Volcanoes:

What do you notice about the locations of the majority of the volcanoes??

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The tectonic plates can either crash into each other, with one going beneath the
other, and the friction melts the rock allowing magma to pool up where the plates
connect, and form a volcano.

OR

The tectonic plates can separate leaving an opening in the earths crust, where
magma can rise to the surface and form new land which becomes a volcano.

Are all volcanoes formed on the edges of the tectonic plates?? NOOOO!!!

-there are also locations known as ‘hot spots’, where there is a weak point in the
earths crust and the magma forms a channel to the surface.

Unlike mountains, volcanoes are not formed from the plates themselves, but from
the debris from the volcanoes themselves.

Volcanoes may have one of two types of lava. The type of

lava it is helps determine the shape of the volcano. If the lava
flows free and easily, it can travel for kilometers before it
slows down and hardens to rock, making the volcano have
long sloped sides. But..if the lava is thicklike warm peanut
butter, sometimes it blocks the main vent and hardens,
making the gases in the volcano build up, and then suddenly
blow up violently. it can cause the volcano to have steep
sides

3 types of volcanoes:
Cinder: the smallest and most common type of volcano. Bits of lava that are
hurled out of the volcano build up around the crater. It then shapes a bumpy cone-
shaped volcano.

Shield Cone: the largest volcanoes in the world!! These have long sloping sides
made from the free flowing lava. The Hawaiian Islands are made out of just the tops
of the shield cones!!
Composite Cone: are some of the most famous and violent types of volcano. Are
made from alternating layers of cinder rock and hardened lava

What are some of the impacts from volcanoes?

Earthquakes:
Where do earthquakes occur??
-mostly on fault lines when there is a great amount of pressure between the two
plates, and when they try to slip past each other, the friction creates a tremor that
we know as a earthquake.
Scientists gather information about the earth by measuring vibrations from
earthquakes.
To measure these vibrations you use a Seismograph.

The focus of the earthquake is the point in the

earth where energy is first released, and seismic
waves are the vibrations sent out from that
energy.

The recording of the vibrations that look like zig-

zag lines are called seismograms.

P waves: fast moving compression waves, (move in a pattern much like a

catterpillar) are the first ones to reach the surface of the earth.
S waves: shear waves are slower moving, (and vibrate side to side) and can not
move through water.
L waves: surface waves are the slowest types of waves, and travel along the
surface of the earth.

Epicentre: this is the point on land directly above where the earthquakes focus is.
-This can only be determined by using 3 or more seismograph stations. Based on
how strong the reading from the seismograph is, scientists will draw a circle around
their station. Where the circles intersect is where the epicenter is.

What are some effects earthquakes can have??

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