2.3.8.

23 Window opening at stair landings, where the opening is more than 300mm in width and
the sill is less than 900mm above the landing shall be guarded securely by bars, slats, or grill
work to prevent persons from falling through.

2.3.8.24 Ramps used by persons for ascent or descent from one level to another shall be limited
to a slope of not more than 1 in 10 and shall conform to all relevant requirements for
construction width, enclosures and railings applying to stairways.

2.3.8.25 Where railings for ramps may be subjected to heavy stresses, from trucking or handling,
materials, additional strength shall be provided by use of heavier stock, close spacing of posts
bracing etc.

2.3.9 Fixed Ladders, Catwalks, Runways and Platforms:

2.3.9.1 All metal parts or fittings of ladders shall be made of structural steel.

2.3.9.2 Fixed ladders shall be so installed that:

(a) The distance from the front of the rungs to the nearest fixed object on the climbing side of
the ladder is at least 760mm.

(b) The distance from the back of the rungs to the nearest fixed object is at least 160mm

(c) Except in the case of ladders equipped with cages, baskets, or equivalent devices there
should be a clearance of at least 380mm from the center line of the ladder on either side across
the front of the ladder.

2.3.9.3 If fixed ladders are used to ascend heights exceeding 9,000mm

(a) Landing platforms should be provided for each 9,00mm or a fraction thereof

(b) The sections of the ladder should be staggered

2.3.9.4 Catwalks, working platforms or open sided floors 2,00mm or more above floor or
ground level, except platforms used for loading and unloading of height, and small platforms
used for motors or similar equipment which cannot afford standing space for persons, shall be
guarded on all open sided by standard railings and toeboards.

2.3.9.5 Catwalks, used for filling of tanks, cars or for oiling may have the railing on one side
omitted if necessary, subject to the hazard of falling being reduced by the use of runways not
less than 560mm in width.

2.3.10 Yards, Gats, Roadways, Walkways

2.3.10.1 Plant yards shall be properly drained and graded in order to facilitate safe access to
building and safe handling of material and equipment.

2.3.10.2 Drain pools and catch basins shall be provided where necessary and be properly
covered or enclosed.

2.3.10.3 Ditches, pits and other hazardous openings shall be provided with substantial coverts,
enclosed, or surrounded by substantial guards.
 2.3.10.5 Where the premises are surrounded by fences or walls, separate entrance and exit,
gates should be provided for pedestrians, vehicular and railroad traffic

2.3.10.6 Gates for pedestrian traffic should be located at a safe distance from those for vehicular
and railroad traffic and should be of sufficient wide to permit passage of employees at rush hours.

2.3.10.7 Safe walkways should be constructed along the shortest lines between important
points

2.3.10.8 Walkways should no be located under the eaves of buildings where they may become
slippery

2.3.10.10 Walking along railway tracks by unauthorized persons should be prohibited.

2.3.10.12 Roadways for automobiles, tractors or other vehicles should be soundly constructed
with surfaces made of good working materials.

2.3.10.13 Roadways should be of adequate width, and where used by two way traffic, shall be at
least twice the width of the widest vehicle normally used, plus 1,250mm. Sufficient clearance form
overhead structure should be provided

2.3.10.14 Where the establishment of grade or level crossings cannot be avoided such crossing
should be protected by watchmen, gates or automatic signals.

2.3.10.15 Substantial railings or walls should be provided aiding bridges, slopes and shard
curves.

Article 2.4 Machinery And Equipment

2.4.1 General Requirements

2.4.1.1 All heavy machinery should be supported on solid foundations of sufficient mass and
base area to prevent or minimize the transmission of objectionable vibration to the building and
occupied space and to maintain the supported machine at its proper elevation and alignment.

2.4.1.2 Foundation mass should be from 3 to 5 times the weight of the machinery it is supposed
to support, or may be designed in conformance with Section 2.4.2.

If the unbalance inertial forces produced by the machine can be calculated, a mass of weight
equal to 10 to 20 times the forces should be used to dampen vibration.

For stability, the total combined engines, driven equipment, and foundation center of gravity
must be kept below the foundations top.

2.4.1.3 The weight of the machine plus the weight of the foundation should be distributed over
a sufficient soil area which is large enough to cause a bearing stress within the safe bearing capacity of
the soil with a factor of safety of five

2.4.1.4 Foundations should be isolated from floor slabs or building footings by at least 25mm
around its perimeter to eliminate transmission of vibration. Fill openings with water tights-mastic.
 When installing machinery above grade level of a building, additional stiffness must be provided
in the structural members of the building to dampen machine vibration.

2.4.1.6 Concrete foundations should have steel bar reinforcements place both vertically and
horizontally, to avoid thermal cracking. Weight of reinforcing steel should be from % to 1% of the
weight foundation.

2.4.1.7 Foundation bolts of specified size should be used and surrounded by a pep sleeve with
an inside diameter of at least three times the diameter of the diameter of the anchor bold and a length
of at least 18 times the diameter of the bolt. No foundation bolts shall be less than 12 mm diameter.

2.4.2 Specific Requirements

2.4.2.1 For Stacks- stacks and foundation become integral structures. The maximum pressure on
the soil is equal to the pressure due to the weight and the wind movement. Allowable pressure may be
taken as the sum of 2,566.38 kg/m deep foundation plus 2,556.43 kg/m due to wind or a total of
5,132.73kg/m depth of the foundation.

(a) Guyed Steel Stacks- These are used principally because of their relative cheapness. Heavy
foundations are unnecessary. Guyed stacks seldom succeed 1.83m diameter and 30.48m high. Guys are
usually applied in one to three sets.

2.4.2.2 For Steam Turbines- foundations should have sufficient weight and mass to hold the
turbine rigid against vibration. The maximum unit pressure of turbine and generator on the reinforced
concrete should not exceed 17.62 kg/cm. Concrete shall be 1-2-4 mixture, well placed and seasoned it
should be designed to support the machine load plus 25% for impact, condenser load, floor loads and
dead loads.

2.4.2.3 Diesel Engines manufacturers supply foundation drawings with each engine sent out.
In the absence of such drawing, foundations may be designed but in no event should absurdly shallow
foundations be allowed. Foundations perform three functions:

(a) Support the weight of the engine.

(b) Maintain proper alignment with the driven machinery, and

(c) Absorb the vibration produced by unbalanced forces created by reciprocating revolving
masses.

(1) Materials- The foundations should be concrete of 1 part cement, 2parts sand and 4
parts broken stone or gravel. The entire foundation should be poured at one time with no
interruption that are required for ramming. The top should be level and left rough for
groundings. After pouring, the top should be covered and wet down twice daily until the forms
are removed at the end of the third or fourth day. The engine should not be placed on the
foundation until 10 days have elapsed no operated until another 10 days.

(2) Soil Bearing Pressure- The first objective is achieved by making its supporting area
sufficiently large. The safe loads vary from about 4, from about 4,890kg/m for alluvial soil or wet
clay. The latter is assumed to be a safe load average in compensation may be used as weight of
concrete.
 (3) Depth- The foundation depth may be taken as food practical rule to be 3-4.2 times
the engine stroke the lower factor for the well-balanced cylinder engines and higher factor for
engines with lower cylinders is less firm soil.

(4) Weight- The minimum weight required it absorb vibration could be expressed as a
function of a reciprocation masses and the speed of the engine. However, for practical poses it
is simpler to use formula.