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REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY provides negative-feedback on

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM hypothalamic-pituitary axis and inhibits


EJAVULATORY P/WAY ("SEVEn UP") GnRH, LH, and FSH
Seminiferous tubules has more of an effect inhibiting FSH than
Epididymis GnRH or LH
Vas deferens 4. other products
Ejaculatory ducts other products that support developing
nothing spermatogonia and support
Urethra spermatogenesis
Penis
Venous drainage
- left testicular vein left renal vein inferior vena
cava (IVC)
- right testicular vein inferior vena cava (IVC) Sertoli cell junctional Complexes
Pampiniform venous plexus
- veins emerging from testis and epididymis extensive tight junctions bind adjacent Sertoli cells
form pampiniform venous plexus junctional complexes establish 2 epithelial
- veins of each pampiniform plexus converge superiorly compartments
form left and right testicular veins
- venous plexus may become dilated (varicose) and o basal compartment
tortuous, producing a varicocele (occurs predominantly occupies space between basal
on the left side) lamina and Sertoli cell - Sertoli cell
- left testicular vein enters left renal vein at approximately junctional complexes
a 90 degree angle contains spermatogonia
increased susceptibility to obstruction or o luminal compartment
reversal of flow occupies space above Sertoli cell -
Lymphatic drainage Sertoli cell junctional complexes
- lumbar (para-aortic) lymph nodes contains primary spermatocytes,
testes secondary spermatocytes,
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes spermatids, and spermatozoa
scrotum blood-testis barrier
ANATOMY OF TESTIS
- Tunica albuginea : an unusually thick, dense connective
tissue capsule that covers each testis established by junctional complexes
- Lobules : incomplete connective tissue septa that spermatogenic cells differ antigenically
projects from tunica albuginea divides each testis from somatic cells;therefore, a blood-testis
into lobules barrier is required to prevent
- Seminiferous tubules : spermatogenesis occurs in spermatogenic cell exposure to immune
seminiferous tubules system and a resulting autoimmune
: epithelium w/ response
spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS SPERMATOGENESIS
Found within the seminiferous tubules; organized in poorly
defined layers of progressive development between A process by which spermatogonia develop into
adjacent Sertoli cells spermatozoa
o begins at puberty
- most immature spermatogenic o requires 64 days (approximately 2 months)
cells, spermatogonia, rest on basal lamina Broken down into
- most mature spermatogenic cells, spermatids, o Spermatogenesis : the formation of spermatids
attach to apical portion of Sertoli cells and border from spermatogenic cells
lumen of seminiferous tubules o Spermiogenesis : the process of spermatids
- dividing spermatogenic cells form daughter cells maturing into mature sperm
that remain joined by cytoplasmic bridge
SPERMATOGENESIS
SERTOLI CELL From Seminferous tubules Rete Testis rest in
Function to synthesize and secrete hormones including Epididymis
1. anti-Mllerian hormone (AMH) Spermatogonia (2N), most immature spermatogenic
released during embryogenesis cells, rest on basal lamina in seminiferous tubules in
and inhibits development of Mllerian between sertoli cells
(paramesonephric) ducts divide by mitosis
2. androgen-binding protein (ABP) produce 1 spermatocytes (2N) & the other remains
released into luminal space of
a gamete (spermatogonia)
seminiferous tubules, near developing
spermatogonia
move across Sertoli cell - Sertoli cell junctional cplx
ABP binds testosterone and maintains
(tight jxn)
high local testosterone levels, necessary
into luminal compartment in
for spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
3. inhibin
In the PITUTARY
1 spermatocytes (4N) ) each with 23 pairs LH (leutenizing hormone)
chromosomes (each pair is a - LH Leydig/ interstitial cells
divide by meiosis I
pair of sister chromatid) TESTOSTERONE
2 spermatocytes (2N ) w/ 23 single chromosome w/ a - synthesis & secretion from cholesterol via
cholesterol desmolase
siter chromatid
divide by - Effects of Testerone:
meiosis II 1. Local - Paracrine
- acts on Sertoli cells
Differentiate into 4 haploid spermatids (1N) each
w/ 23 single chromoso 2. Distal Endocrine
FSH
2 spermatid per spermatocyte embedded in sertoli
- FSH Sertoli / sustentacular cells
cells; gets > nutrient
Spermiogensis spermatogenesis
4 SPERMATOZOA travels to - sertoli cells synthesize & secrete of ABP
epididymis where they mature (androgen binding protein)
(into the seminiferous tubule) ABP then
binds Testosterone to promote synthesis of
MITOSIS split into 2 daughter cells genetically identical to the spermatozoa via SPERMATOGENESIS &
original cell SPERMIOGENESIS
MEIOSIS give each daughter cell half of chromosome
(to maintain level)
SPERMIOGENESIS - NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Testosterone (via Leydig cells)
Spermatids (1N) differentiate into spermatozoa (1N) by - acts on hypothalamus inhibit
an extensive remodeling process GnRH secretion
Loss of cytoplasm, gain of acrosomal cap, and - acts on anterior lobe of pituitary
flagellum (tail) inhibits LH and FSH secretion
o acrosomal cap develops via Golgi apparatus Inhibin (via Sertoli cells)
o flagellum (tail) develops via centrioles
- acts on anterior lobe of pituitary
inhibits FSH secretion (limit sperm production)
SPERMATID
MALE HORMONES
Head : acrosomal cap and nucleus ANDROGEN
Tail 1. neck Source in : Leydig cells of testes (major)
2. middle piece - mitochondria provide Z. reticularis of the adrenal cortex (minor)
energy for movement of flagellum In : adrenal cortex
- for motility BIOSYNTHESIS
3. principal piece
4. end piece
Nutrition: spermatozoa feed on fructose

HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY AXIS MALE

Potency: DHT>Testosterone>Androstenedione
FUNCTION mediated by
Testosterone & DHT

Controls 2 functions :
Spermatogenesis TESTOSTERONE
Synthesis & secretion of sex steroid hormone 95% formed by Leydig / Interstitial cells
(TESTOSTERONE) 5% formed by adrenal glands
In the HYPOTHALAMUS Biosynthesis:
GNRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) able to convert androstenedione TEST
TEST can be converted to
- pulsatile secretion
- secreted by pre optic nucleus of the ESTRADIOL by aromatization (aromatase)
hypothalamus 7%
- travels in hypothalamic- hypophyseal most potent estrogen
portal blood DHT/ DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE by
- acts on gonadotropins on the ant. reduction via
Pituitary FSH & LH (pulsatile)
5 reductase most Female reproductive tract (FT)
potent androgen 2. Prostatic Vesicle secretion (30%)
- PAP, PSA, fibrinolysin, citric acid, Zn & PL
Function: liquefies seminal fluid
1. Differentiation of internal genitalia (fetus) 3. Spermatozoa (10%)
- epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle
2. Growth spurt (puberty) FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- growth of penis & seminal vesicle
- deepening of voice
3. Increase muscle mass
4. Increase RBC due to EPO production stim.
5. Cessation of growth spurt
- closure of epiphysis w/c is mediated by
ESTROGEN
(TEST aromatase ESTROGEN)

DHT
Functions:
1. Differentiation of external genitalia (fetus)
penis, scrotum & prostate
OOGENESIS
2. Male hair pattern & baldness
- Development of mature oocytes
3. Sebaceous gland activity
- Pre- natal : Begins in fetal life
4. Growth of prostate RISK OF CA @ week 20 : proliferation ends & number is at 7M
Remains at dictotyne stage just before PUBERTY
5 REDUCTASE INHIBITORS - Post- natal : begins in puberty
Ex. Finasteride 1 oocyte (2N)
Inhibits TESTOSTERONE 5 reductase DHT Meiosis I
Used as tx for: 2 oocyte & 1 polar body
1. BPH Meiosis II happens only if there is sperm
2. hair baldness Mature ovum & polar body (2nd)
3. hirsutism No sperm
4. Breast tumor MENSTRUATION (ovum NOT
5. Skin ageing formed)
EXOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE
Inhibits hypothal-pit-gonadal axis
testosterone levels azoospermia & size of testes

MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE


Emission / shoot - SYMPathetic division of ANS
- Hypogastric Nerve
Erection / point - PARAsympathetic of ANS
- Pelvic Nerve
4 Phases:
1. Excitement Erection (pro-erectile / tumescence
2. Plateau mechanism)
3. Orgasm NO guanyl cyclase cAMP
emission (hypogastric nerve)relaxation &
smooth muscle In Hypothalamus
- peristaltic contraction of vas
vasodilation - Secrete GnRh to stimulate release FSH & LH in the ANT
deferens, seminal PITUITARY
vesicle & prostatic smooth (pulsatile)
muscle
ejaculation (pudendal nerve) During FOLLICULAR PHASE
- rhythmic contraction of perineal muscles, Ant. Pitutary
ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus
4. Resolution (hypogastric nerve) 1. Release LH :
- NE Ca++ smooth muscle contraction & - LH (+) theca cells progesterone and
vasoconstriction androstenedione
- anti-erectile / pro-flaccidity (detumescence - acts on theca cells
mechanism) - increases activity of cholesterol desmolase
- increases synthesis/secretion of progesterone
SEMINAL FLUID: - increases synthesis/secretion of androstenedione (
1. Seminal Vesicle secretion (60%) diffuses from theca cells to granulosa cells)
- fructose, ascorbic acid, PG, 2. release FSH:
phosphorylcholine, flavins - FSH (+) granulosa cells 17-estradiol
nourishes spermatozoa - acts on granulosa cells
Induce peristaltic contraction to - increases activity of aromatase
propels sperm up the - increases synthesis/secretion of 17-estradiol
- androstenedione diffuses from theca cells to
granulosa cells
- granulosa cells express 17-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase
catalyzes conversion of androstenedione to
testosterone
- granulosa cells express aromatase
catalyzes conversion of testosterone to
17-estradiol
Negative feedback in this phase:
17- Estradiol acts on hypothalamus (-) it GnRH
acts on ant. Pituitary (-) it
LH, FSH

during OVULATION / MID CYCLE : there is (+) feedback

17- Estradiol acts on hypothalamus (+) it GnRH


acts on ant. Pituitary (+) it
LH, FSH

during LUTEAL PHASE / MENSTRUATION


LH Surge: LH stimulate (+) corpus luteum
PROGESTERONE
Negative Feedback:
PROGESTERONE acts on hypothalamus (-) it
GnRH
acts on ant. Pituitary (-) it
LH, FSH

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

A. Follicular phase follicles


synthesize ESTROGEN
major product 17- Estradiol
B. Luteal phase follicles
synthesize ESTROGEN &
PROGESTERONE major
product Progesterone

ESTROGEN
SOURCES:
1. Ovary (17 estradiol)
2. Placenta (estriol)
3. Blood (aromatization)
BIOSYNTHESIS: 2-cell-2 gonadotropin model
17- estradiol requires granulosa & theca cells

Potency: estradiol>estrone>estriol

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