Q001.

- Most Common Cause/Association:

- Abestos
A001.
- Bronchogenic CA
- Mesothelioma
Q002. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- (nonbacterial endocarditis, affecting mitral)
A002.
- Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Q003. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- abl gene
A003.
- CML
Q004. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal
thickening)
A004.
- visceral malignancy
Q005. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- ACTH - ACTH-like peptide
A005.
- Small-cell lung
Q006. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Actinic keratosis
A006.
- squamous cell carcinoma
Q007. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
A007.
- Staph aureus, b Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
- Common among drug addicts & diabetics
Q008. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Acute Cor Pulmonale
A008.
- Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary
embolism
Q009. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
A009.
- Seen w/ infections from Enterovirus & Coxsackie A
Q010. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Acute pancreatitis
A010.
- alcohol
- gall stones
Q011. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Addisons
A011.
- Autoimmune (2nd infection)
Q012. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- ADH
A012.
- Small cell
- Intracranial neoplasms
Q013. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Adult leukemia
A013.
- AML
Q014. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
A014.
- Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/
kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
- 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis
Q015. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Aflatoxins
A015.
- Hepatocellular CA
Q016. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- AFP and alpha-1 AT
A016.
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Q017. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- AIDS
A017.
- aggressive malignant lyphomas (NHL) and Kaposis
Q018. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Alkaline phosphatase
A018.
- metastasis to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Pagets
Q019. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Alpha-Feto Protien / AFP
A019.
- Vitelline Yolk Sac Tumor
- Hepatocellular CA
Q020. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- AMI in children
A020.
- Kawasaki disease
Q021. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- ANA
A021.
- SLE, not specific
Q022. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Aneurysm, dissecting
A022.
- Hypertension
Q023. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Angiosarcoma of the liver
A023.
- Vinyl Chloride
- Arsenic
- Thorotrast
Q024. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anticentromere
A024.
- Scleroderma (CREST)
Q025. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti-dsDNA antibodies
A025.
- specific SLE
Q026. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti-epithelial cell
A026.
- Pemphigus vulgaris
Q027. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Antihistone abs
A027.
- drug-induced lupus. HIPP: hydralizine, isoniazid,
procainamide, phenytoin
Q028. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti-Jo-1
A028.
- Polymyositis + dermatomyositis (CD8+, weakness)
Q029. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti+A32-microsomal
A029.
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Q030. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti-mitochondrial
A030.
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
Q031. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti-presynaptic Ca channels - (Lambert-Eaton Syndrome)
A031.
- Thymoma
- Small cell lung
Q032. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti-Scl-70
A032.
- Scleroderma (diffuse)
Q033. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Anti-Smith abs
A033.
- specific SLE
Q034. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A034.
- Atherosclerosis
Q035. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Aortic aneurysm, ascending
A035.
- tertiary syphilis
Q036. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- APC
A036.
- colorectal cancer
Q037. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- APC 5p
A037.
- Familial adenomatous polyposis, Colon CA
Q038. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- APC, DCC, p53 mutation
A038.
- Colon Cancer tumor suppression genes
Q039. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Arsenic
A039.
- Squamous Cell CA
Q040. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- asculitis
A040.
- Temoporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness due to
thrombosis of ophthalmic artery)
Q041. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Autoimmune disease (Hashimotos, MG)
A041.
- benign and malignant thymomas
Q042. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Autosplenectomy due to fibrous and shrinkage
A042.
- Sickle Cell anemia
Q043. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- AV fistula
A043.
- Penetrating knife wound.
Q044. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- B HCG
A044.
- hydatiform moles, choriocarc, gestational trophoblastic
tumor
Q045. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacteremia/ pneumonia (IVDA)
A045.
- S. Aureus
Q046. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacteria associated with cancer
A046.
- H. Pylori
Q047. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacteria found in GI tract
A047.
- Bacteroides (2nd most common is E. coli)
Q048. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- bacteria in the GI tract
A048.
- bacteriodes (#2 = e.coli)
Q049. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacteria or pneumonia in an IV drug user
A049.
- staph aureus
Q050. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacterial meningitis (adults)
A050.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Q051. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacterial meningitis (elderly)
A051.
- S. Pneumoniae
Q052. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacterial meningitis (kids)
A052.
- S. pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis
Q053. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bacterial meningitis (newborns)
A053.
- Group B streptococcus
Q054. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- bacterial meningitis in young adults
A054.
- Neisseria meningitidis
Q055. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Baker's Cyst in Popliteal Fossa
A055.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Q056. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- barretts esophagus
A056.
- esophageal adenocarcinoma
Q057. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- bcl-2
A057.
- CML,
- follicular and undifferentiated lymphoma
Q058. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- BCR-Abl
A058.
- CML
Q059. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Benign breast tumor
A059.
- Fibroadenoma
Q060. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- benign melanocytic nevus
A060.
- spitz nevus (most common in first 2 decades of life)
Q061. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Benign ovarian tumor
A061.
- serous cystadenoma
Q062. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- b-HCG
A062.
- Hydatidiform Mole
- Choriocarcinoma
- Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor
Q063. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
A063.
- Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion)
Q064. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Blindness
A064.
- Diabetic retinopathy
Q065. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Blindness - preventable
A065.
- Chlamydia
Q066. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Blood Metastasis
A066.
- Sarcoma, exception renal cell CA: early venous invasion
Q067. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bombesin
A067.
- Neuroblastoma
- Lung
- Gastric
Q068. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bone Fever
A068.
- Dengue: Group B Togavirus, from the Arbovirus,
transmitted by mosquitos
Q069. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Brain tumor - supratentorial (kids)
A069.
- Craniopharyngioma
Q070. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Brain tumor (adults)
A070.
- Metastasis > astrocytoma (including GM)> meningioma >
shwannoma
Q071. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Brain tumor (kids)
A071.
- Medullablastoma (cerebellum)
Q072. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Brain tumor - supratentorial (kids)
A072.
- Cranipharyngioma
Q073. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Brain tumors in adults (Supratentorial)
A073.
- supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (gliobastoma
multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
Q074. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Brain tumors in kids (Infratentorial)
A074.
- Infratentorial = astrocytoma > medulloblastoma >
ependyoma
Q075. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- BRCA-1 17q
A075.
- Breast CA, Ovarian CA
Q076. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- BRCA-2 13q
A076.
- Breast CA
Q077. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Breast cancer
A077.
- Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the US, 1 in 9 women will
develop breast cancer)
Q078. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Breast mass
A078.
- Fibrocystic change (in postmenopausal women, carinoma is
the most common)
Q079. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Breast tumor (benign)
A079.
- Fibroadenoma
Q080. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bronchiectasis
A080.
- predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
- Supparation associated
- Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement
Q081. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Acute Endocarditis
A081.
- Staph aureus
Q082. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Bacterial Arthritis in young Adults
A082.
- Neisseria ghonorrhea
Q083. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Bacterial Meningitis elderly
A083.
- Strep pneumoniae
Q084. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Bacterial Meningitis newborns
A084.
- E. coli
Q085. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Bacterial Meningitis toddlers
A085.
- Hib
Q086. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Bacterial Meningitis young adults
A086.
- Neisseria meningitidis
Q087. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient
A087.
- Klebsiella
Q088. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Epiglottitis
A088.
- Hib
Q089. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in food poisoning
A089.
- Staph aureus
Q090. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in GI Tract
A090.
- Bacteroides 2. E. coli
Q091. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in IV drug user bacteremia / pneumonia
A091.
- Staph aureus
Q092. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in opportunistic infection of AIDS
A092.
- CMV Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall
Q093. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in PID
A093.
- N. Gonnorrhoeae or Chlamydia
Q094. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Pneumonia - Community - atypical
A094.
- Mycoplasma 2. Legionella
Q095. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Pneumonia - Community - typical
A095.
- Strep pneumoniae 2. H. influenza 3. Klebsiella
Q096. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Pneumonia - Hospital aquired
A096.
- Klebsiella 2. Psuedomonas 3. E. coli
Q097. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Bug in Subacute Endocarditis
A097.
- Strep Viridans
Q098. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- C3b
A098.
- Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
Q099. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- C5a
A099.
- Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
Q100. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- CA-125
A100.
- ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
Q101. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- CA-19-9
A101.
- pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Q102. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Calcitonin
A102.
- Medullary C-cell thyroid
Q103. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Calf pseudohypertrophy
A103.
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Q104. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- C-ANCA
A104.
- antineutrophil. Vasculitis. Wegener's granulomatosis.
Q105. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer - Leukemia - <14 yo
A105.
- ALL
Q106. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer - Leukemia - >60 yo
A106.
- CLL
Q107. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer - Leukemia - 15-39 yo
A107.
- AML
Q108. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer - Leukemia - 40-60 yo
A108.
- CML
Q109. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer associated with AIDS
A109.
- Kaposi's sarcoma
Q110. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Acanthosis Nigricans
A110.
- Gastric Adenocarcinoma
- Viscero Malignancy
Q111. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Achalasia
A111.
- squamous esophageal cancer
Q112. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Actinic Keratosis
A112.
- SCC
Q113. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in AIDS
A113.
- Non-Hodgkin's
- Kaposi Sarcoma
Q114. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Barret's Esophagus
A114.
- Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Q115. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Gynecologic - malignancy
A115.
- Endometrial Carcinoma
Q116. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Immunodeficient states
A116.
- malignant lymphomas
Q117. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Infancy
A117.
- Hemangioma
Q118. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Kids
A118.
- Leukemia 2. Medulloblastoma of brain, cerebellum
Q119. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Men
A119.
- Prostate CA
Q120. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Pagets disease of bone
A120.
- secondary osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma
Q121. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Plummer Vinson syndrome
A121.
- squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
Q122. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer in Women - malignant
A122.
- Breast CA
Q123. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Adrenal Medulla adults
A123.
- Pheochromocytoma
Q124. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Adrenal Medulla kids
A124.
- Neuroblastoma
Q125. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Appendix Carcinoid - rare
A125.
- metastasis
Q126. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Bone
A126.
- Metasteses from Breast & Prostate
Q127. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Bone - primary - adults
A127.
- Multiple Myeloma
Q128. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Brain Child
A128.
- Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Q129. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the BrainAdult
A129.
- Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then:
metastasis, meningioma, Schwannoma
Q130. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Breast
A130.
- Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma
Q131. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Connective Tissue - benign
A131.
- Lipoma
Q132. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Esophagus
A132.
- SCCA
Q133. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Esophagus - malignant
A133.
- SCC (60%) > adenocarcinoma (40%)
Q134. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Esophagus (Benign)
A134.
- Leiomyoma
Q135. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Heart A138- adults
A135.
- Metasteses
Q136. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Heart - Primary adults (Benign)
A136.
- Myxoma Ball Valve
Q137. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Heart - Primary kids (Benign)
A137.
- Rhabdomyoma
Q138. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Liver
A138.
- Metastasis; lung > GI
Q139. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Liver - benign
A139.
- Cavernous hemangioma
Q140. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the liver - Primary
A140.
- Hepatocellular CA
Q141. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the liver - Primary, benign
A141.
- Cavernous Hemangioma
Q142. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Mouth
A142.
- SCC or Mucoepidermoid CA
Q143. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Mouth - upper lip
A143.
- Basal Cell CA
Q144. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Nasal cavities
A144.
- SCC
Q145. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Ovary - benign
A145.
- Serous cystadenoma
Q146. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Ovary - malignant
A146.
- Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Q147. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Pancreas
A147.
- Adenocarcinoma (usually in the head)
Q148. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Pituitary
A148.
- Prolactinoma (2nd Somatotropic Acidophilic Adenoma)
Q149. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Placenta - benign
A149.
- Cavernous hemangioma
Q150. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Salivery Glands
A150.
- Pleimorphic Adenoma
Q151. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Skin
A151.
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
Q152. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Small Bowel Carcinoid - frequent
A152.
- metastasis from ileum
Q153. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Spleen - benign
A153.
- Cavernous hemangioma
Q154. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Stomach
A154.
- Gastric Adenocarcinoma; intestinal type or diffuse type
Q155. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Testicles
A155.
- Seminoma
Q156. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer of the Thyroid
A156.
- Papillary Carcinoma
Q157. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer that invades the Female GU tract
A157.
- Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Q158. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer; malignant lymphoma in kids
A158.
- Burkitt's lymphoma
Q159. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer; Site of metastasis
A159.
- Regional Lymph Nodes
Q160. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer; Site of metastasis (2nd most common)
A160.
- Liver
Q161. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cancer;Genetic Alteration
A161.
- p53
Q162. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cardia tumor (adults)
A162.
- Metastasis
Q163. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cardiac primary tumor (adults)
A163.
- Myxoma 4:1 Left to right atrium
Q164. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
A164.
- Rhabdomyoma
Q165. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cardiac tumor (adults)
A165.
- Metastasis
Q166. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cardiac tumor in adults
A166.
- Metastasis
- Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, "ball and valve")
Q167. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cardiomyopathy
A167.
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Q168. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Carpal bone dislocation
A168.
- Lunate
Q169. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Carpal bone fracture
A169.
- Scaphoid
Q170. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Caseation necrosis
A170.
- Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
- Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum
infection
Q171. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- CCl4 Carbon Tetrachlrodie - Cleaning Industry
A171.
- Centrilobular Necrosis - Hepatic
Q172. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- CEA
A172.
- Colon
- Rectal
- PancrEAtic
- BrEAst
Q173. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- CEA and bombesin
A173.
- Gastric Adenocarcinoma markers
Q174. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cellulitis
A174.
- Spreading infection due to streptococcus
Q175. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
A175.
- Arnold-Chiari malformation (can often lead to
hydrocephalus)
Q176. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cerebral Embolism
A176.
- MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi;
L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of
septal defect
Q177. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Chromosomal disorder
A177.
- Down syndrome (associated with ALL, Alzheimer's,
dementia, and endocardial cushion defects
Q178. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Chromosome 11p
A178.
- Wilms tumor of the kidney
Q179. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Chromosome 13
A179.
- Retinoblastoma
Q180. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Chromosome 5p-
A180.
- Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes;
low set ears; cat-like cry
Q181. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Chronic arrhythmia
A181.
- Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
Q182. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgery
gastric remnants
A182.
- gastric adenocarcinoma
Q183. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Chronic pancreatitis
A183.
- Alcohol in adults
- Cystic fibrosis in kids
Q184. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cirrhosis
A184.
- Alcohol
Q185. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cloudy swelling
A185.
- Failure of cellular Na pump
- Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic
(Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver
Q186. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- c-MYC
A186.
- Burkitt's Lymphoma
Q187. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Coagulation necrosis
A187.
- Result of sudden ischemia
- Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation)
= heart, lung, kidney, spleen
Q188. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A188.
- 21 hydroxylase deficiency
Q189. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Congenital cardiac anomaly
A189.
- VSD membranous > muscular
Q190. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
A190.
- dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to
secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
Q191. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Congenital early cyanosis
A191.
- Tetralogy of Fallot
Q192. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Congenital GI anomaly
A192.
- Meckel's diverticulum
Q193. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Constrictive pericarditis
A193.
- Tuberculosis
Q194. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Coronary arteries involved in thrombosis
A194.
- LAD > RCA > LCA
Q195. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cretinism
A195.
- Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
Q196. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cushings
A196.
- Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, primary ACTH, Adrenal
Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)
Q197. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cyanosis (early, less common)
A197.
- Tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus
arteriosus
Q198. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Cyanosis (late, more common)
A198.
- VSD, ASD, PDA (close with indomethacin, open with
misoprostol)
Q199. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- DCC 18q
A199.
- Colon & Stomach CA
Q200. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Death in Alzheimer pts
A200.
- Pneumonia
Q201. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Death in CML
A201.
- Blast crisis
Q202. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Death in Diabetics
A202.
- MI
Q203. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Death in HTN
A203.
- AMI 2. lenticulostriate stroke 3. renal failure (benign
nephrosclerosis)
Q204. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Death in SLE
A204.
- Lupus nephropathy
Q205. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Death in USA
A205.
- Ischemic Heart Disease
Q206. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Dementia
A206.
- Alzheimer's (2nd most common is multi
-infarct)
Q207. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Demyelinating disease
A207.
- Multiple sclerosis
Q208. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
A208.
- Parkinson's Disease Pathology
Q209. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Deverticulum in the pharynx
A209.
- Zenker's diverticulum (dx with barium swallow)
Q210. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Diarrhea - children
A210.
- Rotavirus
Q211. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- DIC
A211.
- Gram negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn
trauma
Q212. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Dietary Deficiency
A212.
- Iron
Q213. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Disk herniation
A213.
- L4-L5
Q214. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Dissecting aneurysm
A214.
- hypertension
Q215. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Dissecting Aneurysm (+/- slitlike cysts)
A215.
- Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim
Q216. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Dissecting Aneurysm (False aneurysm, splitting of the
media of the aorta)
A216.
- Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe
hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia,
atherosclerotic disease,
Q217. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Dissecting Aneurysm (Zones of medial necrosis)
A217.
- Marfans Collagen disease
Q218. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Down Syndrome
A218.
- 1) ALL
- 2) Hirschprung (aganglionic megacolon)
- 3) Dudoenal Atresia
- 4) Polyhydramnios
Q220. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- DPC 18q
A220.
- Pancreatic CA
Q222. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- dysplastic nevus
A222.
- malignant melanoma
Q223. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Early cyanosis (less common)
A223.
- Tetrology of fallot, transposition of the great vessels,
truncus arteriosis
Q224. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- EBV
A224.
- Burkitt's
- Follicular Lymphoma
- *** Nasopharygeal CA
Q225. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- End-stage Renal Disease
A225.
- Diabetes
Q226. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Enzyme deficiency
A226.
- 21 hydroxylase
- 95% of CAH
Q227. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Epidural hematoma
A227.
- rupture of the middle meningeal artery
Q228. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- epiglottitis
A228.
- Haemophilus influenza type B
Q229. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- erb-2
A229.
- Breast CA
- Ovarian CA
- Gastric CA
Q230. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Esophageal cancer
A230.
- Squamous CC (worldwide)
- Adenocarcinoma (U.S)
Q231. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Fat necrosis
A231.
- Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
- Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results
Q232. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Fatal genetic defect in Caucasians
A232.
- Cystic Fibrosis
Q233. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Fatty degeneration
A233.
- Made up primarily of triglycerides
- Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to
hepatic cirrhosis
- Associated w/ CCl4
Q234. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Fibrinoid necrosis
A234.
- Seen in the walls of small arteries
- Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa,
immune mediated vasculitis
Q235. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Fibrinous Pericarditis
A235.
- Associated w/ MI: Dresslers
Q236. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- FMR1 Gene Defect
A236.
- Fragile X Syndrome: macro
-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism,
mental retardation
Q237. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Food poisoning
A237.
- S. Aureus
Q238. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Form of Amyloidosis
A238.
- Immunologic Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is
also called the Amyloid Light Chain
Q239. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Form of Tularemia
A239.
- Ulceroglandular
Q240. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Gas Emboli
A240.
- Caisson disease
Q241. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- gene involved in cancer
A241.
- p53 tumor suppressor gene
Q242. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- GI obstruction
A242.
- Adhesions 2. Indirect inguinal hernia
Q243. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Glomerulonephritis
A243.
- IgA nephropathy aka Berger's
Q244. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Glomerulonephritis (adults)
A244.
- IgA nephropathy (berger's disease)
Q245. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Group affected by cystic fibrosis
A245.
- Caucasians (fat soluble vitamin deficiencies, mucous plugs/
lung infectious)
Q246. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- gynecologic malignancy
A246.
- endometrial cancer
- ovarian
- cervical (in US)
Q247. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- hCG
A247.
- Pregnancy
- Hydatidiform Mole
- Choriocarcinoma
- dysgerminoma/seminoma
Q248. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- heart murmur
A248.
- Mitral valve prolapse
Q249. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Heart valve (rheumatic fever)
A249.
- Mitral valve (aortic is 2nd)
Q250. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
A250.
- mitral
Q251. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- heart valve in bacterial endocarditis in IVDA
A251.
- Tricuspid
Q252. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis IV drug users
A252.
- Tricuspid
Q253. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Helminth infection (U.S)
A253.
- Enterobius vermicularis (Ascaris lumbricoides is 2nd most
common)
Q254. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- hemachromatosis
A254.
- multiple blood transfusions
Q256. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hematoma (epidural)
A256.
- Ruputure of Middle meningeal artery (arterial bleeding is
fast)
Q257. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hematoma (subdural)
A257.
- Ruputure of bridging veins (trauma; venous bleeding is
slow)
Q258. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hemochromatosis
A258.
- Multiple blood transfusion (can result in CHF and increase
risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Q259. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
A259.
- Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
Q260. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hep B and C
A260.
- Hepatocellular CA
Q261. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hepatic cirrhosis
A261.
- EtOH
Q262. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
A262.
- Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hep. B and C)
Q263. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hereditary bleeding disorder
A263.
- Von Willebrand's
Q264. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- hereditary harmless jaundice
A264.
- Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated
hyperbilirubinemia)
Q265. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hereditary Nephritis
A265.
- Alports syndrome. X linked
- Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities
Q266. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hernia
A266.
- Indirect
Q267. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HHPV8
A267.
- Kaposi Sarcoma
Q268. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-A3
A268.
- hemochromatosis
Q269. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-B27
A269.
- Psoriasis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- IBD
- Reiter's syndrome
Q270. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-B8
A270.
- Graves' dz, celiac sprue
Q271. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-DR2
A271.
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Hay fever
- SLE
- Goodpasture's syndrome
Q272. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-DR3
A272.
- Diabetes mellitus type 1
Q273. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-DR3 or DR4
A273.
- DM type I, RA, SLE
Q274. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-DR4
A274.
- Diabetes mellitus type 1
- Rheumatoid arthritis
Q275. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-DR5
A275.
- Pernicious anemia
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Q276. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HLA-DR7
A276.
- steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome
Q277. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- hospital acquired pneumonia
A277.
- Klebsiella
Q278. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HPV
A278.
- Cervical NIC
Q279. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- HTLV-1
A279.
- T-cell Hairy Cell Leukemia
- Adult T-cell Leukemia
Q280. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hydropic degeneration
A280.
- Severe form of cloudy swelling
Q281. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypercalcemia
A281.
- hyperparathyroidism
Q282. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hyperparathyroidism - Primary
A282.
- Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
Q283. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hyperparathyroidism - Secondary
A283.
- Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure
Q284. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypertension
A284.
- Essentail (95%) 2. Renal disease
Q285. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypertension
- children
A285.
- Renal disease; cystic disease, Wilm's tumor
Q286. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypertension - young women
A286.
- Oral contraceptives
Q287. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypertension, secondary
A287.
- Renal disease
Q288. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hyperthyroidism
A288.
- Graves' Disease
Q289. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypoparathyroidism
A289.
- Thyroidectomy
Q290. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypopituitarism
A290.
- Adenoma
Q291. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypopituitarism - adults
A291.
- Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma
Q292. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypopituitarism - kids
A292.
- Craniopharyngioma
Q293. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Hypothyroidism
A293.
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Q294. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- IL-1
A294.
- Squamous lung
- Metastasis to bone
- mutiple myeloma
- Breast
- RCC
Q295. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Infection in blood transfusion
A295.
- Hep. C
Q296. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- infection in burn victims
A296.
- Pseudomonas
Q297. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Intussusception
A297.
- terminal ileum into cecum
Q298. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Keratomalacia
A298.
- Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitots spots in the eyes = gray
plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
Q299. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Kidney stones
A299.
- Calcium = radioopaque (2nd most common is ammonium =
radiopaque; formed by urease positive organisms such as
proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus
Q300. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
A300.
- Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease;
Eosinophilic Granuloma
- Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
Q301. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Late cyanosis (more common)
A301.
- VSD, ASD, or PDA
Q302. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- LDH1 & LDH2
A302.
- Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
Q303. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- LDH3
A303.
- Lung tissue
Q304. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- LDH4 & LDH5
A304.
- Liver cells
Q305. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Leukemia (adults)
A305.
- AML
Q306. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Liquefaction necrosis
A306.
- Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
- Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries
- Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
Q307. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Liver disease
A307.
- Alcoholic liver disease
Q308. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Liver infection
A308.
- Viral Hepatitis - HVA
Q309. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- L-myc
A309.
- lung tumor
Q310. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Lobar pneumonia
A310.
- Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
Q311. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Lobular Bronchopneumonia
A311.
- Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella;
E. coli
- Abscess formation is common
Q312. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Location of Adult brain tumors
A312.
- Above Tentorium
Q313. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- location of brain tumors (adult)
A313.
- Supratentorial
Q314. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- location of brain tumors (kids)
A314.
- Infratentorial
Q315. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Lymph Metastasis
A315.
- Carcinoma, exception renal cell CA: early venous invasion
Q316. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Lysosomal storage disease
A316.
- Gaucher's disease
Q317. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- male cancer
A317.
- Prostatic carcinoma
Q318. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
A318.
- Hodgkin's disease
Q319. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Malignant ovarian tumor
A319.
- Serous cystadenocarcinoma (assoc with psammoma
bodies)
Q320. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Malignant skin tumor
A320.
- Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
Q321. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Membranoproliferative GN
A321.
- Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic
infections; CLL
- See tram tracking
Q322. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Mental retardation
A322.
- Downs or Fragile X , Fetal alcohol syndrome
Q323. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Metabisfite Test
A323.
- Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
- Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
Q324. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Metastasis to bone
A324.
- Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
Q325. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Metastasis to brain
A325.
- Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell
carcinoma), GI
Q326. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Metastasis to liver
A326.
- Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast and lung carcinomas
Q327. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- MI
A327.
- Atherosclerosis
Q328. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
A328.
- Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic
Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
- See Helmet cells
Q329. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Mitral Insufficiency
A329.
- Ruptured papillary muscle
Q330. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- mitral valve stenosis
A330.
- rheumatic heart disease
Q331. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Mobitz I
A331.
- Usually due to inferior MI.
- Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
- Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
Q332. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Mobitz II
A332.
- Often goes to 3rd degree AV block.
- Usually due to anterior MI.
Q333. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Mononucleosis
A333.
- Due to EBV infeciton
- If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep
pharyngitis, a rash will occur.
Q334. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Motor neuron disease
A334.
- ALS
Q335. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Myocarditis
A335.
- Coxsackie B
Q336. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Necrotizing Fasciitis
A336.
- Group A Streptococci
Q337. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Neoplasm (kids)
A337.
- ALL (2nd most common is cerebellar medulloblastoma)
Q338. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Nephritic syndrome (kids)
A338.
- Minimcal change disease (associated with
infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
Q339. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Nephrotic syndrome
A339.
- Membranousglomerulonephritis
Q340. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- NF1
A340.
- Neurofibromatosis 1
- neurofibromas
- fibrosarcomas
- cafe au lait
- iris hamartoma
Q341. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- NF-1 17q
A341.
- Neurofibromatosis type 1
Q342. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- NF2
A342.
- Neurofibromatosis 2
- Acoustinc neuromas
- Juvenile cataracts
Q343. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Nitrosamines
A343.
- Esophagus
- Stomach
Q344. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- N-myc
A344.
- neuroblastoma
Q345. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Obstruction of male urinary tract
A345.
- BPH
Q346. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Ochronosis
A346.
- Alkaptonuria
- Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid
(oxidizes tyrosine)
- Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis =
Poker spine
- See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage
Q347. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Opportunistic infection in AIDS
A347.
- Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia
Q348. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Organ receiving metastasis
A348.
- Adrenal glands (due to rich blood supply)
Q349. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Organ sending metastasis
A349.
- Lung > breast, stomach
Q350. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Osteomyelitis
A350.
- S. Aureus
Q351. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- osteomyelitis in IV Drug Abuser
A351.
- Pseudomonas
Q352. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease
A352.
- Salmonella
Q353. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Ovarian tumor (benign)
A353.
- serous cystadenoma
Q354. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Ovarian tumor (malignant)
A354.
- Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Q355. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- p16
A355.
- melanoma
Q356. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- p53
A356.
- Li-fraumeli - Ataxia Telagiectasia
Q357. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- p53 17p
A357.
- Most human Cancers
Q358. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- P-ANCA
A358.
- antineutrophil. vasculitis. PAN
Q359. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pancreatic tumor
A359.
- Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas)
Q360. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pancreatitis (acute)
A360.
- EtOH and gallstones
Q361. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pancreatitis (chronic)
A361.
- EtOH (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
Q362. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Paradoxical embolism
A362.
- Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter
arterial circulation
- Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect
Q363. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Parainfluenza
A363.
- Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Q364. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Parvovirus B19
A364.
- Fifth Disease: Erythema Infectiosum (ssDNA). Linked w/
sicle cell anemia
Q365. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
A365.
- ALL=child, CLL=adult>60, AML = Adult >60, CML= adult 35-
50
Q366. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Patient with AML
A366.
- adult > 60 years
Q367. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Patient with CLL
A367.
- adult > 60 years
Q368. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Patient with CML
A368.
- adult 35-50
Q369. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Patient with Hodgkins
A369.
- Young male (except nodular sclerosis type
-female)
Q370. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Patient with minimal change diesase (podocyte foot process
fusion)
A370.
- young child
Q371. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- patient with reiter's
A371.
- male with HLA-B27
Q372. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- pelvic inflammatory disease
A372.
- neisseria gonorrheae (monoarticular arthritis)
Q373. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Peripheral Neuropathy
A373.
- Diabetes
Q374. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Philadelphia Chromosome
A374.
- CML
Q375. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Phlebothrombosis
A375.
- From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in
Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
- As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to -d blood
coagulability
Q376. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- PID
A376.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
Q377. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pituitary tumor
A377.
- Prolactinoma (2nd-somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma)
Q378. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- PMLs infectious agent
A378.
- JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
Q379. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, burn infection
A379.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Q380. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pneumonia, hospital acquired
A380.
- Klebsiella
Q381. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Portal Hypertension
A381.
- Cirrhosis
Q382. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Preventable blindness
A382.
- Chlamydia
Q383. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Preventable cancer
A383.
- Lung cancer
Q384. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Primary adrenocortical deficiency
A384.
- Addison's disease
Q385. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Primary amenorrhea
A385.
- Turner's syndrome (XO)
Q386. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- primary bone tumor
A386.
- Adults = multiple myeloma
- Kids = osteosarcoma
- Benign = osteochondroma
Q387. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Primary bone tumor (adult)
A387.
- Multiple myeloma
Q388. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Primary cardiac tumor of kids
A388.
- Rhabdomyoma (assoc with tuberus sclerosis)
Q389. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Primary hyperaldosteronism
A389.
- Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Q390. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
A390.
- Adenomas (followed by hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
Q391. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- primary liver cancer
A391.
- hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)
Q392. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Primary liver tumor
A392.
- Hepatoma
Q393. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Protozoal Diarrhea
A393.
- Giardia
Q394. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- PSA
A394.
- Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
Q395. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- PTH
-rp
A395.
- Squamous lung
- RCC
- Breast
- Multiple myeloma
- Bone metastasis
Q396. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pulmonary embolism
A396.
- Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
Q397. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Pulmonary HTN
A397.
- COPD
Q398. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- ras
A398.
- colon carcinoma
Q399. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Rb 13q
A399.
- Retinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma
Q400. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Renal Failure
A400.
- Acute tubular necrosis
Q401. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Renal tumor
A401.
- Renal cell carcinoma
- associated with von Hippel-Lindau and acquired polycystic
kidney disease, paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin,
renin, PTH, ACTH)
Q402. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
A402.
- Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
- Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
- also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
Q403. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Ret
A403.
- MEN II and III
- including:
- Pheochromocytoma
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma
- Parathyroid (IIa)
- Cutaneous and gangilio neuromas (III)
Q404. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Right Heart Failure
A404.
- Left heart failure
Q405. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
A405.
- Cor pulmonale
Q406. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- RSV
A406.
- Bronchiolitis in infants
Q408. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- S-100
A408.
- Melanoma
- APUD tumors
Q409. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- secondary hyperparathyroidism
A409.
- Hypocalcemia of chronic renal failure
Q410. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Secondary Hypertension
A410.
- Renal disease
Q411. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Serous Pericarditis
A411.
- Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection;
immunologic reaction.
Q412. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Sexually transmitted disease
A412.
- Chlamydia
Q413. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Sheehan's syndrome
A413.
- Postpartum pituitary infarction secondary to hemorrhage
Q414. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- SIADH
A414.
- small cell carcinoma of the lung
Q415. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Single Gene Disorder
A415.
- Thalassemia
Q416. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- site of Aneurysm
A416.
- Abdominal aorta
Q417. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Site of Aneurysm of Circle of Willis
A417.
- Anterior communicating artery; bitemporal hemianopsia
Q418. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- site of atherosclerosis
A418.
- abdominal aorta (AAA) > coronary (MI) > popliteal
(claudication) > carotid (stroke)
Q419. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Site of diverticula
A419.
- Sigmoid colon
Q420. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Site of metastasis
A420.
- Regional lymph nodes
Q421. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Site of metastasis (2nd most common)
A421.
- Liver
Q422. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Sites of artherosclerosis
A422.
- Abdominal aorta > coronary> popliteal > carotid
Q423. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Skin cancer
A423.
- Basal cell carcinoma
Q424. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- STD
A424.
- chlamydia (50% females are asx)
- ghonorrhea
Q425. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Stomach cancer
A425.
- Adenocarcinoma
Q426. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
A426.
- a Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre
-existing heart problem
Q427. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Subdural hematoma
A427.
- rupture of the bridging veins
Q428. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
A428.
- Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing
swollen face & cyanosis.
Q429. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Surgical Emergency
A429.
- Acute Appendicitis
Q430. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis
A430.
- Adenovirus (types 3 & 4)
Q431. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(11;14)
A431.
- Mantle cell lymphoma
- involving BCL1 (cyclin D1) and IgH
Q432. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(11;18)(q21;q21)
A432.
- MALT lymphoma
- API2 and MLT
Q433. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(11;22)
A433.
- Ewing's sarcoma
Q434. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(14;18)
A434.
- Follicular B cell
Q435. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(14;18)(q32;q21)
A435.
- Follicular lymphoma (FL)
- bcl-2 gene (18) translocated to Ig gene(14)
Q436. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(15;17)(q22lq12
-21)
A436.
- Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)
Q437. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(2;5)(p23;q35)
A437.
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
- ALK and NPM
Q438. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- t(3;14)(q27;q32)
A438.
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- bcl-6/IgH
Q439. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- T(8;14)
A439.
- Burkitts lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
Q440. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- T(9;22)
A440.
- CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
Q441. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Testicular tumor
A441.
- Seminoma
Q442. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- TGF-beta
A442.
- Squamous lung
- metastasis to bone
- RCC
- Breast
- Multiple myeloma
Q443. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Thiamine deficiency
A443.
- Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy
due to chronic alcohol consumption
- Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
- Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation;
memory loss
Q444. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Thyroid cancer
A444.
- Papillary carcinoma
Q445. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Thyroid disease
A445.
- Goiter
Q446. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- TNF-alpha
A446.
- Squamous lung
- Metastasis to bone
- RCC
- Breast
- Multiple myeloma
Q447. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tracheoesophageal fistula
A447.
- Lower esophagus joins trache/upper esophagus
-blind pouch
Q448. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- TRAP - (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)
A448.
- Hairy B cell Leukemia
Q449. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Trisomy 13
A449.
- Pataus: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
Q450. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tuberculoid granuloma
A450.
- Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
- Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis
and Leprotic infections
Q451. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor associated with Hashimoto's Disease
- Myasthemia Gravis
A451.
- Thymoma
Q452. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor in cirrhosis
A452.
- hepatocellular carcinoma
Q453. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor in infancy
A453.
- Hemangioma
Q454. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor in Sjogrens syndrome
A454.
- B cell lymphoma
Q455. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor in Tuberous Sclerosis
A455.
- Astrocytoma
- Cardiac Rhadomyoma
Q456. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor in ulcerative colitis (Crohns)
A456.
- colonic adenocarcinoma
Q457. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor in woman
A457.
- Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
Q458. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor of adrenal medulla (Adults)
A458.
- Pheochromocytoma (benign)
Q459. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
A459.
- Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Q460. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumor of infancy
A460.
- Hemangioma
Q461. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Tumors in tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures,
MR)
A461.
- astrocytoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma
Q462. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Type of Hodgkin's
A462.
- Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cullularity, lymphocytic
predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
Q463. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Type of non-Hodgkin's
A463.
- Follicular, small cleaved
Q464. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Type of pituitary adenoma
A464.
- Prolactinoma
Q465. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Uric acid
A465.
- Leukemia
- Lymphomas
- Chemotherapy
Q466. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- US helminth infection
A466.
- Enterobius Vermicularis
- Ascaris lumbircoides
- (tx both with mebendizole)
Q467. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- UTI
A467.
- E. Coli
Q468. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- UTI (young women)
A468.
- E coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Q469. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Vasculitis
A469.
- Temporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness due to
thrombosis of opthalmic artery)
Q470. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- VHL 3p
A470.
- Von Hippel Lindau, Renal Cell CA
Q471. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Vinyl Chloride
- Arsenic
- Thorotrast
A471.
- Angiosarcoma of the liver
Q472. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Viral encephalitis
A472.
- HSV
Q473. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Vitamin deficiency (U.S)
A473.
- Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores
only 3 to 4 month supply)
Q474. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Worm infection in US
A474.
- 1. Pinworm 2. Ascaris
Q475. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- WT-1 11p
A475.
- Wilms tumor
Q476. - Most Common Cause/Association:
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A476.
- 1) BCC (basal)
- 2) SCC (squamous)
- Also Melanoma
- Problem in DNA Repair Enzyme, Thymine Dimers
Q477. - Most Common Cause/Association: Micronodular
pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation
A477.
- Hemochromatosis Triad
- due to Fe3+ deposition