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SIVA 1
This is an attempt to create a
stand alone self learning
module on site investigation.
Fasten your seat belts. Sit back,
relax and enjoy.
SIVA 2
Site Investigation
Narrated by:
y
N. Sivakugan & Kate Johnson
Some unsung heroes of Civil Engineering
foundations soil
exploration
tunneling
SIVA 5
Need good knowledge
of the soil conditions
proposed structure
?
Problem Soils
e.g., reactive clays, soft
SIVA soils, sink holes, etc. 6
Soil data required:
eq i ed
Soil profile
- layer thickness and soil identification
Index properties
- water content, Atterberg limits, etc.
SIVA 7
Desk St
Study
d
First stage of site investigation. Negligible cost.
Look for any freebies (i.e., info available currently)
9 Aerial photographs
9 Topographical maps
9 Existing site investigation reports (for nearby
sites)
9 Other info. from local councils, literature
SIVA 8
Site Reconnaissance
A site visit and chat with locals.
9 Site
Sit access
9 Topography
9 Site
Si geology
l
9 Conditions of adjacent structures
9 Any obvious problems foreseen?
SIVA 9
b k hoe
back h drill rig
Trial Pit
1-2 m width
dh
2-4 m depth Bore hole
CLAY
75 mm dia
10-30 m depth
SIVA 10
Trial Pit
Enables visual inspection, locating strata boundaries,
and access for undisturbed block samples.
samples
O. D.2 I .D.2
AR<10% soil AR = 2
100 (%)
I . D.
area ratio
sampling tube
e g penetration tests
e.g.,
SIVA 14
Penetration Tests
, E
GL
drill rod
SIVA 15
How many bore holes?
bore hole
120 m
120 m
SIVA 17
How many bore holes?
trial pit
120 m
About right?
SIVA 18
How many bore holes?
budget
g for site investigation
g
soil variability
proposed building
SIVA 19
How deep
p to explore?
p
Explore the soil to a depth where the stress
changes become insignificant
SIVA 20
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
65 kg hammer
760 mm dropp
Count the number of blows required anvil
for 300 mm penetration
Blow count
or
N-Value
drill rod
SIVA 21
Standard Penetration Test
still has some
value
value correlated to
N-value
N , E
AR = 112%; use
for classification
soil
I.D. = 35 mm
O.D.= 51 mm
SIVA 22
Standard Penetration Test
Cathead
Hammer
Anvil
SIVA 24
SPT Corrections
(N1)60 = CER CN N
Corrected
C d
blow count Measured
blow count
Overburden
Energy correction
correction
SIVA 25
SPT Correlations in Clays
not corrected
for overburden
N60 cu (kPa)
(kP ) consistency
i visual
i l identification
id ifi i
0-2 0 - 12 very soft Thumb can penetrate > 25 mm
15-30
15 30 100
100-200
200 very stiff Can indent with thumb nail; not
thumb
h b
SIVA 27
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
closed end;
no samples
SPT
DCPT
granular cohesive
Porous
Piezocone
Pushed
stone
into
with
for
theleads
pore
ground
pressure measurement
p
SIVA 31
Pushed in @
20 mm/s rate
Continuous
measurements
of qc, fs and u.
u
SIVA 32
Interpreting SCPT Data
Soil Behavior Type (Robertson et al., 1986; Robertson & Campanella, 1988)
1 Sensitive fine grained 5 Clayey silt to silty clay 9 sand
2 Organic material 6 Sandy silt to silty sand 10 Gravelly sand to sand
3 Clay 7 Silty sand to sandy silt 11 Very stiff fine grained*
4 Silty clay to clay 8 Sand to silty sand 12 Sand to clayey sand*
*Note: Overconsolidated or cemented
SIVA 34
Sounding - Shelby County, TN (U.S.A)
qt (MPa) Friction Ratio (%) u2 (kPa) Vs (m/sec)
0 5 10 15 20 25 0123 45678 -500 500 1500 2500 0 250 500
0 0 0 0
SM
Clayey Silt
5 5 5 5 Dense Sand
Dense Sand
pth BGS (m))
10 10 10 10
Dep
15 15 15 15
Stiff Clay
20 20 20 20
25 25 25 25
In Sands,
E = 2.5-3.5 qc (for young normally consolidated sands)
SIVA 36
qc/N Relation in Granular Soils
SIVA 38
Pressuremeter Test
Expand a cylindrical probe inside a bore hole.
Most rational of all in situ tests
Gives strength, modulus, K0, cv
For all soils
cylindrical
probe guard cell
Siva
pressuremeter
Dilatometer Test
Advance @ 20 mm/s. Test every 200-300 mm.
Nitrogen tank for inflating the membrane
membrane.
Gives cu, K0, OCR, cv, k, soil stiffness .
Can identify
d f soill (from
(f a chart).
h )
Similar to
the cone
60 mm dia. flexible
steel membrane
SIVA 40
Cone Pressuremeter
Combines piezocone and pressuremeter.
Uncommon;; specialised.
p
pressuremeter
piezocone
SIVA 41
Vane Shear Test
measuring (torque) head
undrained
Failure surface
Test in Progress
SIVA 43
Plate Loading Test
Load a square plate (300 mm x 300 mm) to failure.
Plot pressure vs. settlement. Extrapolate to prototype.
Loading arrangement makes it expensive.
plate
pressure
ment
settlem
SPT
In bore holes
SIVA 45
Pocket penetrometer
p
A simple hand-held device for measuring unconfined compressive
strength (qu = 2 cu) of a clay.
very rough
Used in trial pits and samples.
SIVA 46
Cost versus Accuracyy
Pressuremeter test
ative Costt per Testt
Rela
Tower
T off Pi
Pisa will
ill nott be
b leaning
l i today!
t d !
SIVA 48
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