SYLLABUS-AUCHE-R 2013

ME6404 THERMAL ENGINEERING LT PC 3 0 0 3

UNIT I GAS POWER CYCLES 8

Otto, Diesel, Dual, Brayton cycles, Calculation of mean effective pressure, and air standard
efficiency - Comparison of cycles.

UNIT II INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 10

Classification - Components and their function. Valve timing diagram and port timing
diagram actual and theoretical p-V diagram of four stroke and two stroke engines. Simple
and complete Carburettor. MPFI, Diesel pump and injector system. Battery and Magneto
Ignition System - Principles of Combustion and knocking in SI and CI Engines. Lubrication
and Cooling systems. Performance calculation.

UNIT III STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES 9

Flow of steam through nozzles, shapes of nozzles, effect of friction, critical pressure ratio,
supersaturated flow. Impulse and Reaction principles, compounding, velocity diagram for
simple and multi-stage turbines, speed regulations Governors.

UNIT IV AIR COMPRESSOR 9

Classification and working principle of various types of compressors, work of compression
with and without clearance, Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal efficiency and Isentropic
efficiency of reciprocating compressors, Multistage air compressor and inter cooling work
of multistage air compressor

UNIT V REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING 9

Refrigerants - Vapour compression refrigeration cycle- super heat, sub cooling Performance
calculations - working principle of vapour absorption system, Ammonia Water, Lithium
bromide water systems (Description only) . Air conditioning system - Processes, Types and
Working Principles. - Concept of RSHF, GSHF, ESHF- Cooling Load calculations.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

Upon completion of this course, the students can able to apply the different gas power
cycles and use of them in IC and R&AC applications.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Rajput. R. K., Thermal Engineering S.Chand Publishers, 2000
2. Kothandaraman.C.P., Domkundwar. S,Domkundwar. A.V., A course in thermal
Engineering",
Fifth Edition, Dhanpat Rai & sons , 2002

REFERENCES:
1. Sarkar, B.K,Thermal Engineering Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2007
2. Arora.C.P, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning , Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers 1994
3. Ganesan V.. Internal Combustion Engines , Third Edition, Tata Mcgraw-Hill 2007
4. Rudramoorthy, R, Thermal Engineering ,Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,2003
5. Ramalingam. K.K., "Thermal Engineering", SCITECH Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd.,
2009.
 COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEIRNG AND TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT-I
Year : II Yr Semester: IV Sem
Branch : B.E.,Mechanical Engineering- B Section
Subject Name: Thermal Engineering
1. In an air standard carnot cycle heat is transferred to the working fluid at 1100k and is
rejected at 275k.The heat is supplied 250kj/kg. The lowest pressure in the cycle is 1
atm. Assuming constant specific heats for air, determine the cycle efficiency and the
mean effective pressure. R for air =0.287 kj/kg, =1.4
2. A gas engine working on otto cycle has a cylinder diameter of 200mm and a stroke of
250 mm. If the clearance volume is 1400c.c,find the air standard efficiency.
3. Prove that the ideal efficiency of the diesel cycle will be less than the ideal efficiency
of the otto cycle, for the same compression ratio. A diesel engine has a compression
ratio of 14 and cutoff takes placd at 6% of stroke. Find the air standard efficiency of
the cycle. Compare this with the air standard efficiency of the otto cycle having the
same compression ratio.
4. A diesel air standard cycle has a compression ratio of 15. The lowest and highest
temperature of the cycle are 27c and 1627c respectively. The pressure at the
beginning of the compression is 1 bar. Calculate (a) the pressures and temperatures at
the salient points of the cycle,(b) the heat supplied, (c) the heat rejected,(d) net work
output,(e)efficiency, (f) clearance,(g) cut-off,(h)mep.
5. Show that in otto cycle, the maximum work per kg of air is obtained when the
temperature after isentropic compression equals the temperature after isentropic
expansion, each of them being equal to the geometric mean of the product of the
maximum and minimum cycle temperatures.
6. The diameter and stroke of the cylinder of an engine working on ideal otto cycle are
180mm and 320mm respectively. The clearance volume is 0.002m. Calculate the air
standard efficiency of the engine.
7. A diesel engine working on ideal cycle having a compression ratio of 14 takes in air at
1 bar and at a temperature of 20c. If cutoff takes place at 5 % of the stroke, find the
mean effective pressure of the cycle.
8. A mixed cycle, has a compression rartio of 12 and uses air as a working fluid at the
initial conditions of 1.03 bar and 30 c. The maximum pressure of the cycle is 41.4
bar and the maximum temperature 1393c .Calculate (1) the cycle thermal efficiency,
(2)the mean effective pressure.
9. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of the brayton cycle.
10. In a gas turbine power plant, air enters the compressor at 1 bar and 15c and leaves
the compressor at 6 bar then it leaves the combustion chamber at 600c. Calculate the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
11. A brayton cycle operates with the pressure ratio of 5 and maximum temperature of
900c. If the initial conditions are 0.5 bar and -5c , determine the cycle efficiency and
the work delivered per kg of air.
12. An ideal brayton cycle operates with air at the initial conditions of 5c and 1.03 bar.
The pressure ratio is 7 and the maximum temperature 816c . Determine (1) the net
work of the cycle (2)the work ratio,(3)the thermal efficiency of the cycle (4)the mass
rate of air for an output of 3750kw.
 COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEIRNG AND TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT-II
Year : II Yr Semester: IV Sem
Branch : B.E.,Mechanical Engineering- B Section
Subject Name: Thermal Engineering
1. Why is the Carnot cycle not suitable as an ideal cycle for all power-producing cyclic
devices?
2. How does the thermal efficiency of an ideal cycle, in general, compare to that of a Carnot
cycle operating between the same temperature limits?
3. What does the area enclosed by the cycle represent on a P-v diagram? How about on a T-s
diagram?
4. What is the difference between air-standard assumptions and the cold-air-standard
assumptions?
5. How are the combustion and exhaust processes modelled under the air-standard
assumptions?
6. What are the air-standard assumptions?
7. What is the difference between the clearance volume and the displacement volume of
reciprocating engines?
8. Define the compression ratio for reciprocating engines.
9. How is the mean effective pressure for reciprocating engines defined?
10.Can the mean effective pressure of an automobile engine in operation be less than the
atmospheric pressure?
11.As a car gets older, will its compression ratio change? How about the mean effective
pressure?
12. What is the difference between spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines?
13. Define the following terms related to reciprocating engines: stroke, bore, top dead center,
and clearance volume.
14. Why are high compression ratios not used in sparkignition engines?
15. An ideal Otto cycle with a specified compression ratio is executed using (a) air, (b) argon,
and (c) ethane as the working fluid. For which case will the thermal efficiency be the
highest? Why?
16.What is the difference between fuel-injected gasoline engines and diesel engines?How
does a diesel engine differ from a gasoline engine?
17. How does the ideal Diesel cycle differ from the ideal Otto cycle?
18. For a specified compression ratio, is a diesel or gasoline engine more efficient?
19. Do diesel or gasoline engines operate at higher compression ratios? Why?
20. What is the cutoff ratio? How does it affect the thermal efficiency of a Diesel cycle
engines?
21. What four processes make up the simple ideal Brayton cycle?
22. For fixed maximum and minimum temperatures, what is the effect of the pressure ratio on
(a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the net work output of a simple ideal Brayton cycle?
23. What is the back work ratio? What are typical back work ratio values for gas-turbine
engines?
24. How do the inefficiencies of the turbine and the compressor affect (a) the back work ratio
and (b) the thermal efficiency of a gas-turbine engine?
25.How does regeneration affect the efficiency of a Brayton cycle, and how does it
accomplish it?
26.Somebody claims that at very high pressure ratios, the use of regeneration actually
decreases the thermal efficiency of a gas-turbine engine. Is there any truth in this claim?
Explain.
 COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEIRNG AND TECHNOLOGY
TUTORIAL I
Year : II Yr Semester: IV Sem
Branch : B.E.,Mechanical Engineering- B Section
Subject Name: Thermal Engineering
1. In an air standard Carnot cycle heat is transferred to the working fluid at 1100k and is
rejected at 275k.The heat is supplied 250kj/kg. The lowest pressure in the cycle is 1 atm.
Assuming constant specific heats for air, determine the cycle efficiency and the mean
effective pressure. R for air =0.287 kJ/kg, =1.4
2. A gas engine working on Otto cycle has a cylinder diameter of 200mm and a stroke of 250
mm. If the clearance volume is 1400c.c,find the air standard efficiency.
3.In an Otto cycle air at 15C and 1.02 bar is compressed until the pressure is 12.5 bar. Heat
is added at constant volumeuntil the pressure raises to 35 bar absolute. Calculate the
compression ratio, the air standard efficiency and the mean effective pressure.Take = 1.4.
4.An engine equipped with a cylinder having a bore of 150mm and a stroke of 450mm
operated on an Otto cycle. If clearance volume is 2000 cm3. Compute the air standard
efficiency
5.In an air standard Otto Cycle the compression ratio is 7 and compression begins at 35C,
0.1MPa. The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1100C. Find the temperature and
pressure at all corner points of the P-V diagram, the heat supplied per kg of air, the work
done per kg of air , the cycle efficiency and mean effective pressure?
6.An Engine working on Otto cycle has an air standard cycle efficiency of 56% and rejects
444kJ/kg of heat. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression is 0.1MPa
and 60C respectively. Find the temperature and pressure at all points, compression ratio, the
work done per kg of air and mean effective pressure.
7.An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.5 m 3, 1 bar pressure and 27 C
temperature at the beginning of compression. The pressure at the end of compression is 10bar
220 KJ of heat is added at constant volume. Calculate the volume, pressure and temperature
at salient points in the cycle. Also find the percentage clearance, the work done per cycle,
efficiency, and mean effective pressure. Also calculate the power developed in Kw if the
working cycles are 400 per minute.
8. An Engine-working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m3 , pressure 1 bar and
temperature 30 degree C at the beginning of compression stroke. At the end of compression
stroke, the pressure is 11 bar and 210 KJ of heat is added at constant volume. Determine (i)
Pressure, temperature and volumes at salient points in the cycle (ii) Efficiency
9. Prove that the ideal efficiency of the diesel cycle will be less than the ideal efficiency of
the otto cycle, for the same compression ratio. A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14
and cutoff takes placd at 6% of stroke. Find the air standard efficiency of the cycle. Compare
this with the air standard efficiency of the otto cycle having the same compression ratio.
10.A diesel air standard cycle has a compression ratio of 15. The lowest and highest
temperature of the cycle are 27c an 1627c respectively. The pressure at the beginning of the
compression is 1 bar. Calculate (a) the pressures and temperatures at the salient points of the
cycle,(b) the heat supplied, (c) the heat rejected,(d) net work output,(e)efficiency, (f)
clearance,(g) cut-off,(h)mep.
11.A diesel engine working on ideal cycle having a compression ratio of 14 takes in air at 1
bar and at a temperature of 20c. If cutoff takes place at 5 % of the stroke, find the mean
effective pressure of the cycle.
12.The following data in referred for an air standard diesel cycle compression ratio = 15 heat
added= 200 kJ/kg- minimum temperature in the cycle = 25C Suction pressure = 1 bar
Calculate
1. Pressure and temperature at the Salient point.
2. Thermal efficiency
3. Mean effective pressure,
4. Power output of the cycle if flow rate 'of air is 2 Kg/s
13.An air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a maximum cycle
temperature of 1600K the compression begins at 1.0 bar and 15C. Calculate the values of
pressure, volume, temperature the end of each process, heat supplied, heat rejected,net work
and the thermal efficiency.
14.In a Diesel engine, the compression ratio 13: 1 and the fuel is cut-off at 8% of the stroke.
Find the air standard efficiency of the engine. Take g =1.4.
15.In an air standard Diesel cycle the compression ratio is 15. Compression begins at
0.1MPa, 40C. The heat added is 1.675 MJ/kg. Calculate the air standard efficiency and mean
effective pressure of the cycle.
16.In an ideal Diesel cycle, the temperature at the beginning and end of compression are 57
C and 603 C respectively. The temperature at the beginning and end of expansion are 1950
C and 870 C respectively. Determine the ideal efficiency of the cycle.g =1.4. If the
compression ratio is 14 and the pressure at the beginning of the compression is 1 bar,
calculate the maximum pressure in the cycle.
17.A mixed cycle, has a compression rartio of 12 and uses air as a working fluid at the initial
conditions of 1.03 bar and 30 c. The maximum pressure of the cycle is 41.4 bar and the
maximum temperature 1393c .Calculate (1) the cycle thermal efficiency,(2)the mean
effective pressure.
18. A Dual combustion air standard cycle has a compression ratio of 10. The constant
pressure part of combustion takes place at 40 bar. The highest and the lowest temperature of
the cycle are 1725 degree C and 27 degree C respectively. The pressure at the beginning of
compression is 1 bar.Calculate (I) the pressure and temperature at key points of the cycle. (ii)
The heat supplied at constant volume, (iii) the heat supplied at constant pressure. (iv) The
heat rejected. (v) the work output. (vi) the efficiency and (vii) mep.
19. In a gas turbine power plant, air enters the compressor at 1 bar and 15c and leaves the
compressor at 6 bar then it leaves the combustion chamber at 600c. Calculate the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
20.A brayton cycle operates with the pressure ratio of 5 and maximum temperature of 900c.
If the initial conditions are 0.5 bar and -5c , determine the cycle efficiency and the work
delivered per kg of air.
21.An ideal brayton cycle operates with air at the initial conditions of 5c and 1.03 bar. The
pressure ratio is 7 and the maximum temperature 816c . Determine (1) the net work of the
cycle (2) the work ratio,(3)the thermal efficiency of the cycle (4)the mass rate of air for an
output of 3750kw.
 COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEIRNG AND TECHNOLOGY
TUTORIAL II
Year : II Yr Semester: IV Sem
Branch : B.E., Mechanical Engineering- B Section
Subject Name: Thermal Engineering

1. Write an essay on the most recent developments on the two-stroke engines, and find out
when we might be seeing cars powered by two-stroke engines in the market. Why do the
major car manufacturers have a renewed interest in two-stroke engines?

2. In response to concerns about the environment, some major car manufacturers are
currently marketing electric cars. Write an essay on the advantages and disadvantages of
electric cars, and discuss when it is advisable to purchase an electric car instead of a
traditional internal combustion car.

3. Design a closed-system air-standard gas power cycle composed of three processes and
having a minimum thermal efficiency of 20 percent. The processes may be isothermal,
isobaric, isochoric, isentropic, polytropic, or pressure as a linear function of volume;
however, the Otto, Diesel, Ericsson, and Stirling cycles may not be used. Prepare an
engineering report describing your design, showing the system, P-v and T-s diagrams, and
sample calculations.

4. For a specified pressure ratio, why does multistage compression with intercooling decrease
the compressor work, and multistage expansion with reheating increase the turbine work?