) name the animals that are most sensitive to a decrease in pH;
[1]
(iii) suggest why some animals cannot tolerate living in water of pH as low as 4.0.
[2]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10 [Turn over

12
5 Fig. 5.1 shows the processes involved in the manufacture of yoghurt. For
Examiner's
milk Use
sugar may be added
milk heat treated at 8595 C for 15 to 30 minutes
milk homogenised to give an even consistency
milk cooled
starter culture of bacteria added
mixture incubated at 37 44 C
oxygen used up
pH decreases
mixture cooled
food additives and fruit added
yoghurt is packed and sent at 4 C to shops
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Explain why the milk must be cooled before the bacteria are added.
[2]
(ii) Explain why the pH decreases only after the oxygen in the milk has been used up.
[2]
(iii) Suggest one type of food additive that could be added to yoghurt.
[1]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/M/J10

2
1 (a) Define the terms sensitivity and involuntary action. For

Examiner's
Use
sensitivity
involuntary action
[3]
Fig. 1.1 shows the reflex arc for the knee jerk reflex.
X
Y
kneecap
femur
sharp blow here D
tibia fibula
Fig. 1.1
UCLES 2010 0610/32/M/J/10

4
(d) Fig. 1.2 shows the grasping reflex of a baby. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.2
Suggest why it is a good idea to test a babys reflexes immediately after birth.
[1]
[Total: 13]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the root systems of two species of desert plant, A and B.
A B
soil level
20 m
Fig. 2.1
UCLES 2010 0610/32/M/J/10

5
(a) Describe the two root systems shown in Fig. 2.1 and explain how each is an adaptation For
for survival in a desert ecosystem. Examiner's
Use
[4]
(b) Describe and explain two ways in which the leaves of desert plants reduce water loss
in transpiration.
1.
2.
[4]
(c) Xylem and phloem are transport tissues in plants. They transport substances from
organs that are known as sources to organs known as sinks.
Complete the table to show:
two substances being transported in each tissue
an organ that is a source for substances being transported in each tissue
an organ that is a sink for substances being transported in each tissue.
source of
substances being sink for substances
tissue substances in the
transported in the plant
plant
1
xylem
2 .
1
phloem
2 .
[6]
[Total: 14]

6
3 The highest yields of potatoes are obtained in the USA. In Bangladesh they are very much For
lower. Scientists investigated the effects of improving soil fertility on the growth and yields Examiner's
Use
of potatoes in Bangladesh.
They carried out an investigation by dividing a field into four plots, E to H. The potatoes in
each plot received different treatments:
E no fertiliser or manure
F manure only
G chemical fertiliser only
H manure and chemical fertiliser
The scientists measured different aspects of growth and final yield of the potato plants.
Their results are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
mean plant mean fresh mass yield of potato

plot treatment height at of potato tubers tubers / tonnes
maturity / cm per plant / g per hectare
no fertiliser or
E 46.2 190.0 12.6
manure
F manure only 59.3 285.0 19.3
chemical fertiliser
G 66.1 320.5 21.2
only
manure and
H 71.5 365.0 24.3
chemical fertiliser
(a) (i) The yield of potato tubers was greater in plot H than in plot E.
Calculate the difference in yield as a percentage of the yield in plot E.

Show your working.
Answer = % [2]
(ii) Suggest and explain the importance of increased plant height in the production of
tubers.
[2]
UCLES 2010 0610/32/M/J/10

7
(iii) Describe the effect of adding manure and chemical fertilisers on the yield of potato For
tubers. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(iv) Manure and chemical fertilisers provide plants with nitrate ions.
Explain how extra nitrate ions in the soil may have increased the yield of the
potatoes.
[2]
(v) State why plot E was included in this investigation.
[1]
(b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adding chemical fertilisers to crops.
[5]
[Total: 15]

10
(e) State two ways in which the structure of a bacterium differs from the structure of a For
virus. Examiner's
Use
1.
2. [2]
(f) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells of the immune system.
Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system.
[4]
[Total: 15]
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a capillary inside a tissue.
lining of
capillary red blood cell
blood
flow
S
R
cell in tissue
Q
tissue fluid
Fig. 5.1
UCLES 2010 0610/32/M/J/10

11
(a) (i) State how oxygen passes from the capillary into cell Q and describe the function of For
this gas in a cell. Examiner's
Use
[2]
(ii) Name two substances required by cells, other than oxygen, that pass from the
blood to the tissue fluid at R.
1.
2. [1]
(iii) Name two substances produced by cells that pass from the tissue fluid to the
blood at S.
1.
2. [1]
(b) With reference to Fig. 5.1, describe and explain two ways in which capillaries are
adapted to their function.
1.
2.
[4]
(c) Tissue fluid drains into vessel P at T and eventually returns to the blood.
(i) Name the type of vessel labelled P.
[1]
(ii) Explain how fluid passes along these vessels.
[1]
[Total: 10]
0610/32/M/J/10
12
6 Carbon dioxide and methane are two important greenhouse gases. The effect of human For
activities in increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and Examiner's
Use
methane, is known as the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Fig. 6.1 shows the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere over
the past 1000 years.
380
360
340
concentration of
320
carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere /
parts per million 300
280
260
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
year
2.00
1.75
1.50
concentration of
methane in the
1.25
atmosphere /
parts per million
1.00
0.75
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
year
Fig. 6.1
UCLES 2010 0610/32/M/J/10

13
(a) Using information in Fig. 6.1, describe the trend in the concentrations of carbon dioxide For
and methane over the past 1000 years. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(b) Suggest and explain reasons for the trend in the concentrations of carbon dioxide and
methane that you described in (a).
[4]
(c) Explain how gases, such as those shown in Fig. 6.1, contribute to the greenhouse
effect.
[3]

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a section of a villus at two different magnifications. For

Examiner's
Use
...........................................
270
red blood cells
110
muscle tissue
...........................................
...........................................
Fig. 1.1
(a) Label the structures shown in Fig. 1.1.
Write the labels in the boxes in Fig. 1.1. [3]
UCLES 2011 0610/31/M/J/11

3
(b) Suggest the role of the muscle tissue shown in the villus in Fig. 1.1. For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
Fig. 1.2 shows an experiment to investigate the uptake of glucose by cells of the villi.
Two leak-proof bags were set up.

One bag was made from artificial partially permeable membrane (Visking tubing).
The other bag was made from a piece of small intestine containing living cells, with its
inner surface inside the bag.
The bags were filled with equal volumes of a dilute glucose solution.
The bags were suspended in the same glucose solution for two hours.
After two hours, the volumes of the bags were measured and the contents were tested
for the concentration of glucose.
glass rod to
beaker support bags
dilute glucose dilute glucose solution

solution inside maintained at 37 C
bags
10 cm length of artificial
10 cm length of
partially permeable
small intestine
membrane (Visking tubing)
containing living cells
Fig. 1.2
Inside the bag made from small intestine the volume and concentration of the glucose
solution decreased. There were no changes to the volume and concentration in the Visking
tubing bag.
(c) State and explain the process responsible for the decrease in the glucose
concentration in the bag made from small intestine.
[2]

4
(d) After two hours there was less water in the bag made from small intestine. For
Examiner's
Use
The volume of water in the bag made from small intestine decreased, but the volume in
the bag made from Visking tubing did not change. Explain why.
[3]
(e) An investigation studied the flow of water into and out of the human alimentary canal.
Table 1.1 shows the results.
Table 1.1
water into the alimentary canal water out of the alimentary canal
volume of water / method of water volume of water /

source of water
dm3 per day loss dm3 per day
stomach to the
water from diet 2.5 0.00
blood
small intestine to
saliva 1.5 9.00
the blood
large intestine to
gastric juice 2.4 0.85
the blood
bile 0.8 in the faeces 0.15
pancreatic juice 0.8
intestinal
2.0
secretions
(i) Name the part of the alimentary canal that secretes most water in a digestive juice.
[1]
(ii) Name the part of the alimentary canal that absorbs most water.
[1]
UCLES 2011 0610/31/M/J/11

5
(iii) Explain why water is added to food by the secretions shown in Table 1.1. For
Examiner's
Use
[3]
(iv) Explain why it is important that water is absorbed in the alimentary canal.
[2]
[Total: 17]

10
4 A healthy kidney controls the excretion of urea and other waste products of metabolism For
from the blood. Examiner's
Use
After kidney failure there are two possible treatments: dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Fig. 4.1 shows how blood and dialysis fluid move through a dialysis machine.
blood
flow dialysis fluid
B
bubble
trap
pump
blood
patients
arm
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe the changes that occur to the blood as it flows through the dialysis machine
from A to B.
[2]
UCLES 2011 0610/31/M/J/11

11
(b) Discuss the advantages of kidney transplants compared with dialysis. For
Examiner's
Use
[3]

14
5 (a) Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis using symbols. For

Examiner's
Use
[3]
Plants that live in water are called hydrophytes.
Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section of a leaf of the hydrophyte, Nuphar lutea. The leaves of
N. lutea float on the surface of water.
B
A
Fig. 5.1
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15
(b) Complete Table 5.1 by describing the function of each feature. For
The function for feature A has already been completed. Examiner's
Use
Table 5.1
feature function
A transparent to allow light to penetrate into the leaf
B
..
C
..
D
..
[3]
(c) State and explain one way in which the leaves of N. lutea are adapted to their
environment.
[2]

16
(d) A student investigated how magnesium affects the growth of duckweed, Spirodela For
polyrhiza. Examiner's
Use
He prepared dishes each containing 30 plants of S. polyrhiza. Each dish contained a

growth medium with different concentrations of a magnesium salt.
Fig. 5.2 shows one of the dishes.
single plant of
Spirodela polyrhiza
Fig. 5.2
After 33 days, the student counted the number of plants in each dish and recorded their
appearance. The results are shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2
concentration of
number of plants
magnesium salt / appearance of leaves after 33 days
after 33 days
mg per dm3
0.05 27 yellow with some green patches
0.10 64 green with yellow spots
0.15 92 green with yellow spots
0.20 105 green
0.25 109 green
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17
(i) Describe the effects of decreasing the concentration of magnesium salt on the For
growth of S. polyrhiza. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(ii) Explain how magnesium deficiency affects the growth and appearance of this
plant.
[3]
[Total: 14]

18
6 Fig. 6.1 shows three different insects. For

Examiner's
Use
Vespula flavopilosa Vespula rufa Callicera rufa

insect 1 insect 2 insect 3
Fig. 6.1
(a) Insects 1 and 2 are more closely related to each other than to insect 3.
(i) Explain how the binomial names indicate that insects 1 and 2 are more closely
related.
[2]
(ii) Explain how the appearance of the three insects suggests that insects 1 and 2 are
more closely related.
[2]
UCLES 2011 0610/31/M/J/11

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a person sitting in a room. A thermometer shows the temperature of the For
room. Examiner's
Use
50
40
30
C
20
10
Fig. 2.1
(a) Give three uses of energy in the body of the person in Fig. 2.1.
1.
2.
3. [3]
(b) Name the process carried out by the person in Fig. 2.1 that releases energy.
[2]
(c) The person leaves the room and runs very fast for 200 m. When the person stops
running, his breathing rate and his heart rate remain high.
Explain why the persons breathing rate and heart rate remain high after the run.
[4]
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5
(d) There are changes in the skin at the beginning of the run and during the run. These For
changes involve the blood vessels and the sweat glands. Examiner's
Use
Describe what happens to the blood vessels and sweat glands at the beginning of the
run and during the run.
Explain why these changes happen.
[5]
[Total: 14]

16
For
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a leaf and a flower of Helleborus orientalis. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 6.1
(a) H. orientalis is a dicotyledonous plant.
State three features visible in Fig. 6.1 that show it is a dicotyledonous plant.
1.
2.
3. [3]
Fig. 6.2 is a photograph of a section through a leaf of H. orientalis.

A
0.1 mm
G F
Fig. 6.2
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17
(b) Complete the table, using ticks (), to show the cells that carry out photosynthesis. For
Examiner's
Use
cells that carry out
cell
photosynthesis
A
[2]
(c) Explain how two features of leaves, visible in sections such as that shown in Fig. 6.2,
are adaptations for efficient photosynthesis.
1.
2.
[4]

18
(d) During the period when H. orientalis is photosynthesising at a fast rate, substances are For
transported through the plant in the phloem from sources to sinks. Examiner's
Use
(i) Name two substances that are translocated from a source to a sink.
[2]
(ii) For these substances state the source and two possible sinks.
source
sink 1
sink 2 [2]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2011 0610/32/M/J/11

2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the human digestive system. For

Examiner's
Use
H C
E
G
Fig. 1.1
Use the letters from Fig. 1.1 to complete Table 1.1 to give the part of the human digestive
system that is identified by each function.
Write one letter only in each box. You may use the same letter more than once. There are some
letters that you will not use. The first one has been done for you.
Table 1.1
function letter
peristalsis B
protein digestion
insulin production
deamination
partially digested food is mixed with bile
most water is reabsorbed

[5]
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3
The human diet provides nutrients for the synthesis of biological molecules that make up For
cells, cell products and tissues. Examiner's
Use
(b) (i) Complete Table 1.2 to show the nutrients that are absorbed from food to
synthesise the large molecules listed.
Table 1.2
large molecules nutrients absorbed
protein
glycogen
fat
[3]
(ii) Mineral ions are required in the human diet in small quantities.
State the mineral ion required for each process:
making bone
making haemoglobin. [2]
(iii) State another type of nutrient required in the human diet in small quantities.
[1]

5
2 The Galpagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean have many species of animals and plants that For
live nowhere else. Iguanas are large herbivorous reptiles. Four species of iguana live on the Examiner's
Use
Galpagos Islands:
marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus

land iguana, Conolophus subcristatus
Santa Fe land iguana, Conolophus pallidus
pink land iguana, Conolophus rosada
Fig. 2.1 shows a marine iguana.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Reptiles and mammals are both vertebrates.
State three features of mammals that are not found in reptiles.
3 [3]

8
3 In Sichuan, in China, a sauce is made from broad bean seeds that have germinated and For
then have been left to ferment. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 3.1 shows a germinating broad bean seed.
N
Fig. 3.1
(a) Name K to N.
N [4]
Broad beans contain starch. The germinating beans are colonised by yeasts and other
fungi, such as Aspergillus.
Aspergillus grows over the surface of beans and digests starch. It has a body made of thin
threads that secrete enzymes, such as amylase.
(b) Name the thin threads that make up the body of a fungus, such as Aspergillus.
[1]
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9
(c) The action of enzymes is often explained in terms of the lock and key model as shown For
in Fig. 3.2. Examiner's
Use
substrate
enzyme
Fig. 3.2
Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to explain how enzymes work to break down nutrient
materials, such as starch.
[4]

10
Enzymes in bean seeds are activated during germination. Some of these enzymes break For
down protein stored in the seeds. Examiner's
Use
A large number of bean seeds were soaked and germinated. Researchers took samples of
germinating seeds over a period of 15 days. The seeds were chopped into small pieces and
crushed with water to make an extract. Equal quantities of the extracts were placed into
protein solutions at pH 5 and at pH 8.
The activity of the enzymes in each extract was determined by recording how quickly the
protein was broken down. The results are shown in Fig. 3.3.
40 pH 8
35
30
25
enzyme activity
/ arbitrary units 20
15 pH 5
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time / days
Fig. 3.3
(d) Describe the activity of the enzymes in the extracts at pH 5 over 15 days.
[3]
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11
(e) The researchers concluded that the beans contained two different enzymes that break For
down protein. Examiner's
Use
State the evidence from Fig. 3.3 for this conclusion.
[3]
[Total: 15]

3
1 Fig. 1.1 A shows a cell from the lining of the alimentary canal. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.1 B shows a cell from the lining of a kidney tubule.
Both cells absorb substances into the blood.
C C
A B
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the structures labelled C on the cells in Fig. 1.1.
[1]
(b) List three substances that are absorbed by both cells shown in Fig. 1.1.
3 [3]
(c) Explain how both cells shown in Fig. 1.1 are adapted for absorption of substances into
the blood.
[2]
(d) Name the part of the alimentary canal that is lined by the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 A.
[1]
[Total: 7]

4
2 (a) Define the term growth. For

Examiner's
Use
[2]
Some students investigated the responses of tomato seedlings to receiving light from one
side (unidirectional light).
The students germinated tomato seeds in the dark and then placed the seedlings in
test-tubes with water. The seedlings were treated in four different ways, E to H, as shown in
Fig. 2.1. The responses of the seedlings are shown in Fig. 2.2.
E F G H
cover that light cannot get through
light
Fig. 2.1
E F G H
light
Fig. 2.2
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5
(b) Name the response shown by the tomato seedling, F, which has bent 90 towards the For
light. Examiner's
Use
[2]
(c) Using the results shown in Fig. 2.2, suggest what conclusions may be made about how
the tomato seedlings detected the stimulus of unidirectional light.
You may refer to the seedlings by the letters E to H.
[3]
(d) Explain the advantage of the response shown by seedlings to unidirectional light.
[2]
(e) Responses to light are coordinated by plant growth substances known as auxins.
Explain the role of auxins in coordinating the response.
[2]

6
(f) Research workers in India tested the hypothesis that pigments in tomato seedlings For
detect blue light. They used a variety of tomato seedling that does not have the ability Examiner's
Use
to make a certain pigment.
These seedlings and a control group of seedlings were grown in the dark and then
exposed to unidirectional blue light for 360 minutes.
The scientists measured the degree of bending of the seedlings at intervals during the
360 minutes. Their results are shown in Fig. 2.3.
80
control
70 group
60
50
degree of
bending 40
30
20
10 no
pigment
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
time / min
Fig. 2.3
(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 2.3.
[4]
UCLES 2012 0610/32/M/J/12

3
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a goliath beetle, Goliathus giganteus. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.1
(a) State two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show that Goliathus giganteus is an
arthropod.
2 [2]

4
Various arthropods are pests of date palms and cause much damage to this important crop For
throughout the Middle East. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.2 shows eight species of arthropod that are pests of date palms.
D E
F
G
Fig. 1.2
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5
(b) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species, B to H, in the For
correct box in the key. One, A, has been done for you. Examiner's
Use
Key
1 (a) Wings present
go to 2
(b) Wings absent
go to 7
2 (a) Back legs adapted for jumping
Schistocerca gregaria A
(b) Back legs not adapted for
go to 3
jumping
3 (a) Two pairs of wings
go to 4
(b) One pair of wings
Drosophila melanogaster
.........
4 (a) Wings with hairs
go to 5
(b) Wings with no hairs
go to 6
5 (a) Hairs on back wings longer
Ephestia cautella
than width of back wing .........
(b) Hairs on back wings shorter
Batrachedra amydraula
than width of back wing .........
6 (a) Thorax with spots
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
.........
(b) Thorax with no spots
Oryctes agamemnon
.........
7 (a) Three pairs of legs
Microcerotermes diversus
.........
(b) Four pairs of legs
Oligonychus afrasiaticus
.........
[4]

10
2 The light sensitive cells in the eye are known as rods and cones. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 2.1 shows drawings of a rod cell and a cone cell.
C A
rod cell cone cell
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the structures labelled A to C.
C [3]
(b) (i) Name the tissue in the eye where rods and cones are found.
[1]
(ii) Name the parts of this tissue where there are
cones but no rods
no cones or rods [2]
UCLES 2012 0610/33/M/J/12

12
3 Many growers of crops in glasshouses use carbon dioxide enrichment to improve yields. For
Examiner's
Use
(a) Explain the advantages of carbon dioxide enrichment of glasshouses.
[2]
Fig. 3.1 shows the carbon dioxide concentrations inside three glasshouses, D, E and F, on
a hot day with bright sunlight.
Glasshouses D and E received carbon dioxide enrichment and were ventilated by

opening the windows.
Glasshouse F did not receive any extra carbon dioxide and the windows were closed.
The carbon dioxide concentrations in the glasshouses and in the atmosphere were
measured. The concentration in the atmosphere was 0.039 %.
D E F
CO2 CO2
concentration of concentration of concentration of

CO2 = 0.041 % CO2 = 0.070 % CO2 = 0.020 %
Fig. 3.1
The rate of uptake of carbon dioxide by the crop plants was measured in grams of carbon
dioxide absorbed per square metre of glasshouse per hour. These results are shown in
Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
rate of uptake of carbon dioxide by crop

glasshouse
plants / g per m2 per hour
D 2.5
E 5.7
F 1.0
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13
(b) Suggest why it may not be cost effective to maintain a high concentration of carbon For
dioxide in glasshouse E compared to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Examiner's
Use
atmosphere.
[2]
(c) (i) Concentrations of carbon dioxide in all three glasshouses in Fig. 3.1 increased at
night. State why this happened.
[1]
(ii) Explain why it is important to ventilate glasshouses by opening the windows.
[4]
[Total: 9]

14
4 The liver is an organ with a large number of different functions. For

Examiner's
Fig. 4.1 shows the liver, its blood supply and some other organs. The blood vessels are Use
labelled P to R.
to heart from heart
P
aorta
liver
bile duct
gall bladder vena cava
duodenum
Fig. 4.1
(a) A person eats a meal containing protein and carbohydrate.
Complete Table 4.1 to show the blood vessel that has the highest concentration of
glucose, oxygen and urea as this meal is absorbed.
Use the letter, P, Q or R to identify each blood vessel.
Table 4.1
substance transported by
letter of blood vessel in Fig. 4.1
blood
glucose

oxygen

urea

Write the letters for the blood vessels with the highest concentration of each
substance in the spaces on Table 4.1. [3]
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15
(b) Amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine and transported to the liver. For
Examiner's
Use
Describe how the liver is involved in the metabolism of amino acids.
[3]
(c) Describe the effects on the liver of the following.
(i) insulin released from the pancreas
[2]
(ii) adrenaline released from the adrenal glands
[2]
(iii) excessive long-term consumption of alcohol
[2]

16
(d) Cholesterol can accumulate in the gall bladder to form gall stones. These gall stones For
may stop bile flowing from the liver through the bile duct and into the duodenum. Examiner's
Use
Explain the possible effect of gall stones on the digestion of fat.
[4]
[Total: 16]
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17
5 The egg cell is the female gamete. Fig. 5.1 shows an ovum at the time of ovulation. The For
ovum is surrounded by a jelly coat and many follicle cells. Examiner's
Use
jelly
coat
egg cell
follicle
cells
0.14 mm
Fig. 5.1
(a) Calculate the magnification of the egg cell as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Show your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number.
answer = [2]
(b) State three ways in which the structure of an egg cell, as shown in Fig. 5.1, differs
from the structure of a sperm cell.
3 [3]
(c) Meiosis is involved in the production of male and female gametes.
Explain why it is important that meiosis occurs during the production of gametes.
[2]

20
6 (a) Explain why it is important to recycle paper rather than burn it. For
Examiner's
Use
[3]
When paper is recycled printing ink has to be removed.
Printing ink contains lipid-based compounds. The ink is removed by making the paper into a
pulp and mixing it with lipase for several hours.
Scientists in India discovered that the marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, produces
lipase. They carried out an investigation to find out whether using V. alginolyticus to remove
ink from paper pulp was as effective as mixing it with a solution of lipase.
(b) The bacteria were found to be more effective at removing the ink from the paper pulp
than using the solution of lipase.
Suggest why.
[3]
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21
(c) The scientists also investigated the effect of temperature on the ability of the bacteria to For
remove ink from paper pulp. They found that bacteria kept at high temperatures did not Examiner's
Use
remove ink from the paper pulp.
Explain why.
[2]
[Total: 8]
UCLES 2012 0610/33/M/J/12

2
1 The kidneys remove metabolic waste from the liquid part of the blood. For
Examiner's
Use
Name:
(i) the liquid part of the blood;
[1]
(ii) the process that involves removing metabolic waste from the body.
[1]
Fig. 1.1 shows a kidney tubule and its associated blood vessels.
X
A
Fig. 1.1
(b) Describe the functions of the regions labelled A and B.
[4]
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3
Table 1.1 shows the concentrations of some substances in the blood at X, the fluid at Y and For
the urine at Z. Examiner's
Use
Table 1.1
concentration / g per 100 cm3

substance
blood at X fluid at Y urine at Z
glucose 0.1 0.1 0.0
protein 7 0 0
sodium ions 0.35 0.35 0.5
urea 0.03 0.03 2.0
(c) Name the substance shown in Table 1.1 that:
(i) has molecules that are too large to pass through the walls of capillaries;
[1]
(ii) is all reabsorbed in the kidney;
[1]
(iii) is a metabolic waste product.
[1]
(d) Explain why the concentrations of sodium ions and urea are greater at Z than at Y.
[2]

4
(e) People who have acute kidney failure are given dialysis treatment. For
Examiner's
Use
In dialysis machines, the blood flows through narrow tubes made from partially
permeable membranes, surrounded by dialysis fluid.
(i) Dialysis fluid contains sodium ions.
Use the information in Table 1.1 to suggest the concentration of sodium ions that
should be in the fluid and give a reason for your answer.
concentration g per 100 cm3
reason
[2]
(ii) State two components of blood that are not in dialysis fluid.
2 [2]
(f) Heparin is added to the blood before it returns to the body from the dialysis machine.
Heparin prevents a persons blood from clotting.
Describe the process of blood clotting.
[3]
[Total: 18]
UCLES 2013 0610/32/M/J/13

12
4 Sorghum bicolor is a cereal crop important in many dry areas of the world. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 4.1 shows some plants of S. bicolor growing in a field in China.
Fig. 4.1
(a) S. bicolor is a monocotyledon.
State two features that are used to identify plants as monocotyledons.
2 [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the flower heads of sorghum. Pollen is released from the individual
flowers when they open.
Most sorghum flowers are self-pollinated and then self-fertilised.
(i) State the meanings of the terms pollination and fertilisation.
pollination
fertilisation
[2]
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13
(ii) Describe two implications of self-pollination. For

Examiner's
Use
1
[2]
(c) Describe the events that occur in flowering plants after fertilisation to form a seed.
[4]
(d) In India, the cultivation of sorghum has decreased because now people prefer foods
based on wheat and rice.
There are alternative uses of sorghum in the production of new foods, processed foods
and as feed for animals.
Explain why it is less efficient to feed crops, such as sorghum, to animals rather than to
use them for human foods.
[3]
[Total: 13]

15
(b) Table 5.1 shows four functions of the alimentary canal. For
Examiner's
Use
Complete the table by:
naming the part of the system that carries out each of the functions;
using the letters from Fig. 5.1 to identify the part of the system named.
One row has been completed for you.
Table 5.1
function name of part letter from Fig. 5.1
produces bile liver J

most soluble food is absorbed
into the blood
indigestible food is egested
hydrochloric acid is produced

protease, lipase and amylase
are produced
[4]
(c) Some people develop gallstones, made of cholesterol, that accumulate in the gall
bladder and the bile duct. Gallstones block the flow of bile.
Explain how gallstones can affect the digestion of fat.
[3]

17
6 In some countries forests are cleared by burning. This produces carbon dioxide and ash. For
Examiner's
Use
(a) Outline the environmental effects of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as
a result of burning forests.
[4]
(b) The ash helps crops to grow because it is rich in minerals, such as magnesium ions,
but it is deficient in nitrate ions.
Explain why nitrate ions and magnesium ions are important for plants.
[4]

18
(c) When mineral ions from soils are washed into streams and rivers there is often a rapid For
growth of algae. Examiner's
Use
(i) State the name of the effect that is caused by adding mineral ions to streams and
rivers.
[1]
(ii) These streams and rivers often have low concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
Explain why.
[2]
(d) Untreated domestic sewage contains organic waste as well as dissolved minerals.
Outline how sewage is treated so that the water may be recycled as drinking water.
[3]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2013 0610/32/M/J/13

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows three annelid species and Ascaris lumbricoides, a species of nematode. For
Examiner's
Use
Chaetopterus Nereis Lagisca Ascaris

variopedatus diversicolor flocculosa lumbricoides
annelids nematode
not drawn to scale
Fig. 1.1
(a) State three features shown by the three annelid species that are not shown by the
nematode species.
3 [3]
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3
(b) Organisms are given two names, e.g. Nereis diversicolor. For
Examiner's
Use
State what is meant by the first name.
[1]
(c) N. diversicolor is a filter feeder. It filters plankton from sea water.
Annelids like N. diversicolor form an important part of the ecosystems of estuaries.
Fish feed on annelids when the sea covers the mud in the estuary.
When the tide is out wading birds are the main predators of annelids.
Birds of prey are the main predators of the wading birds.
(i) Explain the term ecosystem.
[3]
(ii) Use the space below to draw a food chain for the estuary ecosystem when the
tide is out.
[2]
(iii) Describe the advantages of drawing a food web rather than a food chain for an
ecosystem.
[2]

4
(d) The palolo worm is a species of annelid that lives on coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean. For
Examiner's
Use
At certain times of the year, all the worms in an area leave their burrows to swim to the
surface.
They all release their gametes into the water at the same time.
This is known as mass spawning.
Suggest the advantages of having mass spawning occurring only at certain times of the
year and not all year round.
[3]
(e) Meiosis is involved in producing gametes in palolo worms.
Describe how meiosis differs from mitosis and explain why meiosis is important for the
production of gametes.
[4]
[Total: 18]
UCLES 2013 0610/33/MJ/13

5
2 Fanwort, Cabomba caroliniana, is an aquatic plant often used to provide oxygen in fish For
tanks. Examiner's
Use
Some students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of

C. caroliniana. The apparatus that they used is shown in Fig. 2.1.
stopwatch
thermometer ruler
oil droplet capillary

tubing
water with sodium

hydrogencarbonate
beaker of water
bench lamp Cabomba caroliniana
Fig. 2.1
(a) Explain why:
(i) the lamp was kept at the same distance from the C. caroliniana throughout the
investigation;
[2]
(ii) the water was enriched with carbon dioxide by adding sodium hydrogencarbonate.
[2]

6
The students determined the rate of photosynthesis by measuring the movement of the oil For
droplet along the glass tubing. Examiner's
Use
Their results are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
distance travelled by the droplet / mm per

minute
temperature / C
1 2 3 mean
17 5 3 3 3.7
21 10 15 11 12.0
23 20 10 15 15.0
25 30 15 15 20.0
30 50 40 30 40.0
45 5 3 5 4.3
50 1 0 1 0.7
(b) Describe the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of C. caroliniana.
[3]
UCLES 2013 0610/33/MJ/13

7
(c) Photosynthesis is a chemical process catalysed by enzymes. For

Examiner's
Use
Explain how the results shown in Table 2.1 support the idea that enzymes are involved
in photosynthesis.
[4]
(d) C. caroliniana originally grew only in Latin America.
This plant has escaped into the wild in Australia where its rapid growth has reduced the
biodiversity of many streams and rivers.
Suggest why the growth of C. caroliniana in Australia is far greater than in Latin
America.
[2]
[Total: 13]

8
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of a cell from the pancreas that secretes the hormone, insulin. For
Examiner's
Use
A
Fig. 3.1
(a) State one function of each of the parts of the cell labelled A, B and C.
C [3]
(b) Glucose in the blood is absorbed by liver cells and muscle cells. These cells convert
glucose to glycogen for storage.
Explain why glucose needs to be converted to glycogen for storage rather than
remaining dissolved in the blood.
[2]
UCLES 2013 0610/33/MJ/13

9
(c) Other cells in the pancreas secrete the hormone glucagon. For
Examiner's
Use
Glucagon stimulates liver cells, but has no effect on muscle cells.
(i) State the effect that glucagon has on liver cells.
[1]
(ii) State how hormones, such as glucagon and insulin, travel around the body.
[1]
(d) Hormone Growth Promotants (HGPs) are hormones. HGPs are used to improve the
production of food from animals.
Many of these HGPs are hormones that are secreted naturally by the gonads (ovaries
and testes).
Name two hormones that are secreted by the gonads.
2 [2]
(e) The hormones are given to cattle by placing implants behind the ears. These release
the hormones slowly during the animals life time.
The advantages of using HGPs in meat production are:
more meat is produced per animal;

a 15 to 30 % increase in growth rate;
a 5 to 15 % improvement in conversion of feed into meat;
a decrease in greenhouse emissions from cattle.
Suggest:
(i) the advantages of an increase in the conversion of feed into meat for the farmer;
[2]

10
(ii) how the use of HGPs leads to a decrease in greenhouse emissions from cattle. For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
(f) HGPs are used in animal production systems in North America and Australia.
The European Union (EU) has banned the use of HGPs and the import of meat from
countries where the hormones are used.
Suggest reasons for the ban on the use of HGPs in the EU.
[2]
[Total: 15]
UCLES 2013 0610/33/MJ/13

11
4 Blood is distributed through the body of a mammal in blood vessels. The blood supply to For
muscles changes considerably at the start and at the end of exercise. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 4.1 shows a cross section of a blood vessel as seen with an electron microscope.
cell X
liquid Y
Fig. 4.1
(a) Name:
(i) cell X;
[1]
(ii) liquid Y;
[1]
(iii) the type of blood vessel shown in Fig. 4.1.
[1]
(b) State three substances that move across the wall of the blood vessel at Z.
3 [3]

12
(c) Table 4.1 shows the distribution of blood to different organs at rest and during exercise. For
Examiner's
Use
Table 4.1
blood flow / cm3 per minute

percentage
regions of the body
during strenuous change / %
at rest
exercise
heart muscle 250 750 200
kidneys 1 200 600 -50
skeletal muscles 1 000 12 500
skin 400 1 900 375
liver and alimentary canal 1 400 600 -57
brain 750 750 0
others 600 400 -33
total 5 600 17 500 213
(i) Calculate the percentage change in the blood supply to the skeletal muscles.
Show your working.
Write your answer in Table 4.1.
[1]
UCLES 2013 0610/33/MJ/13

3
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the human head, neck and thorax. For
Examiner's
Use
J B
H
C
G D
E
Fig. 1.1
Complete Table 1.1 by writing one letter from Fig. 1.1 to identify the named structures.
The first one has been done for you.
Table 1.1
structure letter from Fig. 1.1
left lung D
bronchus
diaphragm
intercostal muscle
rib
trachea
[5]

4
(b) In an investigation, a student breathed in and out of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.2. For
Examiner's
Use
Valve X opens to allow atmospheric air in while valve Y is closed.
When the student breathes out, valve X is closed and valve Y opens to allow breathed
out air into the bag.
atmospheric
air
valve X
valve Y
air breathed out
bag for collection

of breathed out air
breathed out air
Fig. 1.2
The student breathed in and out four times. The bag was sealed and the volume of air
inside the bag was measured.
A sample of air from the bag was analysed for the percentage composition of oxygen,
carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
The student then did some vigorous exercise for five minutes. After the exercise, the
student repeated the procedure.
The results of the investigation are shown in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2
sample of breathed out air
before exercise after exercise
total volume of air collected in bag / cm3 2 000 15 000
mean volume of air per breath / cm3 500
percentage of oxygen / % 17.2 15.3
percentage of carbon dioxide / % 3.6 5.5
percentage of nitrogen / % 74.9 74.7
UCLES 2013 0610/31/M/J/13

5
(i) Calculate the mean volume of air per breath after exercise. For
Examiner's
Use
Write your answer in Table 1.2.
Show your working.
[1]
(ii) Suggest one way, not shown in Table 1.2, in which the students breathing
changed after exercise.
[1]
(iii) The figures in Table 1.2 for the percentage composition of air in each sample do
not add up to 100 %.
Name one other gas that would be present in both samples of air.
[1]
(iv) The results for oxygen and carbon dioxide in the samples of breathed out air taken
before and after exercise are different.
Describe and explain these differences.
[3]
[Total: 11]

12
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a cross section of part of a stem of buttercup, Ranunculus. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 4.2 is an outline drawing of one vascular bundle from the stem of Ranunculus.
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.2
(a) Draw and label the position of the xylem and the phloem in the outline of the vascular
bundle in Fig. 4.2. [2]
(b) Name the carbohydrate that is transported in the phloem.
[1]
UCLES 2013 0610/31/M/J/13

13
(c) Substances transported in the phloem are carried upwards in the stem at some times For
of the year and downwards at other times. Examiner's
Use
Explain why substances are transported in the phloem upwards at one time of the year
and downwards at another.
[4]
(d) Define the term transpiration.
[3]

14
(e) The rattan palm is a plant that climbs on rainforest trees to heights of about 40 metres. For
Examiner's
Use
Explain how water is moved to the tops of tall plants, such as the rattan palm.
[4]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2013 0610/31/M/J/13

15
5 Enzymes are necessary for many biological processes, such as the digestion of fat. For
Examiner's
lipase Use
fat + water fatty acids + glycerol
(a) (i) Explain why enzymes are necessary for biological processes.
[3]
(ii) Lipase, protease and amylase are enzymes secreted into the alimentary canal.
Name one organ that secretes each enzyme. Choose your answers from this list.
colon gall bladder liver oesophagus
pancreas rectum salivary glands stomach
You can use each organ only once.
lipase
protease
amylase [3]

16
(b) A group of students investigated the digestion of fat in milk. For

Examiner's
Use
They added an alkaline solution to the milk.
They divided the milk into four test-tubes.
They added lipase and bile salts to some of the test-tubes, as shown in Table 5.1.
They did this at the same time for each test-tube.
They kept all test-tubes at 40 C.
After 5 minutes, they added Universal Indicator solution to each test-tube.
Table 5.1
colour of pH indicator after 5

test-tube contents
minutes at 40 C
milk, alkaline solution, lipase and bile
A orange
salts
milk, alkaline solution, bile salts and
B blue
water
milk, alkaline solution, lipase and
C yellow
water
D milk, alkaline solution and water blue
Fig. 5.1 shows the colour of the indicator at different pH values.
red orange yellow green blue purple
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Fig. 5.1
(i) Explain why test-tube D was included in the investigation.
[2]
UCLES 2013 0610/31/M/J/13

17
(ii) Explain why the colour in test-tube A was orange. For

Examiner's
Use
[3]
(iii) Explain the results for test-tubes B and C.
test-tube B
test-tube C
[4]
[Total: 15]

18
6 Bacteria and animals are found in many habitats on land and in the sea. For
Examiner's
Use
(a) State two ways in which the structure of a bacterial cell differs from the structure of an
animal cell.
2 [2]
(b) Some bacteria were grown in the laboratory. Fig. 6.1 shows the change in numbers of
bacteria when grown in a closed flask containing nutrients and oxygen.
800
D
700
C
600
500
number of
E
bacteria / 400
cells 106
per cm3 B
300
200
100
A
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / hours
Fig. 6.1
(i) Name the phases of growth, A and B.
B [2]
UCLES 2013 0610/31/M/J/13

19
(ii) Explain why the numbers of bacteria do not change in phase D and decrease in For
phase E. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(c) Fig. 6.2 shows the vent crab, Bythograea thermydron, which lives at great depths in the
sea where there is no light.
Fig. 6.2
(i) State one feature, visible in Fig. 6.2, that show that B. thermydron is an arthropod.
[1]

20
(ii) Although most species of crabs are red, brown or green, B. thermydron is white. For
Examiner's
Use
Suggest and explain how white crabs evolved at great depths in the sea.
[4]
[Total: 12]
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Figure 1.1 B S Beckett; Biology, A Modern Introduction; Oxford University Press.

Figure 4.1 Ref: B725/0317; Buttercup Stem (Ranunculus sp.); Herve Conge; ISM Science Photo Library.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
UCLES 2013 0610/31/M/J/13

8
3 Mycoprotein is similar to single cell protein and is sold as an alternative to meat such as For
beef. Examiner's
Use
Table 3.1 shows the composition of mycoprotein and beef.
Table 3.1
dry mass / g per 100 g

nutrient
mycoprotein uncooked beef
protein 49.0 51.4
fat 9.2 48.6
fibre (roughage) 19.5 0.0
carbohydrate 20.6 0.0
(a) (i) State two differences in composition between mycoprotein and beef.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) Using data from Table 3.1, suggest two reasons why eating mycoprotein is better
for health than eating beef.
Explain your answers.
reason 1
explanation
reason 2
explanation
[4]
UCLES 2008 0610/32/O/N/08

9
(b) (i) Calculate the dry mass of mycoprotein not represented by protein, fat, fibre or For
carbohydrate. Examiner's
Use
Show your working.
Answer g [2]
(ii) Suggest one nutrient that this dry mass might contain.
[1]

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a bacterium, a virus and a fungus. For

Examiner's
Use
not to scale
Fig. 1.1
(a) Complete the table to compare the three organisms shown in Fig. 1.1 by using a tick
() to indicate if the organism shows the feature, or a cross (x) if it does not. The first
row has been completed for you.
feature bacterium virus fungus
produces
spores x x
hyphae
capsule
nucleus
[3]
(b) Explain how the fungus shown in Fig. 1.1 is adapted to obtain its food.
[3]
UCLES 2009 0610/31/O/N/09

3
(c) Explain how the fungus spreads to new sources of food. For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
[Total: 8]

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a villus from the small intestine of a mammal and an enlarged view of a cell For
from region A. Examiner's
Use
microvilli
A
mitochondria
magnification 110 magnification 2600
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name regions A, B and C.
C [3]
(b) Explain why the cells from region A have many microvilli and mitochondria.
many microvilli
many mitochondria
[4]
UCLES 2009 0610/31/O/N/09

5
(c) The Food Standards Agency in the UK defines a food additive as: For
Examiner's
Use
any substance intentionally added to food for a specific function that is not normally
eaten as a food or used as a characteristic ingredient in food.
Some additives are naturally occurring substances, but others are man-made. Some
additives have been identified as a risk to peoples health.
(i) State two benefits of using food additives in processed foods.
1.
2.
[2]
(ii) State four possible risks to health that have been linked to food additives.
[4]
[Total: 13]

6
3 A student set up the apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1 to investigate the effect of light intensity on For
the rate of photosynthesis of a pond plant. Examiner's
Use
gas collects
here glass tank
with water
test-tube
pond plant
syringe
stop-clock
0
scale / mm
10
20
30
air bubble
40 movement of
in capillary
air bubble
tube 50
movable
60 lamp
70
80
ruler
Fig. 3.1
The student maintained the temperature at 20 oC and measured the distance travelled by
the air bubble in the capillary tube for a period of five minutes on three occasions for each
light intensity.
The students results are shown in Table 3.1 on page 8.
UCLES 2009 0610/31/O/N/09

7
(a) (i) Explain why the student included the glass tank and the syringe in the apparatus. For
Examiner's
Use
glass tank
syringe
[2]
(ii) Explain why the air bubble moves down the capillary tube.
[3]

8
Table 3.1 For

Examiner's
Use
distance of lamp from distance travelled by rate of photosynthesis /
pond plant / mm air bubble / mm mm per minute
20 30 6.0
30 26 5.2
40 14 2.8
50 7
60 3 0.6
(b) (i) Calculate the rate of photosynthesis when the lamp was 50 mm from the
pond plant and write your answer in the table. [1]
7
6
rate of photosynthesis / mm per minute
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
distance / mm
Fig. 3.2
UCLES 2009 0610/31/O/N/09

9
(ii) Plot the students results from Table 3.1 on the axes on Fig. 3.2. For
Draw an appropriate line on the graph to show the relationship between Examiner's
Use
distance of the lamp from the pond plant and the rate of photosynthesis. [2]
(c) (i) Using the graph to help you, predict the results that the student would get if the
lamp was positioned 15 mm and 70 mm from the pond plant.
15 mm mm per minute
70 mm mm per minute [2]
(ii) Explain why the rate of photosynthesis decreases as the distance of the lamp
from the pond plant increases.
[3]
[Total: 13]

10
4 (a) Mammals have a double circulatory system. For

Examiner's
Use
Explain what is meant by a double circulatory system.
[1]
Fig. 4.1 shows sections of three blood vessels: an artery, a capillary and a vein.
artery capillary vein
Fig. 4.1
(b) State one function for each of the blood vessels shown in Fig. 4.1.
artery
capillary
vein
[3]
UCLES 2009 0610/31/O/N/09

16
6 (a) List four chemical elements that are found in proteins. For
Examiner's
Use
1.
2.
3.
4. [4]
Fig. 6.1 is a photograph of some root nodules from a pea plant, which is a type of legume.
Fig. 6.1
(b) Nodules like those in Fig. 6.1 develop on the roots of pea plants and other legumes
when the soil is lacking in nitrate ions.
Explain what happens inside the nodule to help legume plants grow in soils lacking
nitrate ions.
[3]
UCLES 2009 0610/31/O/N/09

17
(c) After the peas have been harvested, the plants are ploughed back into the soil. For
Examiner's
Use
Describe what happens in the soil to convert dead plant material into nitrate ions that
plants can absorb.
[6]
(d) Nutrients in the soil can act as a limiting factor for crop growth.
List three other factors that may limit the growth of a crop plant.
1.
2.
3. [3]
QUESTION 6 CONTINUES ON PAGE 18

10
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a kidney tubule and its associated blood vessels. For
Examiner's
Use
X
urine
Fig. 4.1
(a) Use label lines and the letters P, Q and R to identify the areas in the tubule shown in
Fig. 4.1.
P where blood is filtered,
Q where glucose is reabsorbed,
R where the concentration of urine may be increased by the reabsorption of water. [3]
UCLES 2009 0610/32/O/N/09

11
(b) Water is reabsorbed in the kidney. For

Examiner's
Use
Explain how water is reabsorbed in the kidney.
[2]
(c) Describe what happens to the urine after leaving the kidney tubule at X on Fig. 4.1.
[2]
(d) Describe the functions of the liver in excretion.
[3]
[Total: 10]

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical section through a flower of soybean, Glycine max, following For
self-pollination. Fig. 1.2 shows part of the section at a higher magnification. Examiner's
Use
stigma
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A to C shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2.
C [3]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/O/N/10

3
(ii) Describe what happens to the structures shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 to bring about For
fertilisation. You may refer to the structures labelled A to C by their letters if you Examiner's
Use
wish.
[3]
(iii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self-pollination for flowering plants,
such as soybean.
advantages
disadvantages
[4]
(b) Soybean is a dicotyledonous plant.
(i) Name the genus to which the soybean belongs.
[1]
(ii) State two features which are only found in dicotyledonous plants.
1.
2. [2]
[Total: 13]

6
3 (a) Define the term aerobic respiration. For

Examiner's
Use
[2]
During exercise the movement of the ribcage enables air to enter the lungs.
(b) Describe how the ribcage is moved during inspiration (breathing in) and explain how
this causes air to enter the lungs.
[4]
(c) Explain how the ribcage returns to its resting position during expiration (breathing out).
[2]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/O/N/10

7
Some students carried out an investigation on a 16-year old athlete. Table 3.1 shows the For
results of their investigation on the athletes breathing at rest and immediately after 20 Examiner's
Use
minutes of running.
Ventilation rate is the volume of air taken into the lungs per minute.
Table 3.1
immediately after 20
at rest
minutes of running
rate of breathing
12 20
/ breaths per minute
average volume of air
taken in with each breath 0.5 3.5
/ dm3
ventilation rate
6.0
/ dm3 per minute .
(d) (i) Calculate the ventilation rate of the athlete immediately after 20 minutes of running.
Write your answer in Table 3.1. [1]
(ii) Explain why the athlete has a high ventilation rate after the exercise has
finished.
[5]
[Total: 14]

8
4 The lymphatic system consists of: For

Examiner's
Use
thin-walled lymph vessels that drain tissue fluid from many organs of the body
lymph nodes that contain the cells of the immune system
The fluid in the lymph vessels is moved in a way similar to the movement of blood in veins.
Fig. 4.1 shows part of the lymphatic system.
from head
vena cava
direction of
flow of lymph
ileum
from legs
Fig. 4.1
(a) Suggest how lymph is moved in the lymph vessels.
[2]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/O/N/10

9
(b) After a meal rich in fatty foods, the lymph leaving the ileum is full of fat droplets. For
Examiner's
Use
Explain why there are fat droplets in the lymph leaving the ileum.
[2]

18
7 Seeds of the mung bean, Phaseolus aureus, were germinated and grown in a dish for a few For
days in the dark. The dish was then placed as shown in Fig. 7.1 A. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 7.1 B shows the seedlings after a further two days in the dark.
A B
Fig. 7.1
(a) Name the response shown by the roots in Fig. 7.1.
[1]
(b) Suggest why the seedlings were kept in the dark during this investigation.
[1]
(c) Explain why it is important for their early growth that the roots and shoots of seedlings
respond in the way shown in Fig. 7.1B.
[2]
UCLES 2010 0610/31/O/N/10

2
1 Fig. 1.1A shows a buttercup, Ranunculus cymbalaria. Fig. 1.1B shows details of a flower of For
the same plant. Examiner's
Use
A B
Fig. 1.1
(a) Explain, using only features visible in Fig. 1.1, why Ranunculus cymbalaria is
classified as a dicotyledonous plant rather than as a monocotyledonous plant.
[2]
UCLES 2010 0610/32/O/N/10

3
Fig. 1.2 shows a transverse section through a buttercup root at the end of the cold winter For
(W) and at the end of the warm, moist summer (S). At the end of the winter, the cells Examiner's
Use
contain very few starch grains. At the end of the summer, most of the root cells contain
many starch grains.
W S
Fig. 1.2
(b) Suggest why there are few starch grains in the cells of W compared with a large
number of starch grains in the cells of S.
[3]
(c) Describe how enzymes in root cells synthesise starch.
[3]

4
(d) As temperature is increased, for example from 10 oC to 30 oC, enzyme activity For
increases. Examiner's
Use
Explain how increasing temperature affects enzyme activity.
[2]
[Total: 10]
UCLES 2010 0610/32/O/N/10

6
2 (a) Define the term excretion. For

Examiner's
Use
[3]
Fig. 2.1 shows a dialysis machine for treating people who have kidney failure. The dialysate
(dialysis fluid) is a solution of glucose and salts.
blood
vessels
dialysis membrane
blood out
blood in
dialysate dialysate
out in
Fig. 2.1
(b) Explain how, when the patient is receiving dialysis treatment
(i) the loss of plasma proteins and red blood cells is prevented,
[1]
UCLES 2010 0610/32/O/N/10

7
(ii) the normal glucose concentration of the blood is maintained. For

Examiner's
Use
[2]

8
(c) A person with kidney failure received regular dialysis treatment for 17 days. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 2.2 shows how the concentration of urea in the blood changed over the 17 days.
250
200
150
concentration
of urea in the
blood / 100
mg per dm3
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
time / days
Fig. 2.2
(i) State how many times the person received dialysis treatment.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the decrease in the concentration of urea in the blood from the beginning
of dialysis until the end of the treatment.
[1]
UCLES 2010 0610/32/O/N/10

9
(iii) Describe the changes that occur in the urea concentration in the blood over the For
period shown in Fig. 2.2. You will gain credit for using the data in Fig. 2.2 in your Examiner's
Use
answer.
[3]
(iv) Explain the changes in urea concentration in the blood as shown in Fig. 2.2.
[4]
[Total: 15]

14
5 In many parts of the world, raw sewage drains into rivers. Raw sewage contains organic For
matter which acts as food for bacteria. The breakdown of organic matter by bacteria has an Examiner's
Use
effect on the oxygen concentration and species of invertebrate animals in rivers.
Fig. 5.1 shows the changes in oxygen concentration along a river.
sewage enters river
100
concentration 75
of dissolved
oxygen / % of 50
maximum
saturation 25
0
sampling stations A B C D E F G
distance downstream
Fig. 5.1
Table 5.1 shows the invertebrate animals at seven sampling stations, A to G, along the
river.
Table 5.1
key
invertebrate
animal present
invertebrate sampling stations

animals A B C D E F G
stonefly nymph
freshwater shrimp
caddis fly larva
mayfly nymph
midge larva
rat-tailed maggot
water louse
wandering snail
tubifex worm
UCLES 2010 0610/32/O/N/10

15
(a) (i) Describe the changes that occur to the oxygen concentration in the river as shown For
in Fig. 5.1. You will gain credit for using the data in Fig. 5.1 in your answer. Examiner's
Use
[4]
(ii) Name the invertebrate animal that is only found in water with the highest oxygen
concentration.
[1]
(iii) Name the two invertebrate animals that tolerate the lowest oxygen concentrations.
[1]
(iv) Suggest and explain the changes in the number of different species of invertebrate
animals along the river, as shown in Table 5.1.
[3]

16
Sewage treatment works receive raw sewage. For

Examiner's
Use
This sewage contains food molecules, such as cellulose, starch, protein and fat.
(b) Explain how bacteria breakdown these nutrient molecules.
[4]
The concentration of nitrate ions is often very high in the water leaving a sewage treatment
works.
In some places, the water passes through a series of reed beds as shown in Fig. 5.2.
The water leaving the reed beds and entering the river contains very low concentrations of
nitrate ions.
water from
sewage works reeds
gravel
river
Fig. 5.2
UCLES 2010 0610/32/O/N/10

17
(c) Explain two ways in which the concentration of nitrate ions may be reduced as the For
water flows through the reed beds. Examiner's
Use
[3]
(d) Some bacteria that live in reed beds release methane. Other sources of methane are
cattle and flooded rice fields.
Explain the environmental consequences of an increase in the methane concentration

in the atmosphere.
[3]
[Total: 19]

2
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows seven species of fish that live on reefs in the Caribbean. For
Examiner's
A B Use
C D
E F
Drawings not to scale
Fig. 1.1
UCLES 2010 0610/33/O/N/10

3
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the For
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you. Examiner's
Use
Key
1 (a) Body shape is long and narrow, at least go to 2

10 times as long as its depth
(b) Body shape is not long and narrow, less go to 3
than 10 times long as its depth
2 (a) Fins are pointed Aulostomus maculatus F
(b) Fins are smooth Gymnothorax moringa
3 (a) Both eyes are on top of the head go to 4
(b) Eyes are on either side of the head go to 5
4 (a) Tail fin is long and thin Dasyatis americana
(b) Tail fin is short Bothus ocellatus
5 (a) Fish has one or several dark spots go to 6
(b) Fish has no dark spots Epinephelus striatus
6 (a) Fish has two fins on its back Pseudupeneus maculatus
(b) Fish has more than two fins on its back Chaetodon capistratus
[4]

4
The wavelengths of light that penetrate water influence the features of fish. Blue light does For
not penetrate far into water; red light penetrates much further. Examiner's
Use
Many different species of cichlid fish live in Lake Victoria in Africa. Some species live in
shallow water and others live in deeper water.
Table 1.2 summarises some of the features of males and females of these species.
Table 1.2
habitat body colour of males retina in eyes of females
shallow water blue detects blue light
deep water red detects red light
Body colour and colour vision are both inherited features. Females select the males that
they mate with and prefer bright coloured males. Male and female eyes of the same
species of cichlid fish are similar.
(b) (i) The ancestors of red and blue cichlid fish were brown.
State how the different body colours of the males first happened.
[1]
(ii) Suggest the advantages of different cichlid fish being able to detect blue and red
light.
[2]
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5
(c) Lake Victoria receives considerable pollution from the surrounding area which makes For
the water cloudier and reduces the penetration of blue light. Examiner's
Use
Suggest and explain the likely long-term effects of the cloudy water on the red and blue
cichlid fish.
[4]
[Total: 11]

9
3 Enzymes are biological catalysts. Fig. 3.1 shows how the enzyme, sucrase, breaks down a For
molecule of sucrose. Examiner's
Use
sucrose
sucrase
glucose H 2O
fructose
Fig. 3.1
(a) Describe how sucrase catalyses the breakdown of sucrose. You should refer to Fig. 3.1
in your answer.
[3]

10
(b) Three enzymes, P, Q and R, were extracted from different regions of the alimentary For
canal of a mammal. The effect of pH on the activity of the enzymes was investigated at Examiner's
40 oC. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2. Use
P Q R
100
75
rate of
enzyme
activity / 50
arbitrary
units
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Fig. 3.2
(i) Explain why the investigation was carried out at 40 oC.
[2]
(ii) Using information in Fig. 3.2, describe the effects of increasing pH on the rate of
activity of enzyme Q.
[3]
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11
(iii) Enzymes increase the rate of breakdown of different types of food substances in For
digestion. Examiner's
Use
Name enzymes P, Q and R.
R [3]
(c) Some baby foods are manufactured by pre-digesting foodstuffs containing

carbohydrates, fats and proteins with enzymes.
Describe the roles of different types of enzymes in preparing these baby foods.
[4]
[Total: 15]

17
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a root hair cell. For

Examiner's
Use
B
A C
Fig. 5.1
(a) Name structures A, B and C.
C [3]
(b) Explain two ways in which root hair cells are adapted to carry out their functions.
1.
2.
[4]
(c) Root hair cells need a supply of sugars to provide energy.
Explain how root hair cells obtain a supply of sugars.
[2]
[Total: 9]

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a flowering shoot of tiger lily, Lilium tigrinum. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the name of the genus of the tiger lily.
[1]
(b) Name the parts labelled A to D.
D [4]
UCLES 2011 0610/31/O/N/11

3
(c) The tiger lily plant is a monocotyledon. For

Examiner's
Use
List two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show it is a monocotyledon.
2 [2]
(d) The tiger lily in Fig. 1.1 reproduces sexually.
Plants reproduce sexually and asexually.
Complete Table 1.1 to show the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual
reproduction to a flowering plant species.
Table 1.1
type of reproduction in
advantages disadvantages
flowering plants
asexual
sexual
[4]
[Total: 11]

4
2 (a) Define the term sensitivity. For

Examiner's
Use
[2]
Fig. 2.1 shows the reflex arc involved in a simple reflex action.
spinal nerve
spinal cord
Fig. 2.1
(b) On Fig. 2.1 use label lines and the following letters to show
F a receptor in the skin
G the neurone that transmits impulses to the spinal cord
H the effector in this reflex arc. [3]
UCLES 2011 0610/31/O/N/11

6
3 (a) State, using chemical symbols, the equation for aerobic respiration. For
Examiner's
Use
[3]
A student compared the respiration of germinating mung bean seeds with pea seeds using
the apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1.
stopwatch
syringe
oil droplet capillary tube
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
bag of seeds
soda lime
Fig. 3.1
The soda lime absorbs any carbon dioxide released by the germinating seeds. The student
recorded the position of the oil droplet every minute over a period of six minutes.
(b) State three variables that should be kept constant in this investigation.
3 [3]
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7
(c) Table 3.1 shows the students results. For

Examiner's
Use
Table 3.1
germinating mung bean seeds germinating pea seeds

time /
minute position of droplet / distance moved / position of droplet / distance moved /
mm mm per minute mm mm per minute
0 0 0 0 0
1 12 12 10 10
2 23 11 19 9
3 36 13 28 9
4 45 9 33 5
5 48 3 36 3
6 48 0 36 0
(i) State which way the droplet moves and explain your answer.
[3]
(ii) State what happens to the movement of the droplet after three minutes and
suggest an explanation.
[2]
[Total: 11]

8
4 Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 4.1 shows the process used to produce penicillin.
waste
gases
cooling water out
water jacket
fungus and
acid or alkali
nutrients
pH monitor
temperature
monitor
stirring
paddles residue
sterile air
filtrate
containing
penicillin
cooling water in
fermenter filter
Fig. 4.1
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9
(a) Enzymes in the fungus are used to make penicillin. For

Examiner's
Use
Explain why there is a water jacket around the fermenter and why acids or alkalis are
added to the fermenter.
water jacket
addition of acids or alkalis
[6]

10
Fig. 4.2 shows the mass of fungus and the yield of penicillin during the fermentation For
process. Examiner's
Use
50 10
45 9
40 8
35 penicillin 7
30 6
yield of
mass of
penicillin /
fungus 25 5
arbitrary
/ g dm3
units
20 4
fungus
15 3
10 2
5 1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
time / hours
nutrients added
Fig. 4.2
(b) (i) State the time interval over which the fungus grew at the maximum rate.
[1]
(ii) As the fungus grows in the fermenter, the nuclei in the fungal hyphae divide.
State the type of nuclear division that occurs during the growth of the fungus in the
fermenter.
[1]
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11
(iii) Explain why the growth of the fungus slows down and stops. For
Examiner's
Use
[3]
(c) Penicillin is not needed for the growth of P. chrysogenum.
(i) State the evidence from Fig. 4.2 that shows that penicillin is not needed for this
growth.
[2]
(ii) The people in charge of the penicillin production emptied the fermenter at
160 hours.
Use the information in Fig. 4.2 to suggest why they did not allow the fermentation
to continue for longer.
[1]

12
(d) Downstream processing refers to all the processes that occur to the contents of the For
fermenter after it is emptied. This involves making penicillin into a form that can be Examiner's
Use
used as a medicine.
Explain why downstream processing is necessary.
[3]
(e) Explain why antibiotics, such as penicillin, kill bacteria but not viruses.
[2]
[Total: 19]
UCLES 2011 0610/31/O/N/11

4
2 (a) Movement is a characteristic of living organisms. For

Examiner's
Use
Define the term movement.
[1]
When the hand is stimulated by a hot object a reflex action occurs in which the fore-arm is
raised.
Fig. 2.1 shows the muscles and the neurones involved in the reflex action.
The arrows show where there are nerve impulses during the reflex action.
spinal nerve
G
spinal cord
J
H
biceps muscle
triceps muscle
Fig. 2.1
(b) (i) State the name for the action of two opposing muscles, such as the biceps and the
triceps.
[1]
UCLES 2011 0610/32/O/N/11

6
3 The sweet potato plant, Ipomoea batatas, has fibrous roots and storage roots. For
Fibrous roots absorb water and ions from the soil. Storage roots store insoluble Examiner's
Use
carbohydrates.
Fig. 3.1 shows the growth of these roots on a sweet potato plant.
stem
storage
roots
fibrous
roots
Fig. 3.1
(a) Explain, using the term water potential, how fibrous roots absorb water.
[3]
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7
The membranes of root hair cells contain proteins for the absorption of ions. For
Examiner's
Use
(b) Describe how root hair cells are adapted for the absorption of ions.
[3]
Sweet potato plants produce flowers to reproduce sexually. Sweet potato plants also
reproduce asexually when shoots grow from the storage roots to form new plants.
Fig. 3.2 shows the life cycle of sweet potato. The diploid number of this species is 90.
adult sweet
potato plant
............
flower
stamens carpels
young
meiosis
plant
male female
germination gametes gametes ............
embryo fertilisation
plant
zygote
............
Fig. 3.2
(c) Complete Fig. 3.2 by writing the number of chromosomes in the three boxes. [2]

9
4 Proteins in the blood are involved in protection of the body. For

Examiner's
Use
Three proteins found in the blood are
antibodies
thrombin
fibrinogen
(a) (i) Name the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
[1]
(ii) Outline how antibodies protect the body.
[2]
(b) Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction:
fibrinogen fibrin
(i) State when this reaction occurs.
[1]
(ii) Explain how fibrin protects the body.
[3]

12
5 Reed warblers are small birds that migrate over long distances between western Africa and For
northern Europe. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 5.1 shows a reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus.
Fig. 5.1
(a) State three characteristic features of birds that are visible in Fig. 5.1.
3 [3]
A study was carried out in Sweden into the effects of natural selection on wing length in
reed warblers.
The wings of young reed warblers reach their maximum length a few days after leaving the
nest.
At this age the wing length in millimetres of each bird was recorded. Each bird was
identified by putting a small ring around one of its legs.
When the birds were caught in net traps as adults, the information on the rings was used to
identify specific birds and their ages.
UCLES 2011 0610/32/O/N/11

16
6 Sewage disposal involves the removal of human waste in pipes from houses to sewage For
treatment works. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 6.1 is a diagram that shows how sewage is treated.
collection and
pumping
1 screening
primary
2
grit removal sedimentation
3 4
effluent
grit to landfill solids to

anaerobic
digester
final aeration and

disinfection sedimentation digestion
7 6 5
chlorine solids to oxygen

anaerobic recycled
river digester microorganisms
Fig. 6.1
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17
(a) During stage 5 microorganisms break down organic matter consisting of cellulose, For
starch, protein and lipid (fat). The microorganisms multiply during this stage and are Examiner's
Use
recycled.
Complete Fig. 6.2 by writing in the boxes the names of the enzymes used to catalyse
the reactions shown. The first box has been completed for you.
cellulase
cellulose cellobiose glucose
starch maltose glucose
protein amino acids
lipid (fat) fatty acids and glycerol
Fig. 6.2 [3]

18
(b) State why it is important that sewage is treated. For

Examiner's
Use
[1]
(c) At stage 5 in Fig. 6.1, oxygen and microorganisms are added.
Explain why oxygen is bubbled through the tank at this stage.
[4]
(d) Suggest and explain the advantage of recycling microorganisms from stage 6 to
stage 5 as shown in Fig. 6.1.
[3]
UCLES 2011 0610/32/O/N/11

19
(e) Explain why chlorine is added at stage 7. For

Examiner's
Use
[2]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2011 0610/32/O/N/11

7
3 A small quantity of a fungus was put into a fermenter with all the nutrients required for For
growth and kept at an appropriate temperature. Examiner's
Use
The fungus was provided with nutrients at a suitable pH at the start.
Fig. 3.1 shows the growth of the fungus over 160 hours.
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
biomass
of fungus
2.5
/ g dm3 of
medium
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
time / hours
Fig. 3.1
(a) Explain why the biomass of the fungus did not increase during the stationary phase
after 110 hours.
[3]

8
Mycoprotein is a food made from the fungus, Fusarium venenatum. The production process For
for mycoprotein is shown in Fig. 3.2. Examiner's
Use
fermenter
carbon dioxide
downstream
ammonia processing
glucose and air
mycoprotein
filtrate
heat
cold exchanger
water in
Fig. 3.2
(b) Explain why ammonia and air are pumped into the fermenter.
[3]
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9
(c) The growth depends on the activity of enzymes in the fungus. For
Examiner's
Use
Explain why the temperature in the fermenter is kept constant.
[4]
(d) Efficient production of mycoprotein depends on keeping the fungus in the exponential
phase of growth.
Explain how the production process, shown in Fig. 3.2, keeps the fungus in the
exponential phase.
[2]

10
(e) The fungus extracted from the fermenter contains nutrients and is converted into foods, For
such as burgers and sausages, that are suitable for vegetarians. Examiner's
Use
During processing, food additives are mixed with the fungus.
State two reasons for mixing food additives with the fungus that is made into foods.
[2]
[Total: 14]
UCLES 2011 0610/33/O/N/11

12
4 (a) Explain how water is absorbed by plant roots. For

Examiner's
Use
[3]
(b) Young plants were grown in pots of sand for four weeks.
Some plants were watered with distilled water at pH 7.0 (no salts).
Most pots were watered with solutions containing different concentrations of salt
(sodium chloride) at pH 7.0.
The plants were kept at 20 oC.
The growth of the plants was measured after four weeks.
The growth of the plants is shown in Fig. 4.1 as percentages of the growth of the plants
watered with distilled water.
100
90
80
70
growth as
60
percentages
of the growth
of the plants 50
given distilled
water 40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
concentration of sodium chloride / arbitrary units
Fig. 4.1
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13
(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 4.1. For

Examiner's
Use
You will gain credit for using the figures in the graph to support your answer.
[3]
(ii) Explain the difference in growth between the plants watered with low
concentrations and those watered with high concentrations of salt solution.
[4]

14
The pH of soils influences the availability of ions to plants. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 4.2 shows the availability of ions in soils of different pH.
magnesium 0
potassium 0
phosphate 0
availability
of each ion
nitrate 0
iron 0
sulfate 0
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Fig. 4.2
(c) Name the ion that is least available in soils of pH 4.0 and in soils of pH 11.0.
pH 4.0
pH 11.0 [2]
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15
(d) Plants grown in soils of pH 10 may show symptoms of deficiency. They are stunted and For
their leaves are yellow. Examiner's
Use
Explain how deficiencies of magnesium ions and nitrate ions lead to the symptoms
described.
magnesium ions
nitrate ions
[4]
[Total: 16]

19
6 Fig. 6.1 shows the Calayan rail, Gallirallus calayanensis, a flightless bird that inhabits For
Calayan Island in the Philippines. This species of bird was discovered in 2004. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 6.1
(a) State the name of the genus of the Calayan rail.
[1]
Many bird species are threatened by deforestation.
(b) Suggest three reasons why deforestation occurs.
3 [3]
(c) Suggest the likely effects of deforestation on populations of bird species.
[3]

3
1 Arachnids, crustaceans, insects and myriapods are all classified as arthropods.

For
Scorpions, such as Heterometrus swammerdami shown in Fig. 1.1, are arachnids. Examiner's
Use
tail
cephalothorax
jaw
abdomen
pedipalp eyes
Fig. 1.1
(a) State three features, shown by H. swammerdami and visible in Fig. 1.1, that arachnids
share with other arthropods.
3 [3]

4
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows seven species of arachnid. For

Examiner's
A B Use
C
not to scale
Fig. 1.2
UCLES 2012 0610/31/O/N/12

5
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct
box beside the key. One has been done for you. For
Examiner's
Use
Key
1 (a) Abdomen with a tail Abaliella dicranotarsalis E
(b) Abdomen without a tail go to 2

Legs much longer than abdomen and
2 (a) go to 3
cephalothorax
Legs not much longer than abdomen and
(b) go to 4
cephalothorax
3 (a) Hairs on the legs Tegenaria domestica
(b) No hairs on the legs Odielus spinosus
4 (a) Cephalothorax or abdomen segmented Chelifer tuberculatus
(b) Cephalothorax and abdomen not segmented go to 5

Abdomen and cephalothorax about the same
5 (a) Poecilotheria regalis
size
(b) Abdomen larger than cephalothorax go to 6
6 (a) Body covered in long hairs Tyroglyphus longior
(b) Body not covered in hairs Ixodes hexagonus
[4]
[Total: 7]

6
2 Blood flows through the hepatic portal vein from some organs to the liver. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 2.1 shows the hepatic portal vein and these organs.
liver
hepatic spleen
portal
vein
Fig. 2.1
(a) Blood in the hepatic portal vein is deoxygenated.
Explain why the blood in the hepatic portal vein is deoxygenated rather than
oxygenated.
[2]
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7
(b) Name four organs, other than the spleen, that are shown in Fig. 2.1 and from which
blood flows into the hepatic portal vein. For
Examiner's
Use
1
4 [4]
(c) Describe the role of the hepatic portal vein in the transport of absorbed nutrients.
[3]
(d) Explain how the liver is involved in regulating the composition of the blood and in
protecting the body against toxic substances.
[5]

8
(e) The spleen contains lymphatic tissue which is full of phagocytes and lymphocytes. For
Examiner's
Use
Describe how phagocytes and lymphocytes protect the body against the spread of
disease-causing organisms.
phagocytes
lymphocytes
[4]
[Total: 18]
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11
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows part of the epithelium that lines the trachea. For
Examiner's
Use
Fig. 3.2
Explain how the cells labelled A and B in Fig. 3.2 protect the gas exchange system.
[4]
[Total: 10]

13
4 (a) Complete the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis. For

Examiner's
Use
light
+ + [3]
chlorophyll
A student investigated the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide on the
rate of photosynthesis of Cabomba, an aquatic plant.
Fig. 4.1 shows the apparatus that the student used.
syringe gas bubble

lamp
sodium hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3) solution
Cabomba
plastic tubing
meniscus
ruler
capillary tubing
Fig. 4.1
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the water surrounding the plant was changed by
adding different concentrations of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution to the water.
The student recorded the time taken for the meniscus to travel 50 mm down the tubing.
The rate of photosynthesis was calculated as:
rate of photosynthesis = 1000

t
where t = time taken in seconds for the meniscus to travel 50 mm.

14
The students results are shown in Table 4.1. For

Examiner's
Use
Table 4.1
concentration of sodium
t, time taken for meniscus rate of photosynthesis
hydrogencarbonate
to travel 50 mm / s (1000/t)
solution / mol per dm3
0.00 4998 0.20
0.01 2500 0.40
0.02 1175 0.85
0.05 350 2.86
0.07 201
0.10 199 5.03
(b) Calculate the rate of photosynthesis for the concentration of sodium

hydrogencarbonate solution of 0.07 mol per dm3.
Write your answer in Table 4.1. [1]
(c) (i) Explain why the lamp must be kept at a fixed distance from the syringe.
[2]
(ii) Explain what caused the meniscus to move down the capillary tubing.
[2]
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15
(d) Fig. 4.2 is a partially completed graph of the students results. For
Examiner's
Use
Complete the graph by labelling the axes, adding the missing point and drawing a
suitable line.
6.0
5.0
4.0
..............................
3.0
..............................
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
..................................................
Fig. 4.2
[3]

16
(e) Explain, using the term limiting factors, the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on For
the rate of photosynthesis as shown by the students results. Examiner's
Use
You will gain credit for using the data in the table and the graph to answer the question.
[5]
[Total: 16]
UCLES 2012 0610/31/O/N/12

2
1 The fungus, Trichophyton violaceum, reproduces asexually by releasing spores. For

Examiner's
Use
A single spore was placed in the centre of a Petri dish containing an agar medium with
starch and protein.
Fig. 1.1 shows the fungus that grew from the spore.
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the name given to
(i) the body of the fungus that grows from a single spore
[1]
(ii) the thin threads that make up the body of the fungus.
[1]
(b) Describe how a fungus, such as T. violaceum, obtains nutrients from the agar medium.
[4]
UCLES 2012 0610/32/O/N/12

3
Streptomyces, a soil bacterium, is a major source of antibiotics that are produced by For
pharmaceutical companies. An antibiotic sensitivity test can be carried out to help doctors Examiner's
Use
decide which antibiotic should be used to treat a specific disease, such as gonorrhoea.
Gonorrhoea bacteria isolated from a person are grown on an agar medium. A ring with
eight different antibiotics (1 to 8) is placed on the agar medium and left for 24 hours at
35 C.
Fig. 1.2 shows the growth of bacteria on the agar medium after 24 hours.
1
8 2 bacterial
growth
7 3
6 4
5
Fig. 1.2
(c) (i) Suggest why there is a clear area around some of the antibiotics.
[2]
(ii) Explain why antibiotics 1 and 5 would not be chosen to treat the gonorrhoea
infection.
[2]

4
(iii) People who take antibiotics should always be told to complete the treatment rather For
than stop taking the antibiotics when they feel better. Examiner's
Use
Suggest why people are given this advice.
[2]
[Total: 12]
UCLES 2012 0610/32/O/N/12

6
For
2 The glucose concentration of the blood is maintained within the range 80 90 mg per Examiner's
Use
100 cm3 blood.
Fig. 2.1 is a flow chart showing how the body responds to changes in the glucose
concentration of the blood after the absorption of a carbohydrate-rich meal and during
strenuous exercise.
large carbohydrate-rich meal

muscle contraction during
followed by absorption of
strenuous exercise
glucose from small intestine
blood glucose concentration blood glucose concentration

increases above 90 mg per 100 cm3 decreases below 80 mg per 100 cm3
change in blood glucose

concentration detected by organ A
organ A releases hormone B organ A releases hormone C

into the blood into the blood
hormone B stimulates hormone C stimulates

organ D to convert glucose organ D to convert
to glycogen glycogen to glucose
blood glucose concentration blood glucose concentration

decreases increases
blood glucose concentration

returns to 80 90 mg per 100 cm3
Fig. 2.1
UCLES 2012 0610/32/O/N/12

7
(a) Name organ A and hormones B and C. For

Examiner's
Use
A
C [3]
(b) (i) Name organ D that stores glucose as glycogen.
[1]
(ii) Suggest why glucose is converted to glycogen rather than kept as glucose inside
the cells.
[2]
(c) Name the type of control system used in homeostasis that returns the blood glucose
concentration to 80 90 mg per 100 cm3.
[1]
(d) Animal hormones are used in the production of milk and meat. Bovine somatotrophin
(BST) is used to increase milk production by cows. The hormone is produced by
genetically modified bacteria that contain the cattle gene for making BST. It is used in
the United States but is banned for use in the European Union.
(i) Outline how genes, such as the one for BST, are transferred from the cells of cattle
(cows) to bacteria.
[3]

8
(ii) Suggest advantages and disadvantages of using hormones, such as BST, in the For
production of milk and meat. Examiner's
Use
advantages
disadvantages
[3]
[Total: 13]
3 (a) Explain the meaning of the term transpiration.
[2]
(b) Root hair cells provide a large surface area for the absorption of water from the soil.
Explain, using the term water potential, how water is absorbed from the soil into root
hair cells.
[3]
UCLES 2012 0610/32/O/N/12

9
Some plants are adapted for life in dry habitats where it can be very hot during the day and For
very cold at night. Examiner's
Use
Fig. 3.1 shows some saguaro cacti from the Sonoran desert in Arizona and Mexico.
Fig. 3.2 shows the surface of the stem of a saguaro cactus.
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2
(c) Explain how two features, visible in Fig. 3.1 or Fig. 3.2, are adaptations to the
conditions in the Sonoran desert.
feature 1
feature 2
[4]

10
(d) The stomata of some desert plants, such as the saguaro cactus, open at night and For
close during the day. Examiner's
Use
Explain how this allows the cacti to survive in the desert, but limits their growth rate.
[4]
[Total: 13]
UCLES 2012 0610/32/O/N/12

11
Question 4 begins on page 12.

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4 Enzymes are biological catalysts. For

Examiner's
Use
(a) Define the term catalyst.
[2]
Urease is an enzyme found in bacteria and in the seeds of some species of bean.
The enzyme catalyses the reaction:
urea + water carbon dioxide + ammonia
The production of ammonia increases the pH of the area around the bacteria. The
formation of ammonia can be used to study the progress of the reaction by testing the pH of
the surrounding medium with a pH indicator, such as Universal Indicator solution.
Some students carried out an investigation to find out if there was urease in the seeds of
four different species of bean.
The germinating seeds were ground up in water and filtered to give an extract containing
proteins.
Each extract was added to a urea solution and kept at 30 C for 30 minutes
(tubes 1 to 4).
Two more tubes (5 and 6) were included in the investigation.
Samples were taken from the reaction mixture at five-minute intervals and tested with
Universal Indicator solution.
Table 4.1
presence of alkaline pH at intervals of 5

bean urea minutes
test-tube water
species solution
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1 soya yes no
2 mung yes no
3 jack yes no
4 broad yes no
5 soya no yes
6 no beans yes yes
= alkaline pH = not alkaline pH
UCLES 2012 0610/32/O/N/12

3
1 Cicadas are insects that make a lot of noise. For

Examiner's
Use
Fig. 1.1 shows an adult chorus cicada, Amphipsalta zelandica, that is only found in New
Zealand.
Fig. 1.1
(a) State three features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show that the chorus cicada is an insect.
3 [3]
(b) Insects are classified in the same group as crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods.
Name the group that contains all these animals.
[1]
Evolutionary relationships between different species are investigated by examining DNA.
(c) State precisely where DNA is found in a cell.
[2]

8
2 (a) Define the term excretion. For

Examiner's
Use
[3]
Fig. 2.1 shows a kidney tubule and the blood vessels associated with it.
A
H
G D
Fig. 2.1
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(b) Table 2.1 shows some processes that occur in a kidney. For
Examiner's
Use
In Table 2.1, write the letter of the part shown in Fig. 2.1 where each process occurs.
You must put one letter in each box. You may use the same letter more than once.
Table 2.1
process letter
filtration of blood
reabsorption of most of the solutes from the filtrate

water is absorbed by osmosis to determine the
concentration of urine
unfiltered blood returns to the renal vein
[4]
(c) Table 2.2 lists the components of blood, filtrate and urine.
Table 2.2
component blood filtrate urine
red blood cells

white blood

cells
plasma

proteins
glucose
urea
salts
water
Complete the table by using ticks () and crosses () to show whether or not each
component is present in filtrate and in urine of a healthy person. The first component
has been done for you. [2]
[Total: 9]

10
3 Mycoprotein is a form of single cell protein. It is produced by growing the fungus, Fusarium For
venenatum, in a fermenter. As the fungus grows in the fermenter it produces large Examiner's
Use
quantities of hyphae which are extracted and processed as shown in Fig. 3.1.
enzymes
corn starch glucose
ammonia, salts
small quantity of
fermenter
Fusarium venenatum oxygen in
sterile air
growth of fungus
removal of hyphae
in medium
hyphae filtered
from medium
hyphae treated to
remove RNA
food additives
hyphae processed into meat-like
form to make burgers, sausages,
pies and other products
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Name an enzyme used to digest the corn starch.
[1]
(ii) Explain why it is necessary to digest the corn starch.
[2]
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(b) Explain why sterile conditions are necessary in the fermenter. For
Examiner's
Use
[2]
In 2008, there were riots in some parts of the world in protest against shortages of staple
foods, such as rice.
(c) Explain why it is better ecologically for people to eat foods made from plants rather
than from animal products, such as meat.
[3]
(d) Describe three possible advantages of using foods prepared from mycoprotein as
substitutes for animal products, such as meat.
[3]

12
(e) Discuss whether production of foods made from mycoprotein might not reduce food For
shortages in the future. Examiner's
Use
[3]
[Total: 14]
4 Niusila Opeloge from Samoa holds a Commonwealth Games record for weightlifting. He
can lift 338 kg. Weightlifting is an example of an anaerobic sport as muscles act over a
short period of time.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle.
.. .. [2]
Weightlifting involves contraction of the muscles of the arms.
Fig. 4.1 shows the muscles that move the forearm.
scapula
humerus
biceps
radius
triceps
ulna
elbow joint
Fig. 4.1
(b) Describe how the muscles identified in Fig. 4.1 work to move the forearm up.
[2]
UCLES 2012 0610/33/O/N/12

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4 For

To tube A, 1 cm3 of water and 2 cm3 of 1% amylase solution were added.

The colours observed are shown in Table 2.1.

time / mins tube A tube B tube C

tube A ................................................. tube C .....................................................[2]

UCLES 2004 0610/06/M/J/04

(iii) State the purpose of tube B in this investigation.

UCLES 2004 0610/06/M/J/04 [Turn over

Label the position of the seed.

UCLES 2004 0610/06/M/J/04

maximum length of your drawing of one fruit ...................................................... cm

maximum length of the same fruit in Fig. 3.1 ...................................................... cm

The background in Fig. 3.1 is a grid, with squares of 1 mm x 1 mm.

UCLES 2004 0610/06/M/J/04 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows an insect-pollinated flower, cut in half longitudinally. For

UCLES 2005 0610/06/M/J/05 [Turn over

(ii) Honey contains reducing sugar.

(i) Calculate the actual size of this grain.

actual size [2]

UCLES 2005 0610/06/M/J/05

1 Fig.1.1 shows a diagram of a groundnut plant, Arachis hypogaea. For

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

UCLES 2006 0610/06/M/J/06

(ii) Measure the length of your drawing.

Measure the length of the same structure in Fig. 1.2.

Calculate the magnification of your drawing.

Show your working.

UCLES 2006 0610/06/M/J/06 [Turn over

UCLES 2007 0610/06/M/J/07

(i) Name the group of organisms to which this animal belongs.

UCLES 2007 0610/06/M/J/07 [Turn over

(ii) Describe two visible features of these dividing cells.

(iii) Name the type of cell division taking place.

UCLES 2007 0610/06/M/J/07

UCLES 2007 0610/06/M/J/07

Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2

UCLES 2008 0610/06/M/J/08

Include any safety precautions you will need to consider.

UCLES 2008 0610/06/M/J/08 [Turn over

UCLES 2009 0610/06/M/J/09

UCLES 2009 0610/06/M/J/09 [Turn over

UCLES 2009 0610/06/M/J/09

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a photomicrograph of a human blood smear. For

out image - do not delete

(b) (i) Measure the diameter of the blood cell labelled A.

show your working

actual size of cell A [2]

(iii) State the function of cell A.

UCLES 2009 0610/06/M/J/09

test for starch

test for reducing sugar

UCLES 2010 0610/61/M/J/10 [Turn over

UCLES 2010 0610/62/M/J/10

upper surface lower surface

(ii) Measure the size of the grid squares.

Show your working.

area cm2 [2]

UCLES 2010 0610/62/M/J/10 [Turn over

(b) On Fig.3.2, label the following structures,

(ii) a spore. [2]

(c) Fig. 3.3 shows the cell of a fungus.

nucleus cell wall

difference from a green plant cell