BASIC IMAGE EDITING

Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital
photographs, traditional photochemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image
editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs, or
editing illustrations with any traditional art medium. Graphic software programs, which can be
broadly grouped into vector graphics editors, raster graphics editors, and 3D modelers, are the
primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image
editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch.

Cropping
Cropping an image effectively can already make a huge difference to its impact. When you cut
out distracting background, or a clutter of irrelevant objects around, the subject of your photo
stands out better. You can correct the placing of the subject if it is awkwardly placed by
trimming one side, focus more attention on a persons face by cropping a wide shot into a
portrait format and much more.

Color Balance
The atmosphere of an image is hugely influenced by the color of the light. Warm golden light
creates a happy holiday feel, while cooler light can look smooth and professional. Adjusting the
color balance can change the mood of an image as well as correcting images that just dont look
right. Faces that have a blue or green tinge, when shot in the shade of trees for example, can be
given a more natural coloring and skin tones restored to health with the color balance feature.

Brightness and Contrast

Images that look rather gray, flat and dull can often be brought to life by tweaking the contrast
levels. Photos taken on cloudy days and out of direct sunlight often benefit from increased
contrast, while photos taken in bright sunlight can be too contrasty, in which case decreasing the
contrast levels helps bring the detail back into the shadow areas. Simple image editing programs
like Picasa will adjust contrast automatically to an optimum level, while in Photoshop you
manually adjust the curve graph until you achieve the contrast you want.

Compression and Re-sizing

It is essential to re-size your images before up-loading them to your website or blog. Full-size
images straight from your camera are usually large enough for good print quality. This level of
quality is not needed for your average sized web image. In fact it is a disadvantage, as the larger
the image, the longer it will take to load, slowing down your website and perhaps losing your
viewer, before the image has even loaded.

Fun Stuff
Many image editing programs have special effects buttons, which turn you into an instant
graphic artist. Increase the contrast way beyond natural tones until you get a grainy artistic
image, alter the colors until they are practically fluorescent, turn color photos into classic black
and white pictures.
CELL DIVISION

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.[1] Cell
division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of
cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the
parent cell (mitosis),[2] and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in
the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in
four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two
divisions. Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are
separated in the second division. Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of
sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. Both are believed to be present in the last
eukaryotic common ancestor. Prokaryotes undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary
fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell
divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.

HOW DO CELL DIVIDE

There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to
cell division, they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of
cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.
Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents,
including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. Because this process
is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of genes. When mitosis is
not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.
The other type of cell division, meiosis, ensures that humans have the same number of
chromosomes in each generation. It is a two-step process that reduces the chromosome number
by halffrom 46 to 23to form sperm and egg cells. When the sperm and egg cells unite at
conception, each contributes 23 chromosomes so the resulting embryo will have the usual 46.
Meiosis also allows genetic variation through a process of DNA shuffling while the cells are
dividing.