a ‘enya 0 20006 taarenc oun sacra ne Mine rere oa book may peed ‘anti pn nie: teal ena sexe tr en mn he Lane sl Aman, I bbe Maen 8} O70 of Conpos Caan in Foreman mba ey Sens de P4707 cloth «alk. pape) — ISBN ah ae een 99-50603 cr ‘hind y ai Aon Rn pe 20 Pg Pre Contents 'New Directions in Person-Environment Peychology: An Introduction Wnce Wah, chad H. Pc, and Kewth H. Craik ‘4 Socioanalytic Perspective on Person-Environment Inrerscton Feber Hogon and Bren W. Robes Ferton-in-Eovitonment Pychology: A Holistic, Developmental, Systems-Oriented Perspective Semour Wepre a Jack Deck ‘Araction-Selection-Actricion: Toward ‘Pereon-Environment Psychology of Organizations enjanin Scheider D. Brent Sth an Harold We Gis Free Traits and Personal Contexts: Expanding ‘Social Ecological Model of Well-Being rin HL ‘The Evaluative Image of Places Jick L Nasa Models of Matching Patients and Treatment Programs (Chrscne Tink, Rudolf HL. Moos, an Jon W Fey Working Live in Context: Engaging the Views cf Paricipants and Analysts ‘lin War and Rachel A. Asst 6 6 a a 169 ytSF ep Rrmtnneon onprerwmnee i, Ci Detpren 34 2405, GR pee pena te, ere ee er ae erento hetaed Bepbicnion) Pa ae RE nonce teynnrnns Ea eae niente eee EERE pe pretenmentens Secrest a roe “sq fl (0 emma i dy 2M ‘Tab Ci (950 Sealy tec end gene fit nda There of yess apn ea foray 3 ah vole Lf emlsmton persia Be 8 Cn ToC uly rg as ad cn megane 98H Ne ea Son vo St i RH (192 maton Mai ‘es iii tu abu Ano ‘Meo 8 ec va eer tee Ys Vinge ‘Wein 80M ea naa ot eae chen ap mon ca Declan ft MPL Let An CX “"ierni momen ofamepannatanar in trees & See ae ‘ngs 13) warynqia Ueniytnecna vecn Ui atc Redon orl oo 5 The Evaluative Image of Places Jack LNasar The Ohio State Unite | rcallwalking hugh a unfliacy rwas a plese morning. was sonic the new scenery andl good. Arsome pnt however declare ‘erofieenieonment hanged, and Loelieved mghrbeemergan una tes. Lannor el ou what leaures eto ny ieserece or whether yin nce wa aout buted mea change dexons to aod hi re “Thevinal character of ur surrounding has iporant ep on Rs ‘man operence Iran eke song emotions such edit fat. an eres eaemor ora resorted us to make ifereces about ‘ced peopl Iran al nunc our beh eng so 0 oF {eto carain paces. Perhaps you can thik fares in your ey or neighbor fod ary tend ovis re dein part ther visual uly Weal ‘pon ot oly towhat pec beore but ferences dered fom ‘alas we alo respond nominal properties of ples The vu qua ity of en inva’ suroundings hoe perl effet on tht peor ‘pence Fortheceyenronmen,ulpy this inidual expesienc thenalloe of rope who epenence ur ces diy or thee people, the ‘Sy brdicae mpl laser a conse agresble quali, Ameria cies {oh arBowton or San Franclco may hne some plese rom, burduline, Selines nd dor preva Tunnard & Puhiare, 1981). iy for represne an aggepied penon-ervronnent phenome. “Throuh many ac by ial orniations and yoveren', me cor tinue thape anc hap ures, fortuna oocten we grasa ‘rage of he commons (Harn, 1968). Alone cach ct may appear har le bur the apes looks disordered, monctonous and ay. Ciy fora 7ue susie continually changes a rer ofthe mulerude of seins, and becuse of ths shaping iy for fer rom the ther ial ar such a pitino ‘cuore ral difer nhac many pple nce dayton ate ites As Lynch (1960) ugg, the shaping and veshaping ofthe cy "Should be pide by in plan ase recommendations and contol sthich woul becorcemed wth vial forman thewrbancle "We nee how how te pd ake heir asrroundings Ther elu image. ‘Whar val rte produce the effew” How an we measre hen? ‘Thirchatereamines the ene ust ofour via rounding It eviews empirical earch on peeredand feared ares custome [ow diecionsinsxachand appliason,inodinghatoioneeie inquiry, Salotbe tapping, vial qual programming computer val irl ind pchoptsilopea eporus. Ut conioes wih 2 dacsion of {uertone othe uur of theory, eee and splat. ‘THe VISUAL ENVIRONMENT From public ply sandpoing goterment have the power conc he ‘nal qual floes hat imger public. They can nt contra he 9 eae of ou ning room rhe can egal the eppearce of pli reas fom the exer of bing urward ee em of urban design (Shira 1985p. Thilewher es af public plley mee ses of theds (Cokdkergr, 1983). Whether development expe rate or pub Tclund orlvahe pie or pub sources se enerirsa publi ebec ‘American ewe make outjetopbliceontossuchasuilng codes i ‘eimanets and ergnevtew eran 988) The present chaptercentrt th ihe wana aly of ble places. Mor special, enter on per ‘ved val gal, for sual quay of form alone reno. he fhman peeeon ad elation othe fom char ges i meanirg- “Ths amet on appearance oat at np dread for ther factor tht nae for sce places Rather, uggs that decors on apexrance have important pecs, and har we should use sce knowlege | inform such decisions EVALUATIVE EXPERIENCE, Public pce can eck eee ad intense lng bualsoppallyevake tale charge in lings. Ths hare ori the nie range of fe ‘her emotonal espcue tthe emronmentinlding the mote xteme ponte vations sometimes reed oa athe respond Woblwill 1970 Awillvoidusing the frm asta eae of connection rosie ndenos, where some bind of sathetc sateen ay have more por tere than plemie, nd becouse of some nda ew Ut we cot ‘Gani sehen Pyholopl reach an ant human emotional ‘Soerencer of the phskalensironmenr ar offi apprats Ruel & Shes, 1989) An efaivppeal plies anarebuton othe bale ‘ronment sch sind fgment tha they ike paral place or thurs crain pe of person es here ‘la jen of plesnea epesent an portant pct, fat theimeat inportane ape, ofthe evaluate mage, bt heels mage hmother dimensions Usiga varie of search surtepesand meas seme as found four salen aspects of han ematonal por of ? Plaeeplearnas, amusing cen, ad rng Ruel) Sh 1909, Ward & Roma 198). A potency mero, hough psy le ‘otro emionmentl repens, did not emerge cia. Plena (itman-unpletan,« prey eluate dimension, end aout (rus Ingseey) 2 dimerson independent of eatin, epee orthogonal thos Mies of plesenmen and woul produce eciemen ad renarion ‘We experience eng pre more pleas and sroing than born onus Weesperences mburecf lesan and lspci ig nd {Tnkoue of enpleaanmes and aol a er or daresing. Ano ‘bes hoe examined dimensions of meaning (Wan, Clark, & Teepe, 1988), he Ward anc Ruel nude hve most leaner eon uname (ef Risull & Sods, 1986). Oder esearch as eho Led the physeal environment (Heise, 1970; Osgood, Suc, Tannenbaum, 1957) or has confounded jdgenes of enrol fe cue (precpral/opnie espera) and emotoal responses chem (Canes, 1965, Hersberger, 1969 Kal, 1972) loner, Ward and Ru ‘el 196) audi dimenrion ofemeiona meaning the preston teens. Addiioal work conimed the rlvanee of simiar emotional traning france (Nat (968). Th chap sree te spec of ‘Slice sponse avrg ehe mst importance foto reach nd ho tion experlence-plearantness, excitement (interest), Festortion (rdsingnes) and et ‘wn STUDY THE EVALUATIVE IMAGE OF PUBLIC PLACES? fer theory, understanding he eahie quali of place hat ea le Inpclany de the iene of emi on though a behavior.For apple, the ec on cl shar have importance to gece yard ty panning: wo elses in underage cf he fun nvement dough space. For enablshing pullin ro make lacs ‘riot, te evaluate image a as diet application vo deren prof, dione Unfnrratly, denen ofan arr or magus poplar vais therey producing aniwing place Bike, 1974, Des & Naa, 198, {Gan 1974, Grant (987, Nar, 1985, Naor & Kang, 19898). The ir nes galeyoddifrence in inte of preference, Wha cies ie, ‘he publi das, nd what the pblic Lic, cht die, For ample ‘wate architects and ater poesonaler crate highs 3d ‘ye homes Nor onl di the rou fer in det paem of peerence, tiesto dhe rhtec Hed bes the ones the pub Hed let, and vi: vers, Figure 5 and 32 re example fhe Kinde of homes eng hese ‘pps rtings Sich expel diferencesan rind incomps ik wich the preferencer ofthe babar an parsby. “Appearances portant, Aneaotal evidence point the porns of pperances, Reals lk about the wap esti appearance sels hoe Rew dames throughout he United Ste yr chane tei! ge to amr ena busines. We evel thousands of ls Yo vat places of Tau We pend xr money fr oom wih view. We complain sor noting cess tox window in cae oie ve window, we con plas aur te vew rom Scenic rds confirm wha hs need ‘idee sugges Villy enprtane Research ont shows red appearance online aly ars centl apt of human ‘pose oacscare(Heberat, 1969), comma afc (Lansing Marin & Zchoes, 1970, quit of ride ems (Carp, ava {Stokvon, 1976) and ede ens Horeynghr 1978), Conder he behurir of quater serie in new instal ousng fe. Near & Dv [Nive 1957), We ober the changer hey made to ther houting un “Thesuns lacked ea or inmtton and hy ack vcr for windows cr dors The area had cold weather, aia problem wh ime and Burg. Did the resin add lion, beater or ect cqupmnsi? No Many residensspent mone Aaron pining thc houee exert ake tbo berUnies Sates pole seknowledes the need and posi of ong ‘eel quay ede envicemen. Aetetie apd led teres sac ‘eat, compat, and harmony appear deal state ad loca plan ‘ing Fldelire. The Nvioral Emon Policy Act (196) and che Catal Zone Management Act (1972) manda consideration of eet ‘arabes Federal and sucecourtsgrantaestietis sone aan aden ais ‘ordesigncontls(eariman, 1988), Communities oe varius fiancal ad ‘minted repulatry technique to con ppeaance (tS, 1985), Sgn onaances and gules ar widerpread (Enald & Macdelher, 197). Aurey found hat 9% of United Satori wh popalatons cnr 10000, and 83% of ce and owns with populcons ve 1.000 use de sign evi o contol apperance (Ligne 1993) Oni %of he comme. ‘es limied design rewire seas i contrlingthe vital ernronmene we mu conadertheefecson the sma ndniduls who experience (Lynch 160). Ar en fr willy inhe probably oft evoking song nage among various ska Ac owisdeingpobleindval ferences n reponse, Loch alo eres the set of bail agreement He argued hate rp mae, ee ening conenas among many people, have othe dein and pla ‘ing ptlesonls, who shape pace forse by many people Following he {Gentie dieeion and Lynch chia chapter emphases the Spblic™ ‘Stine nage repones share by lange number of peopl A-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORI “The evlscne image aes Fromthe person, the emvranentand the ong ing iteration beween the two. Ir may vary wah bilo, personal _Seocitural experience, gals expectations ner rd xteeal ts ‘Theemironment hae any artes, Observer, depending on bod ne rl and envionment ors, retook some ati, and other tnd erate what they sc. Thi eralstion may enae varying aroun of rene activity On one hand, ay involve ens elting rt to che ‘fracture ofthe form, Thiol requiem cagnisen or mena we ty On the other band, ay are rom de coment (eaing ofthe Ferm Thelinerwo ree mental acy to reogie the coment. place ir ino a mena framework, ang the evaluate Becnse ofeach humans uniqueness and unique experiences, the ‘ltve mage of gen plc or cy wl ein tary ara serves ‘Aihaugh us, hs asumpaon inde us 1 no aah wif for urban degen. Scene ate obi oder experiences Ha appear vied by finding areemen or uve pnp Wecan imagine he posse lees fapecmene a varying Pom abacutly so agree oper geet ‘Aibough we do eo sure the me caine tage with one anther et ferent the Goes nor mean we have bail nohig tn common ‘Teesbared pial rely, physloy and cure woul prac ares of {remen in che enlace Image Each rscach (Fechner, 181) acl aewer ‘us (Carter, 196, Hentor,169; Hesearen 1975: Kasmar, rif, ‘S Mricen, 1968; Kaplan & Kala, 1985; Nasr, 198) contr a song ‘covets on ealutons 3d envzonmentl waluns dig slr ‘iin vespoe sco cules (ul & Revel 1983; Uc, 199), ‘an eolionary perspective may help ea he imporance of aval ‘ui. According ne teary, osu, humans Wot ave hd 6m ee copie lat ad ac oneventda ighrbenetror detente treLbeing (Rapin & Kaplan 1582) Fares doo weal have et helt survival Thu, or hounds of generating thon who vied trould pas om genet preposition to pac woe priory on the ‘une age “Atroade:evolonery argument aes ha fr dhouands of eas the human spine in the enna of Ease fica, and a ele secon temporry human ature a peson-evtonest relationship eae 0 ‘cur pec slrions to aap problems of that ancl enone (Oran, 1986; Hogan, 1982; Apeon, 175, Tooby & Coumides 190) Howes arn anon erode fom models of en that er, ome pers dic eeloping a exing inroads of vig cond tone the Tooby& DeVore 987 Research also ses he posi of ‘apd evelutnary change (ene, 195), mesg dat some adaparins ‘ler conn may Rave been replaced wah adaprains to more ret ‘Srstons, Furthermore, huanatved an acral ee hound yer tgo Sl moder ccna theory tas made re avandia ‘Spriuctnn resource sequton tndsoual exchange (Be, 195; Teaby ‘Cede 989), Wie preset inoweigeaeton tha present ya ‘hela phenomenon mathe pensted via adapve aaa pea fu urlew we ne 8 ore deal emlaracon rearing Peptic rage, esoure vale, pide ole aed socal change PROBABILISTIC RELATION BETWEEN [ENVIRONMENT AND BENAVIOR Research on environmen valuation often tke stmlus-reiponse foxm, auggesting an etironmental determiniam, but evalusve re| sponse confers othe Ireracinalpraecte (f: Moore, 1985). Ths treater the phys eriontent doe nor dererine behav, bat lechavor fn independent of te py envionment. Cope pr (esr epeen portant mediating rors inhuman este eons. alt espana hove probable rerione ro phys arbre of he olloring rune’ protic model (Cra, 1983), humans may havea varity ofevnuave rapontrto any eriznment. On swt fi ‘imtance parr eine eponae ha probabil eatinshie forenronmental perception and cognition, Pret ad cognition, in ‘ten hive probable rlaorahiprtoone sother andthe pha chase ‘erofth bulremieonmene The probable raul rom theorgoingint- feiion berween dividuals and the environment. Th means that indiualand rope ay hacer ogee pares ofealation Beene of shared bly, cur pd enronment, Raman wl ei tome ageetentin thelr ean pone certain pal eras Ths Ioodel ess reo components of eralatve response “On one hand me an experience maton indepen of ad pir, cogition ef Zajone 968) This Lind of erase reponse represents {ape nial response o gost eneirnimencal charts that 23} (led poe precede nd crus ndependen of tecagiion, come prehension orcogion. lia dc expose tofomalwable, These are thles ince de race of form, inluding psc proveren and ‘shinai These might ircude shape ropoaon yh, le, oo, {lumiorton, shadowing, rome, hierchy, ems of spatial acon, comple, cong, ambigiy, surpra, novel, and onder (Great ‘Berra 199, Lan, 1987, Weber, 1995, Wabi, 1970) One respond ro hem "ree ow sae” (Lane 1987, p18) ‘One other Hand, wecancrperence emvins resting rom coeition (Casa, 1984, Zajc, 988) Such cognition ned cx re raioal a ‘lato, bur ca cli ategorsarion and inference withour conscious though Kaplan & Kala, 1989), nai othe ersronert, sch coe bein lienos may nell ake on renter inporanc than cepnison ree Fev Ade nhubirteenironment snd tavetonaigaechvough i weneed 10 make sera of (Kaplan & Kaplan, 196) Syl or ewan wrabes tsk on imporeance Spb ot cone aries ave oo ith the easy Iingeof the forms The wor mba refs 11 cgn by which one Kos or ine ching" or "eo trow or pr eget” (Neon, Kaos, & Carhart 196o) throws togeher the cbjrand the obeere’sexerence aa aso sions. yond the experienc of preform, hurmansespevence the enon trent hugh mediacngsarablr, proper hatte rtheerionen| ‘bere te individual's ine represnaton of and sociation witht (Moore, 989) The earings maybe detain comet fom, Deno tae meaning refer to jogmens of wha the place enti meanings ‘ler reference abou quliyandchaneteroheenonen i thers. Blane respons tothe content of Formal aration tvole tot kindof earings Thy elt oa nda ecopnison of rp, cateoriaton of oben with the ae oral ucture,o compost of ‘ysl clements ad retons (Grot & Despre, 1990, Nberg Schule 1965, Athough peopl may spree formal fare fortron sake, valntion of conten depends ln cogte process. The nivale ‘Sethe denote meting or he coment fs fia suc), ad te feveconromtne meaning Forecample 9 waa re ich geles ‘on win) maysereasauselprbablisice fora aeinalaebureof husbanplc eich ae reer concer about rie (Craik Appr, 1980) Thi process ay uve Hlped mans sane (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1980), Conon with sorching tht ould texte orenbance sural, see nets beable ro recogize what leant aetna eal tin Insuonmary else spon prbabila elanshipto ph ical arbres of ee ball envtenment. The probable se fom che ‘going inereronl experience Of prone wth de ureundings ecu the evalua image rel fom a worry proses berween the ‘bsererand che environment necan poe thecal age by ether “hoping te nerve the phil ersranmene Wecaneducte beret to noccenned evant things diferent as do museors when they prod texrorene corded material epaintheareTosome extent signa in {eration sy change people's easton of heir uroundings Cir, 1980, La, 1978, Late al, 197 Nan & Julian, 1985, Pure, 95, Fell & Nasr, 1992, Wikon & Canter, 1950). Changs in the ssc form of he emiooment an ne move dite, wierd and lasting Fee By hoping the pyc nd parlor of ur cies (Shan, 1985), “ban dig cn inves the experienc f mary peopl. We must learn how to supe the fue of ur cite so har humans enjoy he esl [NEGATIVE EVALUATION: FEAR OF CRIME ‘ple apevenc far of rime ats majo acground sues rae peed hea toa perso exserce or wellbeing Baumer a, 198.oe a (85 Arerianeie cine a mala rtm heen gay fin dhe Unted Seal Pal 969, Par weaped wih nay peo Saidtowlh interns Aca an ing nae mine ‘otis hopping sen work a ol reac Sat 9 Now Yk Tene 190) Fes ofcrine te sept ee Mos St Ache ered ara mary expeeneet daly xtra Opn Resech Comer 67, Ror fences ae aeons tape wih de tensing son ar, 185) line a tut perl ele pecan tir homerand nero drupe ‘tl ches. afr, 8, Ro 9) Sewer, hoy wel ead vo leer pial ‘od {Calhoun & Calhoun, 1983) ae am Hot Spots of rear Farha an uneven dsburion ove space, ne and populations Some cart time of ay evoke ihe el fear han thes ad some pop hoe Gulnerble groupe auc athe poor elderly sr eae) experience higher lee of fear than others Felling he use fhe erence hate fer vo high crime area (Ma, Gordon, & Pan, 1990), {fer _paef fer Hex spot aff evoke higher levels off than oxher rations ‘Athouph br spot ofr may be inact heya eau rom elon fry foes Atzoding 6 Oran (1991), oer he thousand of es ‘Neandertal he psn, et hac a lope aye Fao repoed 1 el danger, ef edger ol il ou onl "006m en, andyouwbe dod few rte ould a ‘asonay em or weal our gene wlbe oun. Howe soe ‘Spano danger pode dcr rar nolowaf eae ‘Sebi il panic repens othe in alleen ual by ‘en 11,60, thn who uid eal 44m ie ae PopE> (is an the who op 269, This aera 9 ene prediepostion respond wih ere pen a en. suchasan aac Levels of Pear ‘Wecanlok athorspo offer atolls Atone lel ou may experi a inangible wory abou the chance of vimsaton You ay el ha rcithborhood or puke womfeats parila time. Aaa el ofthis seer Tins ex yoo nyo the ae, psig trough, walk with hers {Ey proton ov monitor your nmedaee aroundig focus copter fil danger (Coan, 1971) Aranoter eve you my experience diet Feaof danger of ack in your ied te around Climate of Feat. Mary fre may afer generate ling of fet (Ons ofthese acon frstothe peal eminent the en window paetsWison & Keling 982) Acondingrothis theory eran cues 7 ey easton neil tr ane tha, sume the psy of xine tRanetnes Skagen Maid 981, Wilson & Keling. 982) These ues, ‘Sled eit, ca ae social or psa form. Saal nits inode ‘lic drunkenes gg or estan; cal ints inca vada board up budding, river (eis Meck, & Tals, 1992) Re earch shows that incliies arouse general araieny about poental ‘Fetmealon renting ciate far Nae, 1983 Penta 92 Ty Te 198, Wan, 1999, Forage, Sehoederand Andon (1984) ound lf, agro ofabue, cabling, andlier anced wth denen ow securiy dsr er how people pene ealasonsoinehik Fear of Immediate Danger. Another tt of eet diet roam ication of anack may ke afer of medi ange. Of our, sm Ince sch as an ay lo seta ued hr, bur incl tis do not neces eve imme danger They commey 2 ore gener ‘Somge bur the poebiliy dar anaes rurafe For ecmple» boarded “obullding may oot end your anpace an ramediae aac, br may \Eatyoutoudgz an area at ler Anwith inches, the cus toe {Ne danger te fom bot cal and pln codons, a climate of iis Guthope a dangerous ea fer dart a9 approaching stranger say ‘Soke immediate ear The rage has become soccer fea You do fh need ope the stranger to experienc fear You ay lr the pose [Biot the scl condion pilex) from py ces Frfearin [abc places, wo ered pyc! aes may proves inferences woking {ete eonelnet or lok prosper) and enopmen oes 0 ee). “Cocelne:oked prospec) nthe phys tems, refer 0 in cision of pce big enough hides pte offend and frm where the “Stance cull wach and emerge to stack. Concealment refer ro he “france ofthe earre om pote fender oie of ew, Bloreapers he aflorane rom the potent iti’ point of vw. Tong wall nay bide someon, bu nly he earner ofr lace of cones iment wherean offender coulé hide and surprise avi Othe bj, ‘chat ees hu or aeons lrgeenoughrohide mean, ould aod {natackerconceament. Dirk spussused by shadows or gare ca ag Triewhatyoucanse and thusalford offender opprrniies forces “The potent ar rented wo concelnenthas theoretical nl practi i portance because stems ro conandet one prominen rotor theory ‘Sfenvizonmenal reference. Accor hs her, humane shoud | pisces olering open vias (orp! andlor refed they should lke iewsto lace dat ock ifthe would af! prospecrand refuge when they aed tere Apple, 1979). Appleton refed the ews row prowpet and refuge ar secondary, or anccinted,powpect and ei Ac {Coin oe evoonay argument contemporary humans keh ture because the ars had an evaaonayabarage ppl, 197) For ou Pletocene hurmergathere anceton, prospect ud efge lowed ‘hem ose wut being sen and ths wold have ged she unt ad ‘apa bod, fd ther potion om animate hea 0 sa Utoren, 1964, p81. Tho humans who noead and fired the fo tures wou ave more ke sured, nd pase on dhe ene 1 cone pony humans “The ener dcusion of openness conforma ith Appleton 1975) ens on prospect Contemporary humans pee prospect. Views vad places exe of eclnure weve aye dierent econ, Wey prefer ‘vewroward scone eige rapa ceneluirewhen eel af but {lite of arin, ew 03 plc of enone shoul evo In ban sing erly unknown inthe Pleitocene em, oc ews econ ‘efuge cul hide poten atacker locking ov fst asevig without ingucen oe an evolcny advantage eal hunter Lore, 1964, 18D, itefean adracage ro the predatory cximial, a hunter of cer bi inane Oflenrs tend roslenarger and behve ro enhance thei aio see without beingseen Arches, 985 Brown & Aleman, 193; Ses, 1983, ‘olor S Nee, 1984; ify & Kechel, 197%; Wise 6 Wise, 1985) Ths secondary rege, at defined by Appleton (1979, ay have diferent Finns Insome scion, emay representa pte ona of Feige cere pected preetion or fae bt inthe itmay ep sent 2 negteaflodane, frding concent fr» poe racket Perhaps shou refer ecndary efage as cover in ecgaiion ofthese Sie eawuarve mae oF aces we ualatfrdunees and ebarcrer tater fur orccanen depending tn the dsl ofthe cover och pase Fences thar impedeecpe o connection fo potenti bares or help rsshoul also intense rk fers itr and decree for anener. Fe ing posible entrapment, individvals would want fo aid ov eape pital bounded areas When confonted wih mene pected ata po (ertial fender, nnduale wou fl lee ifthe meas sree ings impide thet ecape Appleton 1973). Even in he abc of ile stranger they might ar uch places, bee ofthe nsiated entrapment thou an fender apps Eenapmet rele othe dis ponon would Inne ecipingif contented iy spent onder Whea mated oe cape, how much energy mr the person expend! ‘Ochereearchers hve eleredvosurveilane a arable related en ‘sapien bars espe and conceninen (locked preapen)- yr Ing coneraiment and enrapment, sree ermir people Overs serangersor criminal activi, and inrene the i othe fender of bing ented and apprehended (U.S. Deparmenr of Junie, 198 Mary Motorna,& Ree, 1980, Newnan, (972), Tnsunmay, the theory supp thi clint of ea, concelnen (Giding lees and dares) and ensaproene Carers ro epe) mould te sieepeciic eae. Research cols the telationghip of thse artes ‘ofa, Ores of studies examined argu meas offer of aes with ee ‘eme vasason in prospec concent (hen cll ef), and exe by le of reponses 09, onsite rps, and observations of bent (ata: & ices, 199). although confming the expected hgher lee of feo for enlesover ale afr nghrime ver dye, the era ‘ese hier inl of ear aoc with backed prospec, concealment, ind blocted scape. The observations of sata behavior conned aid nc of seas ith thse etre afer ack. Another etd onthe ene ite found difele in police sureilance aocated mith the fared es ‘Nasr & Fisher 1993) Indian higher we vandalism gg rimitalsook sane ofthe ffordance ro commie he chine ‘Aellwp study wed physcal messes and mined from hese eee ‘ondtiorsroa or ple ovdoor pce Naar, Fiber, & Oran 193) Temessied encealenr athe seo he potential hiding plc uch a> ‘tee nD andthe prospect as che lance om the abever the ing ‘ce. The aah merged thes mo mesure, As the datance vo hiding ‘lice decree the ccdig edge ofthe hiding place blocks mere of he \iew, Ths impros concealment for + pont ofende, and hinders |ery from obersing or xcapng someone hiding. The combination of head dacaace ro hiding places prowded a measure of he poten dan fev he hiding placer paste For eee, easuted these and Acance to barrrsaround the pth. Responders marked ste plan vith the owes hey sed and the ten they fered afer dirk. Overy mags ro ‘ral faery wed paths and 16 arene nein ne level The say ‘Snfired fear a acne with concealmen and prospect and blocked ‘Athind sy requested emalestotake wal er dak and deere their feng nes tape coder they proceed (Nasr & Jone 1997) Anahe “Ssolthei conmentsinrelion the enronment ond ineeses fear suocated withthe presence of encealmenr (ing plc and dark posh andro eae exert enaapment, The scl cer scered rete tivarack sain. When alone the prsnee ofa srange enapmert) ‘vole ear. The presence of roup of people urea, potential bees From enrapaent reduce et “Tae variable rrmed mye (Kaplan, 1989 has been advanced pinay sea predictor of pefstence fr our surroundings. However, ome findings {jester appear paral thx for he dal flonan for cave (on ‘alent and lug). Smart cove, tery the promise of ne infor ‘Sonahead eve the baer uncertainabourwharesabead, Prope fen preeraenes with mystery Kaplan, 198), but some evens suggetsho [people canal experience elingofearancine with na sy fu ‘nn pela Schroder and Anderson (1984 found jugnens fs c= sted wich evo varies elated eo concealmene and mer. The me ‘ian vo he scene moun of rs, water of opened incre a {aie and the prominence of she (hiding pac) decresed Heras (Gos) found vepondens dking narom, shadowy cayons hgh in > tery In untvetening suasons, such lesa fle ough flr ‘round nial may enjoy the uncer of views enaling te fer or cover That enjoyment would probly change rp, home. ‘hey herd scundofs posible predator ahead. Ina climate oer o dane ‘ews towand myer and cover ou probaly evoke fen The diferencia tor tothe une tre may relat is compat 0 the mars “arpoerand ciation” (apn 1995p 173) oie uncersnty ane ous (Wohl, 1976) tn ali se condtions the uncer woul! ‘ecompachie withthe purpose of exploring. In lina of eas de une tay would be ncrapatible with he ned ro ol ange thar may ak heal the pone emitonmene apps ard portal stocker, Smt enuuanve nage or aces ssi the aliy xe with being see, passeby might ne the posi of snarackeriahidieg. They ned at sche atacler. The frdane dark ‘Spor hiding place) away atlords iting ven when unacupidThesnie Ipren of pmb conceal fender would ewok fer Tanguay ron lel perasie ces of nc, uch poo mane tenate and refi, may cue the sean, ein, ad potent fener slike bream inthe sacl onder and the oti reine eating ‘lie of er aed crime: Ar anche level when pases fl vlc, ‘hey may secuncereiny or he promi of ae information aad pte 'aldagerThehiddennormaion welded erence ode ea {n falar conditions, she passerby ay view the sme uncrsny ade: able For the pref, the ee rues might appear aon ec the hiding place Ths, the sme place may lok ples agit and fed afer dothe per andl although t ma oa rfl the ase by i ma ook ne 9 poser fender POSITIVE EVALUATION: ‘TWO MODELS FOR VISUAL. PREFERENCE Uwe darted an aninorbe id of tol ponte ar. Now com tier nfewerand meno Rese hme prop wo Kindo ect {cada vaal peters Ore theory views creeped on ‘ani Bry, 91, Mande 964 Wohi 1970 Seer cte ‘blr mayan bor calle rable, nn pir, omen {nd hae prendre Seon erhne OTD. He tie Jubowste eene! easonhipberern hex ates ao teeapd pees As ouean ce sad nea th ‘Fenced by complet. reece shuld hve so oeted Uae ee ‘utp to comple, roils nee Low comply weal eke iow pelereer. ect i cole mold pode mee in pc oct ops pln eile the pias of rma Parr nese in ‘ool wal ie Sam ne Tea allo nao oe eof he face Tinted sca and wae ne ore the ciate sel Thy nould mek denne orton eee thelruceay sed oun he yds igh onal te dhenigt of he pl) mek dasos ta orcad ince sue and decred wnceainy om the cole varies (Wohl_Interest ‘Affective Appraisal Preference Complexity CLS ever ce ony ao prc 171. They woul ee tc olor a a “Grrand Mander (9 pera le amen rainy Ao conn tt rn an dls nso un ct hte Bln epson inrron eec t aus ad Eroi saccade 9B) We Slopes eo Sere serpting ut oper We aw cpa | thm racecar yaad ene ‘Stink sen pt esc edifeemecor orc tev Widins coe enna ngey cht huh Ir harp Heme neem ne (Shr otecey ore o, 186 cl &Na, 5, Wine SSE io, When a eer a et at ea ‘hem ch pri an yeeros oe oe ‘io ews dip fon et tsO sear neh sro aca nsdn ere suk 5. me nLuaT nua oF races ss inrensanderociluprospoint Hipherleeeofdirepncy woul depres referee “Tae Kaplan (1989) ced potent fw in the roused modes ‘when aplied othe phys environment. Because hisane us rigs South he environment, cos that help ther mae ee of the urn Ingstay ake a importance. The Kapa (1989) elacel opal nel of soul with woypocss ode ha has more o's cote lor x ‘ending Gino's (1979) deaf pecepu fordanes inthe emsionmeny ‘hey argued for cogs flan tha sltough lates fo cum ‘ute information proce. Aszording totem, humans nocd pcr ervnneent hat fered imohementand ar ade eas or promised tak venue Pagure 54 plas che Kaplan (1985) model of peered tures Inthe fr column, lepbly al cherence cera opeeene brmakingerstonnentsundertandade inthe cond colt, csp ad myer dreted vara tat promis iret nkraton conte ‘opserencebyimohing the bse, vg explarton Coherence and comple represen imedarey able information, Lig ae oe ‘eryoler the promise of mor information, Ae raul the Kaplan (199) {gue tha for understanding we for coherence andi, an fore ‘lontion, we for amped and mse “The theories vere sim vaablecompecty/dniy sn coher nce organtan-bur dif in thei des ofthe rl ofa anl og ‘on Besyne and Wohin place more emphasis on perspion nd aul, vechpre enc ighes fore moderate eve oarouml gener bya mi of ‘very and srucrrl compleiy. The Kaplan ake ogiive apron ‘spicing stu wit informacion prcetng eed aivnethe need ‘obeimelved pd the need o mae sear, The scheme dicrepaicy moe “ies with specs ofthe dheonitof Bate andthe Kaplan. Ar with Bete, i wews preference as ascited wih Ineralcmparsns ad ‘modeae aroun. The eof aypialy gee clear measure of one caiatne ‘araslecnovely. Rather then vin raporden ae none without {peeing the range of sl fr comparisons the schema deepency ab Prost has them define che bus preci vale hough jest {slesvoeample (Purl, 1984 1986 Purell & Nasr, 1992, Rauch Meri 1975). The dee of mismatch represents mean of ey The model press sila pte af espaae har rede by Brine or rowint The schema discrepancy mel sl suger wy co achive the Keplin'quaies of ivlvement an coherence People shold experience sod toa schon acoberent Ione thei experience MatchesTe pn 89 ad pe Ltvough the pris of ad inal informatio dough engine acy [Ua chem, shoul cootbute co qwesement. Too mich dkcrepangy trou cae coherence fr imohement Humans should prefers moder elect of dcepany ATTRIBUTES RELATED TO PREFERENCE. ” Resch has ens fv kind of envsonmentalaebure as eng fo Defences dy madre complety, arn, ple opens and ek Cltvence Lied ates ted eo hve these seus, wheres liked a tative thet oposier-dma nr hh opin obra manmade we, “Bpdan atcon, ad the sens of Kral uence Orde, come ‘ley and opennes appear a rpreset foal vars, wheres rir hes uke. and Mitoralsgnfcance appear tO reese ene, oF ‘bole vanes, bur thee csr emai unclear, Preference fr oer rd epennes my rele wo form alone bye may alo reat 0 msceains | tthe orm anys Prekeence fr aturanen, peep and tor i ‘ifeanee ay ee thei concent, trays elec es foal fe tures, role ay ike evel of thre vrale becae of hei coon ‘ocaberence Narulness good upkeep, open views ore andhinoniee- tren cnhwece caberece wher tee ize, dilpidtion, resiced tmoveent, ad denier reduce it, Acending tone vew (Kaplan, Se Feplan, 1982, humane my have» preposition to for coerce be {Stee nba tered her vo, elpng humans ake anu of hi rounding they cub! arr ire ou eyes, we may pre ‘hese arr for their cations witht, rope Jo mote sats ad Speer "upper cla’ vet lower ca” es (Dean. 1073, Lynch, 1960, Foye 1969). Thy seo male senate judgments of ial sa fom er ronmental ars (herl, 1997, Chern Wideman, 1986, Crk ‘Roper, 158, Seda, Venchure, 6 Burmughs 1987). They might de> fines wit openness, arrlnes, bere upkeep, compat ore ad ora inane the Kind thor weather person can afford. Prom ‘Nolucionay pest, the preference mote ith ears may repre ue evar nuor or maces 3s {jo drive and azacton fo the reproductive value of sams Hegan, 1947) On the ones hand, people may simpy link stars ncome ard the ‘oc fo aogir dea ments (ch as opeanes,rarurles, Up eg etc) Wharevershe cag the presen of aie eres make ee ‘fable and uenuovs places comeyng Evorabe emotional meaning for ‘nay people onter ‘ecpl ik aes tha hme vial oder, compat and ccheshenes and ‘he dl dso chvos and he lack unrr te Orderhasemerged fet prominen dinension of human response 0 suroundings, and ‘Rech consteny fins preference ascites with order and rested a tis sch roan, coerce, fengoes, cong, legbiy. and ‘ny Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989, Naar, 985, (989s, 19941997, ich 1983, Wobiwil, 183), Suds of preferences in mois highlighted re sxaprominentvavable in preference (Nast, 1987)Seeastcisshow 0 | frig varies such eli, dentable and coherence a por fr predicorof preference Kept Kpln, 1989). Acreseclral dy Fan oner ars pedir ofpeerencefor ban aes by both ae ‘cand Unie Snes respondent (Nasa, 984) Clay emerged aan n> porant predictor ofthe ealuave quality of owsrg sees (Deli S. Nr, 1989; Na, 1886) Other work as ound pretrenee aescated seth neues in de. This haemeged in esponssto cena busines die trerseresand urban bullings onsite (Naar, 9614 Oaendor, 178), 0 bhues of srcecurl enero fom around the werd (Onwerdorp & Baiyne, 178), ro she congraity of bling 10 thelr narra etng (Wshiwl, 197, 1982; Wohl & Har, 1980), 1 the compatiblity of bids to neighboring ung (Gros 1983, 1988, ad othe cer we of wel igs Nasr, 1979 Ccoltatve Variables Belin (197 posted cllave varies aeoking soul unceeiny. 2nd ar eset, pefence There arabes se neal compar {one For example, the colathe warble complexty inches» comparson tina the mls elements More corp senes ae ager numb of ‘ier cemens appearing unented tone snater. The celle variable ‘nore invlera compare bernen expectations and the stil cies‘Arse scene appear dicrepane rom wha expected. The variable order hn ring route ocallaie rile, Order, dacsed eer, doesnt ‘presen calla warble, bur the presence of order can provide ne ‘ere helping reduce he unceraingy rom cole varables As comple Snel ve seve th ost esearch aentin aang the colle Mia ths revi wl cee on he digs for hes. CComplesit (Visual Richnes). Complex bat lao consent 3p peted tea pioent dimension four reponse out sounding Gf ‘ua, 1988 960,198), Ths rib ao rekrred swine en, mete inbrsatin der and wari, obs the numb of i Kren lemcrs andthe diinctneness between thos elements see, Sens with clement or many elem would appear relay fimpl, Scenes ith any dine elements would appear more complex. Tel sudieon prac o nose figures showed explorton bxhay ior a judged inert erase with compen (Bethe, 1971 chap. [By Bndingeonelemirnenentsconinmed nceesiwewing ie 190- ined with complexity fe. WoRnl 197). This finding shows stabi or femponer tbulingeneriors, Ons hdgments fines for 20 buns InToroto relied to balding comple ester, 978) Fo ole ides of deca, looking time, pd eported inser eae 1200 an ‘ter and wo compen (Coendonp & Bere, 1979. Other work has fund increases in incest soctated with nese comple aco rw sets houtng scenes Nay, OBS), aod icresein ctement soci (Sih cea eompleiy of ea szuapes (Nis, 987. The Fog Tire that nee ferent wth envionment compen. Athos ak ihe det mere f aout, the Finding conf ro he expectation of compen 5 usig “The raul fr prerenc ugget9parence for moserte compl: Instore vse of acne, Weblwil 17,1976 ound preference he an regular iver shaped incon in reaonshipfndepend thy leh complet, Other sie red ariel stil to conc ‘Sdncous versble present poten of eal plese In one, espenden ‘tues over fp though ele model sees varying inde ‘Wohi 1970, Th eapondens prefered devs mith movers complex In naneche, responders ealaed easyer on compen hd eherence Olen, 198), They prefered he eee having moderate de ‘Coiyand excrement Boh tue confmed preference for nade ‘Fora chres) Other resxch har pad coneadirory ndings Homers aking into account bite nthe sues ef Na, 1994) he tule oie wo 3 preference for moder complexity The ers sip and ‘nachna ct Kaplan & Kaplan, 198% Wohl, 1976 represen ome Pox withour negeve content suchas that sociated wth erironmencl her and other variable tht ede order Huon the forms ‘Mess around he mol ve thousand of yn confirm the desl compen (Rapopory,1990, The mee shared complex encloning ‘tents many ements and turer of eemens,coninl araion | ‘rth andere and evel changes undefoce Neely (Appicalig). Aswith complex. retnch confirms creas ininuest or excementasocited with novel oranpiealiy (Purell, 9B. 195;Purall& Naa, 1992 Repl sas serra prefer modertetolow er clbof nowy or apa yer rece han pedaced conmditry findings, Some sudes ugg a prerence for nowy (Heros, Kaplan & Kaplan, 1946; Naw, 1988, 1994, Pure 1986 and thers supe «preference fo the fami (Canter & Thorse,1972, Crk 1983, Hero e ay, 19% Kiplin & Heber, 1988, New, 1980, Kepan, 1988, Sonnenfeld 1966. “The sparen neonates rel fom neoneten and ade wo fmcanring sven I prefenc or nove fis Bere’ (1971) mode, then be amount fro woul afte result sch that oe su ha Inge mgr of eens up o moderate novel might nda prefrence for no tli aeret another ath ang orm nodes etree ove ‘Echos might find» dike for nonin In adaion the response vo noe ‘pare imuluscompleiy and xia fet, Famliany may oder te (er ord) complet sh thar people prefer fly In complex ‘eee ae only n simpler ene Sih & Dorian, 1973). When eo Ble ntl debe » scene, tamlany may frther reduce preference (Oanter & Sho, 198). ally, nove and family re no» cnt (on They represen tw dt dines, Nal norel-sommonplace or anpie-apal refers more to the proper of the objeto plas “thenas falar Varuna wee more the experienc he ‘Sheene An bjeror place become pheal nvel trough bavingan an (se ofcemene and elatontips within a recognizable pen, «pe {Etolclement inn atypical sem orananpialset of denens nanan {Glyn Irbecomes commonolce tough the res. You ay hn ser experienced te commercial sp ea?) 1 neighborhood, bur i fas asim fm, cemen, and reaonahipeo her commercial sri to lave experenced, you would recognise fr ar # commercial Si, ardjudge irs elathely commonplace. The bere flan with an cb Fretor pace through the emononal experience You may ela gener sense 1 knowlege abou and srachmen yur house rimmed reghir ood than woul sxneave Inng caewbere (Brower, 1988. The bj ‘Tonk l mores royou.Arthe sumtime, ou migh jae he for UStyour house or eightorhead at noel You ey lo develop fairy ‘Teouch indie expesence.Albough you may Have never ave dt ‘ows chute Efe Tower you aye them aa fm youre Ferenc ofthe in shotoror nae Tha sugest the pati th act Ein familar and commonplace or novel and unl alcormon- fice of novel. Faaliary or commonplaenes may bring onder, with [Fes meaning coming fom emesonal mila. Thus, we might xpest ‘reign preference to emerge for ilar places wth some rowel. We ‘mht exer lower preferences lie but commonplace poe, owr Drcrences for vrs commonplace places, andthe lowest referee For enfiar rove places. Variatins in preference for novel al rpm vel erate Kod of novel measured he conten (nowy might be es drab housing than ina Since muscu), responden ages, td Ineretons ih comply and na recon (Naar, 1999) Fur ‘hermorrexcons to nowy and emily ma depend on che obser fate For sams Marne and Sprecklneyer (1982 fod cae wenken! ielings bourne ambince oftheir workplace feed thelr caluatons of the arciccural ualiy of te ding, Their general mood ste infie (iced ber aueumenr ofthe se fail evien< Tnaconcadior finding, Whi (583) found referees fora more yp than let pi le. Th may reel fom frre in content Ue high pop am) rather than dilerences in pei in he com tenes Suds erring sarin within content eer fd pee thee fr madre drepencis Flom se best exaries (ure, 1986 Paral & Nasr, 193), However, cereain groupe, auch as architect, fv Figher dierepences Rom she shared knowledge ructre than ote (Pre & Nar, 1992, Pues, 195), because che éeelopa mre deren tied Knowle suerte for bulding dan do thers (Wilken & Canes, 1990), aturlness New ef toche peso f vention, water cr mourns. The dh ‘Sermon of mevral weas bu pba opened eterped spring he ne enwuarve mar or races 0 tno prominent inhuman eponus othe envronmen (et. Nasr, 1988 196Pu 1994 alo Henoger al, 976, 1982), Humane nana gettin) in! eens ato dine, prominent conten cargos Kapting Kalen, 1989) Suds repented shown atures prefre “Theyshowed atralnet ara predic of prefeence Near, 1983} the ai thon of epson o sence increning preferences (Thayer & Awad, 1918 aed higher pretrencs fracnes wishveeration th or senes p> ceived a having human inverion(kaplen, Kaplan & Wend, 1972, ‘Weblwl, 1974, 1983). One sudy showed an efec o pares of move tment Ulich (1979 found hath things earl) peopl drove curof CGetrwaytouse patty rier ana mowe diet bur ssnatunl expres ‘ey, reumaby to experience mote plese, nana steney Teyond presence, i ace that vepeon may well evenghen the leapabiy of lemenc Lane (160 repre thas grat deal of plating lone path reinforced ka mage and aged that alorg wots oF tlong pas ere to be more nemorle A study of landmark uae found the presence ofratre around the bulge ere ht conti ‘ed oi andr memorailiy Ere, Sth & Peak, 1982) “The content preference for mature my ate ether the cance ao ciation) or frm the scenes. Natrlnear and vegetation may evoke fee {Hi neocattonsand connoonive neangramocitedwihascene sana ‘rmre my simply dif in fom fam the bat envionment Une ftafecal ements tard exe ave mor ral changes, eel thd curvlinen lin, continuous pads of shape ardor and neg, tougher rere (Wohl 1963, p13). By bung de more aot {rufacual cement atte may add oe Research nfs a people ge aural eens incre onery and coherent tan unmade one. Upkeep (Cities) Human beings may ex stenton anders in ere ike dap tow poles wea gn vehicles and undesirable and wesuchas indy ‘fered ta pel nes Skog & Mawel, 1961). We have se ‘Sar pial incien evke fer, People dite sem ad inverse cow ced content and Hee well kept areas. Inver wes avg of in ths have emerged, in operended ques as having unfverableinyace ‘the vil quay oto tie by eins and ators se, 19973) Re {earch shows dlaplason depen preference Ander, Malina 1985, Cooper 1972; Marans, 976 Nas, 183, 1984), Increases inte sesnd concast feet redced preference (Nasr, 19872} and he eal of tliy pols, cretead wires, billboard or sgn improves ealuations of tonisidecencs (Winkel Male, Thiel, 1970) Reductions nerf rete ‘oitmprvemen in perce quliy of residential sects, neighborhoods, tua fe Appleyard, 198 Craik, 1983; Larsingeal, 1970; Nas, 1585), Pep dike the appearance fincas tes suchas commecal and Incl cies terol, 1976, 1982, Whim, 1982) The indi Fortec varias ete with inns of preferences for cerence and fer aarual over an made atria, They may nese complex atthe eae coherene thus reducing prefeene or hey may depress reference Ect of her conpicvour manmade conten Upleep cn repress component of order, Mlaerance ae cleanliness bring ore. Disp: thon ad dirine reduce openness ‘Openers open views. People respond nvr co the presen of ‘pen sgnce and ceery nd ll eon ad congestion A wider vw ep te ewes fo obcrve and wake sence of arene. Aresicted view Would heal, and crowding snd congestion would alo iieone's fie movement. cunt mapeftwo cit highlighted he importance of bennatin the value nage Or, 197). one ofthe erlet studies of a Kind, {ochand Rivkin (1959) ad pedesianewaexround an ubanblocknd re cr nr they noted. Changes inepaciumes or constiion ofthe eves emered scent the pede experene Subuequent dis tine confirmed the prominence of opens acini, densi and de- fined undefined pace) in human perepton ofthe ensirnient ‘Nase 1968 198%, 1994 Kaplan & Kepan 1989) The eenrch point evens for defined openoen, open butboundad apace, Resear as Found du: peoplepeerlower dene (Lansing eel, 170 anda pee crc ince wih opennes (Na, 984 988, Naser, Bachan ‘ral 583). More impor, resuch shows ha people peer moderate td defined openness (r some maz dfn) ether ide open oF blocked ews in both mci Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989) and accra ‘ene 984). Lye (1960 pained hele of "isu cope” Cvstas Se panoramas whic ocene deh of von” 7106) and defined pace soone pial form.) aeemengenig tempura menorab Inpof nodes Wel en and el Ike plant eam ar simpy fom the Lie aware naaeor aces a tens fav, but ay el known an wl ed set and pia in| ‘ies ve inte defined spaces For expe nasi of 192 set fiom sound the world, and dating fom the seventh milena BCE ‘hrouph 1970, Repopor 1990 found enconed dep and wih ofiew common oe ‘Rooter spas dele with the sie ofthe view opennes, ‘part the mangnanof pace The Kaplan (1989) pu forth mea pre fend ts prom of ew information. Deleted sta tere one form of mre, and ale evdence hows tha people peer defied i far in rural tenes Kapan& Kaplan, 1982, 1989) hala emerged poland for urban areca enelen, 1975; Rapoport (990, Howes, twchnescen nthe dacusiono fer, people may dise dele vias in ‘more ucetin conditions ‘storia! Signitieance “Ths ero places perceived having hora sigefcance. They ty eve havc ugificnce outlook Rata Inthe ae, they ke fore sponse, Several es be Gund tat people for hoc ‘contre, Cari, ee popula of ord hitoricaesin mary cess teaurochevalveweghetohistry When researchers aed Prins wharar ‘esther ke bese they ound the Paria peered cena hsv ares {Slge & Jose, 176). They ale ound tat nazoral owe were pe fered maneverro® question of where you would aes ln walk bere go Ing into ene. Pavsans alo complained Fequenly about modern tartan ofc lacing che pene charn flr scree ‘Role confi he desirably of stor sgufeanc. A wiry of The ‘Ohio Soe Uae ska’ abut he owt Ike bulting on eampus ‘ese tat they mot led am ler bug for kx hora since (Phyl Facies Eaupoenr aed Lary Commitee, 1989, Several sides ‘he und thar people tn to prefer popula reac ays gh sles dened aches ad publi aces magaies Dsl ‘8 Nes 1989, Nay, 19895, Verde Se Moor, 1979; Whit (98). 0 ‘plc comparsora bere ses, respondent fom Lat Angeles and Cov Toma, OF ford Farm and Tudor sgl houses Pi 55 Tepe spl ud of sponses seen bldg, Math (19933) found prerece related oasesment ofage Nowarhies showed consi tent peerene forthe Chicago Library, » building mimicking ee Torhcenury Richaronian archtecrare In dsenbing the earns hei