HANDLINGABNORMAL OCCURRENCES

AT RADIAL SUB - STATION

VISION
Training for all

MISSION
To energize the people who energize the nation.

CONDUCTED BY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION TRAINING AND

DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE / K.PUDUR / MADURAI - 7
 FOREWORD

Training is always part of our life. It starts from birth and progress
throughout in each and every stage like childhood, adult to professional.

Training for professional in their respective discipline frames way for

enriching the knowledge, and skills.

It also elevates the level of professionalism in any

organization.

This training programme on “Workshop on handling abnormal

occurrences in radial Sub-Station”. will surely provide opportunity for
radial Sub-Station Engineers to update their knowledge, skills and lot of
information needed for facing ever changing external environment, apart
from a platform for sharing experience, discussion cases by way of
interaction during the programme.

This special opportunity has been made possible by the excellent

guidance and encouragement shown by, Er.K.Selvaraju Chief
Engineer/Personnel/ Chennai and the motivation and strength
extended by.Er.P.Balakrishnan, General manager HRD Training and
Development, Chennai.

The direction and dynamic leadership of Er.R.Manian, Deputy

General manager Transmission and Distribution Training Institute
Madurai.

.
Special and heart full thanks is extended to all the dignitaries for
making this training programme very useful and successful.

Er.C.Kannan.BE, Er.M.Palaniappan. AMIE,

Senior manager Assistant Engineer
Training &Development Training &Development
Madurai Madurai
 CONTENTS

Chapter Particulars Page No.

1 CAUSES OF FAILURE FOR MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT

AND MITIGATION MEASURES 1 - 23

2 RESUDUAL LIFE ASSESSMENT 24 - 41

3 CASE STUDIES 42 - 73

4 LIFE MANAGEMENT OF STATION BATTERIES THROUGH

CELL MANAGEMENT 74 - 79

5 DESIGNING FOR ABNORMAL SITUATION MANAGEMENT 80 - 93

6 IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW MONITORING TOOL AND

OPTIMISATION OF MAINTENANCE THROUGH THE USE OF
WEB-BASED TECHNOLOGY 94 - 99
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                    
Gerald W. (Gary) McDermott
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Curecanti Field Division, Montrose, Colorado

Over the years the batteries that are used in power plants and substations have not changed a lot. Yes,
we have batteries made of different material, some of them are sealed, and others use different
electrolytes.

The battery system usually forms the heart of the DC control and protection system for the station.
This DC system is the power source for equipment control and protection. The need to have this system
extremely reliable is what drives preventative maintenance on batteries.

Regardless of the type of battery, it must be maintained to function properly. We typically maintain
our batteries on a weekly, monthly, and yearly schedule. On a weekly cycle, the battery is inspected,
several cell voltages are read, and the respective specific gravities are checked. On a monthly basis, all
the cell voltages are read and all the specific gravity readings are taken. Annually, all the inter cell
connections are removed, cleaned, lubricated and reinstalled. Doing all of the recommended maintenance
requires many man-hours. At the US Bureau of Reclamation Morrow Point hydroelectric plant, we spent
about 8 hours per month doing maintenance on the batteries, and a full day doing the yearly maintenance.
This amounts to about 104 man-hours, or 13 man-days a year or about $5,200 per year. Compared to
other equipment in the plant, this makes the battery a relative inexpensive maintenance item; however, it
is a significant cost when compared to the cost of a battery. After 20 years and $104,000 worth of
maintenance, we could have replaced the battery several times.

After we do all the maintenance on the battery do we really know how well the battery will perform
under actual operating conditions? As we found out at Morrow Point, we may have actually been
creating problems. At the Morrow Point power plant a new battery was installed four years ago. The
battery is a 58 cell, 420 Amp-hour unit that was operated on float-only charge at 130.5 VDC. The battery
was installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and put in service. About two months later we
installed a battery condition monitoring system. Reclamation’s research group recommended the system
we purchased. It was new on the market and had been developed by MCM Enterprise Ltd. through an
EPRI research project. The system was chosen because of the features it has and its ability to give long-
term trends on the individual battery parameters. We felt that any system we installed had to have the
following minimum features:
1. Be non-intrusive to the battery case.
2. Software and hardware compatible with Windows NT operating system.
3. Be able to provide the following readings:
a. Cell voltage.
b. Cell Specific Gravity.
c. Test the integrity of the cell-to-cell connections.
d. Monitor the amount of cell float current necessary to maintain a uniform charge on
each cells
e. Give the direction and magnitude of the bank current.
f. Bank voltage.
g. Automatic monitoring of the bank during discharge.
The installation of the monitoring system consisted of installing 2 sensing modules to the side of each
battery jar. These are attached with a self-adhering tape that is an integral part of each cell module. In
addition, it was decided to install a wire gutter to contain the cell-to-cell data link and other wire. This
made for a neat installation. See Figure 1.
chokes
Measuring leads

Figure 1 shows the sensing modules and wire gutter attached to the jars. Also shown are the
measuring leads attached to the bus bars, and the chokes attached to the main battery leads.

Bank monitor/system
controller

Communications interface

Current sensor

Figure 2 shows the communication interface (with built in modem) and the bank monitor/controller
mounted on the wall, the current sensor mounted at cell #1, and the rest of the hardware.

Next, connections were installed to each bus between the battery posts. These connections are used to
measure cell voltage, and voltage drop across the cell when a one-millisecond bank load is applied for the
current path integrity test. A choke (isolation inductor) is installed around each main battery lead. The
installation of all the equipment took two days and consisted of mounting modules on each cell, installing
power cabling, and mounting the bank monitor and communications interface equipment. See Figures 2.

2
 The overall system is shown schematically in Figure 3. The data links between the cell monitoring
modules are optically isolated to eliminate the possibility for a current path to exist between modules.
The isolation inductors (chokes) provide test isolation for approximately one millisecond during the
connection resistance test (current path integrity test).

Figure 3 shows the overall configuration of the non-invasive battery monitoring system

Once the equipment was installed the system was set up and calibrated. A complete set of readings
was taken on the battery and the data entered into the software as the starting point for monitoring. Much
to our surprise, within days of putting it in service, the monitoring system started to report problems with
the battery. The first deficiency it found was high resistance at several inter-cell link and battery post
connections. We had taken resistance readings on the connections and not found any problems. However,
the monitor takes connection voltage-drop readings while a load of about 400 amps is applied to the
battery for one millisecond (current path integrity test). This method found poor connections that we had
missed. See Figure 4.

3
 Figure 4 is a view of the opening page showing cells with problem in red. All the cells in question
had high resistance connections.

The current path integrity is measured by employing the four-wire resistance technique. To prepare
for the measurement, the bank monitor simultaneously instructs all cell monitors to measure their cell’s
voltage and store the result in memory. The bank monitor next switches an electronic load across the
bank that draws current for approximately one millisecond. At the peak of the bank current, which is
arranged to be roughly equal to the amp-hour capacity of the bank, the bank monitor again simultaneously
instructs all cell monitors to re-measure cell voltage and subtract the results from the zero-current values
of voltage already stored in memory. The difference voltage for each cell, reported as “delta V” is
proportional to the resistance of the current path including both the cell and strap/post connections.
Figure 5 shows the relationship of the voltages and currents during this test.

Voltage-current relationship for measuring the The load is electronically inserted across the battery
voltage drop across connection resistance in the for one millisecond. The chokes provide test
series circuit isolation.

Figure 5 shows the process for automatically measuring current path integrity

Upon opening the software up to the individual cells, one can get either a cell-by-cell view of the
battery or a view that shows the average cell, the high cell, and the low cell in each category. In looking at
4
Figure 6 you can see the trends of cell #1 over a period of time. Of interest is the gradual rise in the
voltage drop across the connection of this cell. With every voltage drop alarm, our electricians reported
that the connecting bolts did tighten before the torque wrench reached the desired value. It was also
interesting to note that just prior to developing a high resistance connection the battery underwent a load
cycle as indicated by the downward spike in the readings, shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 gives a view of the screen that gives trends on individual cells.

After some months of operation MCM reviewed the data that was being taken. They noticed that the
water consumption of the battery was fairly high. From the Float Current Bypass cell readings it was
noted that all the cells were bypassing 100% of the float current. In essence this indicated that the battery
was being over charged, making it use more water. We started lowering the float voltage until most of
the cells read in the 80% bypass range. This reduced water consumption in the battery. See Figure 7.

The system allows the user to look at many conditions in each cell, and the battery bank as a whole. In
addition it will record bank discharges, showing the overall bank and each cell’s performance during the
discharges. This information goes a long way to assuring the quality and integrity of the battery.

The monitoring system performs a test on the battery however often the user desires. The monitoring
system is set up to automatically do a test and collect data every 24 hours at Morrow Point. This gives us
good data without building a huge database. However, during a load test on the battery or during an
actual emergency event, the battery monitoring system steps up its data measurement rate to capture the
performance of the battery, during the event.

The data is downloaded to a computer in the plant once a week, reviewed, and any necessary actions
taken. This test sequence yields the data that we have looked at above. This system has been in use for
almost two years, and has successfully found serious problems; it has also minimized the required battery
maintenance.

The cost of this system approaches the cost of a battery. In order to justify this cost we must take a
close look at what our battery does, and how important it is in the overall scheme of things. Not all
battery systems are used for the same purpose, however most of them operate the control and protection
5
schemes for large rotating equipment and breakers when they are employed in power plants and
substations.

Figure #7 is a screen view showing the high, low and average of all the cells. Note that the fluid
levels move down. The straight line shows where water was added. Note place where the bank
voltage is lowered you also notice that the slope of the water use curve changes, and the cell
bypass currents drop.

For the most part the DC control and protection circuits in Reclamation facilities run on battery
chargers most of the time. Only under charger failure or loss of station AC power do we need the
batteries. As often happens, it is during times of system or equipment problems when station AC
disturbances will occur. This is simply Murphy’s Law in action. These are the times when controls,
protection and breakers MUST operate to prevent damage to equipment. Thus, the main purpose of the
battery is to provide critical power to control and protection equipment when it most needs it. Failure of
the battery system during these periods of time can have consequences that range into the millions of
dollars for the equipment they protect. Thus it must be argued that the justification for the monitoring
system should be based on the cost of these consequences rather than the ratio of the cost of the battery
versus the monitoring system.

The bottom line for the monitoring system at Morrow Point is that it has drastically cut our man-hours
of maintenance. Since the monitor’s installation, several bad connections have been corrected, and the
battery bank has had water added only twice. Then since system has been in service; a set of readings
was manually taken after one year to verify the readings of the monitoring system, and they proved to be
identical. The Morrow Point crew has decided that a lot of the maintenance that was done previously was
probably causing as many problems as they solved. Redoing the jumper bar connections probably
loosened more connections than it did to repair possible corrosion and tightness problems. The need to be
assured that your battery will operate as designed when it is needed most has been assured. This along
with the reduced maintenance makes the cost of the system easily justifiable.

6
                 

    
NOVA Chemicals Ltd.
Joffre, Alberta, Canada

  

Honeywell Technology Center
Minneapolis, MN, USA

Applying Abnormal Situation Management (ASM) Consortium’s Best Practices in the

design of a new ethylene plant is changing the way NOVA Chemicals is approaching
many design decisions. This new approach has been used to guide the design of the
control center, training system and information management system. Anticipating
abnormal situation management requirements in the initial development of the plant
systems will enable improved operational effectiveness, and readiness to mitigate or
avoid abnormal situations. An essential element in this approach is the understanding of
the roles of various plant personnel in abnormal situation management and how plant
system design impacts their ability to effectively perform their roles. Upcoming project
activities will focus on alarm management, console design and graphical user interfaces
as we continue to design for ASM.

     
NOVA Chemicals Ltd. is a member of the Abnormal Situation Management Joint
Research and Development Consortium, a group formed in 1993 to understand and
assess the problem of managing abnormal situations in the petrochemical and
hydrocarbon industries. Having gained an understanding of the nature and scope of the
problem, the ASM Consortium is now engaged in developing and testing approaches,
which will prevent or mitigate the impacts of abnormal situations on our operating plants.

The ASM Consortium consists of 11 major petrochemical producers Amoco, BP,

Celanese, Chevron, Exxon, Mobil, NOVA Chemicals, Texaco, Shell, Union Carbide, and;
software developers Gensym and Applied Training Resources, university affiliates
Purdue University, Ohio State University and the University of Toronto; and an industrial
automation company Honeywell which is leading the program.

The ASM Consortium is the offspring of the Alarm Management Task Force, an
independent Honeywell DCS (Distributed Control Systems) user group that had been
formed to address the chronic problem of alarm management often identified by the
situation of “alarm flood”. As this group explored the problems of alarm management,
common to all similar computer-based control systems, the problem was seen to extend
beyond alarm management practices. Moreover, the alarm management issues were

®
ASM and Abnormal Situation Management are registered trademarks of Honeywell International.
1
This paper was presented at the AICHE conference on Process Plant Safety, Houston TX, March 1998.

©User Centered Design Services, LLC 2002

Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 2 of 14

found to be a manifestation of a larger problem that has become known as the ASM
problem.®

        

An abnormal situation probably occurs ever day in each of our plants. Most are relatively
small and are adeptly handled by the operating, maintenance and engineering staff in
the plants with perhaps little impact on the unit. Examples of small events might be a
controller pushed beyond its limits and placed in manual to stop cycling, or an operator
entering the wrong setpoint value for a controller. “Some, though, result in poor quality
product … A small percentage of abnormal situations mandate a process shutdown …
And, a tiny fraction cause significant equipment damage, release of undesirable
materials into the environment, and even human injury or death.”i

“The broad description of an abnormal situation is that the process is disturbed and the
automated control system can not cope. Consequently, the operations team must
intervene to supplement the control system. The impacts to profitability may effect:
product quality, equipment damage, injury or loss of life, job satisfaction, and/or product
output.”ii

To gain an understanding of ASM, the ASM Consortium examined individual plant

operations within member companies at many sites in North America and Europe. Some
of the critical issues, which were identified, included:
minimal understanding of the source of the problems and their impacts
lack of human-system integration
tendency to design for normal operation
inadequate communication
skeletal engineering / technical support
inadequate training methods

The field studies confirmed published findings by the Chemical Manufacturers

Association (CMA)iii that the initiating events were from three principle areas:
equipment (40%)
people (40%)
process (20 %)

“The vast majority (80-85 %) of human errors primarily result from the design of the work
situation (the tasks, the equipment, and the environment), which management directly
control”.iv The ASM Consortium has found problems such as insufficient knowledge,
procedure error, and operator error as being major factors contributing to the people
component attributing to poor ASM.

®
Abnormal Situation Management and ASM are registered trademarks of Honeywell International

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Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 3 of 14

    

Often unreported, most abnormal situations are handled prior to their escalation to a
major upset or catastrophe and without any identification of their impact. Only the major
ones make the headlines. Over the past three years the ASM Consortium has been
tracking the major newspapers which have reported many unfortunate situations
including over 20 incidents each year, loss of lives, injuries, over 1 Billion $/year in direct
losses and over 10 Billion $/year of indirect impacts to the North American economy.

The total impact of all of the abnormal situations, which are occurring in our plants, is far
greater than that which is identified and reported. As an industry, we must get serious
about eliminating these occurrences.

“Not by technology alone”v must our industry address abnormal situations. The role of
the operating, maintenance and engineering teams will play a pivotal part in reducing the
occurrence and impact of abnormal situations. As the complexity and size of our new
plants increase, and our demands on existing facilities grow, we need to:
increase the skill of our staff
ensure procedures are correct, that they deal with abnormal situations and are readily
available to the operators
create effective workspaces for the people in the plants so that they can perform their
tasks
design effective alarm management systems, knowledge of how to use alarms,
filtering and suppression tools and provide alternate plant monitoring applications

              

Thousands of decisions are made during the course of a project to design and build a
world-scale ethylene plant. By utilizing the “ASM Best Practices” list compiled by the
ASM Consortium from the site studies, NOVA Chemicals is attempting to “design for the
abnormal” wherever possible as it builds a 2.8 Blb/year ethylene plant at the Joffre,
Alberta site.

The project is a 50/50 joint venture project between NOVA Chemicals and Union Carbide
Corporation (UCC) and is scheduled for startup in mid-2000. The plant is being built at
the Joffre site where NOVA Chemicals currently owns and operates two ethylene and
one polyethylene plant. The ethylene project is part of an overall expansion effort that is
adding a second polyethylene and steam/electricity Cogeneration facilities to the site.

          

A small project team has been created with the goals of examining opportunities of
applying the “ASM Best Practices” to the projects and to identify areas where early
developments can be installed and tested in the existing Joffre facilities.

The team consists of individual project members from the detailed design teams,
sponsorship and coordination from a central NOVA Chemicals group and key resources

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Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 4 of 14

from leading Honeywell ASM experts, principally Mr. Ian Nimmo and Dr. Peter Bullemer
who bring their extensive knowledge, skills and perspective to the project.

The deliverables from this team are a series of reports, which identify the opportunities,
options, recommendations and an implementation plan for each of the study areas. The
plans consider the individual project schedules, current infrastructures, testing/validation
requirements, resources, technology and equipment requirements.

The ASM Design Support Project faces many challenges as it attempts to modify the
traditional design methods, address the conflicting priorities and satisfy the many
stakeholders. Large plant projects are usually driven by short term concerns in order to
meet the startup dates and budget goals, and often do not consider the life-cycle
implications of some of the ASM oriented decisions. This Ethylene project, by being a
joint venture – has an additional set of management stakeholders to convince along with
the huge task of designing one of the world’s largest ethylene plants.

     

“Designing a control center effectively is an extremely complex task because of the

multifunctional nature of the building:
It’s a communication center
It is the distribution, coordination and control center for plant work
It’s a centralized local control focus for Ethylene Operation on the E3 plant
It must be suitable for 24 hour operation in 12 hour shift system
It’s the main training facility for operators
It’s an emergency response center
It’s a control application development center, used in the definition, design, testing
and maintenance of software applications
It’s a maintenance facility
It’s an office facility for day-time operations, maintenance and technical support staff

Most importantly, the decisions made about the control center design significantly affect
the nature of the operations tasks themselves as well as the effectiveness and efficiency
in which the tasks are carried out.”vi

The design of the control center workspace was initiated with the development of a
“participatory ergonomic system design approach”vii. The approach is intended to
enhance the human performance in and around the control room and the complete
manufacturing building. The enhancement derives from the consideration and integration
of design factors that influence the comfort, health, safety, efficiency and effectiveness of
people interacting with each other, process control equipment, information systems,
communication systems, and other technologies and tools used within the control center
environment. These participatory approach emphases the need to establish a
multidisciplinary design team with strong participation from representative users of the
environment.

The design process included six phases:

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Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 5 of 14

1. Problem definition and shared vision

2. System description and task analysis
3. Task allocation and job roles
4. Functional conceptualization
5. Control center detailed design
6. Usability Feedback

Control Center Role and Location

The initial activity surrounding the design of the Control Center was the determination of
the control center role and location. The initial issue in establishing a shared vision was
to decide on whether there should be a single central control building or multiple
distributed control buildings. In addition, the team addressed the issue of whether to
locate the building on or off site.

Though the trend in the industry is towards the use of a single, centralized building, our
team concluded that multiple, on site buildings would be superior for these plants.

Large centralized control rooms serving several major units are often viewed as being
more cost effective from both a construction and ongoing support basis than smaller
centers serving specific plant operations. In our analysis, considerations such as
environmental concerns around winter protection requirements for field operators, job
rotation, training issues, intraplant communication and collaboration, and access to the
process in an upset were all factors that supported a decision to move towards
decentralized buildings.

Optimally operating major production facilities, solving problems and avoiding abnormal
situations requires different skills and perspectives. Operating teams that can
collaborate, communicate, share information and provide support to each other is well
suited to meet that challenge. Separating the closely integrated roles of panel and field
operators into physically different buildings and locations would drastically reduce the
effectiveness of the operating teams at NOVA Chemicals. To encourage team
collaboration means that we want to create an environment where field and panel
operators are in direct contact with one another as frequently as possible. A single
central location would demand that field operators work out of satellite rooms, where
they would reside for the majority of their shift.

In the NOVA Chemicals environment, on-shift training is a very important aspect

because operating technicians rotate their positions. To prepare for a new position, one-
to-one on the job training is the principle mechanism to prepare for a new assignment.
Field operators learn from watching and working alongside the panel operator to prepare
for the change. If located in satellite rooms near their units, it is very difficult to prepare
for the new assignment. In fact, it has been observed that with the distinct separation of
panel and field operator work areas, two distinct cultures maybe created further widening
the communication gap between the two groups and inhibiting the collaborative
environment so needed to avoid abnormal situations.

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Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 6 of 14

he i l
JOFFRE EXPANSION

LANDUSE LEGEND

E3JV

SCLAIR

LAO
TEMPORARY
CONSTRUCTION
USAGE
OFFSITES
CONSTRUCTION
LAYDOWN
COGEN

TO JOFFRE
3 KM

WAR EHOU SE

22
CONSTRUCTION
35 PARKING
CONSTRUCTION
CAMP
BLO CK 3 00
THAWING STATION T.E.A

CON STRU CTION ACCE SS R OAD

ETHY L BENZE NE ROAD C 40+00'- 0"N

L

CO-PROD UCT
STORAGE

SCLA IR
FLAR E
STAC K
BLO CK 5 10
12 BLO CK 2 10

L
C
33+60'- 0"N
PROP OSED
TOLU ENE ROA D STOR M
POND
B/L 32+ 60'-0"N
40
CATA LYST BLO CK 5 20 BLO CK 4 20 42
UNLO ADING 39
COMO NOMER
43 41

E3
UNLO ADING
E3 F LARE
STAC K 17
PROP ANE ROA D

RAW MATERIA L
STOR AGE HOG PLANT 16
31
24 BLO CK 3 20
26 32 19
30
YARD A
20 14
CAUS TIC WAS TE
BENZ ENE ROA D WELL BLDG.
BOXC AR 21 HOG

E2
FLARE

LOAD ING UTIL ITY STACK

BLOCK 430
ELEC . COMP RESSORS
SUB. & PU MPHOUSE S
FLA RE B LOCK 530
23 FURN ACES
FLAR E ETHA NE ROAD SUB-
STAC K STAT ION
23A COG EN
PIPE RACK 5
ELEC . 15 DELU GE PROPOSED
SUB. #2
HOUS E ETHY LENE
STOR AGE BLO CK 3 30 AMOCO
COOL ING TOW ER
& PU MPHOUSE PROP YLENE R OAD PROP YLENE R OAD
CONSTRUCTION
STOR AGE
18A
LAYDOWN AREA
TANK S
FLAR E
STAC K
FLAR E
STAC K E1 STEA M
& AI R
BLOCK 440
4 27
BLDG .
ETHY LENEPROP ANE ROA D
STOR AGE DELU GE
TURN AROUND/ LOCAL H IRE
PARK ING HIGHWAY 815
FURN ACES
POLY ETHYLEN E ROAD BLDG
STOR AGE YAR D 34
FLA RE B LOCK 540
BLO CK 3 40 NAPT HA ROAD BLO CK 2 40
BERM LAYD OWN ARE A/
PARK ING
PIPE RACK COMP RESSOR HAZA RDOUS
STOR M & PU MPHOUSE WAST E
POND STOR AGE WARE HOUSE
9 8
7
B/L 03+ 00'-0"N
3
POLY ETHYLEN E
MAIN ELECTR ICAL ETHY LENE RO AD
SUB- STATION PARK ING

EXIS TING TA U PARK ING

SUBS TATION
1
ETHY LENE MA IN SLUD GE 2A 2
ELEC TRICAL PUMP HOUSE
SUB- STATION PRO POSE D NOV A
138 KV PROP ANE ROA D
SUB STAT ION FIRE NEW SLUDGE
POND
TRAI NING SLUD GE
POND S
FIEL D
NEW SLUDGE
POND
NOVA MAIN ENTRANCE
BLO CK 4 50

BLO CK 3 50 BLO CK 2 50
FIRE WATER
PUMP HOUSE
FIRE WATER TEMP ORARY
POND S U/G CAMP
36 STP
UTIL ITIES

10A 38

NEW EFFLUEN T
CHEM TIONS
ADDI ICAL BLO CK 3 60 PUMP HOUSE
BLDG

NEW

BLO CK 37 EFFL UENT

POND
460
BLO CK 2 60

E1 C OOLING
TOWE R &
PUMP HOUSE FINA L STOR M
HOLD ING WATE R
POND S PUMP HOUSE

AIR
EFFL UENT MONI TORING
PUMP HOUSE
BLDG STOR M
N.G. TEMP . POND
GAS
REDU CING REDU CING
STAT ION STAT ION STOR M BLO CK
POND 270

BLO CK 3 70

TEMPORARY
BORROW
PIT

hat ch19

       

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Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 7 of 14

Control Center Workspace Design

The outcome of the first five design phases is six detailed design specifications for the
following aspects of the control center:
Manufacturing building arrangements – components include rooms for console
operations, meeting, field operators, technical support, equipment, offices,
maintenance, training, exercise, rest recovery, and personal hygiene
Control room layout – definition of usable space, furniture and equipment, operational
links, circulation requirements, maintenance access, workstations, backpanels, alarm
annunciators, message boards, entrances and exits
Workstation layout and dimensions – displays, controls, writing space,
communication devices, seating
Displays and controls design
Environmental design – air quality and temperature, lighting, colours, noise, vibration,
and static electricity
Operational and managerial requirements – determination of compatibility with
operational practices and organizational policies

The results of the first detailed design are illustrated in Figure 2 – E3 Manufacturing
Building Layout and were the outcome of combined efforts of the ASM design support
project team, the existing E1/E2 plant staff, the E3 project team and the design
architectural design team of Brad Adams Walker Architecture.

The control center building is designed to provide a collaborative work environment that
promotes the interaction of all groups effectively. The key adjacency requirements were
identified and used to dictate the layout of the building. Many features are found in some
control centers today, but few have attempted to address the workspace design in this
complete manner and from the ASM collaborative work perspective.

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              

The building is organized into four main areas, operations, maintenance, technical
support (i.e., engineering) and common services. From the collaborative work
perspective, the layout attempts to accommodate core team interactions with each other
and the plant for each of the three main disciplines of operations, maintenance and
technical support. In addition, the design addresses cross-functional team interactions in
the adjacencies or interfaces between the main functional areas.

In the Northeast corner, nearest the plant is the Operations area. The main tasks
performed in this area by operators are the monitoring and control of the plant, training,
administration, meetings and the coordination of maintenance activities.

The monitoring and control is performed in the control room area with the large consoles
arranged for the cracking and finishing areas of the plant. Adjacent support areas include
training facilities for on and off shift, rest recovery, exercise, analyzers, meeting,
technical support/applications, field operator area, kitchenette, and washroom. Team
meetings can be accommodated behind the control consoles so those panel operators
can participate without leaving their work areas. Support from technical staff is available
from the applications area, where these people can monitor the process without creating

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congestion at the operator console areas. The Field support area is arranged to provide
workspaces for the Field operators when they are not required in the unit, and it is
located beside the permit area. Maintenance staff coming through the building to go to
the field, receive their permits to work at the permit desk from the Field Operators without
having to go through the control console area.

The maintenance area is on the west and southwest sides of the building. Here facilities
for shop space are provided as well as office areas. The maintenance planner,
maintenance team leader, administration staff will use offices, while instrument and
electrical staff will use a common large work area adjacent to the clean shop. A drop-in
area is provided for additional shutdown planning staff in a central open work area.

The technical support staff is clustered into an area in the southeast, close to a central
library area that will store the majority of the technical paper-based information.

The common services area include: a large common lunch area, library, file room, copy
room, washrooms, locker room, meeting rooms and mechanical room. The use of the
single lunch area is to encourage interactions between different team members to
promote dialog and information sharing.

After completing the layout of the functional areas, we have begun the detailed design of
the workstations in the control room and adjacent areas. This detailed design is driven by
characterization of activity, information and communication requirements.

Overall this new process will demonstrate how we can design the workspace for ASM
and achieve outstanding results.

        

The human performance demands in the petrochemical process control work

environment challenge the traditional training strategies and methods. “Particularly,
current training practices are observed to have a significant negative impact on ASM
performance”viii. “Effective training for ASM requires the development of a training
program that targets task-appropriate competencies and establishes a continuous
learning environment”ix. A continuous learning environment is necessary because of the
continuous dynamic nature of the plant environment.

A Broad Perspective

With the addition of any major new facility to a site, the need to provide a trained
workforce for plant commissioning and startup is obvious. The practice of using the
existing plants to provide the nucleus of skilled workers for the new plant places a
tremendous burden on the overall level of competency remaining at those sites. Often
this fact is overlooked, typically the major training program is created only for the new
plant.

In 1984 when the second ethylene plant (E2) was added to the Joffre site, this problem
was experienced first hand by NOVA Chemicals. An excellent, structured training

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program was developed for the new plant startup which provided an outstanding
foundation of skill for the startup and on into the plants operation. This program was
used only for the startup.

The first ethylene plant (E1) was used as a resource pool to provide a strong nucleus of
staff for the second plant (E2). Replacement workers were positioned in E1 without a
formal training program to handle the large influx as existing programs were designed for
individual additions. Plant performance and worker’s attitudes were affected and it took
several years to reestablish the former level of competency and morale.

As the new facility is being built, the ASM Design Support group saw the requirement of
developing a powerful and effective training program for the new facilities and their
workforce. The group also saw an opportunity to prototype such a program in the E1 and
E2 facilities which would not only provide key information to improve the program design,
but would also avoid the experience of the earlier expansion in 1984. The goal would be
to create a training program that would satisfy the demands of both startup and
continuous plant operation.

Independent assessments of the E1 and E2 operations and maintenance staff had

consistently identified that overall NOVA Chemicals has a very strong workforce. This
workforce is well organized, has high ownership in the plant, good understanding of
abnormal situation management, good use of procedures and an effective team system.

The effectiveness of the operating teams was based on a job rotation system whereby
an operator progressed by moving through each and every position on the team.
Everyone on the team is a trainer and is expected to train their replacement so that they
can progress to their next position.

The weaknesses found by the assessments were:

Inconsistent training
Poor retrieval of information
No scenario based training
No formal testing of competencies
Trainers were not “trained to train”
No clear expectations of requirements to perform a role

Competency-Based Approach

We are establishing a competency-based approach to developing training systems that

address the weaknesses of our previous practices. We are developing a prototype
competency-based training program with the support of a training consultant, TTS Inc.
Job competency models, which identify skills, knowledge, and attributes that individuals
need to be successful in their jobs, are the foundation of the training program. The
competency requirements are developed for each job, and these are communicated to
individuals holding that position.
After completing the competency definition phase, we will develop the training curriculum
based on job competencies and identified needs to certify operators and maintenance

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technicians. The training curriculum will contain five levels of training implemented in the
current team environment and culture at Joffre. The five levels are:
1. SHER (Safety, Health, Environment and Risk)
2. Plant Fundamentals
3. Process Overview
4. Process Specific
5. Job Specific

To support the job specific training (level 5) of the control panel operators, NOVA
Chemicals is creating dynamic simulator of both the existing and new facilities.
Development of a dynamic simulator is nearing completion for E1, and is underway for
E3. E3’s model is being created currently to function as a design support tool in the
examination of dynamic responses to upsets and changes, regulatory control design and
other analysis. These models are being developed with ABB Simcon and will be used
extensively later in the project in scenario based exercises as part of the Training
Program.

Elements from the E1/E2 prototype program will be mapped across to provide the
framework for the E3 program, as many of the roles and positions will be very similar. All
staff hired for E3 will go through an introductory period in E1 or E2 including completion
of the training program prior to assignment to E3.

           

Another key aspect of improving ASM practices is the timely capture and delivery of
information to support job activities. Plant information management systems have the
potential to become effective performance support systems. “A performance support
system is one that can provide, on-demand, at the point of need, all of the information
resources required to solve a problem or perform simple or complex tasks in support”x of
the operating unit. At NOVA Chemicals we are developing an on-line information
management system that will improve ASM, training, and general plant performance. In
addition, this system will lay the groundwork for adopting the next generation approach
to collaborative decision support currently being developed by the ASM Consortium in
the “NIST ASM/AEGIS program”xi.

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Functional Components and Information Sources

The functional characteristics perceived to be important for an effective plant information

management system are:
Providing information (documentation, help, training, etc.) on-demand at the point of
need
Includes powerful and flexible search and navigation tools
Incorporates multiple modes of presentation – text, video, audio, etc.
Supports multiple deliver mechanisms – paper, on-line, CD-ROM, Internet/Intranet
Provides customized views of the information to specific groups or individuals
Provides a unified mechanism to access documentation, help, training and other
learning and support products

The purpose of developing and storing all of the plant information is to help people gain
the knowledge to operate the plant effectively. As the quantity of the information that is
being managed in each of our facilities increases, we must apply some structure to it to
make it useful. Without structure, the accessibility and availability of this information is
drastically reduced. In a world where increasingly it is said that information and
knowledge are power, a system that can organize, and deliver information on demand to
each and every user, will redistribute power to all plant team members.

The information that is received and generated on a major project comes from many
sources and will potentially be in many forms unless it is managed. Some of the sources
include:
Vendors
Government agencies
Consultants (EPC, design firms, general consultants, etc.)
In-house (engineering, operations, maintenance, management, etc.)

The wide range of sources, if not controlled, will produce forms of wide diversity ranging
from:
Information delivered on paper from vendors
Ad hoc memos, e-mails, reports generated electronically on a range of word
processors types and versions
Special application outputs from spreadsheets, presentation software, graphics tools,
CADD programs, all of different types and versions
Internet HTML formatted information

A Use-Based Strategy

Our information management strategy classifies the information based upon its intended
use. Seldom used documents that are not critical to day to day operation, provided to the
plant, may be left in their original paper format and classified as “paper based”
information. The paper-based information will be catalogued and stored for possible
future reference. Examples of this type of information might include some generic vendor
information, proposal documents, etc.

©User Centered Design Services, LLC 2002

Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 13 of 14

More important information is classified as “electronic”, catalogued and stored in an

Electronic Data Management system. It’s expected to receive infrequent use but is not
required on-line to perform routine or nonroutine tasks. Electronic formats may include
vendor specific types such as MS-Word or WordPerfect. Typical examples of this type of
information are preliminary engineering calculations and corporate guidelines and
information, Loss Prevention Standards, and Master Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

The subset of information that is needed for specific tasks and is delivered on-line to
directly support the plant operation is classified as “intelligent.” Examples of this key
information category include Emergency Procedures, Standard Operating Procedures,
training information, and process design manuals.

The “intelligent” component of this information is developed as it is authored into an XML

(eXtensible Markup Language) format. This standardized (ISO) markup language allows
the documents to be:
Authored in a way that reduces the need for information maintenance
Stored in a controlled database
Independent of hardware and software platforms
Storage form is ASCII
Authoring and delivery applications are interchangeable
Reuse of information
Multiple applications can access documents
Effective management of revisions
Can be delivered to the user at the right time and place
Content is captured using markups to identify context

NOVA Chemicals is examining the application of this technology through the

development of a prototype application that is linked to the current Training Program
development. The intent is that all major project documentation including key vendor
information will be XML tagged and entered into the “intelligent” database.

   

We have described three areas where NOVA Chemicals is applying the knowledge
gained by the ASM Consortium to the design of new ethylene plant. Specifically, this
new approach has been applied to the design of the Control Center, training systems
and information management systems. In future activities, the ASM Design Support
Project Team will focus on:
HazOp Analysis of the plant equipment and control system
Alarm management and alarm objectives analysis
Field communication systems
Instrument and safety system design
Incident reporting systems

The human-centered design focus coupled with an understanding of the abnormal

situation management practice issues has produced a significant change to the project

©User Centered Design Services, LLC 2002

Designing for Abnormal Situations Page 14 of 14

team’s deliverables. Based on our initial experiences in this project, NOVA Chemicals
believes that this approach will improve human reliability and effectiveness and lower the
probability of abnormal situations occurring in the new plant.

References:

i
Nimmo, I. “Abnormal Situation Management,” Chemical Engineering Progress, September, 1995.
ii
Soken, N., Bullemer, P., Ramanathan, P. and Reinhart, B. “Human-Computer Interaction Requirements
for Managing Abnormal Situations in Chemical Process Industries,” Proceedings of the ASME Symposium
on Computers in Engineering, Houston, TX, 1995.
iii
Lorenzo, D.K. “A Manager’s Guide to Reducing Human Error,” Chemical Manufacturers Association,
Washington, DC, (p.1),1990.
iv
Lorenzo, D.K. “A Manager’s Guide to Reducing Human Error,” Chemical Manufacturers Association,
Washington, DC, (p.11), 1990.
v
Cochran, E. and Bullemer, P. “Abnormal Situation Management: NOT by New Technology ALONE,”
Proceedings of the 1996 AICHE Conference on Process Plant Safety, Houston, TX. 1996.
vi
Bullemer, P. and Cochran, T – Control Center Workspace Design: Practices and Guidelines Review
Paper created for NOVA Chemicals Ltd. 1997
vii
Pikaar, R. N. “Control Room Design and System Ergonomics” in H. Kragt, Ed. Enhancing Industrial
Performance, London: Taylor and Francis, 1992.
viii
Bullemer, P. and Nimmo, I. “A Training Perspective on Abnormal Situation Management: Establishing an
Enhanced Learning Environment,” Proceedings of the 1996 AICHE Conference on Process Plant Safety,
Houston, TX. 1996.
ix
Bullemer, P. and Nimmo, I. “Tackle Abnormal Situation Management with Better Training,” Chemical
Engineering Progress, January, 1998.
x
Ayers, M. and Kennedy, J. - NOVA Chemicals White Paper On-line Information – 1997
xi
Bullemer, P., Cochran, E., Miller, C., and Harp, S. “Managing Abnormal Situations II: Collaborative
Decision Support for Operations Personnel.” Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Technology Workshop, Ann
Arbor, MI. 1997.

©User Centered Design Services, LLC 2002

 Implementation of new monitoring tools and
optimisation of maintenance through the use
of Web-based technology
Thierry JUNG, Stefan TENBOHLEN, Jean ALTWEGG, Philippe ROUSSEL
Carl HARFOUCH
Abstract-- Utilities need to reduce costs associated to maintenance
of installed equipment. Main ways to achieve this cost reduction
are the use of remote access to on-line condition monitoring of
equipment, and a shift from preventive maintenance to predictive
maintenance. Thanks to the evolution of monitoring systems,
maintenance and operation people can concentrate their activity
on tasks with high added value. Ethernet can transport the
information from the substation to every PC connected to the
customer Intranet. This paper describes advanced solutions
already implemented covering all type of primary equipment in
the substation. Starting from the strict point of view of
monitoring it will then proceeds forward with the presentation of
diagnostics, prognosis and the challenges posed by the
development of such tools. Integration into customer information
system will be also discussed. As a last step, we will cast a look on
future developments such as complete on-line services.
Index Terms-- Communication system software - Expert system -
EHV Substation - Maintenance - Monitoring - Predictive control.
I. INTRODUCTION
M ONITORING devices for primary equipment in high
voltage substations have been on the market for several
decades. Several factors play a key role in the utilities
decisions to go for monitored equipment, and sometimes
Reliability Centred Maintenance programs. As time goes by
some of these factors may become more and more important,
as a direct consequence of deregulation policies:
♦ Ageing equipment, and reduced investment budgets (the
latter situation a direct effect of deregulation and the drive
for cost savings) makes it mandatory to increase operating
life of all substation assets to their limits, possibly
beyond. The decision to postpone replacement of primary
equipment, and thus save on capital costs, has to be based
on a precise assessment of its actual condition, and even
better an overview of the whole equipment life history
(operating stress, failures, etc.).
♦ The need to reduce maintenance costs. Reducing
frequency of routine inspections where monitoring
devices allows for remote assessment of primary
equipment condition is an obvious way to reach this goal.
Other significant benefits include early detection of
incipient faults (through statistical analysis of
measurements, trending, etc.), thus avoiding catastrophic
failures, increasing the availability of primary equipment,
and providing the maintenance teams with the opportunity
to program interventions instead of setting urgent and
unplanned visits. The move from unplanned maintenance
visits to planned intervention is of special interest to large
countries with isolated substations, where travel costs
adds up to a substantial share of total maintenance costs.
Diagnostics tools, giving the most probable cause of
failure, makes it possible for maintenance teams to get on
site with the relevant spare parts, instead of multiplying
travels between site and warehouse.
♦ The need to know as fast as possible where and when a
problem occurred .As a direct consequence of
deregulation, penalties for interruption of service tend to
increase between utilities, or between utility and
regulatory agencies. Access to real time data concerning
time and location of failures , and condition of primary
equipment on the back –up transmission lines is of utmost
importance in order to reduce outage time.
♦ The needs to operate transmission grids up to their limits,
or even beyond, during peak hours or emergencies (see
above). For instance real–time monitoring of power
transformers thermal stress makes it possible for the
operators to manage overload capacity duration safely.
♦
The need to manage knowledge evens as technically
skilled staff retires or is leaving. As maintenance teams
are reduced, technical skills are lost (especially on older
technologies). Utilities may resort to sophisticated
diagnostics tools in order to retain necessary technical
knowledge on products which will be kept on service for
one or two decades. Detailed measurement and diagnosis
files available instantaneously on line speed up the
process of failure cause analysis by experts. As the format
of information recorded is now standardised, utilities have
the opportunity to build up consistent equipment
databases, on which to capitalise for optimising use of
their assets.
♦ In some cases, simple technical reasons foster the use of
monitoring: for instance early introduction of SF6
monitoring devices in the US was linked to specific
leakage problems in dead tank circuit breakers, which
contain large volumes of this potentially harmful green
house gas.
First generation monitoring systems could only partially fulfill
the needs listed above, a situation that explains why this
market remained limited for many years. Such systems usually
produced a huge amount of raw data, without any analysis or
diagnostics, and could only transmit information (often using
proprietary protocol) through point to point communication processing are performed in a server who is common with
links, thus restraining access to information. But now power transformers and disconnecting switches monitoring
evolution of technology had led to a new generation, which systems. In case of breakdown, multiple redundancy is
can fulfil all these needs, mainly thanks to advances in guaranteed between data stored in the local module, in the
communication technologies and implementation of expert back up hard disk and in the back up server.
systems, as shown below, in Fig. 1. Data are displayed in a synthetic way, since operators don’t
have much time to analyse figures. Users must have an
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Fig. 1 Evolution of digital monitoring systems for circuit breakers

Let’s now describe an example of such complete system ,

monitoring all strategic primary equipment in the substation ,
as it is currently implemented within customer’s substations.

II. CIRCUIT BREAKER MONITORING

Circuit Breakers are complex mechanisms, of which many
parameters can be monitored. Features that have been selected
through the years ranged from vibrations within the drive to
internal arc location based on pressure waves profile inside
GIS enclosure. However, pressure on costs (a significant share
of monitoring system overall price is borne by t sensors), need
for systems that are altogether comprehensive and simple (for
reliability reasons), coupled with experience from field
installation led to a limitation of main functions monitored:
♦ Insulating gas (SF6 or gas mixtures ): density, leakage
rate
♦ Operation : monitoring of mechanical parts (operating
times , travel curve, velocity , sometimes trip and close
coil currents )
♦ Energy: monitoring of the energy reserve of the breaker
(spring reloading time, sometime motor current, or spring
position at end of rewinding operation, hydraulic pressure
and pump reinflating times, pump efficiency, etc…)
♦ Primary contacts: electrical wear, arcing time, breaking
current
♦ Auxiliary and control circuits: coil continuity, voltage
supply, temperatures, sometimes supervision of current
through heating systems
♦ Self monitoring of the electronic device itself: achieved
by means of software watchdogs, hardware watchdog,
monitoring of sensors status , of the communication link.
A stand-alone module attached to the breaker performs
measurement and first data processing. Further analysis and
Fig. 2 Visualisation process
For further detailed analysis, users access historical records,
displaying different measurements on the same screen in
search of some new correlation between parameters , or
downloading them for complete statistical analysis.
Most monitoring devices compare measured values with fixed
limits to detect occurrence of an abnormal condition. These
limits usually correspond to acceptance criteria of the breaker,
during routine tests on factory or at site. Typically the same
set of limits apply to all individual breakers of a particular
type. This method, though quite well adapted to brand new
breakers, may prove difficult to adapt in case of retrofitting of
monitoring systems on breakers already installed on site for
many years, and close to their end of life (25 to 30 years). For
these breakers, for which extension of service life is
considered, a closer kind of monitoring might be
recommended, to keep a close eye on any potential drift.
In this case, the system records a few operations on site and
then, according to a maximum percentage of deviation from
the actual measurements defined by the user, computes limits
by itself. This kind of set up, called “fingerprint “, makes it
possible to get quickly the set of monitoring limits for any
kind of installed breaker and proves particularly useful for
retrofit application.
 III. MONITORING OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
A multitude of different measurable variables can be collected
for on-line monitoring of power transformers. However, it is
very rarely useful to use the entire spectrum. Therefore, sensor
technology must be adjusted to the specific requirements of a
particular transformer or transformer bank, depending on their
age and condition. From the experience of more than 120
monitoring systems t he following general set-up of sensors for
example is proposed for the use at a 400 kV power
transformer:
♦ PT100 for measurement of top oil temperature
♦ PT100 for measurement of ambient temperature
♦ C.T. for measurement of load current (single phase)
♦ Measurement of voltage at measurement tap of bushing
(three phase)
♦ Measurement of oil pressure of bushing
♦ Sensor for measurement of oil humidity
♦ Sensor for measurement of gas-in-oil content
♦ Tap changer position
♦ Power consumption of motor drive
♦ Digital inputs for switching status of fans and pumps.
For early error detection, the monitoring of the active part is of
particular importance. It is fundamental to either measure the
electrical variables load current and operating voltage directly
at the transformer. Bushing-type current transformers are used
for load current measurement. The load current is an important
starting variable for calculation of hot-spot temperature
according to IEC 60354 [2,3] and thus presents ageing of
active part insulation. This enables the evaluation not only of
information regarding the temporary overload capacity of the
transformer but also of the lifetime consumption.
The voltage applied to the transformer is acquired at the
measurement tap of the capacitor bushing by means of a
voltage sensor. By this way a change of the capacitance of the
bushing which is the start of deterioration of the bushing can
be detected. Overvoltages represent an essential risk potential
for the insulation of transformer windings. These voltage
peaks can be detected through a peak value sampler. In
connection with the volume of noxious gases, which are
dissolved in oil, one can draw deductions regarding possible
damage to the insulation of the active part after the occurrence
of voltage surges.
For the gas-in-oil detection a Hydran sensor is used which
reads a composite value of gases in ppm (H2 (100%), CO
(18%), C2H2 (8%), C2H4 (1,5%)). As hydrogen is a key gas
for problems in the active part, an increase in the output signal
of the sensor is an indication for irregularities such as for
example partial discharge or thermal overload. The evaluation
of this measuring signal, together with the dependency on the
temperature of the oil and the load current, provides a reliable
basis for the continued operation of the transformer. In the
event of an increase of gas-in-oil content, an immediate
reaction can be effected via an off-line gas analysis to
determine the concentration of the other components dissolved
in the oil in order to limit the cause of the damage.
A capacitive thin film sensor is used for the detection of
moisture in oil. There are several causes for an increase of
water-in-oil content. Due to the fact that water is a result and
also an origin of oil/paper insulation degradation the water-in-
oil content is an important indicator for the condition of
winding insulation, in particular for already aged transformers.
In the cooling unit, not only the switching state of the oil
pumps and the ventilators is monitored but also the
temperature values. For this purpose, the input and output oil
PT100 probes measure temperatures. The intention is to make
selective statements regarding the state of the entire cooling
plant from the measured values.
Recordings of the tap changer position and the operating
current help determine the number of switching operations of
the tap changer and the total switched current, which gives
information abut the burning of diverter switch contacts. If the
limiting value, pre-set in accordance with the maintenance
instructions, is exceeded a message
is generated.
Oil temperature difference between the OLTC and main tank
can relate to the severity of LTC contact wear. Heat in the
OLTC compartment can be caused by abnormal conditions
like contact arcing, misalignment of contacts, loose
terminations, locked rotor current of internal tap changer
motors and overloading of contact.
Due to the fact that serious damage to the transformer can be
expected in the event of the failure of the tap changer, the
monitoring of this mechanically and electrically highly
stressed element is of great importance. In order to be able to
obtain information regarding the mechanical state of the
switch the power consumption of the tap changer drive
mechanism is recorded.
The outputs of the above mentioned sensors are wired onto
field bus terminals in the monitoring module in stalled at the
transformer. Within these data acquisition units the analogue
signals are digitised and send via a field bus to the monitoring
server. By means of this in dustrial proven technology it is
possible to monitor all transformers in one substation with a
single system which is extremely cost effective. The erection
of the server in an operating building offers the advantage that
the ambient conditions (e.g. temperature, vibrations) are much
more suitable for a PC. The connection to the protection and
control system can be done either by dry relay contacts or a
digital protocol according to IEC 60870-5-101.
Fig. 3 Web based-based visualisation of transformer condition
During the last years the AREVA monitoring system MS 2000
was installed world-wide at power transformers of all major
manufacturers. In the beginning utilities started to test the
system with grid-coupling transformers of minor importance.
Due to the good experience it is now operating at such
strategic important points as nuclear power stations, pumped
storage power stations, coal power stations and aluminia
industry. Most of these installations were retrofitted on-site at
already aged transformers. Normally the installation of sensors
requires no welding at the transformer and takes about two
days. The transformer has to be taken out of operation only for
half a day to install the voltage sensors and the tap changer
monitoring module.
An additional module installed on the MS 2000 monitoring
server generates HTML-based web pages, which show the on-
line and historical data, as in Fig. 3.
IV. MONITORING OF DISCONNECTING SWITCHES
In order to be able to obtain information on the mechanical
state of the disconnector, the drive power consumption is
recorded during operation. This power consumption is
proportional to the torque of the drive. The operation of each
disconnector has a specific signature which is monitored by
the MS 2000, as in Fig.4.
500
Closing
Opening
Interval 1
400
closing peak
300
200 opening peak
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
TSTART
Time [ms]
Fig. 4 Monitoring of mechanical state of disconector
Some characteristic properties can be seen immediately.
Considering the closing, the force of the entering contacts
produces the characteristic peak at the end of the operation.
During the opening-process the leaving contacts produce a
characteristic peak at the beginning of the operation that is
smaller compared to the closing peak. If the measurement is
repeated, the curves that are observed are identical.
The characteristics of the opening- and the closing-process can
be easily examined.
The monitoring system MS 2000 - DISCONNECTOR will
examine in this case the following parameters of the torque:
transformer:
♦ Duration of motor start-up
♦ Max. power consummation
♦ Duration of the operation
♦ Total energy used for each disconnector operation
The position of the disconnector is obtained from the status of
the open/close contacts. The respective auxiliary contacts are
wired onto digital inputs. Furthermore the number of
operations and the time since last operation are evaluated.
V. EXPERT AND DIAGNOSIS TOOLS VERSUS
MONITORING TOOLS
Monitoring refers to the measurement and storage of raw data,
their compensation with relevant influence factors
(temperature, pressure, operation voltage, etc.), and finally the
comparison of these final values with rated limits. If
compensated measurements don’t fill inside rated limits,
alarms and warnings are sent.
Diagnostics tools or expert system refer to software products
that transform the output of monitoring systems (through
statistical analyse, rule-based or neural-network based
programs) into diagnosis indicating the reason of observed
alarms , the sub-components most likely to be the cause of
current problems , and even the recommended procedures to
follow in order to get primary equipment back into service .
These systems also give prognosis (advance warnings that a
problem is developing now and a failure is likely to happen in
some pre-determined period in the future), and an estimation
of remaining lifetime before end of service based on all the
records building up the life history of primary equipment. This
last figure is based on actual condition of primary equipment,
not on theoretical life span. Therefore it is a precious tool for
the asset manager when time comes to discuss refurbishment
or replacement of equipment in service.
Diagnostics and prognostics are a tricky subject, because
pieces of primary equipment in the substation are complex
devices, made out of several hundreds pieces. Defining the
component, which causes abnormal behaviour, is often
difficult, because many failures could lead to the same
symptoms. Thanks to their intimate knowledge of their
products, manufacturers of equipment can nonetheless propose
a certain number of diagnostics and prognostics. Levels of
confidence for these diagnostics will of course increase as
5000
return on experience gets larger, but they depend also on the
TDuration
type of primary equipment monitored: equipment that operates
continuously (i.e.: power transformer) tend to develop slow,
continuous degradation of their performances, thus allowing
early diagnosis of incipient failures. Equipment that do not
operate continuously (i.e.: circuits breakers and disconnecting
switches) would sometimes show few, even no degradation of
performances before failure during an operation. This may be
the case when the coil plunger gets stuck or some mechanical
part breaks. Another point is that manufacturer’s failure
databases are much restricted to factory and site
commissioning problems. Problems occurring while the
breaker is in service on site are much less known because
♦ in the absence of any monitoring system, symptoms that
announced the incoming problem were not detected, not
recorded and thus never transmitted to the manufacturer
♦ 2) utilities usually don’t share their failure database with
the manufacturers.
As a consequence, achieving a truly comprehensive expert
system is a matter of time and co-operation: first step consists
in installing monitoring devices on a large pool of primary
equipment, building up a standardised event records database.
Then as time goes by and failure database grows,
manufacturer and utility joined determining efforts result in
further diagnostics and prognosis being added to the initial
system, in a continuous progress.
VI. BENEFITS OF WEB-BASED TECHNOLOGY
New communication technologies have solved several
imperfections of first generation systems.
♦ Distribution of information to all departments of a utility
has become a smooth and easy process. Before, the user
had to get to the information, using proprietary protocols
on a point to point link. Now information comes up to the
user, thanks to standardised field buses in the switchyard
(Modbus , Profibus, DNP), and Ethernet TCP/IP at station
level. Interchangeability of devices between major players
in the market is now a reality .All PC and routers have
native Ethernet communication capabilities. HTML
protocol is the obvious protocol for fast and easy
visualisation of data, FTP for easy download. Use of these
natives PC capabilities and installed intranets means low-
cost integration and set-up of monitoring systems
♦ Maintenance .of HMI and diagnostic software has become
transparent to utilities. Huge savings on computers
associated maintenance costs are possible because there is
no more need to install dedicated HMI software (and
manage compatibility of PC operating systems, conflicts
between different applications, new releases, etc.). Access
to all system‘s functions is achieved with a standard PC,
equipped with off the shelves WEB-browsers thanks to
user friendly HTML pages and java applets located within
the server.
If further analysis is needed , any set of data can be
downloaded from the server via FTP protocol in ASCII
format, which can be read by any kind of mathematical or
statistical tool.
Should any restricted access be mandatory, password
protection, restraining the access of some users to certain
data is embedded as native components of Internet
technology. For instance access to configuration
parameters of monitoring devices should not be available
to everyone.
A key point of tools using java-enabled browsers is their
inherent simplicity and user friendly interface. This makes
it very easy for the operators to use it, thereby
significantly shortening learning curves and training costs
associated with any new tool. Experience from installed
devices and past failures can quickly benefit the system
because developing new visualisation and diagnostic
pages is a simple process. Once the release is ready,
simultaneously downloading it on all installed servers
through internet/intranet reduce the costs traditionally
associated with the management of different releases of
the same software.
♦ Integration into the customer’s information systems is
straightforward: monitoring system provides the user with
SQL-type databases, which can be accessed via ODBC
protocol. An example of complete integration of on-line
monitoring and power systems control software is
described in our reference [4].
VII. FUTURE TRENDS: INTEGRATED ONLINE
SERVICES
Ongoing integration of services and information pushes
already existing systems described above towards global
experts and asset management systems (Computerized
Maintenance and Management System – CMMS), which
handle all processes involved with primary equipment
(training, maintenance, repairs , refurbishment , replacement ,
upgrades, etc.).
Let’s take an example to illustrate the process: a user in the
field or in the control room receives an alarm from the breaker
ID# 1DL0249 showing ‘spring motor – spring rewinding
time’. He then clicks on the “diagnostics” features and finds
out the real cause of the problem. Once he has made up his
mind whether to can fix the breaker or put it out of service for
late repair, he has to take appropriate actions.
This is where the CMMS gives him further support. It
provides a structured way of organising the information in the
customer language. From the original tag “ID# 1DL0249”, via
a graphic environment, the user is able to find its equipment
and the correspondence with manufacturer references, after
which he will be able to look for general information on
original order, manufacturer and technical data.
To prepare actual repair operation, it is necessary to access all
kinds of information related to the problem. A well-structured
set of document will permit to do so. Not only general
documents but also specific documents related to the
equipment serial number will be available. It means that users
will be able to trace all kind of events (Expertise,
refurbishment, repair) that happened with this specific piece of
equipment because all reports are traced and stored.
Then each broken part has to be identified by its number. This
is possible because the CMMS stores the Bill of Material as
built in factory. This task is usually painful and time
consuming due to lack of information with conventional
methods. Another difficulty is to confirm that the part in the
field corresponds to the part registered in the system. To clear
all doubts, a photo or diagram is provided with by the system.
Emergency spare parts orders are processed quickly and
without any mistakes.
The user in the field has two choices when it comes to finally
repair the breaker:
♦ either repair it on its own if possible (with the repair
manual included in the system)
♦ or send an emergency work order to the nearest
manufacturer’s facility able to perform such tasks, using
Internet or e-mail addresses given by the CMMS.
Adding to these functions, the CMMS should procure parts
tractability, local contact, training available on equipment and
much more.
Of course such CMMS system has to work on highly reliable
and up-to-date database if it is to give out accurate
information. This will only be possible if utilities and
manufacturers work together to maintain these databases. Both
parts will have an interest in so doing: utilities will benefit
from a powerful tool which will optimise their asset
maintenance and management, and manufacturers will use
them in order to optimise activity of their engineering and
maintenance teams.
Development of such commercially available CMMS is now
finished, and first implementations are on the way.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Web-based technology have given monitoring systems a
significant boost because they greatly increased access to
information on operating condition of primary equipment.
Furthers steps to enhance their potential to drastically shorten
response times and larger diffusion of information are under
way. Such tools are now able to provide utilities with a global
and real time knowledge of their whole transmission system,
complete expert system to diagnose and prevent failures, a
global installed pool of all kind of equipment installed all over
the country and direct links to manufacturers spare parts
resources and maintenance teams. Besides these tools
integrate all the information into a single system with the same
interface for all users. They ideally support the drive for
efficiency of utilities that need to increase the performances
and availability of power grids.
IX. REFERENCES
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[1]. T. Jung, J. Altwegg and J.-P. Dupraz, “Manutenção e
Monitoramento de Disjuntor “, BR-CE13, Rio de Janeiro , 2002
[2]. J.-.P. Dupraz , T..Jung & coll “ Digital Control and condition
Monitoring: integration and application” , Cigré session 1998, paper 13-
109
[3]. S. Tenbohlen, G. Puldo, M. Lindners, G. Krost “Integration of
Power Transformer monitoring and Overload Calculation into the Power
System Control Surface “, CEPSI 2002, FUKUOKA
[4]. S. Tenbohlen, T. Stril, P. Mayer & coll “ Experience based
Evaluation of Economic Benefits of On-line Monitoring systems for
Power Transformers “ Cigré session 2002
[5]. S. Tenbohlen, D. Uhde & coll “ Enhanced Diagnosis of power
Transformers using On-and Off-line methods: Results Example and
Future Trends “, Cigré session 2000, paper 12-204
Jean Altwegg graduated in 1971 from the Ecole
d’Ingénieurs from Genève, Switzerland, as EUR ING
by FEANI in Paris in 1997 and as Master of Business
Administration, in 2003, by the Federal University of
Itajubá in Brazil. In 1986, he joins AREVA, São
Paulo and today he is manager of the technical and
the commercial departments of the circuit breakers,
disconnectors and surge arresters plant in Itajubá,
Brazil. He is menber of the CIGRE’s Brazilian CE13
comity.
Philippe ROUSSEL: Graduated as Mechanical
Engineer from Ecole Centrale de Lyon in 1990.
Started as a research engineer at ALSTOM (formerly
Gec Alsthom) for GIS in 1991 : design and testing of
GIS circuit-breaker and complete bays. In 1997,
became Strategic Marketing Manager for high
voltage AIS equipment (circuit breakers, surge
arresters and generator circuit breaker). In 2000,
became product manager for high voltage
disconnectors and compact substations. He is a
member of SEE (the French electrical engineering society) and former
member of Cigré WG23-01 on ‘Substation concepts’.
Carl Harfouch received his Diploma B.Ing. from
Polytechnique of Montreal, Canada, in 1994. He
first did test engineer for a period of two years in
high voltage apparatus. Then he joined the
switchgear R&D team in Lyon, France for 3 years
to develop 245kV breaker and monitoring system.
In 1998, he was responsible for breaker and low
voltage for the High Voltage unit in Montreal. In
2000, he joined the services teams as manager to
develop computerise maintenance and management
system (CMMS), monitoring services, retrofit and
refurbishment solution.

X. BIOGRAPHIES

Thierry Jung was born in Sarreguemines , France

on April 29, 1969. He graduated from the Ecole
Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieur of Caen ( ENSI
Caen) in 1993 in Opto-electronic and Micro-
electronic Engineering. In 1995 he obtained a DESS
in management from IAE-Strasbourg. He joined
Alstom Research Center in 1996. Since 2000 he is
responsible for development , application and
industrialization of electronics dedicated to Air –
insulated High Voltage Switchgear . He is member
of IEC and Cigré working groups .

Stefan Tenbohlen received his Diploma and Dr.-

Ing. degrees from the Technical University of
Aachen, Germany, in 1992 and 1997, respectively.
1997 he joined AREVA Schorch Transformatoren
GmbH, Mönchengladbach, Germany, where he
was responsible for basic research and product
development and in this function working in the
field of on-line monitoring of power transformers.
Since 2002 he is the head of the electrical and
mechanical design department. He is member of
the German committee of CIGRE A2 (power
transformers) and the German Power Engineering
Society VDE-ETG FB Q2 (Materials, Electrical Insulations and Diagnostics).