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GHHQGHUHoDPHQWRTXHVHQWLPRVDWpRVGLDVDWXDLVDSHVDUGRHQRUPHDYDQoRMi
FRQVHJXLGR $R PHVPR WHPSR D FRPSOH[LGDGH GRV SURJUDPDV DXPHQWDYD H
WRUQRXVH FODUR TXH KDYLD QHFHVVLGDGH GH PHOKRUDU VXD RUJDQL]DomR (UD
LPSRUWDQWHLPSHGLUTXHXPSURJUDPDXVXiULRWLYHVVHDFHVVRDUHFXUVRVFUtWLFRV
SDUDRIXQFLRQDPHQWRJOREDOGRFRPSXWDGRUTXHGHYHULDPVHUDGPLQLVWUDGRV
DSHQDVSHORVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDO&RPHVWHVIDWRUHVHPPHQWHD,QWHOODQoRXR
FDSD]GHHQGHUHoDUGLUHWDPHQWHDWp0%GHPHPyULDTXDQGRRSHUD
QRDVVLPFKDPDGRPRGRSURWHJLGRRTXDORIHUHFHWDPEpPRVXSRUWHQHFHVViULRj
DWULEXLomR GH GLUHLWRV GH DFHVVR DRV GLIHUHQWHV SURJUDPDV HP H[HFXomR 2
SURFHVVDGRU VXSRUWD DLQGD R PRGR GH HQGHUHoDPHQWR YLUWXDO TXH SHUPLWH
HVWHQGHURHVSDoRGHHQGHUHoDPHQWRD*%1RDVVLPFKDPDGRPRGRUHDOR
FRPSRUWDVHFRPRR
2IRLXWLOL]DGRQR3&$7HUHSHWLXRVXFHVVRGR2SDVVRVHJXLQWH
H QDWXUDO IRL D SDVVDJHP SDUD  ELWV FRQFUHWL]DGD FRP R ODQoDPHQWR GR
 (VWH IRL VHJXLGR UDSLGDPHQWH SHOR  R SULPHLUR D SRVVXLU XP
FRSURFHVVDGRU PDWHPiWLFR RQFKLS 'HSRLV GLVVR IRL ODQoDGD D IDPtOLD
3HQWLXPFDGDYH]FRPPDLVUHILQDPHQWRVSDUDDXPHQWDURGHVHPSHQKR
 0LFURSURFHVVDGRUHVFRQFHLWRVLPSRUWDQWHV
1RSHUtRGRGHVFULWRSDVVRXVHGHXPD&38GHELWVDXPDGHELWVFRP
GHVHPSHQKR PDLV GH  YH]HV VXSHULRU $ WDEHOD  DSUHVHQWD DOJXPDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHLOXVWUDPHVVDHYROXomR
1RPH $QR 'DGRV (QGHUHoRV &RPHQWiULR

  ELWV N% SULPHLURPLFURSURFHVVDGRU

  ELWV N% SULPHLURPLFURELWV

  ELWV N% VXSHUDEDUUHLUDGRVN%DPSORXVR

  ELWV N% FRP(6PRGLILFDGD

  ELWV 0% SULPHLUD&38ELWVQXPFKLS

  ELWV 0% FRPEDUUDPELWV,%03&

  ELWV 0% SHULIpULFRVRQFKLS

  ELWV 0% SHULIpULFRVRQFKLS

  ELWV 0%*% SURWHomRHHQGHUHoDPHQWRYLUWXDO

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6;  ELWV *%7% FRPEDUUDPHQWRELWV

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3HQWLXP  ELWV *%7% GLYHUVRVPRGHORVHYROXLQGR

7DE$HYROXomRGDIDPtOLD,QWHO
0DLV LQIRUPDo}HV SRGHP VHU REWLGDV QD ,QWHUQHW D SDUWLU GR LWHP /LQNV
,QWHUHVVDQWHVQDKRPHSDJHTXHGiVXSRUWHDHVWHOLYUR

Os valores entre parnteses so alcanados utilizando endereamento virtual.

 &RQFHLWRVEiVLFRV

6LVWHPDVGHQXPHUDomR
2V VLVWHPDV GH QXPHUDomR TXH QRV LQWHUHVVDP VmR RV VLVWHPDV GLWRV
SRVLFLRQDLVDTXHOHVHPTXHDFRQWULEXLomRGHFDGDDOJDULVPRRXGtJLWRSDUDR
YDORU GD TXDQWLGDGH UHSUHVHQWDGD GHSHQGH GD SRVLomR TXH HOH RFXSD QR
Q~PHUR 2 VLVWHPD GHFLPDO TXH XVDPRV QR GLDDGLD p SRVLFLRQDO 3RU
H[HPSORDFRQWULEXLomRGRGtJLWRpGHXPDXQLGDGHQRQ~PHURH GH
GH]XQLGDGHVQRQ~PHUR
&RQWUDVWDPFRPHVVHWLSRGHVLVWHPDRVVLVWHPDVQmRSRVLFLRQDLVWDLVFRPRRV
Q~PHURVURPDQRVHPTXHDFRQWULEXLomRGRGtJLWR,pGHXPDXQLGDGHHP,
H HP FDGD XPD GDV SRVLo}HV GH ,, 2V VLVWHPDV QmR SRVLFLRQDLV VmR SRXFR
SUiWLFRVSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGHFiOFXORVHSRULVVRQmRVHUmRDERUGDGRVHPPDLRU
GHWDOKH
([LVWHPGRLVFRQFHLWRVIXQGDPHQWDLVSDUDDFRPSUHHQVmRGRWH[WRTXHVHJXHH
TXH HPERUD QmR UHSUHVHQWHP SURSULDPHQWH XPD QRYLGDGH PHUHFHP VHU
H[SOLFLWDGRVpSUHFLVRGLVWLQJXLUFODUDPHQWHHQWUHR YDORUGHXPQ~PHURHVXD
UHSUHVHQWDomR
2YDORUGHXPQ~PHURFRUUHVSRQGHjTXDQWLGDGHTXHHOHUHSUHVHQWDDRSDVVR
TXHDUHSUHVHQWDomRGHVVHQ~PHURFRUUHVSRQGHDRVGtJLWRVTXHHVFUHYHPRVSDUD
VLPEROL]iOR 1R VLVWHPD GHFLPDO SRU H[HPSOR UHSUHVHQWDPRV D TXDQWLGDGH
GR]HYDORUSHORQ~PHURUHSUHVHQWDomR1RVLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDOTXH
YHUHPRVORJRDVHJXLUDPHVPDTXDQWLGDGHpUHSUHVHQWDGDSHORQ~PHUR&
$R ORQJR GR SUHVHQWH WH[WR XWLOL]DUHPRV R VLVWHPD GHFLPDO VHPSUH TXH IRU
QHFHVViULR ID]HU UHIHUrQFLD DR YDORU GH XP Q~PHUR +DYHUi HQWmR XPD
FRLQFLGrQFLDHQWUHRYDORUHVXDUHSUHVHQWDomRQRVLVWHPDGHFLPDOSRU
FDXVDGDQHFHVVLGDGHGHVHHVFROKHUDOJXPVLVWHPDSDUDIDODUVREUHRYDORUGRV
Q~PHURV3DUDHYLWDUFRQIXVmRpLPSRUWDQWHHVWDUDWHQWRSDUDVDEHUTXDQGRR
WH[WRVHUHIHUHDRYDORUGHXPQ~PHURTXHQXQFDPXGDHTXDQGRVHUHIHUHj
VXDUHSUHVHQWDomRTXHGHSHQGHGRVLVWHPDHVFROKLGR
 0LFURSURFHVVDGRUHVFRQFHLWRVLPSRUWDQWHV
8P VLVWHPD SRVLFLRQDO p HVSHFLILFDGR HP WHUPRV GH XPD FRQVWDQWH
GHQRPLQDGDEDVHTXHGHWHUPLQDDUHODomRHQWUHRYDORUGHXP Q~PHUR H VXD
UHSUHVHQWDomRDWUDYpVGDH[SUHVVmR
n 1
Valor = d i B i  
i=0

HPTXH
d i pRLpVLPRGtJLWRGRQ~PHURFRQWDGRGDGLUHLWDSDUDDHVTXHUGD
QpRQ~PHURGHGtJLWRVH
BpDEDVH
3RU H[HPSOR QR VLVWHPD GHFLPDO TXH UHFHEH HVWH QRPH SRU WHU EDVH  R
YDORU GR Q~PHUR  p GDGR SRU           TXH
   

FRUUHVSRQGH j TXDQWLGDGH  1R VLVWHPD ELQiULR R YDORU GH  p GDGR
SRU        TXHFRUUHVSRQGHjTXDQWLGDGH
   

eLPSRUWDQWHQRWDUWDPEpPTXHTXDQGRXVDPRVVLVWHPDVGHEDVHVGLIHUHQWHV
PXGDRQ~PHURGHVtPERORVGHTXHSUHFLVDPRVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUVHXVGtJLWRV
8PVLVWHPDGHQXPHUDomRGHEDVHNXWLOL]DNGtJLWRVGLIHUHQWHV,VWRVLJQLILFD
TXH SDUD VLVWHPDV GH EDVH PHQRU GR TXH  QHP WRGRV RV GtJLWRV GH  D 
VHUmRXWLOL]DGRV3RUH[HPSORRVLVWHPDRFWDOEDVHXWLOL]DDSHQDVRVGtJLWRV
GHDHRVLVWHPDELQiULRDSHQDVRVGtJLWRVH3RURXWURODGRVLVWHPDVGH
EDVHPDLRUGRTXHSUHFLVDPGHVtPERORVQRYRVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDURVGtJLWRV
DOpPGR2VLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDOTXHVHUiODUJDPHQWHXWLOL]DGRDRORQJRGR
WH[WRSUHFLVDGHVtPERORVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUDVTXDQWLGDGHVGHD2VGtJLWRV
GH  D  IRUDP PDQWLGRV SDUD DV TXDQWLGDGHV GH  D  FRPR QR VLVWHPD
GHFLPDO H DV OHWUDV GH $ DWp ) HVFROKLGDV SDUD DV TXDQWLGDGHV GH  D  $
WDEHODPRVWUDRVGtJLWRVGRVLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDOHVHXYDORU

'tJLWR    $ % & ' ( )

9DORU         
7DE2VGtJLWRVGRVLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDOHVHXYDORU
9ROWDQGR j HTXDomR  R YDORU GR Q~PHUR KH[DGHFLPDO ' p GDGR SRU
  '     TXH FRUUHVSRQGH j TXDQWLGDGH  'L]HPRV
  

HQWmRTXHpGDGRSRU'HPKH[DGHFLPDO
eWDPEpPLPSRUWDQWHHVWDEHOHFHUXPDQRWDomRSDUDHVSHFLILFDUDEDVHHPTXH
VHUHSUHVHQWDXPYDORUSDUDHYLWDUFRQIXVmR6HPSUHTXHQHFHVViULRQ~PHURV
ELQiULRV VHUmR VHJXLGRV SHOD OHWUD < Q~PHURV RFWDLV SHOD OHWUD 4 Q~PHURV
GHFLPDLV SHOD OHWUD 7 H Q~PHURV KH[DGHFLPDLV SHOD OHWUD + ,VWR SHUPLWLUi
 &RQFHLWRVEiVLFRV 
GLVWLQJXLU Q~PHURV FRPR < GH + 1~PHURV VHP VXIL[R GHYHP VHU
FRQVLGHUDGRVGHFLPDLV
$KDELOLGDGHGHID]HUFiOFXORVVLPSOHVQRVLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDOpPXLWRYDOLRVD
TXDQGRVHWUDEDOKDFRPSURJUDPDomRGHPLFURSURFHVVDGRUHVGDPHVPDIRUPD
FRPR D KDELOLGDGH GH ID]HU FiOFXORV VLPSOHV QR VLVWHPD GHFLPDO p ~WLO HP
QRVVDVDWLYLGDGHVGLiULDV3RULVVRFRQYpPHVWHQGHUDFDSDFLGDGHDSUHQGLGDGH
VRPDUGHVGHDWpGHIRUPDDLQFOXLUWDPEpPRVQRYRVGtJLWRVGH$
DWp)$WDEHODDSUHVHQWDDVVRPDVQRYDVQRVLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDO

           $ % & ' ( )
$ $ % & ' ( )          
% % & ' ( )           $
& & ' ( )           $ %
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( ( )           $ % & '
) )           $ % & ' (
7DE$VVRPDVHOHPHQWDUHVQRVLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDO

&RQYHUVmRGHEDVH
$FRQYHUVmRGHEDVHpXPSURFHVVRTXHSHUPLWHREWHUDUHSUHVHQWDomRGHXP
YDORU HP XP GDGR VLVWHPD GH QXPHUDomR D SDUWLU GH XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR
FRQKHFLGDHPRXWURVLVWHPDGHEDVHGLIHUHQWH
1DVHomRDQWHULRUYLPRVTXH7pHTXLYDOHQWHD'+SRUTXHFDOFXODPRV
RVYDORUHVGHDPEDVHHVWHVFRLQFLGLUDP0DVHPJHUDOQmRWHUHPRVDVRUWHGH
DGLYLQKDUDUHSUHVHQWDomRGHVHMDGDHSRULVVRSUHFLVDPRVGHXPDOJRULWPRSDUD
SDVVDUGHXPVLVWHPDDRXWUR2DOJRULWPRGDGRDVHJXLUUHVROYHHVWHSUREOHPD
H SRGH VHU LPSOHPHQWDGR HP XP SURJUDPD VLPSOHV FRQIRUPH IHLWR QR
FDStWXOR$WDUHIDpGHWHUPLQDUDUHSUHVHQWDomRGDTXDQWLGDGHNQDEDVHB
 'LYLGD N SRU B VHMDP q0 H r0 R TXRFLHQWH H R UHVWR GHVVD RSHUDomR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVHMDDLQGD i 
 VH qi IRU LJXDO D ]HUR D UHSUHVHQWDomR GH N QD EDVH B p riri-1ri-2...r1r0 H D
FRQYHUVmRHVWiWHUPLQDGD&DVRFRQWUiULRLQFUHPHQWHiHFRQWLQXH
 GLYLGD qi-1 SRU B; VHMDP qi H ri R TXRFLHQWH H R UHVWR GHVVD GLYLVmR
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH9ROWHDRSDVVR
$ILJXUDPRVWUDDVGLYLV}HVHIHWXDGDVSDUDREWHUDUHSUHVHQWDomRGRYDORU
QRVLVWHPDKH[DGHFLPDO
 0LFURSURFHVVDGRUHVFRQFHLWRVLPSRUWDQWHV
1234 16
2 77 16
r0
13 4 16
r1 4 0
r2
)LJ2DOJRULWPRGHFRQYHUVmRGHEDVH
'LYLGLPRVSRUTXHGiq0 Hr0 &RQWLQXDQGRGLYLGLPRV


SRUHREWHPRVq1 Hr1 RX'+HHQWmRGLYLGLPRVSRUTXHGi

q2 Hr2 1HVWHSRQWRSDUDPRVHDOLQKDPRVRVUHVWRVQDIRUPDr2r1r0
SDUDREWHURUHVXOWDGRHVSHUDGR'+
$ VHJXLU DQDOLVDUHPRV D IXQGDPHQWDomR PDWHPiWLFD GR DOJRULWPR GDGR
&RPHoDPRV FRP R FDVR WULYLDO HP TXH R Q~PHUR D FRQYHUWHU p WDO TXH R
DOJRULWPRSiUDORJRDSyVDSULPHLUDGLYLVmRTXDQGRHQWmRWHPRV
N = q 0 B + r0 = 0. B + r0 = r0  
RTXHSHUPLWHHVFUHYHUNFRPRr0
6HIRUHPQHFHVViULDVGXDVGLYLV}HVWHUHPRV
N = q 0 B + r0 
H
q 0 = q1 B + r1 = 0. B + r1 = r1  
6XEVWLWXLQGRHPYHP
N = r1 B + r0  
RTXHSHUPLWHHVFUHYHUNFRPRr1r0
3DUDRFDVRGHWUrVGLYLV}HVWHUHPRV
N = q 0 B + r0  
q 0 = q1 B + r1 
H
q1 = q 2 B + r2 = 0. B + r2 = r2 
6XEVWLWXLQGRHPHGHSRLVHPWHPRV
N = r2 B 2 + r1 B + r0  
TXHSHUPLWHHVFUHYHU1FRPRr2r1r0
2 DOJRULWPR p EDVHDGR QD JHQHUDOL]DomR GHVWHV UHVXOWDGRV SDUD Q~PHURV
DUELWUDULDPHQWHJUDQGHV
 &RQFHLWRVEiVLFRV 
&DVRVSDUWLFXODUHVGHFRQYHUVmRGHEDVH
4XDQGR D FRQYHUVmR TXH VH GHVHMD ID]HU GHYH DFRQWHFHU HQWUH EDVHV WDLV TXH
XPDpSRWrQFLDLQWHLUDGDRXWUDSRGHVHXWLOL]DUXPDWDOKR
6HMDP%RULJH%GHVWDVEDVHVGHRULJHPHGHGHVWLQRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH1RFDVRHP
TXHDEDVHGHGHVWLQRpPDLRUGRTXHDGHRULJHPHH[LVWHXPQ~PHURLQWHLUR Q
WDOTXH
Bdest = Borig
n
 
pSRVVtYHODJUXSDURVGtJLWRVGDUHSUHVHQWDomRGHRULJHPGH QHPQHDWULEXLUD
FDGDJUXSRIRUPDGRXPGtJLWRGDUHSUHVHQWDomRGHGHVWLQR
&RPR H[HPSOR VHMD D WDUHID GH FRQYHUWHU SDUD R VLVWHPD KH[DGHFLPDO R
Q~PHURELQiULR&RPRDEDVHGHGHVWLQRpSRWrQFLD
LQWHLUDGDEDVHGHRULJHPSRUTXHDPEDVHVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVSHODLJXDOGDGH
  R YDORU GH Q p  ,VVR VLJQLILFD TXH SRGHPRV DJUXSDU RV GtJLWRV GR
Q~PHURELQiULRGHHPHHVFUHYHUSDUDFDGDJUXSRXPGtJLWRKH[DGHFLPDO
'H IDWR   '       H    GH PRGR TXH D
UHSUHVHQWDomRSURFXUDGDp'+
,QYHUVDPHQWHQRFDVRHPTXHDEDVHGHGHVWLQRpPHQRUGRTXHDGHRULJHPH
H[LVWHXPQ~PHURLQWHLURQWDOTXH
Borig = Bdest
n
 
p SRVVtYHO GHVDJUXSDU RV GtJLWRV GD UHSUHVHQWDomR GH RULJHP HP Q GtJLWRV GD
UHSUHVHQWDomRGHGHVWLQR
3RU H[HPSOR VHMD D WDUHID GH FRQYHUWHU R Q~PHUR RFWDO  SDUD ELQiULR
&RPR D EDVH GH RULJHP  p SRWrQFLD LQWHLUD GD EDVH GH GHVWLQR  SRUTXH
DPEDVHVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVSHODLJXDOGDGH  RYDORUGHQp,VVRVLJQLILFD
TXH SRGHPRV GHVDJUXSDU RV GtJLWRV GR Q~PHUR RFWDO HP JUXSRV GH  GtJLWRV
ELQiULRV'HIDWR    H GHPRGRTXH
DUHSUHVHQWDomRSURFXUDGDp
)LQDOPHQWH p SRVVtYHO FRPELQDU RV GRLV PpWRGRV H ID]HU FRQYHUV}HV HQWUH
EDVHVTXHHPERUDQmRVHMDPSRWrQFLDLQWHLUDXPDGDRXWUDVmRSRWrQFLDVGH
XPPHVPRQ~PHURPHQRUeRFDVRGDVEDVHVHTXHQmRVmRSRWrQFLDV
XPDGDRXWUDPDVVmRDPEDVSRWrQFLDVGH
&RPR H[HPSOR VHMD D WDUHID GH FRQYHUWHU R Q~PHUR RFWDO  SDUD
KH[DGHFLPDO &RQYHUWHPRV SULPHLUDPHQWH  SDUD R VLVWHPD ELQiULR
REWHQGR      (P VHJXLGD UHDUUDQMDPRV RV GtJLWRV ELQiULRV
HPJUXSRVGHGDGLUHLWDSDUDDHVTXHUGDFRPSOHWDQGRR~OWLPRFRP]HURVj
HVTXHUGDVHQHFHVViULR2EWHPRVHQWmR TXHFRQYHUWLGR
SDUDKH[DGHFLPDOUHVXOWDHP%%+
 0LFURSURFHVVDGRUHVFRQFHLWRVLPSRUWDQWHV
5HSUHVHQWDomRGHQ~PHURVLQWHLURV
$RVHLQLFLDURHVWXGRGRVPLFURSURFHVVDGRUHVpLPSRUWDQWHGHL[DUFODURFRPR
VH ID] D UHSUHVHQWDomR GDV TXDQWLGDGHV QXPpULFDV HQYROYLGDV PHUHFHQGR
HVSHFLDO DWHQomR RV Q~PHURV LQWHLURV FRP H VHP VLQDO >0RUV@ H >:6@
WUD]HPLQIRUPDo}HVTXHFRPSOHPHQWDPRPDWHULDODTXLH[SRVWR
3DUDUHSUHVHQWDUQ~PHURVSRVLWLYRVXWLOL]DVHQRUPDOPHQWHRYDORUGRSUySULR
Q~PHURELQiULR$VVLPSRUH[HPSORDVTXDQWLGDGHVHVmRUHSUHVHQWDGDV
SRUHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
3DUD RV Q~PHURV QHJDWLYRV D FRQYHQomR HVFROKLGD p D TXH UHSUHVHQWD RV
Q~PHURVHPFRPSOHPHQWRGHGHVFULWDFRPPDLVGHWDOKHVQDVHomR
1XPFRPSXWDGRUVHPSUHH[LVWHXPOLPLWHSDUDRPDLRUQ~PHURTXHVHSRGH
UHSUHVHQWDUGDGRTXHDPHPyULDSRUPDLRUTXHVHMDpILQLWD(VWHOLPLWHYDULD
GH XP FRPSXWDGRU SDUD RXWUR H SDUD RV H[HPSORV TXH VHJXHP VXSRUHPRV
VHP SHUGD GH JHQHUDOLGDGH TXH RV UHJLVWUDGRUHV GLVSRQtYHLV SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU
QRVVRV Q~PHURV VmR GH  ELWV (QWmR SRGHPRV UHSUHVHQWDU DR WRGR  
Q~PHURVGLIHUHQWHVGHD6HWHQWiVVHPRVFRQWLQXDUDOpPGROLPLWH
WHUtDPRV 0DVFRPRSRGHUtDPRVUHSUHVHQWDUDSHQDV
RVTXDWURGtJLWRVPHQRVVLJQLILFDWLYRVHVWDUtDPRVGHYROWDDRSRLV
WHPSRUKLSyWHVHXPELWDPDLVGRTXHRSHUPLWLGR
(VWDYROWDjRULJHPVXJHUHGLVSRURVQ~PHURVDRUHGRUGHXPFtUFXORHQmRDR
ORQJR GH XP HL[R LQILQLWR FRPR VH ID] QD PDWHPiWLFD FRQYHQFLRQDO (VWD
UHSUHVHQWDomR DSDUHFH QD ILJXUD  TXH SHUPLWH YLVXDOL]DU R TXH DFRQWHFH
TXDQGRID]HPRVRSHUDo}HVGHVRPDHVXEWUDomR3DUDH[HFXWDUDVRPDGHGRLV
Q~PHURV D H E EDVWD HQFRQWUDU D UHSUHVHQWDomR GH D QR FtUFXOR H DYDQoDU E
SRVLo}HVQRVHQWLGRKRUiULR3DUDID]HUDVXEWUDomRDESRURXWURODGREDVWD
UHFXDUESRVLo}HVDSDUWLUGHDQRVHQWLGRDQWLKRUiULR([HPSORVGHFiOFXORV
SRVVtYHLVVmRRX
1111 0000 0001
1110 0010

1101 0011

1100 0100

1011 0101

1010 0110
1001 0111
1000

)LJ5HSUHVHQWDomRFLUFXODUGRVQ~PHURVGHELWV
 &RQFHLWRVEiVLFRV 
$ILJXUDWDPEpPPRVWUDRTXHDFRQWHFHTXDQGRRUHVXOWDGRGHXPDVRPD
H[FHGH R PDLRU Q~PHUR UHSUHVHQWiYHO QR FDVR  6H WHQWDUPRV VRPDU
 SRU H[HPSOR FKHJDPRV D  H QmR D  TXH VHULD R UHVXOWDGR
FRUUHWR H[DWDPHQWH FRPR DFRQWHFH TXDQGR VRPDPRV GRLV Q~PHURV QXP
SURFHVVDGRUHQmRWHPRVFRPRUHJLVWUDURYDL
2 PRGHOR DSUHVHQWDGR DWp DTXL p VXILFLHQWH SDUD RV FDVRV HP TXH QmR
DSDUHFHPYDORUHVQHJDWLYRVQRVFiOFXORVUHDOL]DGRV1RHQWDQWRVDEHPRVTXH
H[LVWHP JUDQGH]DV TXH SRGHP DVVXPLU YDORUHV QHJDWLYRV H SRU LVVR p QDWXUDO
SHUJXQWDURTXHDFRQWHFHTXDQGRRUHVXOWDGRGHXPDRSHUDomRpXPQ~PHUR
QHJDWLYR 6H QD ILJXUD  WHQWDUPRV UHSUHVHQWDU R FiOFXOR GH 
FRPHoDPRVQDSRVLomRHUHFXDPRVXPDSRVLomRQRVHQWLGRDQWLKRUiULR
RTXHQRVOHYDD'DPHVPDIRUPDRVQ~PHURVQHJDWLYRVVXEVHTHQWHV
ILFDULDPHPHWF3RGHUtDPRVFRQWLQXDUGHVWDIRUPDHFKHJDU
DWpRQ~PHURTXHUHSUHVHQWDULDHQWmRRYDORU0DVDtILFDUtDPRVVHP
Q~PHURVSRVLWLYRVHSRULVVRpQHFHVViULRGHILQLUXPDIURQWHLUDTXHVHSDUHRV
Q~PHURVSRVLWLYRVGRVQHJDWLYRV
&RVWXPDVH FRQVLGHUDU SRVLWLYRV RV Q~PHURV FXMR ELW PDLV VLJQLILFDWLYR p  H
QHJDWLYRVRVQ~PHURVFXMRELWPDLVVLJQLILFDWLYRp R TXH GLYLGH DR PHLR R
FRQMXQWR GH Q~PHURV UHSUHVHQWiYHLV ,VWR WDPEpP IDFLOLWD D WDUHID GH
GHWHUPLQDURVLQDOGHXPQ~PHURHPXPSURJUDPDSRLVEDVWDDQDOLVDUHVVHELW
1R FDVR GRV Q~PHURV GH  ELWV ILFDPRV FRP  Q~PHURV QHJDWLYRV H 
Q~PHURV SRVLWLYRV FRQVLGHUDQGRVH R ]HUR LQFOXtGR QHVWHV ~OWLPRV $
GLVSRVLomRGHVVHVQ~PHURVDRUHGRUGRFtUFXORDSDUHFHQDILJXUD
1RWHTXHDJRUDDFDSDFLGDGHGHUHSUHVHQWDomRGHQ~PHURVQmRYDLPDLVGH
DPDVVLPGHDWp3DUDUHSUHVHQWDUQ~PHURVDOpPGHVWHVOLPLWHVVHULD
SUHFLVRDGRWDUUHJLVWUDGRUHVPDLRUHVSRUH[HPSORGHRXELWV
(-1) (0) (1)
1111 0000 0001
(-2) 1110 0010 (2)

(-3) 1101 0011 (3)

(-4) 1100 0100 (4)

(-5) 1011 0101 (5)

(-6) 1010 0110 (6)

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