Você está na página 1de 11

Removing Giardia Cysts and Other Particles From Low Turbidity Waters Using Dual-Stage

Filtration
Author(s): James B. Horn, David W. Hendricks, John M. Scanlan, Lee T. Rozelle and Walter C.
Trnka
Source: Journal (American Water Works Association), Vol. 80, No. 2, Noncoliform Pathogens
(FEBRUARY 1988), pp. 68-77
Published by: American Water Works Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41290918 .
Accessed: 23/10/2014 19:27

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

American Water Works Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Journal (American Water Works Association).

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Removing Giardia Cysts and Other

Particles From Low Turbidity Waters

Using Dual-Stage Filtration

James B. Horn, David W. Hendricks, John M. Scanlan,


Lee T. Rozelle, and Walter C. Trnka

Dual-stage (DSF) inpackaged


filtration form isa goodalternativetoconventional rapid-ratewaterfromthe Cache la Poudre(CLP)
filtration
forsmallutilities. Thepurpose ofthestudy inthisarticle
described wastotestthe Riverhavinga turbidity of<1 ntu.Tem-
effectiveness
ofDSFforremoving Giardia cystsfrom lowturbidity(<1 ntu),lowtemperatureperatureswereapproximately 42-59F
(near32F [0C]) water.Removals of totalcoliform bacteriaand turbidity werealso (6-15C) forthe HTR tests and about
determined. Twodifferent watersourcesweretested, withrunsup to 35 h in length. 32.4F(0.2C)fortheCLP tests,ranging
Dual-stagefiltration
removed >99 percent ofGiardia cystsfromwaterswitha turbidityof<1 up to48F (9C).
ntuanda temperature of<46F(<8C),whenproper chemical
treatment wasapplied andthe Table 1 summarizesthecharacteris-
systemwasoperated at 10gpm/sq ft(6.8mm/s) orless.Removal oftotalcoliform bacteria ticsofthetwowatersduringtheperiod
exceeded98percent, andremoval ofturbidity exceeded 90 percent. of research.Of mostinterestwerethe
testsconducted January-March 1986at
A packageddual-stage filtration (DSF) Dual-stagefiltration is a formofrapid- Fort Collins (Colo.) Water Treatment
system*has recently beendevelopedfor ratefiltration. The differences between Plant1 usinglow turbidity CLP water.
smallwaterutilities.The filterassem- DSF and conventionalrapid-ratefil- The initialsetup, duringSeptember-
blyis composed oftwofiltration tanks- tration,e.g., contactflocculationand December1985, however,was in the
thedepthclarifier andthedepthfilter - higherhydraulicloading rates, have Hydraulics Laboratory,Engineering Re-
and a singleraw water pump,which caused uncertainty abouttheeffective- search Center,ColoradoState Univer-
pressurizes thesystem.A controlpanel, nessofDSF, whichcouldonlyberesolved sity,usingHTR water.The HTR testing
used to directwaterthroughthefilter, bya pilot-plant study. provideda means to becomefamiliar
can beprogrammed forautomaticopera- withtheDSF systemand to determine
tion.Oneinnovation is theuseofcontact Objectivesand scope its performance witha waterknownto
flocculation, passive typeof flobu-
a The researchobjectiveswere to as- beeasilycoagulatedandfiltered. Inaddi-
lationthat uses the pressuregradient certainpercent removalofGiardiacysts, tion, the HTR testingprovideddata
throughthe bed of smallgravelin the turbidity,and coliformbacteria for pointsusinga different water.
depthclarifier. The conceptcamefrom variousoperatingconditionsusinglow The chemicalsused fortestingwere
R. Baumann, with developmentby turbidity waters.9 polymer A,tandalumwithpolymer B,J
Baumann and Scanlan in 19771and The researchwas conductedusinga
evaluation in1979byCleasbyandSaleh.2 DSF system.Two Coloradowaterswere Culligan
Multi-Tech,
Culligan
USA, 111.
A full-scale Northbrook,
installation at Cayuga,N.Y., tested:(1) Horsetooth Reservoir(HTR) fUltrion Nalco
8109, Chemical
Co., 111.
Naperville,
was evaluatedby MacNeill and Mac- waterhavinga turbidity of4 ntuand(2) JMagnifloc American
572C, CyanamidCo.,
Wayne,NJ.
Neill.3The filtercan be operatedat a
hydraulicloadingrate of 10 gpm/sqft TABLE 1
(6.8 mm/s),although7 gpm/sqft(4.7 Characteristics
ofHTRandCLPwaters
mm/s)is morecommon.
AverageMonthly Values
Problem Parameter NovemberDecember January February March i
Giardiacystsare considereda threat HTRwater
to virtuallyall waterutilitiestreating PH 7.57 7.57 7.55 7.52 7.59
surfacewaters,especiallythoseusing Alkalinity- 24.1 24.8 24.2 24.7 24.6 24.5
mgasCaC03/L
lowturbidity (<1 ntu)mountain streams. Hardness- 24.6 24.8 25.0 36.4 24.7 27.1
Data on outbreaksof waterborne giar- mgasCaC03/L
diasis havebeendevelopedbyCraunet Specific
al,4Jakubowski andHoff,5 andKirneret conductivity- 58.1 58.4 58.6 60.3 59.6 59.0
nmhos/cm
al.6 The filtrationof low turbidity Totalsolids- 44 44 46 44 46 45
mountainwatersis a special problem mg/L
because(1) theperception has prevailed Color- 19 16 16 15 15 16
thata filtration APHA units
problemdoes notexist CLPwater
becausetheambientwatermeetsdrink- PH 7.67 7.69 7.66 7.67 7.81
ingwaterstandardsforturbidity andis Alkalinity- 26.9 30.1 32.4 33.2 33.6 31.2
further improved byrapid-rate filtration; mgasCaC03/L
Hardness- 25.6 26.7 30.0 29.9 30.3 28.5
(2) measuresoffiltration efficiency for mgasCaC03/L
lowturbidity watershavebeendeveloped Specific
onlyrecently, as reportedby Al-Aniet conductivity- 65.6 70.8 79.1 82.5 82.4 76.1
al;7and (3) properchemicalcoagulation fxmhos/cm
has beendetermined for Totalsolids- 52 45 54 51 55 51
onlyrecently, mg/L
example,by Al-Aniet al.8 These three Color- 9 6 6 5 6 6
problemsof the rapid-rate filtration of APHA units
lowturbidity watersaregeneric.
68 RESEARCH
ANDTECHNOLOGY AWWA
JOURNAL

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
whichhad beenfoundeffective in pre-
viousworkusingrapid-rate filtrationby
Al-Aniet al,7Mosherand Hendricks,1011
and Gertiget al,12who recommended
polymer A. Mostofthetestingwas done
with polymerA. In addition,limited nr? 1 1 S1S1111
0 0 tSS#w mmMb
testing was done using alum with
polymer C.*Hydraulic loadingrateswere
usually7-9 gpm/sqft(4.7-6.1 mm/s), *
with some tests at 5 gpm/sqft (3.4 Cyclone Depth Tostorage
or
separator Chemical Depth ,,lter postchlorination
mm/s)and 11.2gpm/sqft(7.6 mm/s). (sometimes feed clarifier
required)
The DSF system
Figure1. Schematicofdual-stagefiltration system
The cyclone separator, shown in Pressure PressurePneumatic
Figure 1, is used in lieu of a gravity v"ve
sedimentation basin and maybe a part flT==^ "Tr< ,
oftheDSF package.The chemicalfeed Effluent
turbidity Flowmeter II D,pth|| Depth / / clean
Cleanwater
andconform ' clarifierfilter J *
sampling// -T- 'or^ =i
systemis composedofmetering pumps L1 <T) .1 S*r=x=&
PqV u backwashlng
-
andchemicalstoragetanksforas many c-
chemicalsas are needed.The twosteel Glardla aSn =" != Influent
^ ^ sampling ..
11 Pneumatic
pressure tanks, the depth clarifier,and n ii I' .
and
Storage m *
the depthfilterfunctionas a contact decontamination - -= p-; M lee
flocculatorand a filter.The latteris k ^
n I] .
multimedia, withanthracite, sand,and |_J tMPH samplingv Influent
system ^ Contaminant
f^TI
garnet. -
The DSF system used a five-step I H ln|ctlon | '_-lSL Mign.tlc
sllrr.r
H system Qtardla .""X,
reconditioning cycle beforegoing on-line 1 V I sampling
^
^ /r' * Points
Inlh.
systemwh.r.
toproducefinished drinking water.The Qj) grab were
samples obtained
firstthreesteps backwash the depth Flowmeter for and
turbidityconforms
clarifierusingraw water,step4 is the Figure2. Simplifiedschematicof testingapparatusand dual-stagefiltration
filterbackwashusing finishedwater, system
and step5 is a filter-to-waste cycle.The
steps are: (1) depthclarifierbackwash sion,e.g.,Giardiacystsand Escherichia taneously.The pilotplantwas setup so
for2 mintoexpandthebedanddislodge coli bacteria,which was stirredby a thateitheroneortwochemicalscouldbe
floeparticles, (2) depthclarifierairscour magneticstirrerand packedin ice. The injected.Two elbowsandtherawwater
for6 minto scourthemediawithair to suspensionwas meteredintothe1.5-in. pumppromoted mixingafterinjection.
dislodgemoreparticles,(3) depthclari- (38-mm) influent lineusinga pump.fSix Disinfection system.All waters sam-
fierbackwashfor2 minto removefloe elbowswereplumbedintotheinfluent pledand filtered duringa contaminant
particlesthatweredislodged duringstep line downstreamfromthe point of run were routedto a large pool for
2, (4) depthfilterbackwashfor6 minto injectionto promote mixing. disinfection. The volumeof the pool,
expandthebedanddislodgeandremove Sampling. Influentgrab samplesand 2,500 gal (9,500 L), was the limiting
turbidity particles,and (5) depthfilter continuous cartridge-filtersampleswere factorthatdetermined the durationof
fastrinse(filterto waste)for0-10 min obtainedby meansofan influentsam- eachcontaminant run.
using the in-serviceflowrate to con- plingtapinsertedintothePVC influent
ditionthefilterbedwithchemicals.The line.Afterchemicalinjection, grabsam- Experimental procedures
timedurationofeachstep,however, can ples wereobtainedat a tap locatedjust The experimental programconsisted
be adjustedbetween0 and 10 min.All aftertherawwaterpump.Grabsamples of twogroupsof tests:(1) testrunsto
stepscan be set byadjustmentsto the werealso obtainedto measurecontami- generateturbidity-dosage curvesand(2)
controlpanel. nant removalby the depth clarifier. contaminant runsto evaluatethefilter
The controlpaneloftheDSF system Effluent grabsampleswereobtainedat underoptimum chemicaldosages.
permitted flexibilityof operation,and theendoftheeffluent dischargeline. Coagulant dosage.Anoptimumdosage
once it is programmed,operationis For continuouscartridge-filter sam- was regardedas the least dosage for
automatic.The systemcan be equipped plingofinfluent flow,about10-20per- most efficientremoval of turbidity,
witha headloss pressuresensor,an on- centof the flowwas drawnthrougha whichwas usedas a surrogatemeasure
line effluentturbidimeter, and a time l-/xm polypropylene-fiber filterjusinga offiltration efficiency.
clock.Anyofthesecan be settoactivate continuouscavitymetering pump.For To determine optimumchemicaldos-
thebackwash. continuouscartridge-filter samplingof ages of polymerA, test runs were
theeffluent flow,abouthalfoftheflow conductedat different chemicalconcen-
Pilotplant was passed througha cartridgefilter trations togeneratean effluent turbidity
Figure2 is a schematicrepresentationlocatedona bifurcation ofthedischarge versus chemical dosage curve. Such
oftheDSF pilotsystemand testequip- line.Threemeters** recordedthetotal curvesweregenerated forbothHTR and
mentset up in the HydraulicsLabora- volumeofflowfortheinfluentsample CLP waters.Also,limitedtestingat Fort
tory.The pilot plant is designedfor line and foreach of the two effluent Collinsplant 1 used alum, alum-poly-
flowsof20gpm(1.3L/s)andhas an area samplelines. merB, and alum-polymer C. Maximum
of2.2 sq ft(0.2 m2).Figure2 showsfour Chemicalinjection. The chemicalin- dosagesrecommended bytheUS Envi-
ancillarysystems:(1) contaminantin- jectionsystemconsistedof a bottleto ronmentalProtectionAgencyare 150
jection,(2) sampling,(3) chemicalin- holdthechemicals,a burettetomeasure
jection,and (4) disinfection. flowvolumetrically, a pumpto contin- Nalco 8105,NalcoChemical Co., 111.
Naperville,
Contaminant injection.Thecontaminant uouslymeterchemicalsintothesuction tMasterflex T7553-10, ColeParmer,Chicago,111.
JDPPPY, AMF Cuno,EggelhofInc.,
Denver,Colo.
injectionsystemwas composedofa 2-L sideoftherawwaterpump,and a flow- TEEL 1PG10, Dayton ManufacturingCo., 111.
Chicago,
bottleto holdthecontaminant suspen- meterto set and measureflowinstan- **Recordall 25,Badger Meter,Milwaukee,Wis.
FEBRUARY
1988 HORN
J.B. ETAL 69

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
TABLE 2
Removals ofturbidity,totalcoliform bacteria,andGiardia cystsusingtheDSF system andHTRwater
Average Average Average
Water Hydraulic Polymer A Filter-to-
Waste Influent
Run Temperature*Loading Ratef Dosaget RunDuration Cycle Turbidity**
Number Date F(C) gpm/sq ft(mm/s) mg/L min min ntu
1H 11/06/85 57(14) 0 316 0 4^6
2H 11/07/85 55(13) 5.2(3.5) 5.2 155 4.5 4.8
3H 11/09/85 59(15) 5.1(3.5) 19.6 229 4.5 4.5
4H 11/12/85 58(14.5) 5.2(3.5) 19.5 58 4.5 4.5
5H 11/13/85 56(13.5) 9.5(6.4) 10.6 67 4.5 4.2
6H 11/14/85 54(12) 9.6(6.5) 20.8 68 4.5 4.5
7H 11/15/85 54(12) 9.5(6.4) 15.5 60 4.5 4.5
8H 11/18/85 54(12) 9.7(6.6) 25.1 62 4.5 4.0
9H 11/21/85 53(11.5) 9.7(6.6) 32.1 61 4.5 4.0
10H 12/03/85 50(10) 9.8(6.6) 20.7 91 8.5 3.9
11H 12/06/85 50(10) 9.6(6.6) 55.0 73 8.5 4.0
12H 12/11/85 50(10) 8.7(5.9) 44.7 67 8.5 4.0
13H 12/12/85 52(11) 11.2(7.6) 23.1 78 8.5 4.0
14H 12/17/85 48(9) 7.3(4.9) 21.1 111 8.5 4.0
15H 12/19/85 46(8) 7.3(4.9) 23.0 102 8.5 4.0
16H 01/03/86 43(6.1) 7.4(5.0) 21.6 615 8.5 4.5
17H 01/06/86 43(6.2) 7.5(5.1) 0 62 8.5 4.6
*Thewatertemperature wasconstantfortheduration ofthetestrun.
rate= (final-
loading
fHydraulic flowmeter
initial) reading/timeelapsed
JPolymerArefers
toNalcoUltrion 8109;dosage = (final- chemical
initial) volume/timeelapsed
ofrunsforcontaminant
Duration injectionandsampling forGiardia cystsandcoliformbacteria(E. coli)wasbetween
60and111min.
influent
Average turbidityandcoliform values= (influentvaluex time time
increment)/total elapsed
effluent
ftAverage turbidityandcoliform values= (effluent
valueXtime increment)after
filter
towaste/total time
elapsed- filter-to-waste
time
^Percentremoval= [(average
influent- averageeffluent)/average x 100
influent]
removals
percent
Negative areindicatedaszeropercent removals.
***Numberofcystsrecoveredfrom influent
cartridge Xgallons
filter tofilter/gallons
(litres) (litres)influent
diverted
forsampling
tttNumberofcystsrecoveredfrom effluent
cartridge x gallons
filter (litres) effluent
(litres)
filtered/gallons diverted
forsampling
ttjlOO removal
percent ofGiardiacystsmeans nocysts were found intheeffluentcartridge.
NAmeans noinformationgathered.
TABLE 3
Removals ofturbidity,totalcoliform bacteria,andGiardia usingtheDSF system
cysts andCLPwater

Average Average
Average Average Dosageof Dosageof Filter-to-
Water Hydraulic Primary Secondary Run Waste
Run Temperature*Loading Ratef Primary Coagulant Secondary Coagulant Duration^; Cycle
Number Date F(C) gptn/sq ft(mm/s)Coagulant mg/L Coagulant^ mg/L min min
IP 02/07/86 32.4(0.2) 6.9(4.7) Polymer A 26.2 None 0 91 0
2P 02/10/86 32.4(0.2) 6.9(4.7) Polymer A 15.2 None 0 51 0
3P 02/11/86 32.5(0.3) 7.3(4.9) Polymer A 14.3 None 0 51 0
4P 02/11/86 32.5(0.3) 7.8(5.3) Polymer A 12.2 None 0 51 0
5P 02/11/86 32.5(0.3) 7.4(5.0) Polymer A 11.4 None 0 53 0
6P 02/12/86 32.7(0.4) 7.6(5.2) Polymer A 5.0 None 0 108 0
7P 02/14/86 32.7(0.4) 7.8(5.3) None 0 None 0 40 0
8P 02/14/86 32.7(0.4) 7.3(4.9) Polymer A 8.3 None 0 83 0
9P 02/18/86 34.0(1.1) 7.2(4.9) Polymer A 17.0 None 0 125 0
10P 02/21/86 36.7(2.6) 7.1(4.8) Polymer A 9.2 None 0 62 0
IIP 02/24/86 44.4(6.9) 7.4(5.0) None 0 None 0 60 0
12P 02/26/86 48.7(9.3) 7.3(4.9) Polymer A 17 None 0 53 0
13P 02/26/86 39.2(4.0) 7.1(4.8) Alum 8.5 None 0 25 0
14P 02/28/86 40.5(4.7) 7.3(4.9) Alum 13.1 None 0 25 0
15P 02/28/86 42.3(5.7) 7.1(4.8) Alum 20.2 None 0 25 0
16P 03/03/86 42.8(6.0) 7.2(4.9) Polymer A 17.2 None 0 65 8.6
17P 03/03/86 48.0(8.9) 7.4(5.0) Alum 19.3 Polymer C 3.6 41 0
18P 03/03/86 48.0(8.9) 7.1(4.8) Alum 20.3 Polymer C 4.4 41 0
19P 03/04/86 42.8(6.0) 10.1(6.8) Polymer A 17.5 None 0 61 8.5
20P 03/04/86 47.1(8.4) 7.8(5.3) Alum 19.3 Polymer C 5.5 36 0
21P 03/04/86 48.4(9.1) 7.9(5.4) Alum 19.2 Polymer C 6.1 30 0
22P 03/05/86 46.2(7.9) 5.2(3.5) Polymer A 18.4 None 0 70 9.5
23P 03/06/86 NA 7.2(4.8) None 0 None 0 73 8.5
24P 03/10/86 40.8(4.9) 7.3(4.9) Polymer A 17.0 None 0 2,095 8.6
25P 03/24/86 45.9(7.7) 8.3(5.6) None 0 None 0 80 8.6
26P 03/25/86 45.5(7.5) 7.5(5.1) Alum 14.2 Polymer B 2.1 184 0
27P 03/26/86 45.1(7.3) 6.3(4.3) None 0 None 0 40 0
28P 03/26/86 NA 6.3(4.3) Alum 18.3 Polymer B 1.9 40 0
Averagewatertemperature= X time
(temperature increment)/total time elapsed
fHydraulic rate= (HLRXtime
loading increment)/totaltimeelapsed
^Durationofrunsforcontaminant and
injection sampling forGiardiacysts andcoliformbacteria(E. coli
) wasbetween40and149min
PolymerA,polymer B,andpolymer C refertoNalcoUltrion8109,Magnifloc 572C, andNalco 8105,respectively.
Averageinfluent andcoliform
turbidity values= (influent
valuesx time time
increment)/total elapsed
tfAverageeffluent andcoliform
turbidity values= (effluent
valuex time increment) after
filter
towaste/totaltimeelapsed- filter-to-
waste
time
=
removal[(average
JJPercent influent- averageeffluent)/average
influent]x 100
Negative removals
percent areindicatedaszeropercent removals.
Number recovered
ofcysts from influent
cartridge x gallons
filter tofilter/gallons
(litres) effluent
(litres) divertedforsampling
tttNumber ofcystsrecoveredfrom effluent
cartridge x gallons
filter (litres) effluent
(litres)
filtered/gallons forsampling
diverted
ttjlOOpercentremovalofGiardia cystsmeans nocysts werefoundintheeffluent cartridge.
NA meansnoinformationgathered

ANDTECHNOLOGY
70 RESEARCH AWWA
JOURNAL

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
TABLE 2, continued
Removals total
ofturbidity, andGiardia
bacteria,
coliform usingtheDSF system
cysts andHTRwater
Average Average Average Average Average Giardia
Cysts Giardia Cysts
Effluent Turbidity Influent Effluent Coliform ChallengingPassingThroughGiardiaCyst
Turbidityft RemovalJ$ Coliform
Count**ColiformCount
ft Removal Filter*** Filterfft Removal$J$
ntu percent number /100mL number /100mL percent number number percent
4^6 M NA NA NA NA NA NA
4.3 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.05 99.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.46 90.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA
1.46 65 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.07 98 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.31 93 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.05 99 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.05 99 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.07 98 305 1 99.7 46,000 100 99.8
1.05 74 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.09 98 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.06 98 436 10 97.7 196,000 2,900 98
0.23 94 650 26 96.0 NA NA NA
0.04 99 2,700 1 99.9 261,000 0 100
0.45 90 14,000 1,000 92.7 NA NA NA
4.0 14 11,200 11,600 0 124,000 22,000 82

TABLE 3, continued
Removals total
ofturbidity, coliform andGiardia
bacteria, usingtheDSF system
cysts andCLPwater
Giardia
Average Average Giardia Cysts
Average Average Average Influent Effluent Average Cysts Passing Giardia
Influent Effluent Turbidity Coliform Coliform ColiformChallengingThrough Cyst
Turbidity**
TurbidityftRemoval:}:
t ConcentrationConcentrationRemoval Filter Filter Removal
ntu ntu percent number/ 100mL number/ 100ML percent%% number*** numberfffpercent%%%
036 002 94 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.32 0.04 88 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.25 0.06 76 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.30 0.08 73 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.29 0.11 62 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.28 0.15 46 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.32 0.15 53 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.40 0.17 58 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.47 0.04 92 3,700 92 98 NA NA NA
0.65 0.29 55 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.40 0.15 62 10,500 7,900 24 1,500,000 100 99.9
0.49 0.01 98 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.42 0.23 45 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.42 0.52 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.41 0.22 46 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.39 0.03 92 22,600 106 99.5 13,000 30 998
0.44 0.18 59 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.42 0.18 57 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.41 0.02 95 33,200 63 99.8 20,000 12 999
0.47 0.15 68 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.54 0.16 70 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.46 0.03 94 16,800 262 98 13,000 150 98.8
0.43 0.13 70 16,000 16,600 0 50,000 500,000 0
0.45 0.03 93 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.54 0.19 65 16 12 25 41 100 0
0.88 0.12 86 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.58 0.20 66 17,100 12,000 30 16,000 0 100
0.58 0.09 84 20,900 246 99 16,000 0 100

FEBRUARY
1988 HORN
J.B. ETAL 71

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
mg/Lforpolymer A,20mg/Lforpolymer
B, and 20 mg/Lforpolymer C. 17.2mg A/L
polymer , 22.9mg A/L
polymer
100T ^2 Turbidity
Contaminant removal.After an effective Coliforms W ^
dosage on polymerA had been estab- 90" ^ ^ ^
lished,thepilotfilterwas subjectedtoa ^ ^ HI Giirdl* ^ ^
^ | ^
series of contaminantspikingruns to
determine removalefficiencies fortur-
bidity,totalcoliform bacteria,and Giar-
dia cysts.This was done at hydraulic
loadingratesrangingbetween5.0 and
11.2gpm/sqft(3.4 and 7.6 mm/s).The
bacteriaused werepureculturesofE.
coliyobtainedfromthe Departmentof
Microbiology, ColoradoStateUniversity.
The GiardiacystswereGiardialamblia
froma gerbilcolony,obtainedfromC.P.
HibleroftheDepartment ofPathology, i I
ColoradoStateUniversity. I !l
A contaminant feedsuspensionwas '
preparedby addingknownconcentra-
tionsoftotalcoliformbacteriaand"super
clean" Giardia cysts to dechlorinated
11 I III I I
and chilledwaterat about 39F (4C).
The term"super clean" was used by .1 Hi m, i MM "
C.P. Hiblertoindicatea cystsuspension 16p 23P 15H 17H
With Without With Without
thathad undergone extraprocessing to Chemicals Chemicals Chemicals Chemicals
ensurethatitwas virtually freeofdebris 1 CLPWater 1 I HTRWater 1
andwouldnotaffect theturbidity ofthe Figure 3. Removalsofturbidity, coliformbacteria, andGiardiacystsbydual-stage
raw water.Justpriorto a testrun,the filtrationwith optimumchemicalpretreatment and with no chemicalpre-
contaminant solutionwas placedonthe treatment
mechanicalstirrerand packedin ice. 5.2 ft
gpm/sq 7.2
gpm/sq ft 10.1
gpm/sqft
The contaminanttest run was pre- 10Q (3.5
mm/s) (4.9mm/s) (6.8
mm/s)
cededbya filter runat optimalchemical
dosageto ensurethatthe pumpswere *>-ico'"o,ms JM illll
settoprovide properchemicalfeedduring
the contaminantrun. Followingthis
stabilizationperiodand beforethecon-
taminantrun,the pilotplantwas put
throughthe backwashcycle.Contami-
nant injection,chemicalinjection,and
influentsamplingforGiardiaall com-
mencedat thebeginning ofthefilter-to-
waste cycle (step 5 of conditioning).
Effluentsamplingfor Giardia cysts,
however,did not beginuntilafterthe
filter-to-
wastecycleended,at whichtime
the filteredwaterwas passed through
theeffluent Giardiasamplingcartridge.
Turbiditysampling.Turbiditysamples
were taken of the raw water, after
chemicalinjection, afterthedepthclari-
fier,andafterthedepthfilter. Sampling
of the raw water and the flowafter
injectionofchemicalswas at 10-or 15- 16P 19P 22P
minintervals.Samplesoftheeffluents 17.18
mg A/L
polymer 17.47mg A/L
polymer 18.35
mgpolymerA/L
fromthe depthclarifierand the depth Figure4. Effectof hydraulicloadingrate on removalsof turbidity, coliform
filterweretakenat2-5-minintervals for bacteria,and GiardiacystsfromCLP waterusingdual-stagefiltration
the first10 min of operation,thenat i
5-10-minintervalsthereafter. A ratio
turbidimeter* was used to measurethe run, they were taken to the Water at ColoradoStateUniversity wherethe
turbidityofeach sample. QualityLaboratory, Department ofMi- sampleswereanalyzedunderthedirec-
Totalcoliform sampling.The totalcoli- crobiology, ColoradoState University, tionofC.P. Hibler.
formbacteriasamples were obtained forenumeration. The methodused to enumeratethe
fromtheinfluent water,afterthedepth Giardiacystsampling. To samplefor Giardiacystswas thestraightzincsul-
clarifier,and fromthe effluentof the Giardiacysts,thevolumeofwatertobe fate(ZnS04) method,the ZnS04 tech-
filter.
Plasticbagstwereusedtocontain sampledwas pumpedthrougha 1-^m nique,ortheZnS04 underlayering tech-
the samples,whichwere obtainedim- polypropylene-fiber filter.At theendof nique.13 The amountofparticulate mat-
mediately aftera turbiditysamplewas thetestrun,eachfiberfilterwas placed
takenat the same samplingport.The in two 1-gal(3.8-L)plasticbagst (one *Model Hach
18900, Colo.
Loveland,
Co.,
fWhirlpak 2973131),
(pat. V.W.R.
Scientific San
Inc.,
sampleswere immediately placedin a inside the other),packed in ice, and Francisco, Calif.
cooler,and uponcompletion ofthetest transported tothePathology Department JZiploc, DowChemical Co., Ind.
Indianapolis,
ANDTECHNOLOGY
72 RESEARCH AWWA
JOURNAL

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
(5) dischargeof all water to an inter-
32.4F 34F 42.8F 42.8F mediateholdingsite.
(0'2C) (11C) (6C) Qualitycontrol.Qualitycontrolproce-
duresassuredtheaccuracyofmeasure-
ments.Theyincludedcalibrationofin-
90' P 0 Turbidity struments and pumps,volumetric mea-
surementofflows,and preservation of
- s:r samplesat coldtemperatures.
i ii in m
Resultsand discussion
Data were generatedduring45 test
"I n m in runs, 17 using HTR water with raw
waterturbidities of~4 ntu,and28 using
CLP waterwithrawwaterturbidities of
|i: | || || 0.3-0.6 ntu. Results are given for opti-
||
mum chemicalpretreatment, nonopti-
mum chemicalpretreatment, and no
I ll III 111 chemicaltreatment.
Removalefficiency. Tables 2 and 3
summarizeremovalsofturbidity, total
coliform bacteria,and Giardiacystsfor
test runs using HTR and CLP water,
"I it in m respectively.The influent turbidity and
coliformdata are time-weighted aver-
:_! H fii ill ages forthe whole run. The effluent
1P 9P 16P 19P turbidityand coliformdata are time-
26.23
mg A/L
polymer 16.95
mg A/L
polymer 17.18
mg A/L
polymer 17.47
mg A/L
polymer
weightedaveragesfortherunafterthe
Figure 5. Influence oftemperature onremovalsofturbidity, coliformbacteria,and filter-to-wasteperiod.These data are
GiardiacystsfromCLP waterusingdual-stagefiltration reviewedin termsof effective coagu-
lationversusnocoagulation andinterms
of the effectsof hydraulicloadingrate
andtemperature onfiltration efficiency.
1.r Optimum coagulation versus no
O coagulation. Table 2 shows that re-
0.9- movalofturbidity was consistently -98
percent whenHTR waterwas filtered
0.8" usingtheoptimum dosage,i.e.,~21 mg/L
ofpolymer A. Coliform removalranged
0.7" from92.7 to 99.9 percent,and Giardia
cystremovalswere99.5and100percent.
" Table 3 shows that removalof tur-
3 0.6
bidityfromCLP waterwas mostoften
l
|2 0.5- >90 percentwithan optimumdosageof
P Rawwater polymerA (about 17 mg/L),whereas
0.4- 9
u
0 removals of coliformbacteriaranged
from97.6 to 99.8 percent.Removalsof
0.3- Giardiacystswere99.8,99.9,and 98.8
percentforthreeruns.
02 - ' A,ter
depthclarifier Figure3 illustratestheseresultsand
2 a c 0 the resultswithnochemicalcoagulation
'
0.1- bymeansofbargraphs.Witheffective
After
depthfilter chemicalpretreatment, high removals
o.o 1 1 1 r r t wereattainedforall threeparameters-
0 20 40 60 turbidity,coliform bacteria,andGiardia
Time- min
cysts.These resultscontrastmarkedly
Figure 6. Turbidity versustimefortestrun16P,usingdual-stagefiltration, CLP to thoseobtainedwithno chemicalpre-
water,and optimum chemicalpretreatment treatment;under this condition,re-
movalsweregenerally low.
The comparisons showthatoptimum
ter in the sample determinedwhich steps were imposedin this study to coagulationwill result in highlyeffi-
techniquewas used. virtuallyeliminatethe riskof contam- cient filtration, whereas no chemical
The
Safetyprotocol. handling large of ination: (1) inspection of pilot-plant coagulation will result in low filtration
numbersof Giardiacysts(from1 to 2 plumbing forleaks,andcarefulhandling efficiency. These resultsare similarto
million)and coliform bacteria(from105 of contaminantsto preventspills; (2) thoseof others,7-81011 who used in-line
to 107/mL)required that a fail-safe Giardiacystswere formalinfixed;(3) filtration withdualmedia.Although itis
protocol be used toensure that all of the Giardia cysts were partiallyremoved by well-known that efficient filtrationre-
microorganisms werecapturedand de- filtration; (4) superchlorination offilter quiresproperchemicalcoagulation, this
stroyed at theendofa testrun.This was effluent and backwashwaterusingCT principle is oftennotheededadequately
especiallyimportantforresearchthat > 300 (C is concentration ofchlorinein whenthefiltration processinvolveslow
was conductedin the proximity of a milligramsper litre,and T is timein turbidity water.The resultsshownin
water treatmentplant. Five protocol. minutes),and thendechlorination; and Figure3 leave littledoubtthat proper
FEBRUARY
1988 J.B. ETAL 73
HORN

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
chemicalcoagulationis imperativefor -
100,000
filtration.
efficient
Hydraulic loading rate. Figure 4
showstheinfluence ofhydraulic Rawwater *
loading 9
rateon removalsof turbidity, coliform
bacteria,and GiardiacystsfromCLP -
10,000
water. The bar graphs show no dis- After clarifier
depth
cernibledifferences forhydraulicload- rf o 0 O n
|0 5
ing rates in the range of 5.2 to 10.1
gpm/sq ft (3.5 to 6.8 mm/s),with Q
E3 o<
uniformly highpercentage removalsfor 1 1,000-
thethreeselectedparameters. >. '
c ''
Table 3 showstheabsolutevaluesfor O CI '
E '
theseresultsas runs16P,19P,and22P. O ' >0L
The resultsforHTR, shownin Table 2, oo Nv
weresimilar,withpercentage removals 100- After filter
of98,97.7,and98 forturbidity, coliform depth
bacteria,and Giardia cysts,respectively,
forrun13H.The hydraulic loadingrate
fortheseremovalswas 11.2 gpm/sqft
(7.6 mm/s). 10 I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 80 L
0 20 40 60
The resultsshow that a hydraulic Time-
mln
loadingrateas highas 10-11gpm/sqft 7. Coliforms versus time fortestrun16P,usingdual-stagefiltration, CLP
(6.8-7.5mm/s)doesnotimpairfiltration Figureand chemical
efficiency for the waters tested.The water, optimum pretreatment
workofAl-Aniet al8 also showedthat 0.6-
filtrationefficiency was not reduced
substantially byhydraulic loadingrates
to 10gpm/sqft(6.8 mm/s)usingin-line 0.5"
rapid-rate filtration.
Temperature. Figure 5 shows the O-
Raw^water
_
influence oftemperature on removalsof ^
0.4-
turbidity,coliform bacteria,andGiardia
cysts.The bar graphs show no discern- 3
ibleinfluence oftemperature onremovals C I
>
of turbidityat 32.4F (0.2C), 34F I.o 0.3-
(1.1C),and 42.8F(6C) and also show h- 3
no discernibleinfluenceon removalof ANr clarifier
depth
^
coliformbacteriaat 34F (1.1C) and 0.2 O
42.8F(6C). RemovalsofGiardiacysts
at 32.4F (0.2C) and 34F (1.1C) are ^
' After filter
depth ^ G
expectedto be similarto removalsat
42.8F(6C).
Table 3 shows additionalturbidity
removalresultsfortestruns1P-8Pwith
CLP waterin earlyFebruaryat 32.4- 0.0 1 1 1 1 1 I I J
32.7F(0.2-0.4C). RunsIP, 2P,3P,and 0 20 40 60 80
9P wereconductedwiththepolymer A Time-
mln
8. Turbidity versustimefortestrun23P,usingdual-stagefiltration, CLP
dosage near or greaterthan optimum Figureand no chemical
(-17 mg/L);effluentturbiditieswere water, pretreatment
0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.04 ntu, respec-
tively,indicatingthat the filtration Alternative coagulants. Limited lants,whichwas also demonstrated by
systemis effective at temperatures near testingwas conductedwithCLP water Al-Anietal8whotriedmorethana dozen
32F (0C), providedproperchemical usingalum,alum-polymer B,andalum- polyelectrolytes withCLP waterbefore
coagulationis used. Runs 4P-8P used polymer C. Runs13P,14P,and 15Pused finding an effectiveone,i.e.,alum-poly-
less thanoptimum dosagesofpolymer A alum only as the coagulant,whereas merB. Alumalonedidnotproveeffective,
to generatea portionof a turbidity- runs 17P, 18P, 20P, and 21P used butfurther testingis warranted.
dosagecurve. alum-polymer C, and runs26P and28P Removalversustime.Turbidity versus
The temperature results,whichshow used alum-polymer B (Table 3). Ofthe timeplotsweregenerated foreachofthe
highfiltration at near32F alternative coagulants tested, only 17 test runs withHTR waterand for
efficiencies
(0C),are consistentwiththeresultsof alum-polymer B gaveeffluent turbidities eachofthe28 testrunswithCLP water.
otherworkers,8-1011 who conductedex- <0.1 ntu. Run 28P was a contaminant In addition,six plotsof totalcoliform
perimental workwithin-line dual-media testusingalum-polymer B,during which bacteriaversustimeweregeneratedfor
filtrationusingCLP waterat near32F 83 percentofturbidity, 98.8 percentof HTR testing,and nineweregenerated
(0C). Thus, thepreponderance ofdata coliformbacteria,and 100 percentof for CLP testing. Run 16H was an
obtainedwithCLP waterindicatesthat Giardiacystswereremoved.Reduction extended run to ascertain turbidity
temperature is nota factorwhenproper of turbidityand coliforms,however, breakthrough forHTR water;run24P
chemicalcoagulationis used. The re- required20 min to reach equilibrium was an extendedrun to ascertaintur-
sults, however,do not comprisea de- removallevels. biditybreakthrough forCLP water.It
finitiveanswer,and a systematic study Theseresultsillustrate theimportance was believedthatequilibrium conditions
is needed. of carefullyselectingchemicalcoagu- forthe filterrun were attainedafter
74 RESEARCH ANDTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL AWWA

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
r
100,000 lines,withturbidities improved byeach
step; thecoliforms versustimeresults
Raw
water show all threecurves coincident.Re-
After clarifier
depth
OAfter filter
depth sults were similarforthe filtration of
HTR waterusingno chemicals.These
dataillustrate further theneedforproper
chemicalcoagulationbeforefiltration,
?
O O regardlessof whethera dual-stagefil-
' u m P trationsystem or generic rapid-rate
Ia ( V V! filtrationis used.
o N,'. Raw
water 0
M0,000 - After clarifier
depth Operatingconcerns. Operating concerns
Q
g After filter
depth includedthe timerequiredforfilterto
Q | O waste, the effectof chemicalfeedin-
thedetermination ofcoagu-
I 8
=5 terruption,
=5
o = lantdosage,thelengthofrunas limited
1c by turbidity, and the lengthof run as
o limited by head loss.

ui Filter to waste. The lengthof time
requiredfor the effluentturbidityto
I I I ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 1 reach<0.10 ntu was about 10 minfor
1t000
o 20 40 60 80 bothHTR and CLP waters,which is
Time- min shownin Figure6 forCLP water.The
timeneededforfilter-to- wastewas con-
Figure 9. Coliforms versustimefortestrun23P,usingdual-stagefiltration, CLP sideredtobe thetimerequiredtoattain
water,and no chemicalpretreatment an effluent turbidity of<0.10 ntu.The
r
100,000 filter-to-waste time was foundto be
approximately dependenton thedeten-
tion timethroughthe system(piping,
-
10,000 Increased
contaminantv
feed tankvolumeabovemedia,filtermedia,
* . . - # underdrain).The detentiontime was
Raw 9 + ' >ooQo calculated by dividingthe filtertank
v/ater^^^ volumes(90gal [341L] total)bytheflow
IS 1.000- / /j'l'/0
'
- After
chemical
injection r-JD ingallonsperminute(litrespersecond).
This timewas 5.6 minat 7.3 gpm/sqft
f 100" * / M (4.9 mm/s).The fulleffectofchemical

ft S
T. J
I z<0II coagulation,however,requiredabout
A " / I 1.5-2.0detentiontimes.The additional
I A l / I time requiredforeffective filtration,i.e.,
* 10" I ? '' >1 detention time,is duetotheeffects of
I / = '
/ After filter
depth H I Si K hydraulicdispersion, whichmeansthe
chemicallytreatedwater must com-
pletelydisplacetheplainwater.
Les1 i 0-C'////qS^)~^ / Interruptionofchemicalfeed. Fig-
than
ure 10 showstheeffectofa temporary
1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I ' '' ' ' I i ' i i I lapse in chemicalfeedon effluent coli-
0 30 60 90 120 150 formconcentration using CLP water.
Time- mln The sharp increasein coliformlevels
Figure10. Coliforms versustimefortestrun9P,usingdual-stagefiltration, CLP followedtheturning offofthechemical
water,and an interruption in chemicalfeed feed.Once chemicalfeedwas restored,
recoveryof effluentquality occurred
afterthree detentiontimes. Approxi-
filterripening,whichoccurredduring depthclarifier andto<100organisms/mL matelythreedetentiontimeswere re-
thefilter-to-waste period.All efficiency afterthedepthfilter. quiredbecausedislodgedfloecaused a
testingwas therefore conductedusing ResultsforHTR waterweresimilar. longertimeforfilterrecovery thanthat
1-to2-htestruns.Exceptionswerethe Raw waterturbidities of -4 ntu were neededfora cleanbed.Effluent turbidity
extendedruns. reducedto -1.0 ntu after the depth was also monitored and showeda cor-
Optimum chemical pretreatment clarifier and to 0.04 ntuafterthedepth responding increase,i.e.,a blipfrom0.03
The effects ofproperchemicalpretreat- filter.Reductionsweresimilarforcoli- to 0.08 ntu,whichwouldbe discernible
ment on turbidityversus time and formbacteria, with3,000organisms/100 by continuousmonitoring. WhenHTR
coliformsversus time are shown in mL in the spiked raw water, -300 waterwas used,theturbidity blipwas
Figures6 and 7 forCLP water. organisms/100 mL afterthedepthclar- from0.05 to 2.0 ntu,and the coliform
Figure6 forrun16Pshowsrawwater ifier,and- 1 organism/100 mLafterthe increasewas similarto thatshownin
turbiditiesof ~0.4 ntu, which were depthfilter. Figure10.
constantover time. Turbiditieswere No chemicalpretreatmentFigures Effectivecoagulant dosage. Proper
-0.15 ntu afterthe depthclarifierand 8 and9 areplotsofturbidity versustime coagulation requiresselecting chemicals
wereabout0.03ntuafterthedepthfilter andcoliforms versustime,respectively, that are effective forthe water being
whenequilibrium was reached.Figure7 for run 23P, which used CLP water treatedand determining efficientdos-
shows the resultsof spikingthe raw withoutchemical pretreatment. The ages. To select effective chemicals,a
watertoa levelof-23,000organisms/100 plotsshowresultsfortherawwater,the turbidity versusdosagecurvemustbe
mL.Thecoliform concentrations dropped depthclarifiereffluent, and the filter generatedfor the chemical(or chem-
to -4,000 organisms/100 mL afterthe effluent. The curvesare nearlystraight icals) beingconsidered. Those thatpro-
FEBRUARY 1988 HORN
J.B. ETAL 75

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
03 . -
resultingeffluentturbiditywas 0.07
ntu, which was consistentwith the
surfacegenerated withtheconventional
pilotfilters.
Costs. Costsofpolymer A and alum-
polymerB were comparedby Mosher
4 and Hendricks.1011 If dosages are ad-
c CK. justed toconform to those ofthepresent
^ workandifa 1-mgd
=5 r (3.8-ML/d) plantsize
23 ' is assumed, polymer A would cost
t- ''
$32/day(at $0.23/lbbulkanda 17-mg/L
0.1- dosage), and liquid alum-polymerB
'. wouldcost$15/day(at $179/ton and an
18-mg/L dosageforalum;$0.86/lbanda
1.9-mg/L dosageforpolymer B). Polymer
A seems to be moreconsistently effec-
"
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I J I tive for treating low turbidity water
0.0
00 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 thananyothercoagulanttried,and so,
ADosage-
Polymer mg/L despitethe highercost, its use is re-
Figure11. Turbidityversus dosage fortest runs conductedwith dual-stage commended. To achievethelowestcost,
filtration, CLP water,and polymer A it is imperative thata turbidity-dosage
1.0r
curvebe generated(Figure11).
chemical
After [jl n
injection Length of run. The lengthof the
filterrun can be determinedby gen-
eratingturbidity versustimeand head
loss versus time curves. Whichever
criterion, effluentturbidity orheadloss,
is exceededfirstdetermines thelength
oftherun.Figure12 showsa turbidity
versustimecurveforCLP waterand a
runof36 h.The corresponding headloss
versus timecurve was linear,with a
s 0.5" Raw water I M r& f' finalhead loss of 34.8 ft (10.6 m). As
notedinFigure12,theeffluent turbidity
was <0.02 ntu duringthe first18 h of
operation.After24 h, the effluent tur-
bidity startedtorisefrom theequilibrium
After ciarifier levelof-0.04 ntu.Ifan effluent turbidity
' W&r fyf depth of0.05ntuwas selectedas thecriterion
forbackwash,thentherunlengthwould
Chemical be 24 h.
injection For HTR water,the run lengthwas
0.1 ^ interrupted
temporarily
I After filter
depth A only about4 h toturbidity slopechange,
which means that turbiditybegan to
0 10 20 30 40 increasewithtimeinsteadofremaining
h
Time- at the equilibriumlevel. This was an
Figure12. Turbidity versustimeforan extendedrunusingdual-stagefiltration
and CLP water unsatisfactory resultbut was notcon-
sidered furtherbecause the primary
interest was in testingthesystemusing
duce effluentturbiditiesof less than is effective. The optimumdosageis the low turbiditywater of <1 ntu. This
somespecified target,say0.1ntu,would least thatgives the minimumeffluent result could undoubtedlyhave been
beconsidered. Sucha selection procedure turbidity; this is 17 mg/L(Figure11). improvedby furtherworkwith other
was notdonein thisworkbecausethe Such curves should be generatedby coagulantsat different dosages.
chemicalswere selectedbased on suc- operatorsforany rapid-ratefiltration Using head loss as the criterionfor
cessfulresultsin previousworkwith system. backwashinga pressurizedsystemper-
rapid-rate filtration.
Thesewerepolymer The useoftwocoagulants,e.g.,alum- mitsselectionof a value based on eco-
A as a single primarycoagulantand polymer B,requiresconsiderable testing nomicanalysis.This contrastswitha
alum-polymer B as primary-secondaryand generatesa three-dimensional sur- conventional filtration
system, inwhich
coagulants. Polymer Awas recommended face.Such a surfacewas generatedby head loss is limitedbythedepthofthe
andusedbyGertig14 andusedbyMosher MosherandHendricks 1011using2-x 2-ft filterbox.
and Hendricks1011 in conventional pilot- (0.6- X 0.6-m)pilot filtersand in-line
plantwork.Alum-polymer B was used filtration, i.e.,rapidmix,thenfiltration,Conclusions
byAl-Aniet al7 in a conventional pilot to show that these coagulantswere The resultsindicatethatifa full-scale
plantusingin-line filtration.To ascertain effective. The surfacedefineda locusof DSF systemis operatedproperly, i.e.,
whetherthesesamechemicalswouldbe pointsofvariouscombinations ofalum- withproperchemicalcoagulation, most
effectivewith DSF, turbidity-dosage polymerB that would work and de- particleswillbe removedand theriskof
curvesweregeneratedwithpolymer A scribedthe efficientdosage combina- a giardiasisoutbreakshouldbe slight.
forbothHTR andCLP waters.Figure11 tions.One combination fromthislocus, The conclusionsand recommendations
shows the turbidity-dosage curve for i.e.,18.3mgalum/Land 1.9mgpolymer thatfollowaresimilartothoseofAl-Ani
CLP water;the resultingeffluent tur- B/L,was selectedfortestingwiththe et al7 and ofMosherand Hendricks1011
bidity of0.03ntushowsthatthechemical DSF pilotplant and CLP water.The forrapid-rate filtration.
76 RESEARCH
ANDTECHNOLOGY AWWA
JOURNAL

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Proper chemical pretreatment. The find- chemicalcoagulationrequiredforthe theU.S.:1971-1974. Jour.AWWA, 68:8:
ingsofthisresearchverify thattheDSF DSF systemto filterraw waterswitha 420(Aug.1976).
in removing >99 per- turbidity of <1 ntu. The termproper 5. Jakubowski, W.& HoffJ.C. Waterborne
systemis effective Transmission ofGiardiasis. EPA-600/9-
centofGiardiacystsand >98 percentof chemicalcoagulationwas definedby 79-001. OhioQune
total coliformbacteria(E . coli) under Mosherand Hendricks1011 as theuse of USEPA, Cincinnati,
and effective 1979).
atoptimum 6. Kirner,
lowturbidity raw waterconditions chemical coagulants J.C.;Littler,J.D.;& Angelo,
usingproper chemicalpretreatment with dosages.These mustbe determined by L.A.AWaterborne Outbreak ofGiardia-
polymer A. Turbidityremovalwas >90 effluentturbidity-dosage curves gen- sisinCamas,Washington. Jour. AWWA,
percentand servedas a goodsurrogate eratedon-site. 70:1:35(Jan.1978).
indicator offiltration efficiency(as noted Turbidityremovalis an effective 7. Al-Ani, M.Y.et al. Filtration ofGiardia
by Al-Ani7 If
8). no chemical pretreatment surrogate for removal of microorgan- Cysts and Other Substances, Volume3:
is used,or ifthedosageofchemicalsis isms if thereis at least an 80 percent Rapid Rate Filtration.Rept. 85-5847-1.
less than the efficient ofturbidity ora finaleffluent Dept.ofCivilEngrg., Colo.StateUniv.,
dosage,percent reduction FortCollins (Feb. 1985).
removalsof microorganisms and tur- turbidity of<0.10 ntu.Thesedatashould 8. Al-Ani, M.Y.et al. Removing Giardia
bidityparticles arecommensurately low, besupplemented withperiodic sampling CystsFromLowTurbidity Watersby
and the DSF systemcannot produce for microorganisms using a cartridge RapidRate Filtration. Jour.AWWA,
highqualitywater. filter. 78:5:66(May1986).
Tests usingtwo waters.The results The DSF systemcan beoperatedat 9. HornJ.B. & Hendricks, D.W.Removals
fromtestsusingHTR water(4 ntu)and 10gpm/sqft(6.8mm/s)withassurance of GiardiaCystsand OtherParticles
CLP water(<1 ntu) were comparable, ofhighremovalofmicroorganisms and FromLowTurbidity WatersUsingthe
removals of mi- Culligan Multi-Tech FiltrationSystem.
showinghighpercent microscopic particles. Envir.Engrg.Tech.Rept.86-296530-1.
croscopicparticleswith both waters. The filter-to-waste cycleshouldbe Dept.ofCivilEngrg., Colo.StateUniv.,
The majordifference in operationwas 1.5-2.0detention timesthrough thefilter FortCollins (Aug.1986).
thattheoptimumdosageofpolymerA system(the additionaldetentiontime 10. Mosher,R.R.& Hendricks, D.W.Fil-
usedtotreatHTR waterwas ~21 mg/L, greaterthan 1.0 allows forhydraulic trationof GiardiaCystsand Other
comparedwith17 mg/LforCLP water. dispersion). The exacttimeforfilterto ParticlesUnder Treatment PlantCondi-
Hydraulicloadingrate.These research waste,however,shouldbe determined tions,Volume2: RapidRateFiltration
resultsillustratethatpercentremovals byturbidity versustimetestingat the UsingFieldScale PilotFilterson the
ofturbidity, coliform bacteria,andGiar- installation. Cachela Poudre River-Part1.Rept.86-
diacystswerenotdiscernibly influenced 5847-2.Dept.ofCivilEngrg., Colo.State
rate and were uni- Acknowledgment Univ.,FortCollins (May 1986).
byhydraulicloading R.R.& Hendricks, D.W.Rapid
formly highwhentestedat 5,7.5,and10 The authorsacknowledge thehelpof 11. Rate
Mosher,
Filtration ofLowTurbidity Water
gpm/sqft(3.4,5.1,and 6.8 mm/s). thefollowing people:WaltPatzer,shop UsingField-ScalePilotFilters.Jour.
Interruption ofchemical feed.The find- supervisor, Engineering ResearchCen- AWWA, 78:12:42(Dec.1986).
ingsofthisresearchshowedthatwhen ter,fabricated partsfortheexperimental 12. Gertig,K.; Alexander, B.; & William-
the chemical feed was discontinued, setup;IbrahimAl-Jadhai, Ken Wilkins, sonJones, G. GiardialambliaCystRe-
effluent turbidity and coliform bacteria and JohnEisenbeis assisted with the movalbyDirectIn-Line 1986
Filtration.
levels increasedsharply.Upon restor- experimentaltest runs; Fred Jones, AWWA Ann.Conf., June22-26,1986.
ation of chemicalfeed,recoveryof ef- supervisorofWaterTreatmentPlant1 13. Hibler,C.P. Personalcommunication
fluentwater qualityrequired15 min and Ben Alexander,superintendent of (1985).
14. Gertig,K. Personalcommunication
(about three detention times). Fort Collins Water Utilities,provided (1985).
Filtertowaste.The turbidity-time data space at WaterTreatmentPlant 1, so
indicate thatthetimerequired afterback- that testingcould be conductedusing Abouttheauthors:
wash fortheeffluent turbidity to reach rawwaterfromtheCLP River;KirkeL. Atthetimeofthework
<0.10 ntuwas -1.5-2.0 detention times Martin,directorof the WaterQuality describedin thisar-
throughthe system.The times were Analysis Laboratory,Departmentof ticle,JamesB. Horn
about 10 minforbothHTR waterand Microbiology, ColoradoStateUniversity, was a graduate re-
CLP waterat 7.3 gpm/sqft(4.9 mm/s), providedthe pure cultures used for searchassistant inthe
whichwas about1.8detention times. spikingandperformed thetotalcoliform Department of Civil
Temperature. The DSF systemwas as bacteriacounts;CharlesP. Hibler,pro- Engineering,Colo-
effectivein removing>90 percentof fessorof pathology, providedpurecul- radoStateUniversity,
turbidityat near zero degreetemper- turesof Giardiacystsforspikingand Fort Collins . He is currently a district
atures,i.e.,32.4F (0.2C),as at higher performed microscopic enumeration of engineerin the WaterQualityControl
temperatures. Becauseofunseasonably cartridgefiltersamples;and LorryA. Division,Colorado Department ofHealth,
warmweatherin Februaryand March Mooneyhandledprojectadministration. Room232,222 S. 6thSt.,GrandJunction,
1986,thetotalcoliform and Giardiacyst CO 81501. David W. Hendricksis pro-
testrunswereat highertemperatures, References fessorof civil engineering, Engineering
i.e., 42-47F (6-8C); >98 percentre- 1. Scanlan,J.M.Personal communicationResearchCenter,ColoradoStateUniver-
movalwas achievedforbothtypesof (May1986). sity,Fort Collins,CO 80523. JohnM.
particles.At34F (1.1C)theremovalof 2. Cleasby, J.L.& Saleh,F.M.FieldEval- Scanlan is marketingmanager,New
totalcoliform bacteriawas 97 percent. uationof CulliganFiltersforWater Product Development, CulliganUSA,One
Filterrunlength. The DSF systemper- Treatment. Rept.ISU-ERI-Ames-79120. CulliganParkway, Northbrook, IL 60062.
formedfor24 h producingan effluent Dept.ofCivilEngrg., IowaStateUniv., Atthetimeofthisresearch, Lee T. Rozelle
turbidity of<0.05 ntuat -7.3 gpm/sqft Ames(Mar.1979). wasvice-president forscienceand technol-
(4.9 mm/s)when low turbidityCLP 3. MacNeillJ.S. Jr.& MacNeill,A.Feasi- ogy,CulliganInternational he
Company;
waterwas filtered and polymerA was bilityStudyofAlternative Technology is nowassociatedirector of theOlin Re-
forSmallCommunity Water Supply. searchCenter,
usedas thecoagulant. CS809411.Munic. 350 Knotter Dr.,P.O. Box
Coop.Agreement Rept.
Envir. Res. Lab., USEPA, Cincinnati, 586, Cheshire, CT 06410-0586. Walter
Recommendations C. Trnkaisproduct
Ohio.(July1984). manager forfiltration,
Special effortshould be made at 4. Craun,G.F.;McCabe,L.J.;& Hughes, softening, and chemicaltreatment pro-
eachinstallation toascertaintheproper J.M.Waterborne DiseaseOutbreaks in cessesat Culligan,USA.
FEBRUARY
1988 HORN
J.B. ETAL 77

This content downloaded from 181.118.153.142 on Thu, 23 Oct 2014 19:27:05 PM


All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Você também pode gostar