HND in Civil Engineering

Module
Code Title Assessor / Examiner
CE 5001 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics for Civil Eng. C. Wijerathne
Engineers

Assessment : Assignment 02
Laboratory Experiments in Fluid & Hydraulics Weighting :
10%
Submit to: Deadline
Office Blackboard Other
X
Late submissions will incur a penalty according to the regulations
Additional submission details:

OBJECTIVES OF THIS ASSESMENT IS TO LET THE STUDENT :

01. Demonstrate experiments in fluid kinetic & present appropriate findings of experimental work.

ASSESSMENT STRATEGY AND METHODS

Assessment Assessment Description Task Deadline

Type Weighting %

Assessment 01 COURSE WORK (CW) Project Based Report 40% Week 10

Assessment 02 COURSE WORK (CW) Portfolio Fluid Lab 10% Week 12

reports

Assessment 03 EXAM Written Examination 50% Week 17

(Closed Book) - 3 HRS

Page 1 of 12
 STUDENT FEEDBACK SHEET

0-40% 40%-50% 50%-60% 70%<

Section Total Lab 01 Lab 02
Beginning or incomplete Developing Accomplished Exemplary
Abstract/Summary N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Introduction N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Experimental
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
procedure
Results: Figures, graphs, tables contain Most figures, graphs, tables OK, All figures, graphs, tables All figures, graphs, tables are 10
data, figures, graphs, errors or are poorly constructed, some still missing some important are correctly drawn, but correctly drawn, are numbered
tables, etc. have missing titles, captions or or required features some have minor problems and contain titles/captions.
numbers, units missing or or could still be improved
incorrect, etc.
Discussion Very incomplete or incorrect Some of the results have been Almost all of the results All important trends and data 20
interpretation of trends and correctly interpreted and discussed;have been correctly comparisons have been
comparison of data indicating a partial but incomplete understandinginterpreted and discussed, interpreted correctly and
lack of understanding of results of results is still evident only minor improvements discussed, good understanding
are needed of results is conveyed
Conclusions Conclusions missing or missing Conclusions regarding major points All important conclusions All important conclusions have 10
the important points are drawn, but many are misstated, have been drawn, could be been clearly made, student
indicating a lack of understanding better stated shows good understanding
Spelling, grammar, Frequent grammar and/or Occasional grammar/spelling errors, Less than 3 All grammar/spelling correct 05
sentence structure spelling errors, writing style is generally readable with some rough grammar/spelling errors, and very well-written
rough and immature spots in writing style mature, readable style
Appearance and Sections out of order, too much Sections in order, contains the All sections in order, All sections in order, well- 05
formatting handwritten copy, sloppy minimum allowable amount of formatting generally good formatted, very readable
formatting handwritten copy, formatting is but could still be improved
rough but readable
Overall Comments:
50
/50 /50

Total out of 100 /100

Page 2 of 12
Task 01:

Conduct below mentioned laboratory experiments and provide lab reports based on the questions
given in each lab handout.

A) Laboratory Experiment No. 01 -Hydraulic Jump

(50 Marks)

B) Laboratory Experiment No. 02 Calibration of Sharp-Crested Weirs

(50 Marks)

Page 3 of 12
Laboratory Experiment No. 01 -Hydraulic Jump
Note: Standard symbols and notations are used in the diagrams and equations.

1. Definition

Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon that a rapidly flowing stream suddenly becomes a slowly flowing
stream with a larger cross-sectional area. In other words, there is a depth increase for a hydraulic jump
to exist by definition.

2. Objective
1) A prediction of whether or not a hydraulic jump can occur; and
2) To find the depths and velocity at the upstream and at the downstream; and
3) To calculate the energy loss through the hydraulic jump.

3. Theory
There are two equations to describe the hydraulic jump. One is the conservation of mass and the other
is the conservation of linear momentum.

- Conservation of mass

It is because the flow rate is constant in section 1 and 2. Therefore,

Q1 Q2

V1 A1 V2 A2 ( width b same)

V1 h1 V2 h2

Figure 01: A hydraulic jump in a channel flow

Page 4 of 12
- Conservation of linear momentum

Newtons second law states that the net force acting on a body in any fixed direction is equal to the rate
of increase of momentum of the body in that direction.

h12 h2
Fx F1 F2 g 2
g 2 Q (v 2 v1 )
2
h2 1 8v 2
1 1 1
h1 2 gh1
Note : Q is flow rate per unit width.
v1
Here, we define Fr and Fr is called the Froude Number.
gh1
Froude No. Depth Type Will hydraulic jump occur?

Fr> 1 h2> h1 Super-critical flow Yes/No

Fr =1 h2 = h1 Critical flow Yes/No

Fr< 1 h2< h1 Sub-critical flow Yes/No

- Energy dissipation

The energy will be loss in the hydraulic jump and the energy loss is

(h2 h1 ) 3
hL
4h1 h2

(You should approve this equation by yourself and show it in the report!)

(All dimensions are in SI units.)

4. Experimental Procedure

A hydraulic jump has been established in the elevated flume of the Hydraulics Laboratory. The
following tasks must be accomplished in this experiment:

1. Measure the width of the channel;

2. Measure the sequent depths of the jump;
3. Measure the flow depth upstream from the jump (subcritical region);
4. Estimate the flow velocity in the subcritical region of the flow;
- Choose two points in the channel in the subcritical region downstream from the
jump and measure their distance;

Page 5 of 12
 - Put a piece of paper on the flow surface and measure the time it takes for the
paper to travel from one point to the other. Repeat this procedure three times and
take the average travel time;
- Divide the distance by the average travel time to approximate the flow velocity at
the water surface;

Report Preparation

1. Compute the average velocity using the equation provided in the laboratory;
2. Multiply the velocity by the cross sectional area (flow depth measured in step 3 in
experimental procedure times width of the channel) to estimate the flow rate.
3. Estimate the critical depth in the channel;
4. Estimate the Froude number before and after the jump;
5. Using the initial depth, approximate the sequent depth of the jump with the appropriate
relations given in your text book and compare it with your measurement;
6. Repeat step 5 but use sequent depth to obtain the initial depth;
7. Estimate the energy loss in the jump;
8. Draw the specific force curve and specific energy curve;
9. Specify the sequent depths on each curve and answer the following questions:
(a) Are the specific forces of the initial depth and the sequent depth exactly
the same? Why?
(b) Is the energy loss that you obtain from the specific energy curve the same
as the one in step 9? Why?

5. Instructions for report submission

1. Each student MUST submit one report, a week after the date of experiment.
2. The report should be typed and well-written with a proper structure. Poorly-written report will be
returned for resubmission.
3. Copying is not allowed and references must be clearly stated at the end of report.
4. In case of plagiarized work, the report will not be considered for assessing.

Page 6 of 12
 Experiment Record (Hydraulic Jump)

Group No.:
Date:
Experimental Data:

Does
hydraulic
No. Flow rate h v h1 v2 h2
jump
occur?

Page 7 of 12
Laboratory Experiment No. 02 Calibration of Sharp-Crested Weirs

1. Introduction

A weir is an overflow structure extending across a stream or a channel and normal to the direction of
the flow. They are normally categorized by their shape as either sharp-crested or broad-crested. This
laboratory experiment focuses on sharp-crested weirs only. Two different types of weirs will be
introduced:

1- The V-notch weir;

2- The rectangular weir (horizontal weir with end contractions).

2. Objectives

Estimation of coefficient of discharge for a rectangular and a V-notch weir.

3. Experimental Apparatus

The experiments will be carried out on the Open Channel located in the hydraulic laboratory. The
Hydraulic Channel consists of five basic elements:

1- Flow channel, located at the top of the bench;

2- Water storage tank;
3- Pump/valve system, next to water storage tank;
4- Holding tank for water volume measurement, below the flow channel;
5- The drainage system for hydraulic bench.

4. Experimental Procedure

1- Measure the width of the weir.

2- Turn on the pump and open the control valve until water discharges over the weir plate.
3- Close the control valve and Turn off the pump and allow water level to drops until water flow
over the weir stops.
4- Set Vernier Height Gauge to datum reading (water surface in the channel).
5- Position the gauge at about half way between the plate and the stilling baffle.
6- Turn on the pump and open the control valve and adjust it to obtain the head H.
7- For each flow rate, after the conditions are stable, measure and record H.
8- Take readings of volume discharged and time of discharge using the volumetric tank to determine
the flow rate.
9- Repeat steps 5 to 7 five times for each weir type.

Page 8 of 12

2
 5. Data Analysis

In a rectangular weir:

Q = 2/3* Cd * B*(2g)1/2* H1.5

where

Q = flow rate,

Cd = coefficient of discharge,

B = width of the weir, and

H = head above the weir.

Determine Cd as follow:

1- Tabulate volume, times, and heads;

2- Compute and tabulate Q, H2/3 , Cd=3Q/ (2BH1.5(2g)0.5), log Q, log H;
3- Plot Q2/3 versus H;
4- Plot log Q versus log H;
5- Plot Cd versus H;
6- Estimate an average value for Cd and the standard deviation.

Answer the following questions:

1- Is Cd constant for this weir?

2- Can The Q-H relationship be described by an empirical formula Q = k * Hn? If so find the values
of k and n.

Page 9 of 12
In a V-notch Weir

Q = 8/15* Cd * (2g)1/2* tan (/2)*H5/2

where

Cd = coefficient of discharge,

/2 = half of the enclosed angle of the V, and

H = head above the weir.

Determine C in accordance with the following:

1- Tabulate volumes, times and heads;

2- Compute and tabulate Q and Q5/2 ;
3- Plot Q5/2 versus H and find Cd from the slope of the graph.

Answer the following questions:

1- Is Cd constant for this weir?

2- What are the advantages and disadvantages of plotting Q2/5 versus H instead of Q versus H5/2 ?
LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT

I. The report should be in English and the use of a word processor (WORD etc) is required.

II. Main headings are to be centered and written in bold capital letters. Sub-titles should be written in
small letters and underlined or bold.

III. Drawing should conform to acceptable engineering standards.

IV. Each report should contain the following sections.

1. Title Page: Should contain experiment name and number, group number and date.

2. Table of Contents: Should have the corresponding page numbers.

3. Abstract: Use an abstract of about 50 words to summarize the experiment, stating information
and conclusions.

Page 10 of 12
 4. Theory: Explain theory, define terms, and outline any problems peculiar to this subject

5. Procedure and Experimental Set-up: Tell how the experiment was used and how tests were
conducted. Describe experimental procedures and give experimental equipment used in the
experiment with illustrations if possible.

6. Calculations and results: Presents results in clearer form. Give a sample calculation and
tabulate your results, also include your data sheet and graphs. Interpret clearly the data you are
presenting.

7. Discussion: Compare your results with theoretical values, explain in detail.

8. Conclusions: State directly and briefly your conclusions and the utility of these conclusions.
Conclusions should not be confused with results and observations, which are facts. Conclusions
are the lessons learned from interpretations of the facts.

Give possible practical use of your observations.

9. References: References in the main text should be cited numerically in the order of their use in
the text. The following format should be applied while citing different sources.

Example references

a) Reference to article

Raghavan,R., Cady, G.V., and Romey, H.J.Jr. Well Test Analysis for the Vertically Fractured Wells
1, J.Pet.Tech, Aug.1972, 1014-1020

b) Reference to a book

Craft,B.C .and Hawkins,M.F: Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, Prentice-hall Inc., New
York,1959.

c) Reference to a paper presented at a meeting but not published

Spanos, P.D.AND Payne, M.L.: Advances in Dynamic Bottom hole Assembly Modelling and
Dynamic Response Determination, paper SPE 23905 presented at the 1992 IADC/SPE Drilling
Conference, New Orleans, Louisana, Feb.18-21

d) Reference to a company document, manual etc.

Ruska High Pressure Viscometer Operating Manual, Ruska Instrument Corporation, Houston, Texas,
1970.

Page 11 of 12
e) Reference to a web page / Internet site:

Understanding a Hydrometer (page or article title)

http://www.brewsupplies.com/understanding_a_hydrometer.htm (address) Accessed on 20.02.2002
(date when the page was accessed)

Page 12 of 12