Recommendations ) for Prestressed } Rock and Soil ) AnchorsCopyright © 2004 By the Post-Tensioning institute First Edition, 1980 Second Eiition, 1986 “Third Eaton - First Prining, 1996 Fourth Edition - First Printing, 2004 ISBN 1-931085-29- Printed in he US.A, All hts reserved. Ths book or any part thereat may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the Post-Tensioning Institute, This publication i intended forthe use of professionals competont to evaluate the significance and ination of its contonts and who wll accept esponsibility forthe application ofthe materials it contains. The Post-Tensioning Institute in publishing these recommendations makes no warranty regarding the recommendations contained herein, including warantos of quality, woremanshp of safely, exprass or implied, futher including, but not imt- 2d to, implied warranties or merchantability and fitness fora partcular purpose. THE POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING CONSE- ‘QUENTIAL DAMAGES, BEYOND REFUND OF THE PURCHASE PRICE OF THESE RECOMMENDATIONS. ‘The incorporation by reference or quotation of material in these recommendations in any specications, contract documents, purchase orders, drawings or ob details shall be dane at the risk of those making such relerence or {quotation and shal nol subject the Poat-Tensioning Institut to any libilty, director direct. ane those making such reference or quotation shall waive any claims against the Post-Tensioning institu Post-Tensioning Institute Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchor Committee Chaieman Hote Nerich Dywidag Systm maton! USA, Ie oid, W Mico! Mecray Francs J Aland USS army Cops of Engineers Noster Rute Conating Enghoes Huntegton, WY Now vor NY ‘Theodor. Nef Richard J. Barone Post Tenioning Intute Federal Hey Amintton Phoeni, AZ Vereouer a ‘Tones Mathew J Narmann Witams Form Enhoerng Com. Schnabel Foundation Co aten, 60 String, VA Sent d. Rene ‘Thomas D. Richards, Jr. Seosytens, LP. Nichoton Constton Co, czE: Cuddy, PA Wien Reser U.S, Bureau of Reclamation David E. Weatherby Teivieal Serce Center Senate Foundation Co Denver, CO Sterng, VA Benton Frome! DStLang Gectech LLC org Bean, CA Reviewed and endorsed by [ADSC Anchored Earth Retention Commits ‘Wiliam S. Heckman, Chalman oo ADSC: The Intemational ‘Associaton of Foundation Dring P.0. Box 220379 Dallas, TX 75228 adse@adse afé.comTABLE OF CONTENTS 10 SCOPE... ea 2.0 DEFINITIONS .. — es 3.0 SPECIFICATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND SUBMITTALS 7 341 Speciticaions 7 32 Responsiblties 7 33. SUBMITTALS 8 40 MATERIALS . 1" 41 General a 42 Prestressing Stool a 4.3. Anchoreges 13 44° Couplers 4 45° Centralizers and Spacers 4 4.6 Corrosion inhibiting Compounds 4 47 Plastic Tubing 16 4.8 Heat Shrink Sleoves and Tapes 7 49° Grout Tubes 8 410 Grout Socks 18 411 Grout 18 5.0 CORROSION PROTECTION ... Bi nesta atts iu eee 5.1 Design Aspects 2 52. Corrosion Protection Selection Criteria 2 53. Corrosion Protection Requirements 24 54. Corrasion Protection Details 2a 60 DESIGN . 35 8.1 Introduction 35 52. Feasialy of Anchors 35 59 Design Objectives 38 8.4 Gonoral Considerations 36 85. Site Evaluation 38 86 Anchor Capacity/Safey Factors 40 8.7 Bond Length Design a 58 Free Stressing Length a 5.9 Anchor Geometry 4 8.10 Tendon Accessories 48 6.11 Cement Grout Mix Design “9 8.12 Resin Anchors 50 7.0 CONSTRUCTION 7.4 General 72. Fabrication 51 7.3. Storage and Handling 52 24. ting 52RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY. 7.5. Water ressure Testing, re-routing end Re-ling Rock Anchor Dril Holes 56 4.0 SCOPE C10 SCOPE, 7.6 Tendon Repates 57 “These Recommendations have been prepared to These Recados do no de wth she design af 7.7 Tendon Insertion 87 provide guidance in the applicaion of permanent anchored sractares in general, but are limited to consid 7 Growing 59 ‘nd temporary prestrsod rock and sol anchore raion spect the rests anchors theses 7:9 Instalaion of Anchorage 65 uiizing high strength prestessing steel. They 2 ane gontcbity of certin sections of thee 80 STRESSING, LOAD TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE sees 7 resent me curont sats ofpracice and Provide Prac- Recommendations wl depend upon te typeof pei 81 Goneral 87 Seal goonce for tho denn beta wr esting ped wd wert vac ws fr panto eee a ‘of outed prestressed rock and soi anchors. but : . cuipmen ‘are not nacessarty appcabe to other anchor sys "MPT aban 83, Tesi 70 toms such as those, which rly only on mechanical 84 Lock-Ci Procedure n anchorage othe ground. These Recommendations 85 Ina! LitOn Reading 78 ‘lo do ot inten! to estabish any raqiremerts for 86 Accoptnce Ciera 19 sail nals, including the ones for protcton against 8.7 Procedures in the Event of Fauve During Testing 81 carosion. 8.8 Finishing Work fr Permanent Anchors a Duo the broad nature of thse Recommendations, 8.9 Monitoring Service Behaver 83 portcular sections should be ceerly referenced, 9.0 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY .......0.00.00c000+ a ‘when ince in the specications fora specie 9.1 Reference Stondords a5 project. 9.2. Selected Bisiogrphy 87 ‘These Recommendations contain major technical ‘SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS FOR EPOXY-COATED STRAND TENDONS .89 revisions and supersede the 1996 Elton. The Gig score ee : : as ajc revlon nde mies requirement for ‘83.0 SPECIFICATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND SUBMITTALS ... 89 + Protécion against corrosion ‘$4.0 MATERIALS 89 + Grouts and grouting activities 843. Anchoreges 1 + Tho use of epox-coates strand ‘A condensed version of supplementary requirement for Sees : Secton Sandan 186 Reconmendtonswere Sat yi ih mo te Hy eo ene ee ee eree combined feo an enlarged Secon 3, Aakionaly, ye, ave Ben mone or comers ae $6.7 Bond Length rumorous changes ware made forfuthorenhancrrg shai int Supplement to thee Recommendations ‘868 Froo Sressing Length the understanding ofthe anchor technology. : : ‘87.0 CONSTRUCTION .. ‘87.2 Fabrication ‘87.3 Storage and Handing ‘S77 Tendon Insertion ‘S79 nstalelon of Anchorage $8.0 STRESSING, LOAD TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE. : 93 58.1. General 3 $8.2 Equipment 94 $83 Testing 94 ‘88.4 Lock Gif Procedure 4 986 Acceptance Criteria 95 88.7 Procecures in the Event of Feikie (Strand Slipoage) 97 89.0 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 98 59.2 Selocted Bibliography 98 {A summary and the ties ofthe standard spectica- tions, as well as ofthe references cited throughout this document can be found in Section 8 ‘The values stated in ethor Stunts opera unite aro to be regarded as standard, Wain the tx, the imper- al units are shown in brackets. The values stated ach system are not exact equivalents, and so each system must be used independenly of the other These Recommendations were preparod by the PTI Committee for Prestressed Fock and Soll Anchors with input and review by the ADSC Anchored Earth Retention CommitteeRECOMMENDATIONS. COMMENTARY. 2.0 DEFINITIONS ‘Addiive: Substance, whichis incorporated into the ‘ry components of a cement-based grout as deliv- ‘rad to the ste ‘Admisture: Substance added to the grout compo nents during mibing to modily in controllable fash- ion fui grout properties (eg, bleed, pressure fia ‘ton, shrinkage, hydration, cheology) or set proper- tes (04, strength, permeability, durability). ‘Alignment Load (AL): A nominal minimum toad ‘plied to an anchor during testing to keep the est- ing equipment correctly postioned ‘Anchor: A system used to transfer tonie lads to the ground (soll oF rock), which includes the pre- ‘sessing steel, anchorage, corrosion protection, boone breskor, spacers, centralizes and grout, ‘Anchor Head: The means by wich the prestessing {force is permanent transite fom the prestressing ‘stelto the bearing plate (edges and wedge plate for ‘sand tondons oF anchor nut for bar tendon) ‘Anchor Nut: The threaded device thet transfers the prstressing force ina bar to a bearing pate. ‘Anchorage: The combined system of anchor head, bearing plat, trumpet and corresion protection that is capable of transiting the prestressing force from the prestressing ste! to the surface ofthe ground or the supported structure, ‘Anchorage Cover A cover to protec the anchorage {fom corresion and physical damage. ‘Apparent Free Tendon Length: The length of tendon that is apparently not bonded to the surounding ‘grout or ground, as calculated from the elastic oad extension data during testing Bearing Plate: A steo pate under the anchor head that distributes the prestressing force to the anchored structure. Blood: The autogenous flow of mixing water within, or its emergence from, newly placed grout; caused by the settlement of the solid materials within the grout mass and further fciitated in anchors by fiter- ing action of strands (wicking). Bond Length: The length of the grout body that transmits the applied tensile load to the surounding sil oF rock. (See also the definition of Tendon Bond Length) Bondbreaker: A sleeve placed over the anchor ten= on ints tree stressing length to allow elongation of the tendon fro stressing length during stressing, Cast: The smount of curvature of alongth.of strand, hich Is not restrained when placed on alt surface CCentralizer: A device to suppor and postion he n= don inside the dil hla or the sheath, so that 2 min- imum grout cover is provided CCoarse-Grained Soils: Scils with more than 50 per- cont, by weight, of material larger than the. No, 200, Cohesive Sols: Soils that exhibit plasticity Atterberg limits are commonly used to determine plasty and better define a soll as cohesive or non cohesive, Consolidation Grout; Portland cement based grout that Is Injected into the aril hale, prior to tendon grouting, to either reduce the permeability of the rock immediately sutounding the hole orto other- wise Improve the ground conditions (eg., mprove ill hole stability). Contractor: The porsenifirm, which performs tho ‘anchor construction, Corrosion inhibiting Compound: Material used to protect against corrosion andior lubricate the pre- stressing stool.Coupler: The moans by which the prestrassing force can be transmited from one partiahiength of © pre- svessing tendon to another (aint for bars) Creep Movement The movement hat occurs under 2 constant load and as measured during the creep test ofan anchor, Creep Test: A testo determine the ong-temm load carrying capacity 2f an anchor under a constant oad Design Load: Aricpatod final maximum effective load inthe ancho after allowance forme dependent losses or gains, (Aso referred to as Working Load) DDetenstonable Anchor Head: An anchor head thats rostossable and in addition, permits the tondon to bbe completely dotensioned in @ controlled way at any time curing the ie ofthe structure, Downward Sloped Anchor: Ary prestressed anchor, hich is inlinod greater than 0.1 rad. (5 degrees) ‘below the horizontal Elastic Movement! The recoverable movement ‘moasured dung an anchor tt Encapsulation: A corrugated of deformed tubo pro: tecting the prestessing steel against corrosion in the tendon bond ength Epoxy-Coatng: A product containing pigments, thermosetting epoxy resins, cross linking agents, _and other addves, wich is applied inthe form of a Power onto clan, heated metalic substrate and {uses to frm a continuous barter coating, Fou: Specified minimum tensile strength ofthe ‘don as defined inthe pertinent ASTM Specification Final Set: A degiee of stifening ofthe grout mixture ‘rater than the intial et, indicating the tie in hours and minutes required for the grout 10 sifen sul clenty to resist, an estabished cegree, the pene- tation ofa weighted test noodle (Vial, ASTM C191). Fine Grainod Sol: Sais with atleast §0 percent by ‘weight of material smal than the No. 200 sive size Free Stressing (unbonded) Length: Tho designed length of the tendon that isnot bonded to the sur Touncing ground or grout during stressing Fully Bonded Anchor: Anchor in which the tree stressing length without bondbreaker is surounded by grout alte stressing, and sos bonded to the sur- rounding strucure or ground, Gel Time: Time between the star of mixing of a polyester resin with the catalyst, and the point at Uibich the liquid phase changes to a viscous state Gait: Fine-grained material impregnated onto the ‘outer surface ofthe epory coating, which improves the epoxy-coating bond to cement grout Grout Sock: A geo-textle encasement around all or partof the ground anchor length, used to contol grout loss in certain highly permeable ground condition. Holiday: A discontinuity ina coating that isnot die- cemible o a person wit normal or comacted vision, Horizontal Anchor: Any prestressed anchor, which is placed at a elope within 0.1 rad (§ degrees) ofthe horizontal Initial Set: A doaree of stifening of he grout mur lose than the final $0, indicating the me in hours ‘and minutos required forthe grout to stiffen sul: ently to est, 10 an established degree, the pene tration of a weighted test needle (Vicat, ASTM cin), LiR-Off: Checking the load (ito load) inthe ten= {don at any speciied time withthe use of a hycrauiic jack, by iting the ancharhead ofthe bearing plato Lock Off Load: Tho prestressing free in an anchor Jmmeciately after transferring the lo from the jack to the stressing anchorage. Momory: The tendency of seven-wiro prestressed ‘rand to retain the poston in which it has previous- |y been, such as on @ rel or spool Non-Cohesive Salle: Moteral that is generally non plasic. Patching Material: A liquid two-part epoxy used to repair damaged coating areas, Permanent Anchor: Any prestressed! anchor fr por- ly defined as having at least a te. Performance Test: An incremental, oylc test load ing of an anchor, wherein the total movernent ofthe anchor at each increment, including AL is recorded. Pressure Fitration: The expression of water from a cement-based grout under the application of pres ute, rough a permeable medium. In anchor work, this fitraton is facilitated by tho existonco of into: stios in the srand 2s well as the natural permeabi- iy ofthe surrounding ground. Primary Grout: Portland cement based grout that is injected into the drill hole prior to or ater the insta lation of the anchor tendon to allow the tendon to transfer load to tho surrounding ground along the bond length of the tendon. (Also known as anchor (rout) Polyester resins are also used in place of portland cement grou in certain circumstances, Proof Test: incremental loading of an anchor, ‘wherein the total movement of the anchor at each increment is recorded. Paling Head: Temporary anchoring device behind the hydra jack during testing ana stressing Relaxation: The decrease of stress or oad with time ‘while the tendon is held under constant stain Residual Movement: The non-elasic (nonrecover- able) movernent of an anchor measured duting load testing at return to the Alignment Load Rosin Cartridge: Package containing rosin with flor ‘material and a separated catalyst (hardener) Restressable Anchor Heed: An anchor head that permits the anchor load, throughout the ile ofthe Stueture, to be measured by If-off and adjusted. Rheology: The study ofthe deformation and flow of materials. ACI defines rheology as the science ‘deallng with flaw of materials, incucing studies of deformation of hardened concrete, the handling aed placing of freshly mixed concrete, and the behavior of sluries, pastes, and the like, ‘Safely Factor: Tho ratio of the utimate capacity to the working load used forthe design af any compo ent or interface ‘Secondary Grout A orland coment grout that injected into the cri hole within the ree sessing lngth ofthe tendon fr coresion protection orfoad transfer ‘Sheath: A smocth or corugated pipe oF tube pro- tecting the prestressing steel against corrosion, ‘Spacer: A device to separate elements ofa mutiple- ‘element tendon to ensure ful bond development of ach prestressing steel slement “Temporary Anchor: Any prestressed anchor or tem porary use, generally defined as having a service lle less than 28 months, Tendon: The anchor assembly consisting of pro sessing steel, spacers, anchorage, corresion pro- tection, bond breaker and centralizes. ‘Tendon Bond Length: The length ofthe prestressing toe thats bonded to the grou ‘Test Load (TL): The maximum load to which the anchor is subjected during testing, ‘Thixoropy: The property of a matoral thet enables ito siflen ina shortuime while at rest but to acquire 8 lower viscosity when mechanically agitated, the process being reversible Transition Tube: A common sheath that is insert ed into the top ofthe flua grout and sealed to the trumpet Trumpet: Device to prove corrosion protection in the transton length from the anchorage tothe free srossing length.Unbonded Ancher: Anchor In which the free stress= ing length remans permanently unbonded to the surrounding ground or structure. Upward Soped Anchor: Any prestessed anchor, ncned este than 0.1 rac dogrees) above he horizontal. ‘Wedge: The device that transters the presressing force in the strand to the wedge plato Wedge Plate: The device that holds the wedges of ‘multsvand tendons and transfers the anchor force to the baaring pate. ‘Wedge Seating Loss: The loss of olongation a6 a wedge slides ino the tapered wedge hole during lack Figure 2.1 shows the most important components ‘of en anchor. Figure 2.1 Typical components of an anchor RECOMMENDATIONS 3.0 SPECIFICATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES ‘AND SUBMITTALS 34 Specifications ‘The thvee types of specications most commonly sed for rock and soil anchor work are: 3.41 Prescriptive Speciiations ‘The onnor describes specific procedures that must be followed. These may not necessarily fuily define the objective of the work. 3.12 Performance Specications ‘The contractor assumes greater control over oer tain design andior constuction procedures but ‘must demonstrate to the owner through testing ‘andircertication tha the final product moots the specified project performance citera, 31.3 Open Spectications These leave the scope and design of the instals- tion completely up 10 the anchor contractor. This, method is especialy common for securing bids on temporary anchor work. The responsibilty for design and performance is placed entirely on the contractor. Open specifications are not recom- mended for permanent anchor applications. Tho Cearrasion protection requirements must always be specified by the owner 32 Responsibities The contract documents must clearly descrive the respective responsibilities of the owner, designer fad contractor. Prior to commencing the work, the contractor shall demonstrate to the satistction of the ewer that he has sufcient resources and expe- tience, both organizationaly and individually, to per- form the workin accordance wit the specifications ‘lst of the major tasks to be performed on an ‘anchor projec is shown in Table 3.1, The responsi- ble party foreach task must bo clearly identified anc ‘mutually agreed upon a the eatest pint in the con- tracing process.The process of continous comm nication betweon al the parties involved, regardless COMMENTARY. C3. SPECIFICATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND SUBMITTALS C31 Specifications CALA. Presstiptive Specifications When prescriptive specications are used, the ownet responsible for the satisfactory performance ofthe 95 tem, The sonteacor is responsible for satsjing the etl requirements of the specieations 3:12. Posformance Specifications Tie method allows and encourages the cntractoe opr vide 4 competitive andior innovative anchor system design within the framework of the overll design requirements The espnsibities fo the work are shared tetween the owner andthe contractor well-defined eat- ezories C313 Open Specifications “This metho allows the contractor to slet the mast eo omic anchor sytem and hecps change orders toa min 32 Responsibilities The allocation of responsibilities wil depend ypon the type of specification and whether dhe work is temporary for permanent The instalation of anchors requis spe- aed equipment, knowledge techniques and expect ‘workmanship. Not every deal of the work en be speci- fed, and not every potential problem can be anticipated. Therefore, only contractors who ae thoroughly expe enced in anchor work should be slectedRECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY. of the allocaon of responsibities and tasks, is 38 Submitals (C33. Sobmitae fessontia i achieve a result of suitable quai. Clear aga ane ‘communication aad close cooperation are particu larly important in fe start up phase of a project. In ‘addition, tmely preparation and review of all submit tals is always benafical in any project. Table 3.1. Tasks and responsibilties to be allocat- ed foranchor works ‘Site invesigation, getechrca invesiga- 1. | ion and interpretation, ste survey and ‘olen work resrictons Decision o use an anchor sytem, require iments fr 8 pre-canrac esting program, 2. | ype of specification and procurement mare 24 months) | Aggressivity Aggressivity Aggressive | Non-Aggressive Not Known or eee | ‘Aggressive Now-sao Glass 1 No Protection Protection. class 1 Consequences Protection of Failure Serious Not Serious classt_ _Incremental Protection In Place Costs Inexpensive Expensive class 1 class 1 Protection Protection aRECOMMENDATIONS. 5.2 Corrosion Protection Selection Criteria 52.1 Service Life Service lif is used to distinguish between a tem- porary and @ permanent anchor. For corrosion protection censidorations, permanent anchors have a serie life greater than 24 months. 5.2.2 Aggressivty ofthe Anchor Environment Tost andior iid observations are used to classify the aggressivy ofthe anchor environment Ground shall be considered aggrossive ft has ‘one or more ef the folowing ApH val fess than 4.5 ‘A resist less than 2000 obrn-cm Any sues present + Stay curents present + Has caused chemical attack to other buried ‘concrete structures In adiaton, aggressive atmospheric conditions eed to be considered. ‘The ground Is considered aggressive to Type 1 portland coment ithe water-sluble culate (SO,) content of the soll exceeds 0.10 percent by ‘weight “Type portiand cement shal be used the sulfate contents between 0.1 and 0.2 percent and Type V cement shall be used if the sulfate content ‘excveds 0.2 forcant or if nearby conerete ruc: tures have experienced sulfate attack ‘The site invesigaton chal identity neorby, buried concrete sirustures, which have suffered corr sive or chemical stack For permanent ground anchors, aggressive con: tions shall be assumed i the aggressivy of the (ground hes net heen quantified by testing COMMENTARY (€52 Corrosion Protection Selection Criteria C521 Service Life TE the service feof temporary anchor is ily to be cxtended beyond 24 months the Ovner/Engineer should ete the need for atonal corrosion potston for ‘he tendon, eyo that lel indicated in Figure 5.1. (652.2 Aggresivity of the Anchor Environment Aggressvty ofthe ground is inluenced by: 1. Resistivity ofthe sil, 2. pl value ofthe si 3. Chemical composition ofthe ground water and the sol or rack, 44. Water and ar permeability of he ground, CGrounévater detation (table or Huctsting) and 6, External electrochemical ane physical factors {longline and say-curent corrosion sytem), I sulfates are presen they could attack portland cement rou Suliteattack on cement grout sassuned tobe the fame a for concrete There have been no recorded anchor fares resting ftom chemical atack on porta cement gro RECOMMENDATIONS. For temporary appicatons, the environment shall be considered aggressive if ane or more ofthe fo- lowing conditions exist: 4. Saltwater or tidal marshes 2. Cinder, ash or sag fils 4. Organic fs containing humic aid 4, Peat bogs 5. Acid mine or industrial waste 522.1 Soll Resistivity Electrical esstviy of the sol shal be determined (on representative soil samples using the soil box ‘method described in ASTM G 57, or by AASHTO Test Procedure T 288. The resistivity shall be otormined for the soil at the natural moisture content, and when itis saturated with ditiled water. The lowest resistivity shall be used when etermining the anchor corrosion protection requirements. 5222 oH Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) ofthe sil shall bbe measured using the method described in Ret 18 or according to AASHTO T 289, For rock anchors, the pH value ofthe groundwa- ler in the bond zone shall be measured. 5223 Chemical Properties of the Soll and ‘Groundwater ‘The presence of sulfides shall be determined by 3 field test using the method described by AWWA C 105, A laboratory test, according to AASHTO T 290, shall be required to determine the soluble sulfate conten, 2 COMMENTARY. (5.2.2.1 Soil Resistivity Ressivty testing isthe simplest method of evaluating soil aggresiviy Tests are made on samples immediately after removal from the fekd-sampling device, oF in the laboratory on samples, which were sealed in aici con taints for shipment and storage. The samples should be taken fom the eifferent stata slong the tendon bond length Horing and recovery techniques should prevent sample contamination from wash horing water 3222 oft Ref 19 describes method of determining the approx sate pH of sole in the field, This method sneaares the potential diference betwen an antimony cecuode and copper sulfate reference electode both in contact with the sel sample This tests performed on fesh soil samples as soon as they ate recovered AASHTO T 289 describes a latest for determining the PH ofa sil sample This tet can be used for soils whose pH wll not change the sample expose to the atts here a allowed to dr. Coarse grained soils may damage the pH meter, 522.3 Chemical Properties of the Soil and Groundwater AWWA 105 describes sodium azide iodine qualitative tested to detec slides Hoge slice gas isevohied when 3 percent sodium azide a a. N (norm) idine solution sade wo si containing slides. rote eg stnell or effervescence indicates the presence of slides, AASHTO 290 describes la text to determin the sl ble alfa ton content, Soil samples uncontaminated by swash water shouldbe recovered and placed in sealed con ‘aint for storage and shipment to te laboratoryRECOMMENDATIONS 52.24 Physical Properties of the Soil and (Groundwater ‘The soi shall be completely described in accor dance with the “Uniied Soll Ciassification ‘System in ASTM D 2487, The groundwater level ‘shall be measured and fuctuatons in the lev! shall be recorded. 5.2.25 Potential Stray Curent Sources Existing impressed current and sacrificial anode cathodic protection systems in the vicinity ofthe anchors shall be ideniiied. Potential sources of stray diect currents shal also be noted. (See 54.7) 5.2.3 Consequences of Failure It the failure ofthe anchors could result in serious consequences, such as los oe or serious eco- ‘nomic impact, then the enti tendon length shall be protected by @ Ciass I protection (See Section 5.3). 5.24 incremental InPlaco Costs Cass | protection shall be provided for permanent ‘anchors ragerdless of ground aggressiviy, te ‘additonal protection does not significantly inraaso the cost ofthe work 53 Corrosion Protection Requirements 5.3.1 Permanent Anchors “The principles of protection are the same for bar ‘or stand tendons, but the detals may vary. The corrosion protection must be compatible with the tendon, cling method, tendon insertion method ‘and grouting methods selected. COMMENTARY fof the Soil and 652.24 Physical Properties Groundwater “The geotechaical report should inate whether the sil isa natural depositor ail te location of nearby mining operations, and the proximity of the site to chemist pnts o ches storage areas. C5225, Potential Stray Current Sources Dineetcurtent lve tanemission lines electric power generating stations always welding operations mine iransportition equipment and grounded industtat ‘equipment are potential sources of stray det curren 524 Incremental In-Place Costs When Clas Protection doesnot require changing the insllaton method sgnifcamly then the ational pro- tection will normaly ot increase the cost of the anchor signifcandy. However, 4 change in instalation method nay appreciably increse the cst of the anchor poy coating may provide additional protection along the bond length ofa Clas I prtecte bar tendon with- ‘uta significant cost increase. Epoxy apie to bars has holidays and is ot considered to bea Clas Protection. 653 Corrosion Protetion Requirements 6531 Permanent Anchors RECOMMENDATIONS, ‘Thate are two classes of corrsion protection (Clas | Protection - A Class | Potocton system lencases the presiressing steel inside a plastic fencapsulation filed with ether grout oF corrosion inhibiting compound ‘An epoxy-coated strand tendon grouted ino a dei hole that successfully passes the water pressure testin Section 7.5 satisfies the requiromonts fora Class | Protection system, (Cass Il Protection - A Ciass I Protection system fencases the prestressing steel over the ‘foo length end relies on the cement grout to protect the prestessing steel along the bond length Epoxy coating on bar tendons (See Section 5.4.6) provides additional protection and fenttances the Class I Protection, but does not ‘qualify as a Class | Protection. Table 5.1 outines the requirements for each class of protection. Figures 5.22, 5.2b, 5.2c, 5.3a and 5.3b show the essential components of leach class of protection ‘Table .1 Corosion Protection Requirements COMMENTARY (Class Protection is often referred t as a encapadted tendon or double corosion protected tendon (Clas I Protection i fen refered to 382 grout pretest: tendon or a single coosion protected tendon. ‘CORROSION PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS: Covert expoeed cuss "ANCHORAGE FREE STRESSING LENGTH TENDON BOND LENGTH = carosionniig compound shea |* Growiilod encapsision, | ENcapsutaTeD ‘Trenpet |" sreasedin rout oF o TENDON + Grad sheath, oF + pouycoatad sand un * Greuencased open: coatod sand 9 sc. stl wao-pestue ested he fon suoosstiy veterpresere ested il fate 1 GRour prorecreo| Tero | , TENDON © corrosion ning compound fied sheath Hest svn steve, or Coveritexpaced | + Gieu-encazed epry costed ta tnd, oF + Polytron for ly bond onde in ean ek wh nen-ggesae ounstr Grout Pts ein n sours ‘round wate 53.2 Temporary Anchors ‘Temporary anchors normaly donot requiecoro- sion protection. (Figure 5.4) A Class Il Protection without an anchorage cover shall be required fr temporary anchors, when the environments aggressive or when the servic ife exceeds 24 monthsett Figure 5:2c Class | Protection -Epoxy-Coated Strand Anchor Figure 52a Class | Protection - Encapsulated Strand Anchor Chess | Protection - Encapsulated Bar Anchor snrumaresecToUn nme, Figure 53a” Clas I Protection - Strand Anchor Figure 5.20, Ge ss » jsonFigure :3b Chass Il Protection - Bar Anchor (Optional: Epory Coating for Enhanced Protection) Figure 54 -"No" Protection Anchor RECOMMENDATIONS ‘54 Corrosion Protection Details ‘Sacrificial metal coatings shall not be applied tothe prestressing stool, but may be used for protecting bearing plates, trumpets or anchorage covers. 54.1 Anchorage Protection The corrsion protection in the vicinity of the anchorage shall be carefully designed and con- stucted to protect the tendon. Anchorage protec- tin for bare and epoxy-coatod tendons shall be the same, 54.1.1 Anchor Heads ‘Anchor heads shal be encased by at least 50 mm {2 of concrote or shal be protected with a cor resion inhibiting compound filed, or groutfiled cover. For nonrestressable anchorages, grout shall be used. For re-siressable anchorages, @ corrsion-nhibitng compound must be used. A wateright seal between the bearing plate and cover is necessary for corrosion inhibiting com- ound filed covers. 54.1.2 Bearing Plates Bearing plates and steel covers for exposed anchorages shall be galvanized or coated with @ durable, ulvavolet resistant coating, Exposed Plastic covers shell be made from UV-stabilized mato 54.1.3 Trumpets Tho trumpet shell bo securely fastened to the bearing plate with a watertight connection and shall overlap the unbonded length cottasion pro- tection by at least 100 mm (4 in). The trumpet shall be ong enough to accommodate installation Tolerances and movements of the structure and the tendon during testing and stressing, COMMENTARY. (€54 Cocrsion Protection Details Galvanizing reduces the strength of the peestesing test and may cans yerogen embrittlement, especialy during the liquid phase ofthe grout. Zinc als dsoles easly in highly acid or highly abaline environment Inmpresied current of sctfcial anode cathodic protec: tion mods are ako not recommended for protecting fnchor tendons, beause of concerns for hydrogen ‘nbitlement and lack of long-term ela. C54 Anchorage Protection (OF the few anchor corrosion flutes known, most have ‘occurred on unprotected tendons near the anchorage (Bef. 11). Is important to properly det his region ‘der the anchorage, Poor quit grout wil allow are sive elements to attack the prestressing ste 54.11 Anchor Heads Corssion inkiiting waxes have been developed for il ‘ng. anchorage covers and trumpets of reseesstble anchorages. These wats are stable, semisolid at normal temperatures, Some waxes require heating inorder 0 place them. ‘Waxes appear to be a preferable corrson-inhibiting compound for filing covers and trumpets. As of 2004, the PII has not developed specifications for corrosion Inhibiting wanes, Field trials need tbe conducted #0 demonstrate the suitability of specific produc, 54.1.3 Tramps Thetrompet provides the continuity between the anchor age coroson protection and the unbonded length corr sion protection,RECOMMENDATIONS. “Trumpets used wth strand tendons shal be fong enough to enable the tendon to make a tration from the diameter of the tendon along the free sessing length tothe diameter ofthe tendon at the wedge plate without damaging the encapsula- fiom ortho trumpot, ‘The outside of ste! trumpets shall bo protected from corrasion, A minimum 50 mm (2 i.) grout oF ‘concrete encasement, galvanizing, coal tar epoxy Or fusion bonded epoxy coating is 2 suitable means of protedion. ‘The trumpet shall be completly filed with 8 cor rosion inhibiting compound or grout. For non Festressable anchorages, grout shall be used. For re-stressable anchoragas, a corosion-nhibit- ing compound shal be used. Compounds may be placed any time during construction. Grout must be placed after the anchor has boon tested and sessed tothe ockoff load “Trumpets filed with a corosion-nhibiting com- pound shal have a permanent seal between the trumpet and the free stressing length corrsion protection. “Trumpets filed with grout shall have a temporary seal between the trumpet and the free stessing length corrosion protection or a transition tube. & seal is not requ if the trumpet fis tightly over the free stressng length corrosion protection oF transition tube foro minimum of 0.3 m (1) 5.2 Free Stressing Length Class | and Class i Protection ‘A permanent foe stessing length shall be pro- tected by 8 contosion inhibiting compound or grout filed sheath, or 2 heat shrink sleeve intorally Coated with a mastic compound. The cortosion- inhibiting compound shall completely coat the ten= on elements fil the vold between thom and the sheath and fil he interstices between the wires of “Faire strands, Provisions shall be made to retain the compound within the sheath. ‘The corosion protective sheath surrounding the Unbonded length of the tendon shall be long rm tr irre iter eee ee ee ee eee COMMENTARY. ‘Coal ta epoxy and fasion bonded 100 Moga Ohm. Inappropriate est methods may lead to erroneous resis Environmental Factor, sich at moisture, may alo skew resus. Present experience with electri slation testing in the Unite States s cute lite ‘This section focuses solely on the design af anchors ‘and not on the design of anchored structures. The ‘overall stablty of an anchored structure should be Gelermined by an experienced enginoer. This analy ‘3 must consider the system's factor of safoty fenchor spacing, minimum tree length, the abilty of the anchored stucture to withstand the applied ‘anchor loads, group action, soil and reck profi, sol fend rock strength, groundwater conditions, the (geometry of the structure or ste and the conse- ‘quences ofthe flare of a single anchor. 62 Feasibility of Anchors Prior to designing anchors, an investigation must be ‘made to dotermine if anchors aro feasible. Consideration should be given te: underground ‘obstructions, utes the aggressity ofthe ground ‘and the groundwater, the condition and properties of the rock or sol inthe bond zone, access to the ste, potential damage to the stucture being anchored, stray eloctcal currents, right of way and easoment limitations, and effects on adjacent structures 63 Design Objectives ‘The design objective for anchors shal be wo ative at ‘safe, econamical systems thal meet the acceptance ‘teria (Section 8) ding intial tensioning end that Perform satisfactorily throughout the ie of te projec. In the design of anchors, consideration must be Given to the specific site conditions, corrosion pro- {ecton, constriction means, methods and materia, ‘2nd the performance requirements, In most instances, project design may consider either large number of low capaci anchors ora smaller num be of high capacity anchors. The inal choice should take into consideration the design economics ofthe overall structure, a well a sbi. (C62 Fenty of Anchors Anchors located ia highly facture cock or rok contain ing age vide may equite the contractor to employ spe «il driing and grouting techniques (Section 7) ‘The load carying capacity of anchors may be relatively low in soils wth Standard Penetration Tet (SPT) valves les than 10 (for son-cabesve sis, or witha gudity index pester than 0.2 (fr cahesive sis), Location ofthe bond length of anchors wih sanitary landfilsor weak organic oii nt recommended In situations wher setdcment may cabs bending in the ten lon, sch a il has place around or abow afer installa ‘ion of the anchor the foling dts are segs # Useof strand tendon + Insulation of the tendon in an empry conduit of salient size for expected settlement and sficient steength forthe overburden lod CConsuittion with an experienced anchor contractor can el wel information on dhe fealty of anchors in a cae of uncertainty. 63 Design Objectives A unique aspect of prestressed anchors, compared to other ictal elements, hat the load carrying caps iy of each anchors verified by load testing after install tion and prior to being placed in serve. CConstacton means, methods an materials can have a significant impact on the load careying capacity of anchors. (Se Section 7)RECOMMENDATIONS 64 Goneral Considerations 6.4.1 Temperary versus Permanont Anchors ‘The design of temporary and permanent anchors Gitfrs primariy in the approach to eorosion pro: tection. Temporary anchors will generally require less extensie corrosion protection than wll per= ‘manent anchor systems. 642 Fuly Bonded, Parely Bonded or Unbonded proto The Engineer shall determine whether the free stressing lenath of an anchor shall be fuly bond- 4, paraly bonded or unbonded tothe surround- ing ground er structure Generally, the free length should remain unbond- ed after stressing, exoapt to satisty specie sruc- ‘ural requirerons Figure 6.1 Parially bonded tendon COMMENTARY. 5:4 Genera Considerations (C681 Temporary versus Permanent Anchors Permanent anchors often require age dil hole iam ster se compared to temporary anchors to accommodate scdd cortosion protection requirements 66.42 Fully Bonded, Partially bonded, oF Unbonded Anchors ally bonded fre stessing lengths force the anchor 0 strain with the sractare, Unbondd ie stressing lengths allow a more fable performance ofthe anchor and the averaging of sructre stains resting in es load change in individual anchors. Partially bonded fee lengths provide redundant losd leaner atthe anchorage while tthe same time leaving certain amount of unbonded free length. (Figure 6.1) “Typically uly bonded and partly bonded fe lengths are only applicable in massive concrete tutes (dams, diaphragm wall T panels et). RECOMMENDATIONS ‘When fly or patlly bonded tendons are intond- ed for redundancy of the anchor heed, the upper bona length must be designed for adequate grout to structure bond and tendon to grout bond. 6.4.3 Restressable Anchor Systems In otder for anchors to be restressable, the free longth of the anchor must not be bonded fo the surrounding grout. Ha restrssablo systom is desiree, provisions must be made at the anchor head 10 allow for re-stressing, ‘Wedges shall not be allowed to release and ro- atip the strand during load adjustments, (6.444 Destessable and Removable Anchor Systems [Alteran anchor has fulfilled its design intent, spe Cal conditions may require is destessing or even removal. Destrossing may be accomplished by use of @ wedge plate that allows desiressing, by Luntweadig of the nut on & bar tendon, or by the controlled application of heat tothe prostessing sleet COMMENTARY Fally and partially honded anchors equie that grouting be accomplished in two stage - the fist to grout the bond tome and the second to rout the fee lent fier the tnchor hasbeen stress a tested Partly bonded fc stesing lengths canbe designed by terminating the bord breaker at some depth below the anchor head and limiting the primary grovt 10 level below the top of bond breaker This upper bond leagl is ‘hen bonded to the structure by secondary rout For tendon to grout bond inthe upper bond length, the depth to the top of bond breaker is similar to transfer length in pre-stesed precast concrete, whichis presented in ACL 3I8 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (C63 Restresable Anchor Systems Generally, anchor loads should not need to be adjusted ding thei service life. Resessable systems maybe required when a significant, portion ofthe lock offload may be lest gained dc to ‘movement of the ground andor the structure Load adjustment of strand anchors is typically accom- plished by liting the anchor head in its entirety and inalling or rernoving sims. An option isto provide a ring nu around the anchor hea, which lows the post tion ofthe anchor head ta be adjusted. ‘The loadin br tendons iadjed by turning the anchor (C644 Destressable and Removable Anchor Systems Removable anchors may be requiced in situations such as vwhere easements cannot be obsaind. ‘When removal ofthe anchor tendon snes considera ‘on shouldbe gen to remove ony thee stessng eth, Removal of anchor tendons has tational proved dif cal and eypnsie and canbe justified only in ae ass Here selecting removable anchor, the overall impact on the planned construction sequence and details such as flor slab installation and waterproofing of the structure must be considered, Even if designed fr, some anchors may sess emoval in practice.RECOMMENDATIONS 65 Site Evaluation Piior to desigr, a geotechnical site investigation ‘hall be performed. Such studies shall include an ‘evaluation of te ste geology and an interpretation ‘ofthe rack andor sail borings, ‘The geotechnical ste investigation shall determine the nature ofthe block of greund that Is inluanced by, or that influences the intallation and behavior of ‘archers. Borings shal be located to identi the geolegle pro- file arc those strata, which control the assessment of overall stably and the design of the anchors. Borings shall also be located to determine the sub- ‘surface condtins within the anchor bond zane. The dopth of borshales shall bo chogon to allow explo- ration of the bond zone and at least 1.5 m (5 f) beyond to ensure that a known geologic formation is proved and thal no undorying stratum exists which ‘may advorsely affect the design, ‘Tre sol samples and rock cores shall be preserved {nd made available for inspection and interpretation by al partes, ‘Static and artesian water lavels shall be measured ‘end recorded, asomonts oud forthe installation of anchors shall be obtained prortocommencementofthe work. Ccal Stuctues and utes shal be located and denies, 85.1 Rock Anchors: For rock anchors, core drilling to explore the rock {quay 15.2 minimum requirement. Water prossuro testing of czre holes should be performed at COMMENTARY. Removal ofthe fre ssn an be accomplished by ‘©The ws of coupler in bar tendons # Convolled weakening of the strand atthe top of bond zone Removal ofthe entire anchor may be accomplished by: Using a loved bar tendon with «loud transér mechani atthe bottom end + irl out bar tendons + Proprietary lops of strands with dls and short reinforcement, These sll stl elements remain in the ground 65. Site Bvakation ‘rings shoul be located so that the strata profil can be interpolated rather than estapoated from the borehole information. 65.1 Rack Anchors Core drilling 19 recover rock core for anchor design shouldbe performed spar ofthe geotechnical sit iaves- tigation. Cove diling of the anchor bond zane during RECOMMENDATIONS. pth, which ie within the planned anchor bond zane. The rests are used 1 assess the probable feed 10 pregrout the anchor dil holes (See ‘Socton 7.5) 852 Soll Anchors: ‘As 2 minimum for soll anchors, standard penetra- tion tests and sampling shall be porformod at 15 'm (Sf) intervals within each boring end at signi tant changes inthe soll protles. COMMENTARY anchor instalation is typically not performed siti time consuming, duces pout to rock bond and cana ig- nificant os tothe anchor installation, “The folowing data are mot wf forthe design ofa rock anchor ‘© Chassifation of mass and material (grometry and characterises of discontinuities, degre of weath ing des est re, thology) 1 Rock quality designation and recovery percentage + Uncoafned compressive strength ofintct rockand shear strength of weaker rock Unit weight + Groundwater evel + Permeiliy + Agresvty of rock nl ground water ‘The fllowing formation may aso be wif on site speci basis 1 Modulus of Basti of rock mass + Determination of sre currents present ‘Typical spacing for investigating cock borings in the ange of 30060 m (100 19200) depending onthe un. exe ofthe ground, C652 Sail Anchors: ‘The elowing data are most usefil for the design of 501 anchor 4+ Horing logs inching standant penetration andor come pene 1+ Depth to ground water ‘© Classification (gradation, moisture conten, Atterberg limits igidity inden) 1 Shear strength and compres “© Unit weight and relative density ‘+ Permebility ‘+ Agqessvity of sil and ground water ‘+ Determination of tray caren present "ype spacing forthe sil borings iin the range of 15 to 0 (5010 100 The geotechnical report shoul also include an inteepre- lation of the mode of depesition ofthe soi snc his may aise an indication of vera and Interl vaca and Arn grouting conditions.RECOMMENDATIONS. 186 Anchor Capaciy/Safety Factors “The design load for an anchors the maximum entice pated lod to be rested by an anchor during its serv ‘oe He, Ducing design ofthe anchor tse, potent fai- tre mechanisms shal be deed and evaluate. |A separate safely factor shall be chosen for each potential faire mechanism. The factors defined 26 the ratio of the ulimate load holding capacity (or estimated failure load) to the design load. The safe- ty factors shal be chosen considering the accuracy with which the relovant characteristics are known. “The safely factor en the tendon atthe design load shall not be less than 1.67, Therefore, tendons must ‘be designed 30 the the design load isnot more than {60 percentof the spectied minimum tensile strength of the prestressing stel, The 1ookoff lad for tens dons shall be choton based on anticipated time oF ‘activity dependent load changes, but shall not ‘exceed 70 percan of the specified tensile strength of the presiessing stool. The maximum test load shall not exceed 80 percent of the specied min ‘mum tensile strength ofthe prestressing ste ‘The accuracy with which other failure mechanisms can be quantified varies for each project. The designer is required to use judgment in assessing the available information and choosing appropri safety factors, For permanent anhors, @ minimum safety factor of 2.0 should be app tothe groundigrout interface, Strand to grout bond shal be evaluated by stiond bond tests for cr stand manufacture. COMMENTARY (056 Anchor Capacity/Saety Factors ‘The design loud is determined by the design engineer lasing standard design procedures, which incomporate ‘uncertainty an risk associated with dhe work. Any factor of safety inched inthe design loads shouldbe defined so that ts cleey understood and not dupiatd. The eng oer should nat compound various factors of sty when designing an anchored structure ‘The smallest safety fctr is applied 10 te prestesing, steel the properties of which ae best known and docu- rented Flare possible ‘+ Within the ground mass + Atthe groundigrouimerface ‘© At the groutendon andlor the grou/ncapsule tio intertce Within the tea tendon “The lockoff lad may be higher or Tower shan the design Joa. higher lock-off oad can compensate fr relaation ofthe presressing sel and crep i the ground. A Tower Tockaff loa! allows absoehing future load increases, sich 2s load from additonal backl and seismic evens For anchors installed in ground susceptible to creep, the safety factor forthe geoitground interface may need 19 be increase to seduce average working stresses and ep lng term loses within tolerable Limits ecifation ofthis safety Factor tpicaly not done. See Section 8.3.1. Strand from ferent manufacturers has shown ver if- ferent bond properties 10 grout. Stand meeting the Supplementary Requirements ef ASTM A 416 is expeced to have adequate bond capacity. RECOMMENDATIONS 67 Bond Length Design The design guidelines for estimating the load rans- {er capacity in the bond length are basod on fald ‘experience and on ful-scale tests of anchors. This ‘secton only relates tothe design of the bond length ‘and doos not address overal stability requirement, ich wil dctte the overal tendon length Figure 6.2 Anchor Load Transfer Concepts _ [TENDON BONDLENGTH | B| bits Rogen thine E| ote “tie” tates esd <\ ba Seo CO Tee Teton tolls he om a COMMENTARY. (057 Bond Length Design Pre production anchor test programs can be specified to ‘confirm the lad transfer capacity use during design or for contractor design ofthe bond legs. This maybe use ful on projets where a ange number of high capacity anchors willbe insted because the est data can be sed to determine an efficient bond len The Contractor responsible for anchor instalation generally conducts uch text program at the start of construction Performance and crep tests are performed on several anchors. The anchor bn lengths maybe varied to deter. rine bor length ficiency (se Section C8.3.1), These ecommendatons arebused onthe assumption that Joadisusifemlytansfersed from the ground anchor ost the tendon bond legth. However, theoreti and expe rental data show that he bond streses tena uiformly Astute along the bon length during loading (Figure 6.2) For anchor bond lengths in tensa the bond stress Aistrbation unite atl onde a the anchor resists the appli! load near the top ofthe bond length Lil or no eal reaches the bottom. As adetional loud is applied tothe anchor the sun tthe gout to soi interfce may ceaceed the peak stain of the soil or the ultimate bond str atthe interfice. When this occurs, he bon tess along this length reduces to resid vale a the peak bond stress moves down the bond length, For strn ses round, the esi bord ates could be significantly les than the timate bond ses. Increasing the bond length under these conditions i generally ineficen an «an res in sl nceasesin anchor capacity forthe cor- responding increase in bond length “MoutVing the way the tendon ishonded to the grout can increase theefciency of aground anchor. Improved ef- ciency wil esl fom + Extending the unbonded eng of the prestresing stel ascent depth into the bond 2one so that {he bond length is partly losded in compression ‘Inslling an end plate on the prestesing tel so thatthe bond length i leaded in compression 4 Insaling stands with different free sessing lengths within the anchor borehole to more n= fovmnly distribute load trom the tendon to diferent sections of the bond lengthRECOMMENDATIONS. Fr acceptable toon to rout ond, the minimum en- ‘don bond length shal nab loss than 45 m (15) for ASTI A416 strand and 3.0 m (10 f for ASTM A722 ‘Type I bars unless soe provisions ae proved 8.7.1 Rock Anchors ‘The bond length can be estimated fom the follow: ing equation oa Where: 15 = bord length P= design lead forthe anchor meats d= diameter ofthe il hole r= wotkng bond stress along the interface between rock and grout The average ultimate bond stress depends upon the: 1. Shear strength and modus of aastcty of the rock 2, Discontinuits in the rock mass, including the spacing and orientation of bedding planes, joins ane fractures 3, Minerals in the rock, which may “hbricate” the bond zone or reduce the grout strength 4, Method of citing and cleaning the dil hole 5. Dri hole wal roughness 6, Timing betwsen ailing and grouting in soft rocks 7. Init strength ofthe grout COMMENTARY cen fictors fo estimating bond length, which con sider the on-aniform distribution of bond stress, have een proposed Ref. 1. The bond vas shown in Tables 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 already allow for inefficiencies of bond lengths of 60 12m (20 to 40) For anchors where the grout bod i in compression, the esgn should consider whether theres adequate confine ment by the ground for compression loading ‘These minimum lengths have worked succesfully provid that lubricants, tee or ol doesnot contaminate the sel surface especialy for strand. These minimums may ‘eed tobe inrened fo sol anchor, (667.1 Rock Anchors For conventional rock anchors installed in compotnt reek, the bond steses ar typically conceneated a the ‘op ofthe bond length. The maximum strain inthe ten don bond length ascre atthe top of the tendon bond length and may cause a local load seistibution within the rock oF the displacement of a small cone of rock, ‘When this occurs, the peak stress position moves down the tendon bond length. When slestng the elevation of ‘he top ofthe hond length, the designer must consider the resistance o pullout ofthe rock mas, hich also governs tnchor length. The shape ofthe volume of rock mobilized bythe anchor depends an the orientation and frequency of jointing and bedding planes, ‘Most bond lng frac anchors are ess han 10m (35 4). Bond lengths greater than 10 m (35) ae no fl cient, unless special provisions ae taken to tansfe load “hroughout the bond zone tis recommended that grouting be done as con a pos: sible after ding, or anchors in weak or weathered rock masses, pressure outing techniques may be used to succesfully enhance out to rock bond values. The del hole diameter elects the tendon diamte, as well a dling method and equipment. When selecting the working bond stress, the designer should cansder the nature of the anchor application, ‘ations in the rock prope: cers and the nstalation pro RECOMMENDATIONS COMMENTARY 106.1 Type Average Ui Bod Srstes Roto “AVERAGE ULTWATE BOND STRESS-ROCKIGROUT sat MPa PSI Grae 8 Basak Tat 200 Delonte Lines Ze 2007300 Sot eso Tost 159-200 Sar 8rd Sale mia 120-200 Sasha 02-08 wo Secon oat 129-50 Weoharad Sones o-08 100-20 cra ca = Waheed a 78-025 a Corre tea 700-498 8, Grouting methods and pressures, and mic cesigns 8, The bond length ‘The typical values shown in Table 6.1 are not intended for use in final design. Working bond sliesses shall be established on 2 project by-proj- fect basis after review of all avaliable geologic dota, rock cores and previous experience in simi lar conditions Each rock anchor shall be teste in order to verity the load carrying capaciy of the anchor and 10 prejead the tendon (80 Section 8) 6.72 Soil Anchors General Considerations Exieing theoretical and empiical methods for pre- ‘ictng anchor capacity should only be used for pre- Fminary design estimate purposes. The anchor por formance shal be verified by fled-esting e724 ‘Actual bond length dimensions for specifi: design ‘The ultmatebond stessbetween the rock nd the anchor grout can be approximated by using aval of 1% of the Unconfined compeesive strength of the rock, up 19 ‘maximum vue of 42 MPs (60 pi 66:72 Soil Anchors 6572.1. General Considerations ‘Normally the bond length for sel anchow isin the range fof 6-12 m (20-40), Bon ngs greater than 15 (50 fin so are not efficient, unless special provisions are taken to transfer lod throxghout te bond zone.RECOMMENDATIONS loads are dependent upon installation techniques ‘ard shouldbe determined by the contractor, The average utinate bond stress is dependent on the folowing varisbles: 1. Method of tiling, ashing and cleaning of the dil hole 2. Soil propertes 2) Pormoabily b) Donsity ©) Angle of internal ition ¢ 4) Shear stengtr ©) Degree of conselidation 1) Changesof sol properties within the Bond 10) Grain siz distbution 3, Overburdon pressure 4, Hole diameter 5, Grouting methods, osigne 68, Number of post-gruting eyes 7, Tendon corfiguration Minimum bond lengths of 4.5 m (15) are recom- ‘mended fr al ypes of sol 67.22 Cohesive Solls pressures and mix A. Gravity Grout Anchors (Straight Shat) The bond length can be estimated by the folow= Ing equation Ly, = bond length P= design oad forthe anchor m= 314 d= diameter of the dit nolo ‘Ty = Wotking bond stress along the interface betwee sol and grout COMMENTARY In genera, cohesive sie wll requis longer bond lengths than non-cohesive soils. 67.2.2 Cohesive Soils Under rame anchors have bean wed in the as but, for commer and technical reasons re not row routinely Installed and ae no adresse in hese Recommendations ‘The vale of ri sometimes expesed es «function (yp ically 300 50 percent) of the andrained shear strength of the soil Alternatively and more commonly an enpscl ‘ale of 015 1 0.07 MPs (510 ps is wed. a working bond ses (7) st 10 very si cobesie sil, Tested voles for vil anchors constructed inthe US ave ‘ried considerably. Table 6.2 gies some examples or the ukimate bond ses as developed betwen grou and the surrounding so RECOMMENDATIONS B. Pressure Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft “The bond zone is arouted under a pressure typi cally 0.35 MPa (50 ps) or more through a casing ‘or hollow stemmed auger during withcrawal. The effective bond values wil be somewhat higher than for gravity-grouted anchors as a result ofthe application of grout pressure. ©. Post-Groutod Anchors ‘This type of anchor is generally used in cohesive ‘or mixed sols. (S00 7.8.4) 6.7.23. Cohesionloss Sols ‘A. Gravity Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) “This type of anchor may be weated in the same manner as a straight shaft anchor dried in cohe- sive soils, except thatthe allowable working shat ‘ction will commonly be much highor. COMMENTARY. Poot -grouting can incense the loud creyng capacity of stright-shafted anchors by 20 50 percent or more pet phase of post grouting, Tee post grouting phases are encily considered a practical limit 572.3 Cohesonles Site (00710014 MPa (10-20 psi) may be used asa guide value for Typ when the average depth of overburden 45 m (05 for moreat the bond zone location Table 6.2 Typical Average Ullmate Bond Stresses-Cohesive Sols AVERAGE ULTIMATE BOND STRESS-SOILIGROUT ANCHOR TYPE MPa Psi Gravity Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) 0.03 - 0.07 5-10 Pressure Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) = Soft Sity Clay 0.03 - 0.07 5-10 + Sily Clay 003-007 5-10 ~ Sif Clay, Medium to High Plasticity (0.03-0.10 5-15 Very Sif Clay, Medium to High Plasticity 007-017 10-25 = Siff Clay, Medium Plasticity 010-025 15-25 = Vary Sti Clay, Medium Plasticity 014-035 20-50 Very Sil Sandy Sil, Medium Piastisty 028-038 40-55 Noe Actual aes fr pressure grouted anchors depend a the abit to develo pressures in eect Si ypeRECOMMENDATIONS. Pressure Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) Pressure grouted anchors in non-cohesive soil ‘develop capacitiesin excess ofthe load expected ‘rom applying corventional soil mechanics theory Pressure grouting is achioved through the casing ‘oF augor. Overburdon pressure, ange of itera friction, density and grain size of tha sol particles, hole diameter, grou pressuro, grout take, grout ‘composition, and method of drilling are very sig- nificant factors in the development af load camy- Ing capaciy . Post Grouted Anchors Post grouting in cohesionless soils is another ‘method of high pressure grouting COMMENTARY. ‘Asa rough guide, Table 6.3 may be used for aking ‘he ultinate lad for small diameter (75-150 mm) (3 to 6 in) presure grouted (0.35 to 28MP4) (50 to 400 psi) anchors installed in cobesionles sols with a depth of overburden of 45 m (15) oe more Pressure through the auger maybe ited in comparison ‘with that through the casing. Pest-grouting in cohesionless soils not as common asin cohesive so ‘Table 6.3 Typical Avorage Ultimate Bond Stiesses-Cohesionless Soits "AVERAGE ULTIMATE BOND STRESS. SOILGROUT ANCHOR TYPE MPa PSI Gravity Grouted Anchors (Straight Shaft) 007-014 10-20 Pressure Grouted Archers (Straight Sha - Fine-Med. Sand, Med, Danse - Dense 008-038 12-55 Med.-Coarse Sand (w! grave), Med. Dense 0.11066 16-05 Mes! -Coarse Sard (wi grave), Dense Very Danse] 0.25-097, 35-140 Sty Sands 017-041 25-60 Dense Glacial Ti 030-052 43-95 + Sandy Gravel, Medium Dense - Dense 021-138, 31-200 + Sandy Gravel, Dense - Very Dense 028-138, 40-200 Note Actual ates fr pressure roved anchors dapond on the ably a davaoppessures fa OV We RECOMMENDATIONS. 68 Free Stressing Length ‘The free stressing length for rock and soll anchors shallot be less than 4.5 m (158 for strand tendons, and 3.0 m (10) for bar tendons. Longer fee lengths may be required: 1) To locate the bond length @ minimum of 1.5.0 (6M) or 29 percent ofthe wal height, whichev- ‘ris greater, beyond the cial failure plane 2) To locate the bond zone in the appropriate ‘ground and at a sufficient depth to provide the necessary soll overburden pressure 3)To ensure overall stability of the anchoristrucure system 4) To accommodate long-term movements “The fre length may: 1) Be grouted together with the bond length (one stage) 2) Bo grouted in a separate operation (two stages) 3) Remain ungrouted.(teporary anchors ony) 69 Anchor Geometry 6.1 Anchor Spacing Inthe Bond Length CCenterto-conter spacings between bond lengths shall be at least 4 times their nominal diameter ‘and normally should be greater than 1.2.m (4) I closer spacings are necessary, then staggering the bond lengtns, or varying the incinatons of Adjacent anchors should be adopted. 6.92 Dill Hole Diameter The dil hole diameter shal be sized to provide a ‘minimum of 13 mm (05 in.) grout cover over the tendon and its corrosion protecton, ‘The dei hole diameter for multplo-lement ten: ons shall be lage enough so thatthe area of pre stressing strand within the dil ole does not ‘exceed 15 percent ofthe total area of the hol. COMMENTARY. (C68 Free Stresing Length The minimum stesing length cecommended ito pre sent signicant subsequent red Aue wo seating losses. shims placed below the wedge pate ‘an compensate for these loses. For more information, the designer should conte the anchor tendon supplier fons in transfer load Single ge eromting may rs in Had transfer show the ‘bond aon, patil for age diameter dil ks (> 150 rm) in ine grain sos, ingle stage rong le in ‘optimum comity ofthe rout cover for correson roe: tion parpoue and wil prevent psubleclpee ofthe dil ole and subsequent surtiesetlements, isthe mes co ‘mon and economical method fo consrtng i anchors. €69 Anchor Geometry (€69.1. Anchor Spacing Inthe Bond Length “The iment ofthe miniotum separation of ond lengths is to prevent anchor load trans interaction and physical intersection che to driling deviations 6692. rill Hole Diameter [No minimum grout cover can be ascued for resin anchors due lo their method of installation, The purpose ofthe ais given is o ensure prope grout cover for adequate laa taster and corrosion protection. The sizeof the wedge plate, especially for epoy-coted stand, can equa larger dil hoe ow the wedge pate ‘wallow forthe splay ofthe strands nt the wedge pleRECOMMENDATIONS 6:3 Overburden Depth ‘The Designer shall ensure that there is sufficient ‘overburden sitess to develop the sol-o-grout bond sass used, 8.94 Anchor clinaion ‘Anchors canbe installed at any inclination, except that the range of +0.1 to -O.1 rad (+5 to -5 degrees) from the torzontal should be avoided. Horizontal and upwards sloping anchors require specialized grouting techniques, 6.410 Tendon Accessoies 6.10.1 Anchorage The anchorage shall comply with the require: ments set frth in Section 4.3, Bearing plates shal be designed to adequately transfer loads from the tendon to the structure ‘Tho bending stess in the plato shall not excoed the yield strength ofthe bearing plate steel when 2 toad equal t0 85 percent of the spectod min- ‘mum tensile strength ofthe tendon is applied Bearing plates bearing on concrete shall be designed in accordance with PTI Ref. 2. Bearing plates bearing on see! pates or wales shall be ‘signed for exrene fiber bending stress loss than yield etrength of stel bearing plate at 5% specified minimum tensile strength of the tendon. 6.10.2 Encapsulation For an encapsulated multielement tendon, the ‘encapsulation shal be sized to limit the tendon ‘area to 20% of the a’ defined by the inne diam- fer of the encapstation. Special grouting tech- riques and grout materals may be required to provide satisfactory penetration of grout around the strands. For ba tendons, the inside clameter | : COMMENTARY ‘Care shouldbe taken to ensure that grout tubes lft i lace do not occupy significant lange percentage ofthe svaiable cross-sectional area ofthe hoe 669.3 0verburden Depth Safcient overburden preture is requted to prevent out leaking during pressre grouting and to provide the Ives sol preseute to develop the anchor capacity The load carrying capacity of anchors insted in cobe Sones soils nay be adversely affected if the overburden ‘ver the bond length is us than 45m (159) 6694 Anchor Inclination Nominal hora anchors may be dificult o property inal and grt xcept for resin anchors, presae grout tx anchors in coarse-grained sls and where pressurized rout socks are used. Concers withthe grouting include ‘r0ut coming out ofthe hole, and bleed development at {he crown ofthe hok | RECOMMENDATIONS ofthe encapsulation shall be atleast 10 mm (04 In.) lager than the nominal diameter ofthe bar. 6.10.3 Spacers and Centralizers Spacers and centralizere ace requied for both permanent and temporary anchors except as Poted under Section C4.5, Spacers and centralz- ‘fs, both external an intemal to the encapeula- tion, shall be sized to permit te fee flow of grout ‘and not to cause bleed pockets andlor sogroga- tion of the grout. Spacers shall be dosignod to provide adequate grout cover and bond ofthe ten- {on elements tothe surounding grat. ‘The lowermost spacer centralizer shal be located ‘not more than 1.5 m & from the tp ofthe anchor tendon, and then 3 m (10) or lesson center 6.104 Grout Socks “The diameter ofa grout sock shall be sufcient to ‘expand atleast 50 mn (2 in.) beyond the dil hole in the uninstalled condition 6.11 Grout tA Design ‘The grout mix used for rock and soil anchors shall be purmpable and provide a strength of atleast 21 [MPa (3,000 psi) atime of strossing For permanent anchors, the grout mix shall have bleed less than 2 percent ‘The ype of cement that is Selected for grout that wil bb in contact wit ho ground shall ake into account the known or possible presence of aggressive sub stances. Sol samples may be necessary toe the aggressiviy of the sol. (See Section 5.2.2) COMMENTARY (€6.10.3 Spacers and Cenraiers Spacers help ensure that mi-element tendons wil lly Trad to the grout. Closer centrslizer spacing may be practi for ges, ‘mulstrandincined tendons. 6.10.4 Grout Socks Dilfecot fabrics have iferent Filtration characteristics. The amount of firation wil ako depend onthe govt prssureand the cement ype. Out of ground tess canbe ‘useful to understand the performance of a rout sock. ‘Grout wcks permit tendon ta deel plot resistance withthe ground only by mechanical otetock withthe deformations of the borehole wall. Bond, devloped through ground o grout adhesion cannot be relied upon in dsign o performance, (66.11 Cement Grout Mix Design Aeat cement grout made with a w/c ratio of 04 10 045, by weight and Type F cement will easly sais these requirements. For permanent anchors, the grout isan integral pact of the corosion sytem Bled tests in exces of 2 percent may’ be indicative of ‘aces water, andlor inslficient mixing resulting in incomplete hydration, Ether ox both af these phenomena ‘may lend to lowe stength and lower durability. JF significant grout pressures are asd in noncohesve ssl water added tothe cement duting mixing will be squcec out ofthe prt as it attempts to trael ough the sil (pessure fleation). This eats fn an n-pbace rout with a ower water cement ratio than for the groutRECOMMENDATIONS When aggregates or non-potable water lo be used {and in direct contact wih prestressing see, the con- tient materials used shall bo such that te acid soluble chloride fon contont of the grout shall not exceed 0.08% by weight of portland cement 2s ‘measured by ASTM C 1152, "Standard Test Method {or Acid-Soluble Chlorde in Morir and Concrete." Performance charactastics of ero, especialy wien ‘2cclives and acmistus (one oF more) are used, should be fully investigated to determine if there is ‘any adverse interaction and deleterious effects 6.12 Resin Anchors Polyester resin anchors can be installed in upward, ‘downward, 0° horizontal postion inal types of rack. Resin can provide a reable anchor medium even in ‘weak cock. Standing fesh or salt water inthe dil hole may reduce the pall ut stengts ofthe anchor, ‘compared to dry condone, by about one tid Selection of the resin cartridge diameter shall be based on the manufacturers suggested elation between the dill hole andthe bar diameter, For best results, the diference botween the dil hole diame: ter an bar diameter should be kept toa minimum, The volume of resin inthe cantidges shall be such ‘hat the resin wil flow awards the el hole opening (but not out ofthe hole on overhead applications) ‘during the installation ef the bar tendon, ‘The amount of bond lergth depends primarily on the ‘compressive strength cf the rack. Additional factors affecting the bond lengé are: the cancitons of the All ole wall, diameter retatonship between bar ‘and dil hole, resin type, bar deformations and prop fe anchor instalation (hat is, resin mixing proce sure}. Al design assumptions shal be verted by field ts COMMENTARY. that wns intl injected. or this son, water cement rate a hgh as 0.5 canbe sedi cohesion oil if the efetive grout presutes exceed O4 MP (30 pi, In situ grout maybe weakened if dts with groundva ter prior to setting, The rate of strength gin of grouts cred at very fo in sit temperatures willbe reduced Special grout for low temperature applications, even for installations in permafrost, are available Neat cement grout mited With ASTM C150 cement and potable water doesnot need to be tested for chemistry Since material and material combinations will vary from location to location, the chloe ion content should be ‘diermined by independent analysis of the combined materials used atthe site before grouting operations begin (5:12 Resin Anchors Prestressed rein anchors may ether have resin point tnchorage with rein only i the bond length or may be fully encased. the later ea, slow sting resin cr tries are placed in the fee length, aftr the fst setting, Cross section ofthe tehidon EE, = Modulus of elastic forthe prestressing ste! = Elastic movement (ie., otal anchor movement minus. subsequent residual ‘movement of AL) TL-AL > 833 Proof Tests roof Tests shal bo cerrod out on all production anchors not subjected to a Performance Test. COMMENTARY Figure 8.2 Apparent Free Tendon Length Apparent Free Unitorm Bond Tendon Length Model Apparent ice tendon lng is de equialen length of the tendon that wit she fal load nis alignment load covets length would elongate the sant amounts meas: red in the test. I Figure 8.2, the ates under the loud versus dept diagram divided by Ag*E, sel tothe lastc movement ofthe anchor, The apparent ie length ‘ssumes a uniform rectangular lsd versus depth di tram. Hovever, loud is transfered above and below the bottom ofthe apparent re tendon length. Assuming taniform bond stes, one half of the load is tansferred below ths apparent fc length and one half aove, Even ven is simpliciy, the apparent fee tendon length sa very useful indicator of load tranaer distance along bond length, ‘The ata E modulus ofa long mult strand tendon may be les dan the manicure’ Evalue fora single strand ‘measured over relatively shor gauge length. A reduction inthe manufacturer’ E module value of 305% may be allowed in any il agnosis C833. Proof Tests RECOMMENDATIONS ‘This tests intended to qulekly and economically setermine: 8] Whether the anchor hes sulficient toad cartying capacity, ) That tho apparent fee tondon longth has been saisfactoniy established, anc €) That the rate of eroop stabilizes within the spect limits ‘The Proof Test shall he conducted by ineremen- tally loading the anchor in accordance wath the schedule in Table 8.2. At the Test Load, the oad shall be maintained constant for 10 minutes and {otal movement readings shall then be recorded at 4, 2,3,4,5,6 and 10 minutes after reaching the COMMENTARY Table 82 Proof Test Stops: AL 025 DL 050 DL Test Load. the total creep movement between 1 ‘and 10 minutes excasde 1 mm (0.040 in), the Test Load then shall be maintained for an add- tional $0 minutes and the movement readings shall be recorded at 20, 30, 0, 50 and 60 min- tes. ‘During theoad hold periods the anchor load shall ‘not be allowed to deviate from the test pressure by more than 0.35 MPa (60 psi). Re-pumping back to Test Load will compensste for small ‘movements, hydraulic cil seepage and changes in temperature of the hydraulic ol, The load shall always be returned to the speciied Test Load ‘ror to taking the movement reading atthe spec- ‘Wed interval, The Test Load shall not be exceed- fed during the petiod of observation. “The test data shall be plotted and analyzed as shown in Figures 8.3a and 8.3b. For approx mating the elastic elongation of Proot Tested anchors, the value for the residual movement of ‘adjacent representative Performance Tested ‘anchors shall be deducted from the total move ‘ment measured. When the results of Perlormance “Tests cannot be compared directy to those of Proof Tests, the anchor should be returned to AL alter the 10-minute hold at Test Load and raised ‘again to Lock-Of. This wl permit the determina- tian of residual movement, and 0 calculation of the elastic movement atthe Tes! Load. 075 DL 100 DL 120DL 133 DL [Fest Load] (10 minute Fold) ‘AL (Options) Adjust to Lock-Off Load A comparison of the total movement graphs ofthe Proof Test with those of the Performance Tests (conducted in simile conditions) may allow aditional insight into the loud! iranfer characteristics of the Prof Test anchors The Test Loa shouldbe reached as quickly posse For temporary anchors where ground enitions, loading conditions and installation procedures are sufciet understood, and installation procedures are well com tolled: Proof Tet mastmum loads as low as 1.20 DL ray be appropriate, However, cegardes of how lw the Pro “Test maximum is the Design Load may not exceed 0.6 FouFigure 8.3a Ploting of Poot Test Data a Figure 8.3b Graphical Analysis of Proof Test Data Elastic Movement Residual Movement RECOMMENDATIONS. £8.34 Supplementary Extended Creep Tests ‘Atloast two oxtendd taste shall bo mad on per- manent anchors in soils having @ Plastic Index ‘greater than 20. The Creep Test shall be concuct- 4 by incrementaly loading and unloading the anchor in accordance with the schedule of the Performance Tast, except that at each new load maximum, the load shall be held constant in accordance with the schedule in Table 8.3. ‘The times for reading the creep movements shall be 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,10,15, 20,25, 0,45, 60, 75,90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 min- utes (where appropriate) ‘A load cell shall be required for monitoring changes inthe load during the creep test During the load hold periods, the anchor load shall not be allowed to deviate by more than 0.25 per- cont. the corresponding pressure change is lass than the precision of the pressure gauge; hen @ oad cel shall be required. Re-pumping back to Test Load wll compensate for smal movements, hydraulic ol seepage and changes in tomporature (of the hydraullc oll, The load shall always be retumed tothe spected Test Load prior to taking the movement reading st the specified interval, ‘The Test Load shall nat be exceeded during the petiod of observation. Ifthe creep rate exceeds 2 mm (0.080 in) per log- aithmie eycle, the observation period may be extended in an attempt to determine ifthe creep Fate will iminih to the 2 mm (0,080 in.) per loge- rithmic cycle of ime. ‘The family of creep curves shall be plotied as in Figure 8.4 on a sem-logaithmic chart 84 Lock Off Procedure ‘Ate tsting has been completed, the load in the tendon shal be such that the specified Lock-Off Load and Lit-Off Load will have been transferred ater seating losses (wedoe seating). “The magnituce ofthe Lock-Of Load shal be spoctioa by the engineer, but shallot exceed 70% of Fy COMMENTARY. (6834. Supplementary Extended Creep Tests Extended rsp ets normaly ae nt performed on rock anchors since they donot exhibit time dependent move sents However, anchots stale in very decomposed or gillaccos rocks may exhibit significant creep behavior ‘Table 8.3 Supplementary Extended Creep Test oad ‘Observation Period (min) AL 10 02500 70 05001 30 07501 30 10000 6 12000 oo 133 0b 300 CAA LocksO#F Procedure ‘The tendon is loaded tothe Lock-Of Toa and then the jack am i further exende hy an amount equivalent 10 the anticipated seating losses, par to Lock-Ofl. This ‘mount isthe product of many factors andl needs caf Sel verfation.RECOMMENDATIONS: Figure 84 Typical Creep Movernent Pot COMMENTARY oH (75a 2 a é (150 Kes E 5 SE oaolal & (1202) g 001 a 20K) z 270¥N og (60 Kips): 25mm 130 KN oo (30 5) 1 “0 100 200 “TIME (minutes) ‘CREEP MOVEMENT CURVE ‘The wadges shal bo lockos off at a minimum load of 50% of Fz. I the Lock-Of load is less than 50%, shims shail be used undor the wedge plate and the wedges seatod at 50% off, The shims shall then be removed to reduce the loadin the tendon to the desired Lock-Off Load. Bar tendons may be lacked ff at any load up t0 70% of Fy 5 nal Lt-Of Reading ‘Aftor transfoting the load to the anchorage, and rior to removing the jack, if test shall be con- ‘ducted to confi the magnitude of the loadin the ‘anchor tendon. This load is determined by re-appiy- ing toad to the tendon to It off the wedge plate (or anchor nut) without unseating the wedges (or tum ing the anchor nut) The pressure reading (ood) is determined after the pump has stopped. n ‘The minimum seating loa a necessary to prevent posible strand slip through the wedges if the load in the tendon increases above the Lock Of load during sevice ie, Power seating the weds alone wl no prevent lp. CAS Initial LiR-OFF Reading ‘The Li8-OM Load is measured by a) observing on the presse gauge the point at which there isa marked etc tion in the at of gain of pressure andlor b the load at hich two shinies installed dismetically opposite tinder the wedge plate can be fst witrawn. A toad accuracy of #296 ay Be expects (On 4 multisrand anchor individual weds can unseat during lif-lf tet du to uneven loading inthe strands, RECOMMENDATIONS 86 Acceptance Crteria ‘The engineer shal evaluate the test data and deter- ‘mine whether the anchor is acceptable. Three ‘groups of acceptance criteria shal al be satsed = Creep |= Movement = Lockoffiond 8.6.1 Creep “The creep rates shown by the family of curves in Figure 8.4 should be reviewed and judged by the ‘engineer to determine that there is indication that fture unacceptable movoment or creop fai. ure is probable, “The creep Amount shall ot excoed 1 mm (0040, In) at Test Load during the period of 1 t0 10 min- ‘Ute. this vaka is exceeded, then the toal creep movement within the period of 6 to 60 minutes | shail not exceed 2 mm (0.080 in). “The creep wihin bars which have not been proof stretched bythe manufacturer may be skgniicant and the measured anchor creep movement must be adjusted by a corecton factor determined by tsi resuls 10 be furished bythe bar supper o riot the bohavio: of the mata (See Section 4.2.2) 8.62 Movement 8.62.1 Residual Movement “Thor is no absolute criterion forthe amount of residual movement, which is acceptable, Measurement of this residual movement is, how- fever, essential to determine the elastic move- ment. From thet, the apparent fre tendon length ff the anchor can be calculated for which the ‘acceptance ela are descrbed In Sections 8.6.2.2 end 8.6.2.3, “The residual mavemont shall not be interpreted as, displacement of the entire bond zone, ” COMMENTARY (CRS Acceptance Criteria anchors il daring sing it maybe necessary to medy the design or contraction prose. These mediation ‘may inca reducing the anchor dsiga loa by incessng the numberof anchors increasing the ond eng, chang ing the anchor type, of mtfing the instalation teh niques Theengncer sul the anchor contactor should work closely together in order to determine the most sable ‘madiicitons within the framework ofthe specications For anchors that have fea test lad criterion, mono strand strewing may help to ascertain mode of flue, gs pull-out of indvidval tendon units may indicate dlbonding atthe grouttendon interface, wheres, i all tendon units hold their indivi test loads, attention is ected towards fale a the groundigrout incertae. 86.1 Crp I thiseiterion i not met see Section 8.7 Bar which have not been prot sec will haw asin. icant creep within the sf the tet oad ea 80 Fy (852 Movement (C8621 Residual Movement ‘The amount of residual movement depends on many scotechnical, constriction load, and testing fects Experience indicates that residual movement increases wth load, and i age in sols and poor rocks than in ‘medium hard formations Residual movements can alo be the result of ction in the free stesing length, which doesnot allow te tendonRECOMMENDATIONS 8.6.22 Minimum Apparent Free Tendon Length The minimum apparent kee tendon length atthe “Test Load, 2s calculatad on the basis of elastic ‘movement, shall bo equivalent to not less than 80% of the designed fee tendon length plus the Jack length, I this enterien isnot met, the anchor ‘hall be reloaded up to two times more from AL 10 TLand the calculation repeated on these cyces. the criterion is sill not met, then a) the cause of this inefctency in load wanefer shal be investigat- ‘ed and b the anchor may be rejected or derated, A limit higher than 80% ofthe designed fee ten- ‘don fangth shall be setin cases where later move- ments occurring as a result of redisinoution of the free length friction woud cause unacceptable structural movement. higher limit shall also be set where there fs the potential that significant amounts of prestress would be tanferred inthe “no load zone" by tendon friction along the ree length 852.3 Maximum Apparent Free Tendon Length The maximum apparent fee tendon length atthe Test Load, as calculated on the bosis of elastic ‘movement, shall be less than 100% free length lus 50% bond length plus the jack tet, However, anchors wih longer apparent free tene ‘on lengths shall not be rejected ifthe cause of the behavior has been investigated and can be sa'sfactotly explained, 86.24 Acceptabily Based on Total Movernents ery ttl movement data ae avaabe, he cera for the Minimum and Madmur’ Apparent Free Tendon Length, as descrbod in Sects 8.6.2.2 and 8.6.2.3 ‘cannotbe appied and so arene sity relevant ry COMMENTARY ‘e return fally to sts unsrested condition, Simi, ‘movements inthe upper portion af the bond length will not be ily recoverable because of ron, Plastic elongation of bars that have not been proof stretched wil also contribute to the eal movement 3622 Mi Inum Apparent Free Length This acute to verify that the anchor load is being transfered beyond any potential allure of sip pane in accodance with the aver stability requirements of the anchor-strtute system, ‘The “no lad” zone is defined a being that part of the round or structure between anchor bead and bond zone, which sto be anchored, and which would move unse cepably if nt anchored. (C8628 Maximum Appatent Fee Length The apparent fee length as determined at the Test Load so provides additional information on load teanfer ‘haricteistics within and around the bond zone Apparent fc tendon lengths longer than consistent with this criterion may be eased by 2) tendon debonding, b) ‘naling the bond length in variable ground where the ‘more competent ground surounds the lover part of the bond length oF) the anchor approsching having reached it timate load catrying capaci (C8624 Acceptability Based on Total Movements Total movement dats oa wil be aalable fom Proof “Tests, when the option to retutn to AL before lock off hos ot been execs, RECOMMENDATIONS However, it may bo appropriate to apply these cr- teria 20 to total movement data when, rom past ‘experience or previous tests in the same cond ‘tons, the magnitude ofthe residual movements is well known, and elastic movements can, there fore, be estimated. In such cases, the eiria ist {2d above shall be applied, Otherwise, only the c- terion for the Minimum Free Length shall be ‘eppliad. as a basis for accoplance, even though total movernents wil be the basis. 8.63 Intol LIR-OM Reading “This reading shall be within 5% of the designed Lock-Off Load, i his eiterion is not met, then the tendon load shall be adjusted accordingly and the inal Lit-O# roading repeated 8,7 Procedures in the Event of Fallure During Testing fan anchor does nat reach the Test Load as a con- sequence of bond failure, subsequent actions depend on whether the anchor can be posigrauled Regroutable anchors shall be postgrouted and then subjected to al the original aceptance criteria, Anchors without a postgrouting system shall be ether rejected (and replaced) oF locked off at not ‘more than 50% of the load at which the anchor sta bilzes in 10 minutes. In this event, no further accept: ‘ance criteria are applied. ¥en anchor fils the Creep Test at the Test Load, then Uie anchor tal be postgrouled and subjected to an enhanced creep cterion, assuming the other ‘acceptance citera are met. This enhanced criterion requires a creep movement of not more than 1 mm (0.040 in.) botween 1 and 60 minutes at Test Loa, Anchors, which cannot be postyroutod may be rejected or shal be locked off at 50% ofthe oad at Which the anchor stabiizes in 10 minutes. In ths ‘event, no futher acceptance criteria are applied | flow clagram sustrting this decision making process is shown in Figure 8.5. COMMENTARY (86.3 Initial Li-OF Reading When the lad is more than 5% above the desire, and ‘where no shims have been pre positioned under the wedge plate fr later extraction, then ite preferable to accept this load and so aod the danger af having wedge marks blow the wedge plate as a esl of sand wedge reqripping (te Section $8.6) C87 Procedures in the Event of Failure Dating “Testing Ik maybe decided, for economic wr logistical easons not to opt for aditional postgromting, Such anchors may then be regarded aif hey had no postgrouting fit, As noted in Section 8.6, the performance of epry coated strand rst be considered epuately and compensated fr in these ceria