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PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Wind shear
F light crew awareness and alertness are key Microbursts present two distinct threats to
factors in the successful application of wind shear aviation safety:
avoidance techniques and recovery techniques. A downburst that results in strong
downdrafts (reaching 40 knots vertical
Statistical Data velocity); and,
The Flight Safety Foundation Approach-and-landing An outburst that results in strong horizontal
Accident Reduction (ALAR) Task Force found that wind shear and wind-component reversal
adverse wind conditions (i.e., strong crosswinds, tail (with horizontal winds reaching 100 knots).
winds or wind shear) were involved in about 33 percent
of 76 approach-and-landing accidents and serious
Avoidance
incidents worldwide in 1984 through 1997.1
The following information can be used to avoid
areas of potential wind shear or observed wind
Definition shear:
Wind shear is a sudden change of wind
velocity/direction. The following types of wind shear Weather reports and forecasts:
exist: The low-level wind shear alert system
Vertical wind shear (vertical variations of the (LLWAS) is used by controllers to warn
horizontal wind component, resulting in pilots of existing or impending wind shear
turbulence and affecting aircraft airspeed when conditions:
climbing or descending through the shear layer);
LLWAS consists of a central wind sensor
and,
(sensing wind velocity and direction) and
Horizontal wind shear (horizontal variations of peripheral wind sensors located
the wind component [e.g., decreasing head wind approximately two nautical miles (nm)
or increasing tail wind, or a shift from a head wind from the center. Central wind sensor data
to a tail wind], affecting the aircraft in level flight, are averaged over a rolling two-minute
climb or descent). period and compared every 10 seconds
with the data from the peripheral wind
Wind shear is associated usually with the following
sensors.
weather conditions:
Thunderstorms and convective clouds; and, Terminal doppler weather radar (TDWR)
detects ap- proaching wind shear areas
Microbursts.
and, thus, provides pilots with an advance
warning of wind shear hazard.
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Recognition
Timely recognition of wind shear is vital for successful
implementation of a wind shear recovery procedure.
Some flight guidance systems can detect a wind shear
condition during approach and during go-around,
based on analysis of aircraft flight parameters. The
following are indications of a suspected wind shear
condition:
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Training
A wind shear awareness program should be
developed and implemented, based on the industry-
developed Windshear Training Aid or the Flight Safety
Foundation-developed Wind- shear Training Aid
Package.
Departure Briefing
The takeoff-and-departure briefing should include the
following wind shear awareness items:
Assessment of the conditions for a safe takeoff
based on:
Most recent weather reports and forecasts;
Visual observations; and,
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
climb,
the
following
in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and by 500 ft actions
should
be taken
The aircraft is on the correct flight path; without
delay:
Be
for
e
V1:
Sink rate is no greater than 1,000 fpm; if an approach The takeoff should be rejected if unacceptable
requires a sink rate greater than 1,000 fpm, a special briefing airspeed variations occur (not exceeding the
should be conducted; target V1) and if there is sufficient runway
remaining to stop the airplane;
After V1:
Disconnect the autothrottles (A/THR), if
available, and maintain or set the throttle
levers to maximum takeoff thrust;
Wind shear
Recovery
If wind
shear is
encounte
red
during
the
takeoff
roll or
during
initial
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
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Select the minimum flaps configuration
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Use the weather radar (or the predictive wind Allow airspeed to decrease to stick shaker
shear system, if available) before beginning the onset (intermit- tent stick shaker
takeoff to ensure that the flight path is clear of activation) while monitoring the airspeed
hazards; trend;
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Discuss the intended use of automation for Select a final approach speed based on the
vertical naviga- tion and lateral navigation as reported surface wind an airspeed
a function of the suspected or forecast wind correction (usually a maximum of 15 knots to
shear conditions. 20 knots, based on the expected wind shear
value) is recommended;
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Compare the head wind component aloft or When out of the wind shear, retract the landing
the tail wind component aloft with the gear, flaps and slats, then increase the
surface head wind component or surface tail airspeed when a positive climb rate is
wind component to assess the likely degree confirmed and establish a normal climb profile.
of vertical wind shear;
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Summary
avoidance
Assess the conditions for a safe approach and
landing, based on all available meteorological
data, visual observations and on-board
equipment;
As warranted, consider delaying the approach,
or consider diverting to a more suitable airport;
and,
Be prepared and committed to respond
immediately to a wind shear warning.
Recognition
Be alert for wind shear conditions, based on all
available weather data, on-board equipment and
aircraft flight param- eters and flight path; and,
Monitor the instruments for evidence of impending
wind shear.
Recovery
Avoid large thrust variations or trim changes in
response to sudden airspeed variations;
If a wind shear warning occurs, follow the FD
wind shear recovery pitch guidance or apply the
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
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TRAINING GROUND AIR
PROCEDURES TRANSPORT
MANUAL PILOT (ATP )
Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Editorial Staff. FSF Editorial Staff. Unaware That They Have
Inadequate Weather Communication Cited in B-737 Encountered a Microburst, DC-9 Flight Crew Executes
Microburst-downdraft Incident. Airport Operations Standard Go-around; Aircraft Flies Into Terrain.
Volume 29 (JanuaryFebruary 2003). Accident Prevention Volume 53 (February 1996).
FSF Editorial Staff. During Nonprecision FSF Editorial Staff. Wind Shear Sends Commuter
Approach at Night, MD- 83 Descends Below Aircraft Plunging Out of Control. Accident Prevention
Minimum Descent Altitude and Contacts Trees, Volume 49 (September 1992).
Resulting in Engine Flame-out and Touchdown
U.S National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Short of Runway. Accident Prevention Volume 54
Improved Microburst Warnings Aim for Safer Terminal
(April 1997).
Operations. Accident Prevention Volume 47 (July
FSF Editorial Staff. Flight Crew of DC-10 Encounters 1990).
Microburst During Unstabilized Approach, Ending in
Runway Accident. Accident Prevention Volume 53 FSF. Summer Hazards. Accident Prevention Volume
44 (July 1988).
(August 1996).
notice
The Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Approach-and- autopilots, flight directors and autothrottle systems; flight
Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Task Force management sys- tems; automatic ground spoilers;
produced this briefing note to help prevent approach-and- autobrakes; thrust reversers; manufacturers/ operators
landing accidents, including those involving controlled flight standard operating procedures; and, two-person flight
into terrain. The brief- ingnote is based on the task forces crews.
data-driven conclusions and recommendations, as well as This information is not intended to supersede operators
data from the U.S. Commercial Aviation Safety Teams Joint or manufacturers policies, practices or requirements, and is
Safety Analysis Team and the European Joint Aviation not intended to supersede government regulations.
Authorities Safety Strategy Initiative.
Copyright 2009 Flight Safety Foundation
This briefing note is one of 33 briefing notes that
601 Madison Street, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314-1756 USA
comprise a fundamental part of the FSF ALAR Tool Kit,
Tel. +1 703.739.6700 Fax +1 703.739.6708
which includes a variety of other safety products that also
www.flightsafety.org
have been developed to help prevent approach-and-
landing accidents. In the interest of aviation safety, this publication may be
The briefing notes have been prepared primarily for reproduced, in whole or in part, in all media, but may not
operators and pilots of turbine-powered airplanes with be offered for sale or used commercially without the
underwing-mounted engines, but they can be adapted express written permission of Flight Safety Foundations
for those who operate airplanes with fuselage-mounted director of publications. All uses must credit Flight Safety
turbine en- gines, turboprop power plants or piston Foundation.
engines. The briefing notes also address operations with
the following: electronic flight instrument systems;
integrated
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