Scribd Logo
Fazer o upload

Bem-vindo(a) ao Scribd!

  • Schiappa - Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory

    Enviado por

    Gabrielle Cavalcante
    26 visualizações7 páginas
    Schiappa - Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory

    Direitos autorais

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formatos disponíveis

    PDF ou leia online no Scribd

    Você considera este documento útil?

    Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

    Denunciar este documento
    Schiappa - Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    26 visualizações7 páginas

    Schiappa - Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory

    Enviado por

    Gabrielle Cavalcante
    Schiappa - Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 7
    EDWARD SCHIAPPA The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece Yale Univesity Press New Haven 16 London ‘The Standard Account of Rhetoric’s Beginnings “This hook isa flor to reve the tadonal accounts of the Ole Sopiss and ery Grek heoingaboat sexx theory. Ble revising the tandard socoune, eed tro dre it The purpos ofthis ehaper to provide a summary ofthe clas that embody the standard acoant and so Ueny ekey “fact” and asomons Thee calms ar the focus ofthe ‘sang chaps in Par] ofthie book. By “standard account” {mean the hiteialdseipton ofthe ergs of ‘err cheoc tha ound in he ms prevalent sures onthe bj tnd thateso widely ld a rotura vpn te majoety of secandary dscssons of Gack cer, Ihave no daubr char I have overgenerazed and over ‘pled various shoe’ postions the accoustchat allows. woud be lf to find single scholar who would agree wid every singe chain ‘eid. Noaeteler 1 lve thatthe lowing isla grounded in ‘he lterature vob considered afar approximation of che standard account. ‘One scudy reports that George A Kenney’ Clasial Rhetoric and Is Cristion and Secor Tradition from Ancien o Modem Times (3980) the ‘morecommony wsedacondar source gaaduate cures on casa hetor. ‘el theory (Enoe 298, 45-48). Combined wih his eer work, The Ar of Persuasion Greece (2963) ands more recent A New History of Classical Rhetoric (994 Kent exs have become te andar reference works 4 Toe Origins of Roca Theory ‘ntl on ely Grek rhecorcfor las cholasip and pedagogy frome which otber standard reference works dir aly mara: Accordingly ‘nays ofthe standard account focuses primanly hough ot excovely— ‘on Kennedystexs." ‘The “Invention” of Rhetoric andthe Handbook Tradition “The tsi facts ofthe standard account of the "invention ofthe At of Rhetoric areas flows The oveeheove ofyranny in Sly around 467 8.8. andthe eskngesablshment of democracy tested a ulden demand for the teaching of teoifoe css ase nthe law ours and inthe assembly “Two Siclians, Com and Ths, responded to this eran by nvenng” shetorial theory through cheineoduexon ofthe at writes Ar of Retr ‘The primary theoretical coneribasions of Cortx and Taine were the en ‘on ofthe pans of forensic speeches andthe theory ofthe “egument om sei” The sory thar credits Corax withthe “invention” of rats is widely cepted by historians of eu ehetarc Kenedy’ version of the sory a5 folows InSyracisin Sp. democracy on he Ain pater wat ino sudden in 4678 Chins ford thems vied ington oe the ‘ener a property ar ter mares a fred oaks ep eo cases before he cones. Nowherein Gree da he roeson ole ado ‘¢ pawon athe bar exis: Ned pak ince democrat Syracaan se 1 vases proving, reppin or pln lens cate to sive te ski public eakng na way ae prenoairerdene Aw cer ‘Scibans developed snp techniques Grek ene nen arf ive preseration nd epumentaton nh am court dnt hee oar fever Kemet 1980 18-29) Most modern scholeship ends to regard he ry of Catt ad Tiss it venting the srt of here as questionable only with gard detail, Though in doabt abou the cause and effet lationship enn the eof demos andthe teaching of rhetoric, M.L Paley declares tat iia fact that Cran of Syracuse ands pop Tsar were the founders of the Greek at of hoe” (1968, 60). riedich Bas (r887,1117-213,D-A.G. Hinks (r940h ML. {lark (1957), D.C. Beant (1968), WK. C. Gah (97, and James J. 1 AsMichael Capra notes, Kenedy set npr conienprany i of eke wringing (9802 TheSandad Account § ‘Murphy (1973) have all writen andar elerence works or ebooks hat secpe the general vali ofthe Cox nd Tia legend* ‘Kenedy nteporics the teachings of Coax and isis par of radon he dseries "techie shetoie™ Theos common held bel concer- ing fith-enrarytechakal hesoic canbe iil nto 2 ses of specie dams: 1.The Acof Retr ongnrswt Corn of Sil aan 467 8, 2 Gora pobblyte acer of Tis low Sin 5. Corn Ti autre rt cdo book dvgnted an artnet "Corie ay sab air of peematon Ae nortan cobain of Cra andlor ii! banabook ws the ‘Mecon of he para offense specs, Though he specie nee of par flrs om account cunt (4, 067 ew sears dou at one pnt yu of dison wanted by Cova, Tis bth, ‘Tie primary thors cna wa the ienition of che "a genes om pot" iy bec ofthe ih conse 2 wen te books ich al wire comminyaralibe o whieh people oud ar le beri (Keasedy 980, #9) 1 Mow ery techng ofthe Ar of Retr, ining tat of Coax ner Tinoco fern retort the octal ped ing of cnt twins wou Sic he Crk jails ied Inds todd Senses hore uy became an arse se tot say Kenedy 18,29). “Though mos scholar agree that he ory is probably apocryphal che fol lowing anecdote is fen repeated ia connection with ext accouns of Corax and Tite “Tins ata pil Crux who efi pa fori sertion Upon being gue tw co he argc hart he wom he pte Be ed a by thar deco he lost Bowe, payene would be unos wine the ar tui be proved wore, Cath tepid by revenge agunent. The nc th fit ode char, pes a --Foreertctookn et hth bay apatite Fs as nd “Tapp ian aoel93y and Gln Brun and Caeman gp) 9h Thi erat Cosa ogre rth lara byes wig i el ta ‘Sedan una burtr eyeing ite aes 90% 7 Bal Uotasividen (986) Eanito apts Stone o9 6,05 Wee 9900") 3S Rens (965 51 Cope 35 11-ta Vee 98,6 aoe (956, 6 The Ongnof Retort Theory out aed them both ot wih se episod ero” (Goren Remedy 1965.1, Teton or nos, te very existence ofthe say i fen ced a evidence tat thetoric ais eal aches often were aot hel in high esteem. The sary also fends to reinforce the bel hae Tas was ence stant of Caras, = point to which eet in chap. “According wo Keanedy the defining characteristic fehl hetorie wat ‘as emphasis on rhetoric handbooks. nal to ating the enphai forensic rhetoric, argument rom probabil, andthe rope cpanztion oF speeches ll nosed above), Kennedys account ents seer he fee of ‘hchandbook wadiin ht canbe rendered into specie eaims 4. A lent some fhe handbooks “included cuss of yy pe cally of she vas tnd of dition vue ote oer athe fore of linguistic ceameration which hecould se Kenney 980,20 Arise’ lost wrk SyagogeTecnon, o Collection ofthe Ars, wat summary ofthe hori hanooke elect i the wi-ourhcensey thar "sees to have eeadered the sora ofthe ora cing fh ‘enmry} handbooks saertoas. They ceased co be copied and preseeed™ (Kennedy 1980, 19. According rome scholars belive that 1. Nofitheary socal anooks oxic Ai wigs made them chase Sophistc and Philosophical Rhetoric ‘osring te midst ln ith century. 2 competing appeosc othe prey ‘echnical teaching of htri appeared trough she teaching pac ofthe (Oder Sopiss: Sears leaned setoie primarily through ating oxen lary speeches, Kennedy describes this method ashe adion of Soph” "here. The Sophiss were mos non-Atheian Greeks who could na pa tiipace dre in Atbens poles, but who eared subsea amount of ‘money as itnerant orators and etches of hear Bectse thr tenching wa ‘heoretially modes and philosophically relatiisi and emphasized pola succes above ale, the Sophits motivaed Plato and Asolo develop ‘mote philosophical earners of there. Hence, scoring to Kennedy, three traditions of rhs theory ae dentable in he fh end fourth ceures C1 techni, Sophie, abd phloophial “Though there iso overwhelming consensus eprdigthe Sorin, amar ‘ber of chims canbe identified as accepted in most histori account he Sophie and “Sophisic” rhetoric “TheStandard Accoms 7 Tough cyl darn ay eased heen a jue Teel an cay ae Te" om iad Reap Gos py Pies Theo san an wcrc hr aio hpi st ey angina ic A Haveli at fre the Spi rhe” taoge aj on Psion ats he Ss "al eu tore” 1995 hace eo age a cesty Sons "up con ‘dns Gonads of Gro Posy 97 ‘preach Camper ial ents he Sop with tai ‘it nd Riso agg for xm taal of Pega eh ‘oad om wath eal the trl ener” oy 83) The ‘Shing heron hgh he ne Sapte moet Uke Shed crn os Kl ee 4s} The exams an Be ried No ety do aha a camer of he ty Spin ke or [Puli rears regents cin seco dicpineta GeSope ‘Sr trghe mary conta ops of Soi eating at wiheore ‘Piero at ans concede with speaker silty solaapety an suerte sop wc lepy promod 2 eninunoonrfeneig ote appetesof ier ees Theres was ‘Spon htt oval» Kid of tonal eis. ase on Shea teween sheen elt amber of SRE conta shea uy wt onset “psp” ‘chap: Door Soar roca ote aren ef Foo {Eine presi pei’ tare eal en of al che Spb or thauietand enc “hip on on wre opel ge Tonnes tory or pols anormal taken seer ‘orcs al suns bn ip wah hor pean bl of aching he ole cu ad poll tb pena 17 707s ene mse ‘Src hat athe Soi ch Copia te ab ate wt ‘purl often nporane afc mhichawskned he opps ‘tilt Seca The lg wate tg he Spline [enh rpres A intel oto od Psp Aor of the tno ibe ction xm hs endeney “Ti Spi as ‘rent mort deg pose hg an Eig eve ‘Som tahanrle ceed he eeraton of el ‘onan edt orden” (98627) “Tre sect cnrcon be ie om sch commen 8 The Origins of thet! Tory ‘sna tan aunty Jo wndenakero el hi hw te presse ‘ete ar ponte (Kencdy i982) "4 The Soph were lates who echewed any postive notion of “thin fave of ajc Thi cei clon lato a ent "The Sophiss we mareconcrned with tect pail wes than ning "th" per _Most of the specific contusions of individu Sophists have bee inte preted through she “heron” framework described bore So fo example, Protagora has ben dscebed atthe “fbr of debate” sine hei ceded with claiming thar there aze "we sides to every argument" He iano often ‘onsderedasubjeive relativs eease he camel tat “Man the measre ofall hings ofthe things hatha heya; and of tn things that at 0, ‘hat they arent” Prodi otrestin dnlngushing the meaning of paren synonyms i ised a8 aa eaey efor o ore lnaguage sed by ort Gon is mot often remembered forhis highly postcrg and hsheay ase ‘of har have emer be called “Ganganie gues" Iashors once he geal Demise is aceped that the Sophie were ocpiedctey with he eng ‘of rhecori the specif ragmens ad doctrines tbat to them ae fe ‘understood a prt and parcel of such aetna trinng. Te “rer” of such of posterity has wavered beween Mto¥ ought condeanation oF Sophie rhetori ro Hepes asizment ofthe Soni so the stats of & ses ol for Plato's ae Aviso reformed view of setre—necesaey because eviews were encessielyscbjece and elstinst, A relatively ree line of hough concerning Sopicretori eguires mention at this pon, Oe adn the writings of Hegel x94 and id rich Nitwche (ee Consigay 1934 the beginnings of « more postive ssc ment of te Sophists contribution othe inteltal mie of encent Gree, Dac think tthe fans of George Grote 2833) ore than Hep! or Nie sche, number of scholas ia the past cenary have tured othe evidence ‘concerning the Sophiss and have provided fa ove balanced and prods ‘ve pcr oftheir ahieverents han one finds in the logue of Plato the ‘rma sare forthe “eadiional™ pejorative acount of the Sophiss The ‘ebabilcatng work of such scholars as Eagine Dore! (1948), Maro Unter steiner (1954), George Kesed (298%a, 19810) and Jacquie de Romy ‘On Grote mprence th poe overt Sephiy, Red (98 and Schapelagsns-c1h “Th Stndardheomd 9 (1988) has done muck to eszoze he reptaion fhe Sophiss to respects fy anda challenge aspects ofthe standard acount. Typical thse scholars ‘exept the loopy ofthe Sophias part of Sophie rhcoreal theo, cx vice vesa. Inosteses, though nt al cotibuons te Sopisierheone sand. Sopise hilesophy are understood as discret for example, Wiliam [NLA Geinald referto “Sophie who eagagedia philosophy an other dic ‘ns a wells those who devoted hemes most o heer" (2996, 27. Consent withsuchefos to reassess te philosophical conten: fini ‘at Soph’ surviving text an fragment a mumbc of oars have sought ‘reevaluate our understanding of Sophisc thetaric For the mos par these accounts accept the hse thrust of clans 11-15 above, but reves tbe ta ‘Sonal neemative evasion. The scholar I wil refer oas Neosopistc rhe- ‘ove theories sep th tastonal count that pei roupoFSopbits ‘sg lav retrcal ery bursa that sucha theory was nds nti and apport “A suner of scholars primary wits English and communication de pnmenis—have encouraged retun 1 he sty of Sophisithetoral ‘theory a valuable source ofisight into conenporary theo theory and practice! Neos skolar obviously donor accep the wildest claims of ‘the Sophias’ res, sach s Hegel assertion thatthe Sophia to remoal ‘decay and downfall of nent Gross. But fo he ox par be cline den Fed above ate oaly modified or recontextaie. Je oor my owt pr cme wig about Sophistcrhetr. In a important say, "Toward a Sophie Defi tion of Rho” (1983), Poulos specially embraces he waonl Is ‘of seven “Older Sophiss” and ates fo describe # definition of hese ‘comman co the group. therefore think ti fae assume that he would ‘bse fo cite 11 and 12 above, In a wei of entay, Polak ha de ‘cred Sophia theory and pace in tems tht sonar wth cea tenes of existential and postmodernism, According if claims 15-15 above ‘weretraslted ito sucha vocabulary, Ibeevethathe and othe Neosophiss ‘wouldassen othe. Plato.and Rhetoric Jn virally al historical acouns of Greek shetricl theory, Sophisic ‘hecorie viewed a leading Pao’ philosophical equ, The sandard 5. tn Ea ee Conse (296), Croley (rn ora 9th MCosey (099s top Mos gta Ne (98) and Vena 997) compte era ‘ee Maa sgshn oman Jo oh (983 198,198, 1999 19) TheOrpintof Rhetorical Theory soon erly ants Sophie ror in ed of ost “Bcsse fis newest ebro ened to overdo exerinetsn ponent ad syle Neely iit assem volar or ac ecouldsecm owen the ‘rth wih indiflensceand ome wore sem te eter cate: Recon swspredibl an tat recton pode what may coment betel ‘plosopiea tak nr s98e Neowopisi cols would gesely zeta Pato aracked Sophie ‘hear order conan ites thy die fo adison Son ‘assent vale ofthe Sophie thar Mato condned sud elation of Pinos acount of there Dest the Neoophin! alenave normative sessment eve tate clans dennis ow shared by wadsionnlise a esos aos mos: thorough dscuson of hts oad in two dogs. The Gorgias ts tte 3h 1 an comer acy aap, whee ‘Phar aes sore deals ner and is consony eaded a epecetng 2 ore blac ae mature iw feo The Geb concerning Matos twsatments of shir ate best del with ehewhee. Torte some te fotowingwe clams are sufisen to note thn common shared by mat account ofesly Greek eres 26 Pos phiopial Peril ry fel pay pnt ny Sephora ea "7 Pato pope eal hay on be dings Kom So shir ny by arconmimento tah eetea oon esi poco “Theahoresetofsevenen clin providers sf stating point ocprovi inganalematve acount of he ong of Geek eto teary Dep he opal ofthe sanded account, eles that sawed once peat Method and Organization ‘This booksinformed by several theoretical eels thar may be wseflly ‘ened atthe oust. The ists the tbe orignal words of ence hei, ‘he isisina verb, shald he ptenpionty over scount of hese coi by later wees. The mot important pracicl implication of such a belt ‘is thar Plato and Ariel in parca, ae nt considered well eae sides to the satus of he Greckthovzing about dicoure that rok place rice so them, The second tele i hat one important snd wef ay 6 More rn ak ungeing to wat racing appt ose Spine ‘oa ere inde olen, Bu sad Clana ps9 28, TheSuondandAcsoant 12 pproach nelle history is by etending othe key terms—in some in stances the echnical vocabulary ~ found in various theorists’ texts. The most teling example fhe impor ofthis bel in fac, tbe oxemple that nat ‘ated this whee Book the phllogealendence opporing the ai ht the Grek word ee eon (herd) originates thecal forth entry sce and dhs iis somewhat anachonisc otak of "heals of chetar™ price to thattine. A more careful charngof he develop ofthe technica ocabulary of Greek rhetorical theory provi, | bles 2 very diferent pict of that corning end especal the role the Olde Sep nth ‘heoring—than she pores that ha ee dominat fr many yar ‘My interes in the precise vorabalry aed in he fh and fourth centuries follows the readtions of cassia philology spice with he insghs of rw0 ‘wentedhcentury weiter Thoms 5. Kubs and Michel Fovcauit Hisovian nd philosopher of cece Kun argesthatto comprehend he history of past ‘heart one ma ander thetic woesbulary of ch theories: “To indestand somebody of pas scientc bet the historian most acquie a lexicon that here ad there cifers yet from the one cree is [oe he] own day. Oni by ang that older lexicon can hea she aceraely ‘ener certain ofthe satements ht are base othe since unde seating” {98,9} lafloened by such philosopher of language as Lodi Wien sla aod WilkedV. ©. Quine, Ke coeds that “To posse 2 lexicon, = ‘trscrued vocal, sto hae acest the varied st of wold which that lexicon cat bused to describe Dire loxcoas those of diferent clears or dferentHtorcal pigs, for example—give aces o diferent ses of| posible odd ler be never enizly orecapping” (984, 11). Kab Suggs thitone ofthe desig charset of seme revaution that “theser of objets or siaauons tha sents prodac course about ~ that

    Você também pode gostar