TOWARDS A WENO-BASED CODE FOR INVESTIGATING

PE COS RANS MODEL CLOSURES FOR HYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITIES

Rhys Ulerich 1
Oleg Schilling 2
Predictive Engineering and
Computational Sciences 1
University of Texas at Austin 2
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Background DNS of Large-Atwood-Number, Single-Mode Rayleigh–Taylor Instability Work in Progress

Rayleigh–Taylor, Richtmyer–Meshkov, and Kelvin–Helmholtz 2.2

Preliminary results from single species, γ = 5/3, µ = 10−5 2D Navier–Stokes simulations of the Implement two-component, ideal perfect gas formulation:
hydrodynamic instabilities impact applications ranging from inertial 0.3
2

∇ρ ∇ρ 1.8 Rayleigh–Taylor instability at several large Atwood numbers. • Adds mass fraction transport equation [2]
confinement fusion (ICF) to supernovae dynamics. Though the
• Use Sutherland’s Law for species molecular transport coefficients
1.6
0.5

Navier–Stokes equations can exactly capture the physics, direct ∇p ∇p

1.4

Gravity is downward. Dirichlet boundary conditions are used at the top and bottom of the domain. The
numerical simulation (DNS) is prohibitively expensive. Instead, the flow
1.2

0.7
1 horizontal direction is periodic. At t = 0 a non-diffuse interface is established at the domain midpoint. Implement 2-, 3-, and 4-equation Rayleigh-Taylor mixing-optimized RANS models for transport of:
physics can be efficiently approximated statistically using 0 0.125 0.25

The initial velocity perturbation is −(c/40) cos (8πx) where c is the local speed of sound.
Misalignment of ∇ρ and ∇p in an • turbulent kinetic energy (K )
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models. However, these
At = ρρhh−ρ
+ρl = 1/3 configuration
l
• turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ()
instabilities are challenging because the models must accommodate initiates the Rayleigh–Taylor
variable density, inhomogeneity, nonstationarity, and anisotropy. 0 • density variance (ρ02)
instability via baroclinic vorticity 7
Additionally, the simultaneous presence of shocks and turbulence production. 35 • density variance dissipation rate (0ρ)
4.5 12
requires sophisticated numerical techniques.
APS DFD 2010: Comparisons of a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Model with Self-Similar
Solutions for Large Atwood Number Rayleigh–Taylor Mixing
Objectives 3
4
6 30

10 Near-Term Plans
To develop a nonoscillatory, shock-capturing gasdynamics code designed to 0.5
• simulate multi-species hydrodynamic instabilities and
• facilitate N -equation RANS model closure evaluation and development.
3.5 25 Investigate RANS closure budgets against averaged DNS fields:
5
2.5 • Add support for perturbation with prescribed energy spectra
To investigate the Rayleigh–Taylor instability and mixing, including 8 • Add output of energy spectra, PDFs, and other statistics
• comparing RANS models with self-similar solutions, 3
• measuring mixing statistics and equation budgets, and 20 Extend work to other instabilities:
1 4 • Add inflow/outflow characteristic boundary conditions
• quantifying sensitivities relative to initial perturbations and model coefficient choices.
• Study Richtmyer–Meshkov and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities
2
2.5 6
Other related items:
High-Order Numerics and Code 15
• Improve serial code performance
3
• Hybrid WENO/finite differencing using Ducros sensor [1]
Numerics allow hybrid upwind/central difference shock-capturing RANS & DNS: 2.2
2 • Add option for implicit time-evolution
• Inviscid fluxes computed using 4 10 • Extend code to three dimensions
th th rd
• 9 -, 5 , or 3 -order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) reconstruction [4],
0.2
1.5 1.5
2
• Implement a thermodynamically consistent and fully conservative formulation [5]
• Roe’s approximate Riemann solver [3], and
3,2
• global Lax–Friedrichs flux splitting 1/240 1.8 1.5
2 • Add subgrid-scale models for large-eddy simulation (LES)
th th nd 0.4
• Viscous terms use 8 , 4 -, or 2 -order centered finite differences
• Total variation diminishing explicit Runge–Kutta time stepping
1.6 5 11

2
9
• Selectable orders allow isolating numerical viscosity effects 5,4 1.4
0.6
1/240 1 1 7

1
1.2 At 0.5 At 0.6 At 0.7 At 0.8 At 0.9 5
2
New, modular Fortran 95 code designed for flexibility: 0 0.25 3

t=1 t=2
0.8
• Equation-agnostic driver handles all MPI and IO considerations 9,8
1
Density fields for the indicated Atwood numbers at t = 1.95 s. Fields for At > 0.5 show “inviscid” flow structures suggesting 1
1/480 2.5 2.75 3
1/240 the 768 points per wavelength resolution was insufficient to fully resolve dissipative effects. Prior runs at 512 points per
• Equation- and problem-specific modules provide relevant physics 0 0.1
0.2
0.15 0.25

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability generated by a Ma = 1.5 shock interacting with a perturbed At = 1/3, γ = 7/2
At ∆x = 1/240, the (9,8) th wavelength (not shown) indicate adequate resolution for At = 0.5.
• Currently supports: interface. Density fields show a reshock event and post-reshock mixing layer growth at the indicated times.
• Single species Navier–Stokes with constant gamma, viscosity order method fully
• Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer–Meshkov initial conditions resolves At = 1/3 flow
structures while lower
• New equations and problems easily added by implementing:
orders do not. It requires 0.4 1
• Equation of state and any unique transport equations
only 30% of the (3,2)th At 0.5
At 0.6
At 0.5
At 0.6
References
• Roe-averaged eigenvectors from system’s inviscid limit At 0.7 At 0.7
order’s compute time to At 0.8 At 0.8
0.8
• Supports single or multimode initial perturbations obtain a converged 0.3 At 0.9 At 0.9
solution. [1] F. D UCROS, Large-eddy simulation of the shock/turbulence interaction, Journal of Computational
bubble amplitude

• Includes serial and parallel regression test suite

spike amplitude

0.6
• Flexible restart handling and statistics output Physics, 152 (1999), pp. 517–549.
0.2
• Features to simplify batch runs and parameter sweeps 0.4 [2] D. J. H ILL , C. PANTANO, AND D. I. P ULLIN, Large-eddy simulation and multiscale modelling of a
WENO3, FD2
• Reasonable scalability and performance for effort to date 10 WENO5, FD4
Richtmyer–Meshkov instability with reshock, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 557 (2006), pp. 29–61.
Wall time per timestep (s)

WENO9, FD8
0.1
• Doxygen-based documentation evolves with code 0.2
1
[3] P. L. R OE, Approximate Riemann solvers, parameter vectors, and difference schemes, Journal of
Computational Physics, 43 (1981), pp. 357–372.
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.1
time time
[4] C.-W. S HU, High order weighted essentially nonoscillatory schemes for convection dominated
1 10
Number of MPI ranks
100
ρ (ρ−ρ ) problems, SIAM Review, 51 (2009), pp. 82–126.
1
Bubble and spike amplitudes were found by thresholding the heavy-fluid mass fraction m1 = ρ(ρ 2
1 −ρ2 )
∈ [0, 1] at 0.99 and
Strong, parallel scaling for 0.01. The spike amplitudes increase smoothly with Atwood number while the bubble amplitudes remain clustered for [5] S.-P. WANG , M. H. A NDERSON , J. G. O AKLEY, M. L. C ORRADINI , AND R. B ONAZZA, A
At = 1/3 at ∆x = 1/480 At = 0.8, 0.9. thermodynamically consistent and fully conservative treatment of contact discontinuities for
compressible multicomponent flows, Journal of Computational Physics, 195 (2004), pp. 528–559.
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. This 1 2
material is also based in part upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-FC52-08NA28615. rhys@ices.utexas.edu, schilling1@llnl.gov LLNL-POST-448252