Assignment 2

Chapter 3:
1. How can a composite signal be decomposed into its individual
frequencies?
2. Name three types of transmission impairment?
3. Distinguish between a low-pass channel and a band-pass channel.
4. What does the Nyquist theorem have to do with communications?
5. What does the Shannon capacity have to do with communications?
6. A periodic composite signal with a bandwidth of 2000 Hz is
composed of two sine waves. The first one has a frequency of 100
Hz with a maximum amplitude of 20 V; the second one has a
maximum amplitude of 5 V. Draw the bandwidth.
7. A computer monitor has a resolution of 1600 by 800 pixels. If each
pixel uses 1024 colors, how many bits are needed to send the
complete screen contents of a screen?
8. A signal has a wavelength of 1m in air. How far can the front of
the wave travel during 500 periods?
9. What is the bit rate for each of the following signals?
a. A signal in which 1 bit lasts 0.001 s
b. A signal in which 1 bit lasts 2 ms.
c. A signal in which 10 bits last 20 s?
10. If the bandwidth of the channel is 5Kbps. How long does it
take to send a frame of 1000000 bits out of this device?
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12. A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps.

a. How long does it take to send out 10 bits?
b. How long does it take to send out a single character (8bits)?
 c. How long does it take to send out a single character?

13. What is the phase shift for the following?

a) A sine wave with the maximum amplitude at time zero?
b) A sine wave with maximum amplitude after cycle?
c) A sine wave with zero amplitude after cycle and increasing?
14. A file contains 3 million bytes. How long does it take to
download this file using a 56Kbps channel? 1Mbps channel?
15. A signal with 200 milli watts power passes through 20
devices, each with an average noise of 2 micro watts. What is the
SNR? What is SNRdB?
16. We have a channel with 4 KHz bandwidth. If we want to
send data at 100Kbps, what is the minimum SNRdB? What is the
SNR?
17. Calculate the corresponding Periods for the following
frequencies?
a) 24 Hz b) 8 MHz c) 140 KHz

Chapter 4:
1. Define Digital data using Digital Signal Conversion? List out the 3
coding techniques used for Conversion with diagrams?
2. List out the five coding schemes discussed in Digital Transmission?
3. List out some of the common characteristics of Line coding
Technique?
4. Define Analog signal to Digital data Conversion? List out the 2
techniques to convert an analog signal to digital data with
diagrams?
5. Compare and Contrast PCM and DM?
6. What are the difference between parallel and serial Transmission?
7. List three different techniques in serial transmission and explain the
differences?
8. Define a DC component and its effect on digital transmission?
9. Define baseline wandering and its effect on digital transmission?
10. In a digital transmission, the sender clock is 0.3 percent faster
than the receiver clock. How many extra bits per second does the
 sender send if the data rate is 1Mbps?
11. What is the maximum data rate of a channel with a
bandwidth of 200 KHz if we use four levels of digital signaling?
12. We want to transmit 1200 characters with each character
encoded as 8bits.
a) Find the number of transmitted bits for synchronous transmission
b) Find the redundancy present in each case?
13. We have a baseband channel with a 2MHz bandwidth. What
is the data rate for this channel if we use each of the following
line coding schemes?
a) NRZ-L b) Manchester c)MLT-3 d) 2B1Q.
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Find the 8 bit stream for each case depicted.
 15. Draw the graph of the NRZ-! Scheme using each of the
following data streams, assuming that the last signal is positive. .
Compare your guess with the corresponding entry in Table 4.1
(Summary of Line coding schemes).
a) 00000000 b) 11111111 c) 01010101 d) 00110011
16. A Manchester signal has a data rate of 100Kbps. Using Figure
4.8 in forouzan textbook, calculate the value of the normalized
energy (P) for frequencies at 0Hz, 50 KHz, 100 KHz.
17. Draw the graph of the NRZ-L scheme using each of the
following data streams, assuming that the last signal is positive.
Compare your guess with the corresponding entry in Table 4.1
(Summary of Line coding schemes).
a) 00000000 b) 11111111 c) 01010101 d) 00110011.
18. Repeat problem P4-15 for 2B1Q scheme, but use the
following data streams.
a) 0000000000000000 b) 0101010101010101
19. An NRZ-I signal has a data rate of 120 Kbps. using Figure
4.6, calculate the value of the normalized energy (P) for
frequencies at 0Hz, 50Hz, 100KHz.

Chapter 5
1. Define Digital data using Analog Signal Conversion? List out and
explain the three mechanisms used for Conversion with diagrams?
2. Which characteristics of an analog signal are changes to represent
the low pass analog signal in each of the following analog-to
analog conversions?
3. a) AM b) FM c) PM
4. Define Carrier Signal and explain the role in analog transmission?
5. Define Analog data using Analog Signal Conversion? List out and
 explain the three mechanisms used for Conversion with diagrams?
6. What are the two components of a signal when the signal is
represented on a constellation diagram? Which component is shown
on the horizontal and vertical axis?
7. Define constellation diagram and explain its role in analog
transmission?
8. What is the required bandwidth for the following cases if we need
o send 6000bps? Let d=1.
a) ASK b) FSK with 2delta f= 4KHz c) QPSK d)16-QAM
Chapter 7:
1. What is the function of the twisting in twisted-pair cable?
2. What is the difference between Omni directional waves and
unidirectional waves?
3. How does sky propagation differ from line-of-sight propagation?
4. What is the position of the transmission media in the OSI or the
Internet model?
5. What are the three major classes of guided media?
6. How do guided media differ from unguided media?
7. What is refraction? What is reflection?

8. What is the purpose of cladding in an optical fiber?

9. Name the advantages of optical fiber over twisted-pair and coaxial
cable?
10.

11. A light signal is travelling through a fiber. What is the delay

in the signal if the length of the fiber-optic cable is 10 m, 100 m,
and 1 Km (assume a propagation speed of 2 10 8 m)?

12.
 Chapter 9:
1. What
is a
Data
Link Layer? What are the different responsibilities of a Data Link
Layer?
Chapter 10:
1. Define Error?
2. What are the different types of error ? Explain in detail with
diagrams?
3. How does a single-bit error differ from a burst error?
4. What is Error Detection? Explain.
5. What is Error correction? Explain.