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1. The most important kind of research is applied research. Applied research refers to
scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is
used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop descriptive
research knowledges sake. For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
2. Ive read about a speech pathologist in the intensive care unit, Anna-Liisa Sutt works
with people unable to speak because of the breathing tubes in their neck. Being left
voiceless makes it difficult for patients to be involved in their own care, leading them to
feel isolated and distressed. Anna-Liisas research looked at using a speaking valve with
these patients to help them communicate with the ICU team and families. The speaking
valve connects to the tube in the patients throat and allows them to speak, so they can
answer doctors questions and talk with their families. It was initially thought these
valves might interfere with the patients lungs so lung activity was carefully monitored.
The research found that the patients were able to better communicate with the ICU staff
and their families, and a change in practice resulted in similar breathing outcomes for the
ICU patients that were using the speaking valve. Anna-Liisa is now completing a PhD,
looking at the effect of speaking valve on patients lung function. Anna-Liisas research
Australia and the USA. This research received only a small amount of funding, but its
impact is significant. Patients who participated in the trial were able to express
themselves whilst still on a breathing machine and felt less isolated. Using the speaking
particularly important for the individual Internet user to evaluate the resource or
information. Keep in mind that almost anyone can publish anything they wish on the
Web. It is often difficult to determine authorship of Web sources, and even if the author is
listed, he or she may not always represent him or herself honestly, or he or she may
effectively.
Ask yourself these questions before using resources from the World Wide Web:
Author
education)?
Is the author qualified to write on the given topic? Why?
page?
page?
What does the domain name/URL reveal about the source of the information,
if anything?
If the owner is not identified, what can you tell about the origin of the site
Note: To find relevant information about the author, check personal homepages on
the Web, campus directory entries and information retrieved through search engines.
Also check print sources in the Library Reference area; Who's Who in America,
Biography Index, and other biographical sources can be used to determine the
author's credentials.
Purpose
Knowing the motive behind the page's creation can help you judge its content.
If not stated, what do you think is the purpose of the site? Is the purpose to:
Inform or Teach?
Explain or Enlighten?
Persuade?
Sell a Product?
Objectivity
Does the content of the page have the official approval of the
Accuracy
Are the sources for factual information clearly listed so that the
Is it clear who has the ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of the
errors?
unsupported by evidence?
Are quotes and other strong assertions backed by sources that you
information?
Currency
Links
Are links related to the topic and useful to the purpose of the site?
Note: The quality of Web pages linked to the original Web page may
vary; therefore, you must always evaluate each Web site independently.
Conclusion
Be very critical of any information you find on the Web and carefully
Web pages are susceptible to both accidental and deliberate alteration, and
Print out or download all pages you plan to use in your research so that your
4. The success of data collection requires careful preparation. The first and often the most
difficult question is "Why am I doing this survey?" Many studies start with a general hope that
something interesting will emerge, and they often end in frustration. The general interest has first
to be translated into precisely formulated, written objectives. Every survey should be reasonably
sure to give an adequate answer to at least one specific question. This initial planning requires
some idea of the final analysis; and it may be useful at the outset to outline the key tables for the
final report, and to consider the numbers of cases expected in their major cells.
Every study needs a primary purpose. It is easy to argue "While we have the subjects there, let's
any way threatens the primary purpose. Sometimes subsidiary objectives may be pursued in
subsamples (every nth subject, or in a particular age group) or by recalling some subjects for a
second examination: when their initial contact has been favourable then response to recall is
usually good.
Before planning the detail of a study, it is wise to carry out a library search of the relevant
background publications. Occasionally this may show the answer to the study question without
any need for further data collection; or it may uncover useful sources of published information,
such as the registrar general's mortality and cancer registry reports, which can form the basis of
an analysis without the requirement for an expensive and time consuming field survey. Even
when survey work remains necessary, experience in earlier related investigations may guide the
5. Having identified the variables to include in your research, you will need to structure your
research questions in a way that the reader can clearly understand what you are trying to achieve.
How you structure these research questions will depend on the type of research questions you
have and the variables you are examining. The type of quantitative research question that you use
in your dissertation (i.e., descriptive, comparative and/or relationship) needs to be reflected in the
way that you write out the research question; that is, the word choice and phrasing that you use
when constructing a research question tells the reader whether it is a descriptive, comparative or
quantitative research question, you need to start by selecting the type of quantitative research
question you are trying to create: descriptive, comparative and/or relationship. Quantitative
research questions tend to start with words like "What are", "How do", "Does", "How often",
amongst others. Which words you start with will depend on the type of quantitative research
question you are trying to create (i.e., descriptive, comparative and/or relationship) and
the goal of the question. The type of quantitative research question you are trying to create (i.e.,
descriptive, comparative and/or relationship) and the choice of variables you are trying to
measure, manipulate and/or control (i.e., independent, dependent and/or control variables)
influence how you structure the research question. As a general rule, we suggest that independent
variables are set out first, followed by dependent variables, and then control variables (if there
are any).
6. Our definition of a hypothesis stresses that it can be tested. To meet this criterion the hypothesis must
Developing hypotheses requires that you identify one character, variable or descriptor of a sampling unit
that causes, affects, or has an influence on, another character, variable or descriptor of the same or other
sampling units. The character, variable or descriptor that affects other variables or sampling units is called
the independent variable. The character, variable or descriptor which is affected by the independent
In exploratory research our base knowledge of a subject may be so low that we cannot formulate
meaningful hypotheses. Nonetheless, exploratory research should be guided by a clear sense of purpose.
Instead of hypotheses, the design for the exploratory study should state its purpose, or research
For example, if we are trying to encourage farmers to make use of compost, we may first need to know
the social structure or social norms of the farming community before we can begin making meaningful
hypotheses about which individuals will influence the decision and the factors they consider when
making their decision. We can state that our exploratory study would have the purpose of generating
hypotheses about personal characteristics which correlate with the adoption/rejection of composting, the
composition of the decision-making unit, and the factors which influence the decision either to adopt or
B. The research problems within this topic area are: Religion and culture seem like
complex ideas to study from the perspective of International Relations. After all, scholars
and philosophers have long debated the meaning of these terms and the impact they have
complicated task to study religion and culture at the global level? Fortunately, the answer
is no, for we can recognise and respect complexity without being confused about what
world affairs. The aim was to show that religious and cultural factors matter if we want to
deepen our understanding of international relations. The method has been to define
elements of each concept and consider the impact of these elements on aspects of our
individual, national and international experience. Hopefully, you are convinced that
understanding religious and cultural issues is necessary if you want to join some of the
most important discussions about world politics today. There is little that concerns IR
today that does not involve elements of religion or culture, or both. Equally, it is
important to recognise as a final thought that we have only just begun to explore these
issues and we need to go deeper in our consideration of the importance of religious and
cultural actors and interests. Understanding them will help us better understand an ever
world politics?
b. How do religious and cultural factors impact on our ability to live together?
c. How can we define religion and culture in a way that is useful to the study of
world politics?
d. Do you believe that religion has a role to play in public debates or should it be
for the sake of a better world, or should they try to keep a lid on it for fear of
unleashing forces that might damage our capacity to get along with others?
E. My hypothesis is: Cultural factors are similarly dynamic, both in influence and in the
forms they take. As James Clifford wrote, cultures do not hold still for their portraits
(1986, 10), and as such the influence of culture on individual and global politics requires
precise thinking.
Within a framework of good governance and appropriate training, responsibility for the
conduct of ethical research must ultimately lie with the researchers themselves.
They will be expected to recognise the relevant ethical principles, to operate within the spirit of
these principles, and be able to justify any research activity that does not accord with these
principles.
Use legally acceptable methods of research (avoiding fraud, 'hacking', 'spamming' etc)
Operate within the law (such as compliance with the Data Protection Act and equality
Inform the ethics reviewer of any significant changes made to the protocol following
approval
Principle 4: Safety
Ensure protection of your own personal safety and that of any collaborators
10. Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is a way of
gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values
such research more than other kinds. Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations
or making sense of it in qualitative form, a researcher can answer empirical questions, which
should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected (usually called data).
Research design varies by field and by the question being investigated. Many researchers
combine qualitative and quantitative forms of analysis to better answer questions which cannot
be studied in laboratory settings, particularly in the social sciences and in education. The
researcher attempts to describe accurately the interaction between the instrument (or the human
senses) and the entity being observed. If instrumentation is involved, the researcher is expected
to calibrate his/her instrument by applying it to known standard objects and documenting the
results before applying it to unknown objects. In other words, it describes the research that has
In practice, the accumulation of evidence for or against any particular theory involves
planned research designs for the collection of empirical data, and academic rigor plays a large
part of judging the merits of research design. Several typologies for such designs have been
suggested, one of the most popular of which comes from Campbell and Stanley. [2] They are
responsible for popularizing the widely cited distinction among pre-experimental, experimental,
and quasi-experimental designs and are staunch advocates of the central role of randomized
Dear Madam/Sir
You are invited to participate in a research project being conducted by the School of Graduate
Studies of Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion. This information sheet describes the Religion and
Culture in your school. Please read this sheet carefully and be confident that you understand its
contents before deciding whether to participate. If you have any questions about the project,
The aim of this research is to help every individual to understand differences between Religion
You have been approached on the basis that you identify yourself as belonging to either the
Muslim, Christian or Jewish religion, or because you do not identify yourself with belonging to a
particular religious group. You have not been approached randomly, but rather, have been
identified by one of the researchers or by one of your friends, family or acquaintances that might
be aware of you being affiliated or not affiliated to a particular religious group. This is referred to
as a snowball sampling technique and it involves people who have already been participants in a
research project providing the names of other people who might be suitable participants. Because
your participation is voluntary , we will not be asking for informed consent from you. Instead, it
your own, at a time of your own choosing, and by voluntarily submitting your responses online
What is the project about? What are the questions being addressed?
This project will be about understanding the differences between Religion and Culture as
perceived by different individuals, with different beliefs. A total of 400 participants will be
Participation will require the full completion of various questionnaires that will take
approximately 20 minutes of your time. Questionnaires will ask you about your religious
identity, the extent that you believe in religion, your perceptions and attitudes towards
grudges. An example question related to how you perceive religion would be, Ultimately, there
is only one correct answer to each religious question. If you feel uncomfortable to respond to a
particular question, you may discontinue at any point. You are asked to answer questions as
honestly as possible. As a rule, your first reaction to a question is usually the best to use.
There are no foreseeable risks for your participation outside your normal day-to-day activities.
What are the benefits associated with participation? The results will help psychologists
understand how different religious beliefs and backgrounds are important factors to consider in
therapeutic settings.
Your completed questionnaire is anonymous and will not ask for your name or any information
that can identify you personally. Your questionnaire will be kept confidential at Colegio de la
Purisima Concepcion. Only a small number of people may will have access to this information
for research purposes. Results may be published in psychological journals, made available to
You have the right to have any unprocessed data withdrawn and destroyed, provided it can be
reliably identified, and provided that so doing does not increase the risk for the participant.
You have the right to have any questions answered at any time.
Please contact Mary Joy Lopez Fajarillo in the first instance on 09070249671. If your require
support for any issue that may have resulted from your participation, you may approach any one
of the following contacts below that can assist you in finding a support service appropriate to
Yours sincerely,