Chapter 5

Rate of change of momentum

 5.1 Identifying forces on a system
A 1kg hanging ball: How large an upward force does the wire exert on
the ball? (9.8 N)
 5.2 Momentum not changing (statics).

Uniform Motion: momentum is constant and does not change

with time.

Special case: static equilibrium, or simply equilibrium

the object is at rest and remains at rest

= 0 = <0, 0, 0> equilibrium

net = 0 = <0, 0, 0> equilibrium

 5.2 Momentum not changing (statics) Fnet = 0 = dp/dt

Example: Equilibrium with Tension Forces

A 3kg block hangs from a string 1. Then you pull the block to the side
by pulling horizontally with a constant string (string 2).
a) What is the tension in string 2 (the force on the block by string 2)?
b) What is the tension in string 1 (the force on the block by string 1)?
c) In which situation are the interatomic bonds in string 1 stretched
more: block hanging straight down, suspended from string 1, or block
hanging at an angle, pulled on by string 1 and string 2?
 5.2 Momentum not changing (statics) Fnet = 0 = dp/dt

Example: Equilibrium with Tension Forces

A 350 kg load is suspended from two aluminum wires of radius
1.2mm. Youngs modulus for this aluminum alloy is 6.9 x 1010 N/m2.
a) Calculate the tension in each wire (that is, the magnitude of the
tension force exerted by each wire).
b) What is the fractional stretch (the strain) of each wire?
 Examples:
Example: Uniform Motion Pulling at an Angle

You place a 4 kg crate on the floor of an elevator that is temporarily

stopped. Then the elevator stars moving, briefly speeding up, then
moving upward at a constant speed of 2 m/s for many seconds (it is a
very tall building). While the elevator is moving upward at constant
speed, what is the magnitude of the force exerted by the elevator floor
on the crate? (39.2 N)
 Examples:
Example: Pulling at an Angle
You pull a loaded sled whose mass is 40 kg at constant speed in the x
direction with a rope at an angle of 350. The coefficient of friction
between the snow and the sled runners is 0.2. What is the tension in
the rope? (84.0 N)
 5.3 Finding the rate of change of momentum

Graphical calculation of Dp

Example: Block Oscillating on a Spring

Consider the situation of a block oscillating up and down on a spring.
When the block comes to a momentary rest at the bottom of its
oscillation, is dp/dt zero or nonzero at this turning point? If nonzero,
what is its direction?
 5.3 Finding the rate of change of momentum

Example: Tarzan Swinging on a Vine

Tarzan hangs from a vine, swinging back and forth. At the moment
when he reaches his maximum displacement from the vertical, Tarzan
is momentarily at rest (a turning point). At this moment, is the rate
of change of Tarzans momentum zero or nonzero? If nonzero, what is
the direction of dp/dt?
 5.4 Curving motion
Changing direction with a single impulse

Final direction depends on initial momentum

 Examples:
The kissing circle:

A turning car: |(dp/dt)|=|p| (|v|/R) = (Fnet).

The elliptical orbit of a comet around a star.

 5.4 Curving motion

The dashed circle of radius R is called the

kissing circle. The circle and the
trajectory are sharing the same tangent (p is
the tangent to the path) and the same radius
of curvature R at location A.

5.X.5 Which of the dashed circles with radii R1, R2, or R3 best
represents the kissing circle tangent to the path of the particle,
with the same radius of curvature as that of the path at the
location marked by x?
STUDY: 5.X.6 A comet orbits a star in an elliptical orbit. The momentum of
the comet at location A is shown on the diagram. At the instant the comet
passes each location labeled A, B, C, D, E, and F, answer the following
questions:
a) Draw an arrow representing the gravitational force on the comet by the star.
b) Is the parallel component of the net force on the comet zero or nonzero?
c) Is the perpendicular component of the net force on the comet zero or
nonzero?
d) Is the rate of change of the magnitude of the comets momentum positive,
negative, or zero?
e) Is the direction of the comets momentum changing or not changing?

Answer: pages 218

and 219
Parallel and Perpendicular Components of the Momentum Principle

= +

= net

Parallel component: gives the rate of change of the magnitude of the momentum

= net

Perpendicular component: gives the rate of change of the direction of the
momentum

Parallel component of Fnet changes the

magnitude of the momentum.
Perpendicular component of Fnet changes
the direction of the momentum.
 5.5 Rate of change of direction
=

Take the derivative of the momentum applying the product rule:

= +

Rate of change of magnitude of Momentum:

=

nonzero if speed is changing, and equal to net

Rate of change of direction of Momentum:

=

nonzero if the direction is changing, and equal to net

5.5 Rate of change of direction

Left: Magnitude of momentum is

increasing, direction of is

Right: Magnitude of momentum is

decreasing, direction of is -

The object moves in a circle at constant

speed. At location A, the direction but
not the magnitude of momentum is
changing
 has a component parallel or anti-parallel to the motion
as well as a component perpendicular to the motion
Perpendicular Components of /dt and = d/dt

= = = mv2/R

= = = = v2/R

R is the radius of the kissing circle

Example: Suppose that a 3 kg object is moving with a speed of
4 m/s and at a certain instant the radius of curvature of the
kissing circle (the best fit to the curving motion at that point) is
2 m. What are the magnitude and direction of / ?

= m (v2/R) m(v2/R) = (3kg) [( 4m/s)2/2m] = 24 kg . m/s2

The directions of /
and net point toward the center of
the kissing circle

net = 24 N
 5.5 Rate of change of direction

5.X.7 A person rides on a Ferris wheel at constant speed. When

the person is at the location shown, what is the direction of

for the person? What is the direction of for the

person? What must be the direction of the net force acting on the
person? What objects in the surroundings exert the forces that
contribute to the net force on the person?
Example: A child on a merry-go-round
A child whose mass is 30 kg sits on a merry-go-round at a distance
of 3 m from the center. The merry-go-round makes one revolution
every 8 s. What are the magnitude and direction of the net force
acting on the child? (55.5N)

Example: Earth Satellite

How long does it take a satellite in a circular orbit of radius R to
make one complete revolution about the Earth? (T=2pR3/2/(GM)1/2)
Example: Swinging a bucket in a vertical plane
You swing a bucket of water in a vertical plane at the end of the
rope. The center of mass of the bucket and water moves
approximately in a circle of radius 1.2 m. The speed of the bucket
is faster at the bottom and slower at the top. The bucket with the
water has a mass of 3 kg. At the instant when the rope is horizontal,
the speed of the bucket is 9 m/s. What is the tension in the rope
when the rope is horizontal? What is the rate of change of the speed
at this moment? (R=1.2 m, M=3kg, a=9.8 m/s2, F=202.5N)
 5.6 Why does the vine break?

Example: Tarzan and the broken vine

Tarzan, whose mass is 90 kg, wants to use a vine to swing across a
river. To make sure the 8 m long vine is strong enough to support
him, he tests it by hanging motionless on the vine for several
minutes. The vine passes this test, so Tarzan grabs the vine and
swings out over the river. He is annoyed and perplexed when the
vine breaks midway through the swing, when his speed is 12 m/s.
Why did the vine break while Tarzan was swinging on it, but not
while he hang motionless from it? (2502N), (882N)
 5.6 Why does the vine break?
Tarzan (90kg, 12m/s)and the broken vine (8m) : (2502N), (882N)

Magnitude and direction of momentum changing:

FT=2150 N, F||=441 kgm/s2.
 Examples:
Compression force: FN = Mg - Mv2/R.
 5.7 Problem solving
Circular pendulum: g=v2cosq/[L(sinq)2]

An Amusement park ride: