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The Chromista are a eukaryotic supergroup, probably polyphyletic,[1][2] which may be treated as a separate
kingdom or included among the Protista. They include all algae whose chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and
c, as well as various colorless forms that are closely related to them. These chloroplasts are surrounded by four
membranes, and are believed to have been acquired from some red algae.
Contents
1 Groups
1.1 Chromophyces (Chadefaud, 1950)
1.2 Chromophyta (Christensen 1962, 1989)
1.3 Chromophyta (Bourrelly, 1968)
1.4 Chromista (Cavalier-Smith, 1981)
1.5 Chromalveolata (Adl et al., 2005)
1.6 Chromista (Cavalier-Smith, 2010)
2 History and controversy
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Groups
Chromista has been defined in different ways at different times. The name Chromista was first introduced by
Cavalier-Smith in 1981;[3] the earlier names Chromophyta, Chromobiota and Chromobionta correspond to
roughly the same group.
In 2010, Thomas Cavalier-Smith indicated his desire to move Alveolata, Rhizaria and Heliozoa into
Chromista.[5]
Some examples of classification of the Chromista and related groups are shown below.[6][7]
The Chromophyces (Chadefaud, 1950),[8] renamed Chromophycota (Chadefaud, 1960),[9] included the current
Ochrophyta (autotrophic Stramenopiles), Haptophyta (included in Chrysophyceae until Christensen, 1962),
Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyceae and Choanoflagellida (included in Chrysophyceae until Hibberd,
1975).
The Chromophyta (Christensen 1962, 1989), defined as algae with chlorophyll c, included the current
Ochrophyta (autotrophic Stramenopiles), Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta and Choanoflagellida. The
Euglenophyceae were transferred to the Chlorophyta.
Chromophyta (Bourrelly, 1968)
The Chromophyta (Bourrelly, 1968) included the current Ochrophyta (autotrophic Stramenopiles), Haptophyta
and Choanoflagellida. The Cryptophyceae and the Dinophyceae were part of Pyrrhophyta (= Dinophyta).
The Chromista (Cavalier-Smith, 1981) included the current Stramenopiles, Haptophyta and Cryptophyta.
The Chromalveolata (Cavalier-Smith, 1981) included Stramenopiles, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta and Alveolata.
The Chromista (Cavalier-Smith, 2010) included Harosa (Stramenopiles, Alveolata and Rhizaria) and Hacrobia
(Haptophyta, Cryptophyta and centrohelid Heliozoa).
See also
Cabozoa
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
List of Chromista by conservation status
References
1. Laura Wegener Parfrey; Erika Barbero; Elyse Lasser; Micah Dunthorn; Debashish Bhattacharya; David J
Patterson & Laura A Katz (December 2006). "Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of
Eukaryotic Diversity" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1713255). PLoS Genet. 2 (12):
e220. PMC 1713255 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1713255) . PMID 17194223 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17194223). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220 (https://doi.org/10.137
1%2Fjournal.pgen.0020220).
2. Cavalier-Smith T, Allsopp MT, Chao EE (November 1994). "Chimeric conundra: are nucleomorphs and
chromists monophyletic or polyphyletic?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45232).
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (24): 1136872. PMC 45232 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC45232) . PMID 7972066 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7972066).
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.24.11368 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.24.11368).
3. T. Cavalier-Smith (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Biosystems. 14 (34): 461481.
PMID 7337818 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7337818). doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0303-2647%2881%2990050-2).
4. Csurs M, Rogozin IB, Koonin EV (May 2008). "Extremely intron-rich genes in the alveolate ancestors
inferred with a flexible maximum-likelihood approach" (http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?v
iew=long&pmid=18296415). Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (5): 90311. PMID 18296415 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pubmed/18296415). doi:10.1093/molbev/msn039 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn03
9).
5. Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic
tree" (http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20031978). Biol. Lett. 6
(3): 3425. PMC 2880060 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880060) .
PMID 20031978 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031978). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948 (http
s://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948).
6. Reviers, B. de. (2006). Biologia e Filogenia das Algas (https://books.google.com/books?id=6fw4AgAAQ
BAJ&lpg=PA13&hl=pt-BR&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false). Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, pp.
156-157.
7. W. H. Blackwell (2009). Chromista revisited: A dilemma of overlapping putative kingdoms, and the
attempted application of the botanical code of nomenclature (http://www.phytologia.org/uploads/2/3/4/2/
23422706/912191-225blackwellchromistarevisted.pdf). Phytologia 91(2).
8. Chadefaud, M. 1950. Les cellules nageuses des Algues dans l'embranchement des Chromophyces.
Comptes rendus hebdomadaire de l'Acadmie des Sciences, Paris 231: 788790.
9. Chadefaud, M. 1960. Les vgtaux non vasculaires (Cryptogamie). In Chadefaud, M., and Emberger, L.
Trait de Botanique Systmatique. Tome I. Paris.
10. Burki F, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge M, et al. (2007). Butler G, ed. "Phylogenomics Reshuffles the
Eukaryotic Supergroups" (http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000790). PLoS ONE. 2 (8): e790.
PMC 1949142 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1949142) . PMID 17726520 (https://w
ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17726520). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2
Fjournal.pone.0000790).
External links
UCMP: Introduction to the Chromista
Encyclopedia of Life: Chromista