Xerophilia SP No 05-02-2015 LQ

eduart zimer
succulent flora
of rangitoto island
followed by
whakaari - the white island
ISSN 2285 3987
the passion for cacti and other succulents

S5
February
2015
summary
February
S5
2015
E
Part 1. Rangitoto Island duart is a cacti,
succulents and
I. Introduction xerophytes en-
thusiast born
II. A brief natural history in Romania. He dis-
11 Early accounts on vegetation status covered the world of
14 Vegetation colonization the cacti only at the
15 The biggest early threats age of 40, but this was
19 20th century massive human interference to become in short
24 Shipwrecks time his main area of
25 Establishing wild life interest. He moved to
New Zealand 12 years
III. Vegetation patterns ago, which allowed
29 The succulent haven: the coastal strip him a different ap-
38 A rich additional herbal flora proach and better un-
43 Eco-climatic characteristics derstanding of nature
and ultimately contributed to the diversification of areas of
IV. Species walkthrough interest: plant naturalization (especially of succulent plants),
47 Aizoaceae vegetation successions and ecology of coastal habitats. He
53 Amaranthaceae joined cactusi.com in 2004, and is also member of Cactus and
55 Araceae Succulent Society of NZ since 2006 and of International Cras-
57 Asparagaceae sulaceae Network since 2008.
61 Asteraceae
62 Balsaminaceae
63 Brassicaceae
64 Cactaceae
65 Commelinaceae VI. Notable absences
66 Crassulaceae
99 Euphorbiaceae VII. Conclusions
100 Geraniaceae
104 Orchidaceae
105 Piperaceae
106 Xanthorrhoeaceae Part 2. Whakaari
V. Some other very interesting species White Island 143
Founders: Eduart Zimer Dag Panco Valentin Posea Grafic layout based on Andrea Cattabriga's pattern.
Editor: Eduart Zimer Editorial team's e-Mail: xerophilia@xerophilia.ro.
Editorial team: Eduart Zimer - EN edition Valentin Posea - RO edition Pedro
Njera Quezada - SP edition & Field researches Dag Panco - PR & Graphic All rights reserved no part of this publication may be reproduced in any forms or
Miguel Angel Gonzlez Botello - Cartography. by any means, without written permission of the Editor. All copyrighted photographs
Supporter: Mihai Crisbanu have been used under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Cover 1 Cover4
Calystegia soldanella at Boulder Bay. Rangitoto Island seen from Milford Beach.
photo by the author photo by the author
Summary 2 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987

part 1.
a review
of the succulent flora
of rangitoto island
hauraki gulf
new zealand
summary
summary
View of the Hauraki Gulf from near the summit
Contents 4 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987

I. introduction
summary
T
he young volcanic island of Rangitoto
is always a very interesting subject for
nature lovers in search of unique habitats
and, as far as I am concerned, it presents
a particular interest for its rich succulent flora
as well. Being close to New Zealands major
urban centre, Auckland, and therefore easily
accessible, Rangitoto was even more prone to
become the subject of many studies, articles
and monographs. However, except for W.R.
Sykes monographic article (Sykes, 1992) little
has been written specifically on the islands
succulent flora. Being a cactus and succulent
enthusiast myself and because since 2006 I was
first charmed by and then became passionate
summary
about Rangitoto, I think it is highly time for me

to write this review of its succulent flora. More,
I will try to present brief information on the
natural history, wild life and other plant species
(both native and introduced) as all elements are
not only intertwined, but strangely unique.
Part 1. - I. Introduction 5 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987
summary
Auckland City seen from halfway Summit Track
Although primarily focusing on the exotic counter-arguments or if these errors have been
succulent flora I will not circumvent the few native repeatedly mentioned and became public
species. Odd enough, although a welcoming land knowledge so to speak, however, trying to clarify
for exotic succulents from all over the world, their status.
New Zealand native flora does not include many Anyway, all species documented at any point
succulents, probably due to the troubled climatic in time will be on my list even if not encountered
past. In fact especially the coastal habitats lack anymore in later years; however, this does not
native succulent species and are very exposed to mean they are still extant. And finally fourth, in the
the invasion of more dynamic exotic species. absence of a clear definition of succulence (which
Im not willing to debate now), I have possibly
Documented species excluded, both intentionally and unintentionally,
However, it is impossible for me to produce a various technically succulent or, worst case,
comprehensive list of extant species, for several sub-succulent species of the rather grey area,
reasons. First, as it already happened with few focusing instead on species generally "considered"
non-succulent invasive plants, some trouble succulent by plant lovers.
makers (might) have been already eradicated Mainly geophytes are not that well represented
by the Department of Conservation (DOC) one in my account. Similar to W.R. Sykes, I have myself
good example is Tradescantia fluminensis, reported interpreted the word succulent fairly loosely and
as eradicated few years ago. Secondly, other included maybe a few plants which could be best
summary
plants could already become, in time, naturally described as semi-succulent while omitting other,
extinct this could be the case with Echeveria such as some geophytes as mentioned above. But
Set-Oliver. Third, some earlier records include it comes down I guess to whats ones definition of
misidentifications (e.g. Aeonium arboreum). I will succulent plant is, where this starts and where
therefore largely exclude obvious errors, but still does it end I have saved this debate for later.
mention few dubious records if no convincing
summary
Hauraki Gulf Islands seen from near Rangitoto

summmit. In the far background you can see the
mountain ranges of Coromandel Peninsula.
Main reference works

I have to mention that W.R. Sykes 1992 account
is the only coherent paper on succulent plants of
Rangitoto. While somewhat outdated in certain
aspects and missing few interesting species, it still
was a true and extremely useful field guide for
me, together with the much more comprehensive
Natural History of Rangitoto Island (Wilcox, 2007),
unfortunately more statistical and illustrative
than descriptive or analytical and not focusing at
all on the succulent flora of the island. However,
the latter relies apparently also on personal
comments and unpublished notes of members
of the New Zealand and Auckland Botanical
Societies, not always well documented, and
not on herbarium specimens. As a result some
names pop up only in Wilcox (2007) in the species
lists, with no references available, e.g. Opuntia
monacantha.
However, in my attempt to be accurate in all
information provided I have consulted in the
end well over 100 reference works, articles and
websites, of which only a part, the most important,
are listed below. My personal experience was
added hopefully for the best, a total of 12 trips to
summary
Rangitoto between 2006 and 2014 totalling over

90 hours of field work and habitat study. I started
A common Rangitoto vegetation pattern: barren being interested only in the succulent flora, but
lava fields surrounded by well estabished, slowly ended up witnessing a magic world, reaching far
advancing Metrosideros excelsa thickets. beyond my primary intentions. This will become
obvious as you will scroll through this paper.
summary
summary
The narrow channel between Motutapu (in the backgrund) and Rangitoto at high tide.
Note the composite exotic vegetation of the shore, dominated here by Agapanthus.
Above: Motuihe Island seen from near Rangitoto summmit. Note the diversity of the
canopy, nowhere else to be seen in New Zealand.
II. a brief natural
summary
history of rangitoto
An ink and watercolour painting

by Charles Heaphy which shows
the volcanic cone and the crater of
Rangitoto in the early 1850s and is
considered by some hard evidence
supporting the late colonization theory.
Drying sharks on Rongitoto, a watercolour

by Charles Heaphy dated around 1850.
After fishing expeditions, the shark
carcasses - a staple food for many Maori -
were hung on racks to dry. Note the "well-
wooded" shore areas.
A photograph taken by Rev. Dr. John

Kinder in 1869 is apparently also
supporting the late colonization theory,
even better than the above mentioned
painting in fact this is nothing but
popular tradition.
summary
Part 1. - II. A brief natural history of Rangitoto 9 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987
summary
One thing is sure: this is how it started, from the

barren basaltic lava flows colonized at some stage
after cooling by Nitrogen fixing lichens.
Right: The lichen Usnea rubicunda - Red beard
lichen - opening the way.
R
angitoto Island is one of the many Although they inhabited only the neighbouring
monogenetic volcanoes of the Auckland Motutapu Island, temporary operations were
volcanic field, rising to 260 m above sea carried out on Rangitoto as well.
level and having a surface of roughly 2,800 There is an amount of uncertainty in regards
hectares. The name Rangitoto originates from a to the timeframe of the main volcanic eruption,
phrase: Nga Rangi-e-toto-ia-a-Tamate Kapua, although it is almost sure that the early 1300s
meaning the days that Tamate Kapua bled, have witnessed if not the emerging of Rangitoto
shortened in time to Rangitoto. The incident from the sea, than definitely a sustained volcanic
refers to a fight between two Maori iwi leaders, activity on the island, including lava flows and ash
Tamate Kapua and Hoturoa, the commanders of emissions.
the Arawa and Tainui canoes respectively, when There is a split opinion on this, some geologists
Tamate Kapua was severely injured. maintain that for the bulk of the lava flows
This is probably the original meaning as it has shaping the island as we know today it took only
a solid linguistic support. A derivative meaning, 20 years, other extend this period to over 200
however, strongly coined over the time is blood years. Clarkson (1990) maintains that the volcano
red sky (the name Tamate Kapua means literally appears to have been active between 850 AD and
killed clouds), which suggests that the Maori 1800 AD with a maximum lava flow activity around
settled on the neighbouring Motutapu Island 1300 AD. Eruptions have not occurred past 1500
summary
would have witnessed major eruptive events. AD, but initial lava flows were followed by ash
Although etymologically wrong, it is factually emissions which filled most of the crevices and
probably correct: footprints covered by volcanic shallow hollows. Some other accounts place the
ash have been discovered on Rangitoto. The Maori peak of the volcanic activity a bit earlier, before
must have witnessed, at least at some stage, major 1250 AD or even before 1200 SD. The summit was
volcanic activities on the island. measured at 259 metres above sea level.
summary
Typical Rangitoto vegetation pattern: large barren lava fields surronded by abrupt vegetation thickets.
Above: In most cases there is no transition between the established Metrosideros, the rich sub-canopy and
ground vegetation and the barren lava fields. In this picture you can clearly see the colonizing lichen patches.
Below: Later A very young pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) growing with no support on the lava fields.
Early accounts on vegetation status

Plant colonization might have started relatively
soon after the lava fields have cooled, possibly
within decades; however, the initial moment a
key factor in all colonization models - is largely
unknown. Volcanic activity has continued for a
while, almost certain witnessed until the 1780s,
without lava flows but at times with sustained ash
and tephra emissions accompanied by fumes.
This volcanic activity has definitely influenced
the pace of vegetation colonization; however,
the timeframe is important as initial colonization
is always slower compared to vegetation re-
generation. One thing is sure: this is how it started,
from the barren basaltic lava flows colonized after
cooling by lichens. As most lichens are capable of
nitrogen fixation the next step, the establishment
of mosses and later on of vascular plants, got the
summary
perfect kick start.

Even if we cannot ignore the huge impact of
man introduced plants over the last 100 120
years, I would rather suggest that, considering
the impressive diversification of vascular plants
established on the island, the colonization process
summary
Dense forest-like vegetation along the Summit

Road.
Light bush and grassland at Wreck Bay Light young forest on the path to Wreck Bay with
"reminding of the richness of tropical vegetation". an extremely interesting diversifying under canopy
According to some accounts it was pretty much the vegetation.
same 150 years ago.
could have started earlier than 400 500 years accurate and are somehow confirmed by the
ago, despite the possible marginal volcanic activity detailed journal entries of Rev. Henry Williams
in the cone area. On the shores, in more sheltered who just very few years later, in 1833, camped on
pockets, vascular plant colonization may have Motutapu and made two trips to Rangitoto.
started as early as 1400s. His account suggests that the vegetation on
One of the earliest accounts is that of the French Rangitoto was certainly less developed than today;
traveller Jules Dumont DUrville, who noted in 1827 however, bushes and shrubs appear to cover
that Rangitoto looked well-wooded if compared the whole island (Julian, 1992).1886 accounts
with the mainland (and dont forget that Rangitoto published in periodicals of the time extensively
used to be a somewhat active volcano until few quoted by Butler (2001) mention shrubs growing
decades earlier). DUrville has sailed down the luxuriantly and flowering pohutukawa trees
summary
Rangitoto channel observing the north-eastern which remind one of the richness of the tropical
coast of Rangitoto Island which even today is less vegetation, () shrubs and some forest trees
vegetated than the rest this would suggest that grow and flourish over two thirds of the surface
the vegetation of Rangitoto wasnt too different the roots penetrating the crevices of the scoria
from what it is today (Julian, 1992). and finding probably far down the decomposed
DUrvilles impressions may have been very washings of the rock.
summary
Senecio angulatus, here in Napier, smothering a

relatively massive Opuntia monacantha.
Questions on Heaphy which shows the volcanic cone and the

the vegetation development crater of Rangitoto in the 1850s and is considered
According to Kirk (1879) the volcanic island of by some hard evidence supporting the late
Rangitoto () possesses greater interest to the colonization theory. In fact, it could be just an
botanist than any other island in the group. artist impression as it is quite contrasting with
This arises less from a copious flora - although the accounts presented above (not to speak that
the number of species is comparatively large few trees can be seen scattered in the summit
than from the remarkable state of the ligneous area).
vegetation, which exhibits the utmost luxuriance Another photograph taken by Rev. Dr. John
of foliage and flowers on the most diminutive Kinder in 1869 is apparently also supporting the
specimens, and from the peculiar conditions late colonization theory, even better than the
of growth, most of the plants springing directly above mentioned painting. But unfortunately
from the face of the rocks or from the crevices beside the extremely poor quality which makes
between them. Both accounts suggest that 150- this picture highly unreliable - it presents the
200 years ago Rangitoto was already relatively well island from a very deceptive angle with focus on
vegetated, which almost implies that vegetation the barren shore and pointing above to the less
started to establish at least 300-400 years ago, if vegetated cones area quite blurry, but visible
not even earlier. covered in some vegetation.
But even if we accept that vegetation was less It largely hides therefore exactly the most
developed in the early 1880s, it was still present vegetated parts of the island (at that time) the low
summary
in much the same form as today and the belief basaltic lava fields making up more than 80% of
that Rangitoto was almost completely bare of the total surface, and described as well-wooded
vegetation from as late as the latter part of the by DUrville four decades earlier. Inopportunely,
19th century is nothing but popular tradition these two visual accounts had a huge impact, as
(Julian, 1992). To this myth may have contributed it happens with visual media, endorsing the less
another ink and watercolour painting by Charles probable theory.
Erica lusirtanica
summary
Vegetation colonization fewer chances to penetrate an existing compact

progressed initially very slow Metrosideros forest or even young scrub.
To bring all this to a conclusion - in my opinion Even the grounds of the intended botanic
it is highly likely that the vegetation of Rangitoto garden are situated right beneath the summit
covered in the early 1800s the lower parts of the area and quite far from the lower parts of the
island in pretty much the same way as today, island indicating indirectly that there were no
only in young scrub, while the summit areas were significant un-vegetated areas available closer to
possibly much less vegetated, probably as a result the shoreline, and large enough to support such
of the ongoing volcanic activity (not necessary an ambitious project.
lava flows, but more or less intermittently steam, It makes completely sense that vegetation of
gas and possibly ash emissions) until the 1780s, Rangitoto started quite early in the history of the
but not completely barren. A good tip gives island, but without having a massive and immediate
us two of the widely established plants of the impact. It has very probably progressed slowly
summit area (and not in the lower parts of the for many decades or even few centuries, building
summary
island) - Erica lusitanica (Ericaceae) and Hypericum up its maximal momentum only shortly after
androsaemum (Hypericaceae) introduced in 1915 the volcanic activity on Rangitoto has completely
by the ambitious botanical project driven by Mr. ceased (and this could have been close to the
Leary and Mr. Wilson. Their rapid but relatively turn of the 19th century) and therefore didnt
localized dispersal would have been embarked on have the time and the opportunity to produce old
less vegetated grounds I think and would have had vegetation relics able to certify a considerable age.
summary
Tricosurus vulpecula - photo by The Brisbane City Mustela erminea - photo by Steve
Council, ex Wikipedia. Hillebrand, ex Wikipedia.
Petrogale penicillata - photo by Hugh McGregor, ex Erinaceus europeus.

Wikipedia.
The biggest early threats: (Dama dama) was introduced on Motutapu in 1862
browsing mammals and wallabies by Robert Graham (who owned the island at that
Until the mid-1800s Rangitoto was virtually time) and reportedly some of the animals moved
an untouched habitat. A certain pressure on across to Rangitoto on low tide.
habitats existed since the early years of European A different kind of damage was made by the ship
settlements, caused by the introduction of alien rat (Rattus rattus), Norwegian rat (Rattus norvegicus),
plants or brutal transformation of natural habitats common house mouse (Mus musculus), feral cat
in farmlands or pastures but this wasnt the (Felis cattus) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuninculus)
case with Rangitoto. In early years the biggest which were all still present in the early 1990s
threat came from the mammals established on (Miller et al, 1994); especially the rats were a real
Rangitoto, mainly possums (Tricosurus vulpecula) threat for the very few birds nesting on the ground.
released on the neighbouring Motutapu Island On one hand the vegetation on Rangitoto couldnt
in 1868 by Sir George Grey and the brush tailed support large numbers of birds, on the other hand
rock wallabies (Petrogale penicillata), animals their eggs were eaten especially by rats so that
present in significant numbers at some stage, now larger populations couldnt establish anyway. In
eradicated - which used to perturb the vegetation the 1980s the wallabies population was estimated
summary
development by destroying the young shoots at 2,000 animals (Wilcox, 2007), but they were in
(Julian, 1992). Very fortunately goats (the worst poor condition and did not breed very prolifically
animal pest especially on islands) were not present due to the harsh, arid conditions. However, this
very probably due to the fact that vegetation population was large enough to produce damage
density and patterns could not sustain grazing to new growth of Metrosideros excelsa and
animals and were not introduced, but fallow deer Coprosma lucida, their preferred food source.
Rangitoto Island seen from Devonport
summary
All these animal pests were actively controlled

by any means (including traps and poisoning)
starting with 1990, sometimes accompanied by
the harsh critics and bitter disapproval of the
animal rights organizations, but in my opinion
it was a necessary step for the greater good
the conservation of Rangitoto. Stoats (Mustela
erminea) were established on Rangitoto too at
that time and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)
summary
were suspected to be also present. The number

of all these mammals is relatively low and
populations under constant survey, so that
there is no immediate pressure here. I have not
encountered the presence of such mammals on
the island.
summary
This used to be a small building siding one of the

quarries.
and dont forget the humans! in 1897, the southern wharf and walking tracks
However, the biggest pressure came (as usually) were opened to the public and Rangitoto became
directly from humans. Even if the neighbouring a popular picnic destination for Aucklanders. This
Motutapu Island was inhabited since 1840, there brought a new problem for the Devonport Borough
was little to no impact on Rangitotos vegetation Council (DBC), the administrator of the island, and
development (except for the mammals already this was fire and vandalism that has increased in
mentioned above) and no significant vegetation a short period of time. Financially the DBC wasnt
exchange took place between the two islands, fit enough to support payments for caretakers
but after 1872 things have changed. The first or guardians, not to speak of the development
significant human activity on Rangitoto started and maintenance costs. In order to overcome
with considerable quarrying that took place on these problems the DBC has leased parts of the
several sites, the operations being owned by foreshore, especially on the southern and eastern
private individuals or by the government, but also coast, as campsites with permission to erect
by the Auckland Harbour Board. holiday homes the famous baches of Rangitoto.
The impact on the environment was direct and Although most of them were not permanently
unstoppable. Julian (1992) states: Stone was inhabited, it is throughout possible that up to
removed for harbour works, tramways, drainage, 50 people have lived permanently on the island,
and construction work from extensive quarry some of them acting as caretakers and, however,
sites, mostly on the eastern side of the island near contributing to a vivid lifestyle on Rangitoto. Of
Islington Bay. This quarrying ceased in 1929 and course, during holidays and on weekends many
summary
was not resumed (Cottrell, 1984). The quarrying more people were visiting the island.
resulted in considerable alteration in the rock As a result of this increasingly popular holiday
surface which, in turn, has resulted in different destination between 1911 and 1937 a number
patterns of vegetation in these areas. of 121 baches were built on Rangitoto. Private
This was just the beginning. In 1890 the island dwellings established on public land, leading later
became a recreation reserve and shortly after that, on to legal disputes.
Young forest at Wilsons Park
summary
However, the afflux of people taking by storm

Rangitoto lead to another problem. Probably
depressed by the view of the barren lava fields
the visiting crowds and the few residents
tried to enhance their lifestyle and beauty
the harsh volcanic landscape. Planting days
summary
were organized in the 1890s when not only the

inhabitants but also members of the public were
encouraged to bring by ferry their favourite
plant with them, and these actions count for
the dispersal of several endemic or introduced
species on the island.
summary
Ruins of the prison gate.
20th century was WW2, when Rangitoto became a defence area

massive human interference and further constructions have been erected, guns
Later on, in 1915, Mr. Leary and Mr. Wilson even have been installed and most important a new
started the works for a Botanic Garden, reportedly road and a Controlled Mine Base were constructed
intended to include also cacti and other succulents, causing the most extensive ever cuttings through
never finished and eventually abandoned as it the lava fields. Even today the site of the Controlled
has happened with many other projects during Mine Base is home for many exotic plants, many
the troubled times of war. However, due to of them succulents.
their efforts we owe few introductions such as One of the most important works implying
the Spanish heath (Erica lusitanica) and tutsan little immediate disturbance of the habitats but
(Hypericum androsaemum) in the summit area. The opening all ways for animal and plant species
site is known today as Wilsons Park and is situated exchange was the passage to Motutapu build for
very close to the main crater rim. defence purposes.
Another boost was given between 1926 and 1930 All of this had a significant impact on the
when roads have been built using prison labour; vegetation development and on the vegetation
basically most of the driveable roads crossing the patterns on Rangitoto, even triggering infestations
island were built in this period. Although no major with highly invasive plants in some parts of the
direct influences on the vegetation patterns were island. This problem was acknowledged as early as
caused it is believed that this might have helped 1937, but little has been done until after the WW2.
summary
the relocation and dispersal of weeds on the road There are obviously three sources of alien plants
sides and also of browsing mammals, the smooth on Rangitoto deliberate introduction, garden
surface of the roads being (in contrast with the escapes and natural dispersal from adjacent sites
rough surface of the open lava fields) easier to use (mainly Aucklands Devonport and Motutapu),
for long range movements (Julian, 1992). however, the latter being the less important
The last chapter of massive human interference dispersal mean, at least in later years.
summary
Old scoria platform. The Controlled Mine Base.
Abandoned bach near Islington Bay. Restored bach.
Bach 38 - restored. Boatramp and dinghy.

summary
Inside a WW2 bunker near the summit. Vlad at a private landing near Islington Bay.
summary
The white painted landbrigde between Rangitoto (on the left left) and Motutapu was built for defense logistic purposes,
but actually only facilitated species exchange between the two islands. This is the narrowest point (less than 20 metres)
of the separating channel.
Below: A heaven for vintage booze bottles collectors
summary
Modern artefact near bach 15
summary
summary
summary
summary
Stairway to Heaven
summary
Wreck Bay today - Only few pieces from the wreckage can be seen today, however, small artefacts are
still easy to find on the shore or in shallow waters.
Below left: Wreck Bay 1940s.
Below right: My son Vlad with remains of a mosaic - possibly from the sauna of a coastliner.
Shipwrecks helped a variety of sea fauna to establish locally,

The northern parts of Rangitoto Island (mostly in as it usually happens in such circumstances: The
the shallow waters of Boulder Bay and Wreck Bay) deeper wreckage just offshore attracts a variety of
served as graveyard for at least 13 vessels that fish and other marine life and can be appreciated
were dumped between 1887 and 1947. Some of by snorkelling or scuba diving.
the older vessels that were made of timber were Unfortunately I never managed to stay too long
burnt to the waterline. Later wrecks provided a rich there as there is a serious detour from the main
summary
resource for the island's handful of bach owners, areas where succulent flora my main target on
who descended on the hulks and stripped them the island is widely present.
of fittings and timber to incorporate into their Being an attraction for many people, in time
holiday homes. (RIHCT). several adventives species have been established
Some of the underwater structures serve as here, originating from seed transported possibly
scuba diving attraction and it is said to have by equipment or on the visitors shoes.
Establishing wild life
However, in wildlife seems establish and
summary
improve on the island Rangitoto is considered

pest free since 2011 according to the DOC
website (although monitoring traps continue
to be set up in different corners of the island)
and ready to become a wildlife sanctuary. In
the neighbouring Motutapu the brown kiwi,
Apteryx mantelli, was already introduced,
while in Rangitoto the presence of the tui
bird, Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae, seems to
become more significant. Tui flocks used to visit
on occasion Rangitoto, especially in spring when
the kowhai (several species - Sophora chathamica
is common in Rangitoto) flowers, however,
during my last two visits I managed to see and
hear more tui birds than at any time in the past.
Another surprise was, for me at least, a couple
of New Zealand pigeons or kerer (Hemiphaga
novaeseelandiae) this was a first time for me.
These two birds are essential in seed dispersal
and propagation of numerous native species
and therefore increased numbers might bring
new vegetation dynamics over the next decades.
Other bird species relatively often encoun-
tered here are Zosterops lateralis (Silvereye) a
small passerine preferring heights or
elevated structures, the Variable oys-
tercatcher, Haematopus unicolor,
which is endemic to New Zea-
land, the White-fronted tern,
Sterna striata, with recover-
ing populations and becom-
ing quite common in later
years, the Pied shag, Phala-
crocorax varius, the Black
backed gulls Larus domini-
canus, having a massive
1,500 pairs breeding co-
lony near Flax Point, the
Kingfisher, Todiramphus
sanctus, Rhipidura fulig-
inosa (fantail) which is
common in bushlands,
and others. It also was
reported (never seen
by me here though)
that the iconic insect
tree weta, Hemideina
sp., which is another
endemic group of
species is present
in larger numbers
than on the main-
land. From the rep-
summary
tilian wildlife I have seen only the Rain-

bow skink, Lampropholis delicata, several and has all the chances to become a wild life
times in scoria rubble near the summit, but didnt sanctuary in the years to come. And, we like it or
manage to take a decent picture. not, the current vegetation setup includes a mix
Although only one nautical mile from Auck- of exotic species, some invasive and therefore
land, Rangitoto is a unique piece of nature unwanted, but not all of them.
summary
Tui bird, here at Totara Heights. Zosterops lateralis.
Sterna striata - White-fronted tern - at Rangitoto Vanellus miles novaehollandiae, here near Takapuna.
wharf.
Pied shag, Phalacrocorax varius, near the Controlled Variable oystercatcher (Haematopus unicolor) in the
Mine Base early morning hours at Rangitoto wharf.
Black backed gulls, Larus dominicanus, along the Tree weta, Hemideina sp., here in Mt. Wellington,
Coastal Track Auckland
summary
III. vegetation patterns
summary
and characteristics
of the habitat
Metrosideros excelsa.
summary
Part 1. - III. Vegetation patterns 27 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987
summary
At Wreck Bay with Metrosideros excelsa, in the background crop.

Below left: Metrosideros excelsa flower.
Below right: Metrosideros robusta flower.
R
angitoto has an almost perfect symmetrical by lichens if any, with a transitional strip of 50
profile no matter from which direction you 200 cm only.
are looking at the island, with gentle slopes The interior of the island is slowly developing
and extended lava fields of rough texture, into a light bush dominated by Metrosideros trees
consisting of basalt and scoria, in most of the cases (Myrtaceae), especially by Metrosideros excelsa,
very difficult and dangerous to walk on without the famous native pohutukawa, one of New Zea-
proper shoes if you deviate from the path. lands iconic plants, and Metrosideros robusta (Ju-
During sunny days the bare rocks get incredibly lian, 1992; Wotherspoon, 2002), intermingling with
hot; this fact combined with the scarcity of available other shrubs and trees all the way up to the 259 m
moisture (there are no fresh water sources and no high summit.
ground water available on the island) make it easy A hybrid swarm of the two, described as Met-
summary
to understand how hostile this habitat originally rosideros sub-tomentosa Carse, was noticed but
was, and still is. It is very interesting to see that it is thought that it is progressively backcrossing
the vegetation colonization occurs in very distinct to Metrosideros excelsa (Julian, 1992). Several ad-
steps with almost no transition at all. Relatively ditions both endemic and introduced plants
densely vegetated areas are abruptly terminated complete the characteristic vegetation range of
and continued into bare lava fields populated just Rangitoto, complex, composite and unique.
summary
Dense stands of Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis.

Above left: The gap between Motutapu and Rangitoto at low tide.
Above right: Saltmarsh with young mangroves near Yankee Wharf.
The succulent haven: the coastal strip come down to the water line there, is a strip with
The light bush extends, with few interruptions somewhat less competition allowing many succu-
and bare lava fields, from the summit crater to lent plants to establish. Large tussocks halophyte
the coast. However, there is no place here for grasses, swarms of Agapanthus praecox ssp. orien-
succulent plants, the only one I have seen trying to talis (Amaryllidaceae), and in some salt marsh like
escape from the shore and finding its way to the areas Avicennia resinifera (Acanthaceae), the wood-
inland was in a certain extent Crassula multicava en mangrove, seem to be the only worthwhile
(Crassulaceae) a real pest here, but even for this competition. There are obviously three sources
plant I wouldnt say that it actually inhabits sites of alien plants on Rangitoto deliberate introduc-
situated too far from the sea. All other succulent tion, garden escapes and natural dispersal from
summary
plants are restricted mainly to a 10 50 m wide adjacent sites, mainly Aucklands Devonport and
coastal strip, excepting several pockets especially Motutapu Island, however, the latter being the less
in the southern parts of the island. important dispersal mean. Most succulent species
The coastal areas are quite different, with marine are garden relicts or have spread from abandoned
exposure and this means first of all more humid gardens of the former settlements, especially on
and salt laden air. As the bush does not usually the eastern and southern coasts.
summary
Griselinia lucida, fruits. Griselinia lucida.
Geniostoma lingustrifolium. Pseudopanax arboreus.
Trichomanes reniforme, patches on the Leptecophylla juniperina.

path to Wreck Bay.
Distribution ferns, Trichomanes reniforme, (Hymenophyl-

In a nutshell, here are the three different vegetation laceae) with localized occurrence, especially
patterns occurring on the island: in the southern part of Rangitoto at Kidney
1. The vegetation of the basalt fields. These ar- Fern Glen. Pohutukawa is by far the most
eas are dominated by Metrosideros excelsa, common vegetation type, covering in 1981
but also Metrosideros robusta and their hy- ca. 57% of the island (Julian, 1992) and being
brid swarms. Although still very young, Ran- usually the dominant species where it occurs.
gitoto has the biggest pohutukawa popula- Other common vascular species are Genios-
tion in New Zealand. This light bush is not toma ligustrifolium (Loganiaceae), Coriaria ar-
summary
very compact, nor continuous, there is ac- borea (Coriariaceae), Pseudopanax arboreus
tually a collection of micro-environments, (Araliaceae), Griselinia lucida (Griseliniaceae),
sometimes with very distinctive features, al- Knightia excelsa (Rewarewa tree, Proteaceae),
lowing other broadleaf species to establish, Leptecophylla juniperina (Ericaceae) and few
which deepens local characteristics, for ex- others, including a variety of ferns, mosses
ample dense groundcover patches of Kidney and lichens.
summary
Asplenium oblongifolium.
Knightia excelsa - Rewarewa tree.

summary
Mosses, Geranium purpureum and Astelia

seedlings
Coriaria arborea.
summary
Coriaria arborea, flowers.

summary
2. The vegetation of the scoria cones is domi-
nated by kanuka, Kunzea ericoides (Myrta-
summary
ceae) and manuka, Leptospermum scoparium

(Myrtaceae), especially on the eastern slopes,
but also other scrubs like Myrsine australis
(Myrsinaceae) and tree daisies, Olearia spp.
(Asteraceae) are very common. There are also
two introduced species with very high occur-
rence, Erica lusitanica (Ericaceae) and Hyperi-
cum androsaemum (Hypericaceae), both es-
capes from the intended botanical garden.
The vegetation of the volcanic cones has
nowadays the appearance of a light bush,
a mixture of several plant species, including
scattered kauri trees, Agathis australis (Arau-
cariaceae) and, again, Coriaria arborea espe-
cially along the tracks. The scoria cones area
occupies less than 15% of the total surface.
Rangitoto main crater.

Below left: Leptospermum scoparium - Manuka.
Below right: Leptospermum scoparium, flower.
summary
Olearia furfuracea.
Below: Rangitoto main crater seen from the sea.
summary
Vegetation Patterns
summary
summary
summary
Agathis australis - kauri tree - in the crater cone.
summary
Sparsely vegetated lava slabs at Wreck Bay

Below: The native grass Austrostipa stipoides near
Yankee wharf.
3. The vegetation of the shores. The typical veg- bushes to trees. Fortunately most of them
etation consists, depending also on the shore are confined to this area and have not ad-
characteristics, of various halophytes, which vanced to the inner parts of the island, with
also occur locally forming from dense iso- the exception of path and road sides. How-
lated mounds to large patches covering the ever, this is by far the most composite veg-
salt marsh area. This is a very friendly strip etation type of the island, and unfortunately
summary
for plants with halophytic and or xerophytic prone to be occupied by aggressive coloniz-
adaptations, including all succulents treated ers such as Ulex europaeus (gorse, Fabaceae),
here. As the human settlements were at or possibly the worst pest in New Zealand. It
in the proximity of the shores there is also a didnt happen here yet, except few patches
high incidence of garden escapes, from gar- only, but it happened elsewhere in similar
den flowers to succulent plants, and from situations.
summary
At Gardiners Gap.
Below: Ulex europaeus - local infestation along the
Islington Bay Road.
summary
summary
Off trail plant hunting is mostly hard on the shoes ...

you go first and let me know!
A rich additional herbal flora (Geraniaceae), Fumaria muralis ssp. muralis

However, in all three distinct vegetation type areas (Papaveraceae), Hebe stricta (Plantaginaceae) and
mentioned above, in clearings or less vegetated many, many others.
corners, in places with less competition from And, almost everywhere, a multitude of ferns,
strong or fast growing species, or less exposed lichens, mosses, liverworts, fungi, the most amaz-
to the mercy of the elements, as a ground cover ing collection of native and introduced organisms.
or sub-canopy element, there is a rich herbal On a relatively small surface there is such a variety
flora, starting with the smallest herbs and grasses and high number of species like nowhere in New
to medium sized shrubs, comprising some Zealand. And everything amalgamated in peculiar
unexpected introduced or native species such as: ways, creating unique and composite eco-biotic
Centranthus ruber (Caprifoliaceae), Senecio lautus units. On the origins of the adventives flora I would
summary
ssp. maritimus (Asteraceae), Centaurium erythraea like to make two comments here: while most herbs
(Gentianaceae), Thelymitra longifolia (Orchidaceae), come from Europe, Middle East or North Africa,
Iris x germanica var. florentina (Iridaceae), the most succulents originate from Southern Africa
non-succulent Euphorbia peplus (Euphorbiaceae), and Mexico; in regards to the introduction the first
Antirrhinum majus (Plantaginaceae), Myosotis are usually pastoral introductions, while the latter
sylvatica (Boraginaceae), Geranium purpureum are mostly horticultural escapes.
summary
Fumaria muralis. Cirsium vulgare near Islington Bay Road.
Thelymitra longifolia. Centranthus ruber - the purple variant.
Centranthus ruber - the red variant. Myosotis sylvatica.
Muscari armeniacum. Geranium purpureum.

summary
summary
Hebe stricta. Centaurium erythraea- the red variant.
Antirrhinum braun-blanquettii near Antirrhinum majus with dense infestation

Gardiners Gap of C. multicava ssp. multicava in the
ackground near Rangitoto wharf
Microsorum pustulatum ssp. pustulatum.

summary
Myrsine australis & Geniostoma Aira caryophylle.

lingustrifolium
summary
Clematis forsteri. Lonicera japonica.
Lavandula dentata east of Rangitoto Osteospermum fruticosum - an almost

wharf. white form.
Pseudocyphellaria carpoloma, a rare foliose

lichen.
summary
Verbascum blattaria f. albiflora. Stereocaulon ramulosum.
summary
Various succulents at Yankee Wharf. Various succulents at Yankee Wharf.
Iris x germanica var. florentina on the path Oxalis incarnata.

leading to the controlled mine base
Osteospermum fruticosum.
Muehlenbeckia complexa.
summary
Astelia banksii near Rangitoto wharf
summary
Islington Bay wharf seen from the summit
Eco-climatic characteristics nant vegetation, there are plenty of opportunities

The climate is mild and with significant sub-tropical offered for more or less resourceful species. Not to
and oceanic influences it does not drop below 0oC speak of the highly unusual associations between
during winter, even this is an event rare enough, different plant species. Another factor shaping the
maybe once in 10 years, and allows for moderate vegetation patterns were the numerous fires on
hot summers. Annual mean temperatures Rangitoto, during the late 19th and early 20th centu-
are around 16oC. There is no meteorological ries, some intentional fires got out of control (e.g.
station on the island but it is believed that the climbers of the time were signalling their position
precipitations levels are marginally higher than in by lighting a fire, this was a common practice ac-
the neighbouring Auckland, possibly up to 1,200- cording to Butler, 2001), some by accident (e.g.
1,300 mm/year, mainly in the cooler months and lightning) have caused a lot of trouble especially
on occasion with short draught periods during the extensive 1887 (raging for over a week) and
the summer, especially from late December to 1913 fires. Large bush areas were burned down to
January. Precipitations may look rather high, but the lava fields. Currently open fires are prohibited
considering the very poor water retention of the on the island. Fires have cleared more or less large
substrate and with the strong winds battering patches of vegetation favouring dynamic colonizer
summary
every now and then the area it may become even which otherwise would have had lower chances
after a heavy rainfall bone-dry in a matter of days. to become locally dominant. This explains for in-
Apart from this, characteristic for the island is stance why kanuka, Kunzea ericoides, and manuka,
the absence of ground water and the multitude of Leptospermum scoparium, are very widespread on
eco-climatic niches scattered all over the island. As the eastern slopes and far less common on the
a result, even if only few species form the domi- rest of the island.
summary
summary
Sand dollar, sea cookie or snapper biscuit - of the

order Clypeasteroida in the flatmuds near Gardiners
Gap.
IV. species walkthrough
summary
summary
Aloe arborescens ssp. natalensis
Part 1. - IV. Species Walkthrough 45 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987
summary
Iconic succulent flora...
A
fter such extended passages on the natural to the presence of those species on the island will
history of Rangitoto, on its habitats and be acknowledged, as well as references from other
on the other flora, its about time to dive authors. Some of these species (if not most) have
into the core of this paper: the succulent been seen by me on Rangitoto and where neces-
flora! My declared intention is only to provide sary additional personal remarks have been add-
minimal information on the succulent plant ed. Focus was on providing a (hopefully) complete
species recorded on Rangitoto, without going into list of succulent species (with the limitations stated
botanical details you can find them elsewhere in the beginning of this paper) and understanding
anyway, I will prefer to stick to my objective: of the habitat, its dynamics and environmental is-
to provide an updated list of species with the sues.
smallest amount of additional information. After And, finally, I tried to include well balanced pho-
summary
all, most of them are well known old fashioned tographic illustrations helpful especially for peo-
garden plants, or not that rare indigenous species, ple wanting to see this magnificent piece of nature
and therefore presenting no particular interest for with their own eyes. Plants will be grouped by fam-
the contemporary C&S enthusiast. ilies, and within families in alphabetical order, for
Im not trying to lecture or bore to death any po- the ease of reading and retrieving of some refer-
tential readers. However, particularities in regards ences. And here we go
summary
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus is a common and larger sandy beaches, there are many more
New Zealand naturalized plant and it reached patches of well-established Carpobrotus edulis
Rangitoto as well, probably being cultivated at first growing mostly near high tide mark, in one place
by the early European settlers. Apparently only almost next to its natural hybrid Carpophyma
the yellow flowering form is present on the island. mutabilis G.D. Rowley (see below Disphyma
Few lose patches in Yankee Wharf and near the australe).
causeway to the neighbouring Motutapu Island. At Carpobrotus edulis comes from South Africa,
Yankee Wharf it grows directly on the lava slabs growing on coastal and inland slopes and dunes
summary
(not exactly the ideal substrate for this plant) and from Namaqualand in the Northern Cape through
Aizoaceae
stems seem to die off quite young (maybe as a the Western Cape to the Eastern Cape, where it
result of the overheating basaltic substrate?) only is often seen as a pioneer in disturbed sites, not
to generate new shoots later on. On the contrary different from New Zealand. Highly invasive in
near Motutapu sandy soil patches are available. other parts of the world such as the Mediterranean
On Motutapu, having typically a finer sandy soil region, California, etc.
summary
Disphyma australe (W.T. Aiton) N.E. Br. ssp. ral hybrid with Carpobrotus edulis, Carpophyma
australe. The traditional vernacular name is mutabilis on Motutapu, on a sandy beach close to
Horokaka. Sykes (1992) does not provide many Gardiner Gap. This hybrid is sterile (doesnt form
details on this species: Represented by a single fruit), but still manages to backcross with D. aus-
specimen from Rangitoto. Although collected trale endangering therefore the genetic bank of
many years ago it probably still occurs there. our endemic ice plant. A final remark while the
Collection date is 1920 (probably around Rangitoto Motutapu hybrid has pale pinkish flowers, sug-
wharf, although no location indicated). However, in gesting that the pink flowering form of D. australe
Wilcox (2007) more information is provided (can was involved, the picture provided in Wilcox (2007)
summary
often be seen on shell banks adjoining the Coastal is definitely of the white flowering form, raising few
Aizoaceae
Track) including a picture of a white flowering question marks. Disphyma australe ssp. australe is
form dated 2005, from the southern shore. I have endemic to New Zealand and Chatham Islands.
to admit I havent seen it in Rangitoto and no other G.F. Glen lumped in the 1980s all known Disphy-
information seems to be available. ma taxons into Disphyma crassifolium (see Zimer
However, in September 2012 I found its natu- 2012a) which in my opinion is highly questionable.
summary
Lampranthus sp. is known only from a cultivation

relic that couldnt be even properly identified
by L.M. Cranwell who did the collection back in
summary
1941 (?), according to Sykes (1992). Wilcox (2007)

Aizoaceae
does not even mention this taxon, and therefore

Sykes account becomes somewhat doubtful.
Possibly it became naturally extinct on the island.
Lampranthus comes from South Africa and is very
popular in cultivation in New Zealand.
summary
Tetragonia implexicoma (Miq.) Hook f. is also

present in Rangitoto at Wreck Bay, on the northern
shore, but its stems are succulent only in juvenile
and young shoots (in adult plants at least) and is
distinguished by its reddish colour of the old, non-
succulent stems and, sometimes, of the leaves.
Native to New Zealand, Australia, Norfolk and Lord
Howe islands.
None of the Tetragonia species is, however, a
typical succulent plant and didnt really look out
for it while in the field. I vaguely remember seeing
possibly T. implexicoma at Wreck Bay or Boulder
Bay, but I have no notes or pictures.
summary
Aizoaceae
summary
Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze was

known for a long time only from the 1889 record
of T.F. Cheeseman but was later retrieved at Flax
Point and, as in Wilcox (2007) is stated grows even
more luxuriantly at the adjoining black-backed
gull colony, with other 25 other plant species,
summary
probably because of the freely available fertilizer.

Aizoaceae
(In return the gulls harvest vegetation to line out

their nests). T. tetragonioides is a common beach
plant, endemic to New Zealand, used traditionally
for food (vernacular name is New Zealand spinach).
Typically seeds are dispersed by sea water.d.
summary
Tetragonia trigyna Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.

is only known from a historic collection in
1932 (Sykes, 1992) when a sterile speci-
men was recorded and collected, however,
with uncertain specific identity. Some au-
thorities include T. trigyna in Tetragonia implexicoma (Miq.) Hook f.
trygina (see page 51). Both
Tetragonia tetragonioides
and Tetragonia trigyna are
relatively common in other
Hauraki Gulf islands but
almost lacking from Rangi-
toto, and both have trailing
succulent stems and semi-
succulent leaves. And,
summary
both are endemic to New

Aizoaceae
Zealand.
summary
Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Ung. Sternb.) A.J. Scott

ssp. quinqueflora is a typical shore line and salt
marsh species, a very common and wide spread
halophyte in New Zealand (however, it lacks com-
pletely from the West Coast of the South Island).
It was formerly classified as Salicornia. There
Amaranthaceae - subfam. Salicornioideae

are several species worldwide known in Europe
under generic names such as Marsh Samphire
(as it was used as subsistence food or pickled
for many hundreds of years) or Glasswort (be-
ing used for glass production in early years). It
is a very interesting plant, seemingly dying off in
winter, only to revive in summer (the dead skin
peels revealing fresh green new growth).
Locally very abundant in Rangitoto, growing
near high tide line in sand and silt accumula-
tions, on temporarily submerged coastal lava
blocks, on lava slabs in the splash zone or on oc-
casion on higher ground, but still in the mist. It is
completely missing in some parts of the island,
leaving some unexplained gaps. S. quinqueflora
summary
ssp. quinqueflora is native to New Zealand and

Australia, while a second variety, var. tasmanica,
grows naturally only in Australia. Typically, in
New Zealand this is a shoreline species, while is
Australia several inland populations are known.
summary
Amaranthaceae - subfam. Salicornioideae
Suaeda novae-zelandiae Allan is known to grow

in Rangitoto since the 1930s (Sykes, 1992). Ran-
gitoto Wharf. Scattered plants grow in the salt-
wort community in the bay near the landing jet-
ty. I have seen it in the same location, a dense
strip on somewhat higher ground doubling S.
quinqueflora placed directly in the high tide area.
Both species are often associated, although at
least in Rangitoto S. novae-zelandiae is not very
summary
common. Not a spectacular plant, but a truly

halophytic survivor. Forms twisted low thickets
with stems rising on occasion up to 30-40 cm. En-
demic to New Zealand, where it is very common
especially in the South Island.
Alocasia brisbanensis (Bailey) Domin (= Alocasia
macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don var. brisbanensis F.M.
summary
Bailey) well known as Elephants ear was only

sparsely found at Wilsons Park probably as a
remnant of the intended botanic garden. Only
few plants, as Sykes (1992) states. Adventive in
few other places in New Zealand, but really in-
vasive and dominating large vegetation areas
only in Raoul Island (Kermadec) (Sykes, 1992).
According to Wilcox (2007) and Witherspoon &
Witherspoon (2002) currently eradicated from
Rangitoto. It comes from Australia (Queensland).
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is a tropical plant

grown primarily for its edible corms (known as
taro), and only later on becoming an ornamen-
tal plant. Sykes (1992): Wilsons Park at base of
crater cone. A few patches only. Apparently an-
other relict of the intended botanic garden. This
species is thought to have been originally native
to the lowland wetlands of Malaysia, but was
intensively cultivated since ancient times and
spread to India, Ancient Greece and Rome, and
further in the civilized world. It is widely natural- Colocasia esculenta
ized wherever it has been cultivated..
summary
Araceae
Alocasia brisbanensis, growing at Dorrigo National Park,

Australia - photo by C. Goodwin, ex Wikipedia
summary
Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Sprengel is spread

across the island in small groups (cultivation relics)
near baches or former gardens. It didnt spread
rhizomatous to form uncontrollable thickets in
Rangitoto as this is a moisture loving plant and
thrives especially near gullies or rivers, sometimes
in periodically flooded areas, but this is exactly
what the harsh environment of the island cant
offer. However, here and there, small groups re-
sisted the challenge of the time.
Sykes (1992) places the plant in Wilsons Park and
western parts of Rangitoto, however, I have seen
summary
it only in the eastern parts, near Islington, garden

relicts in somewhat sheltered and possibly more
Araceae
humid position, in the backyard of a demolished

bach. (Nearby several piles of old empty bottles
reminiscent of noisy parties). This species comes
from Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.
summary
Asparagaceae - subfam. Agavoideae
Agave americana L. the original Century plant, as it was and still is one of the most common and
thought to flower once in 100 years - is present loved succulent plant in New Zealand gardens, be-
almost everywhere near former settlements on ing tough as old boots and with little to no need
Rangitoto, at Gardiners Gap, near the baches of maintenance. By removing the old flower sized
around Islington wharf, Yankee Wharf, on the trail plants the problem hasnt been solved. Deep down
to the Controlled Mine Base, and almost the en- in crevices and fissures of the lava slabs there are
tire southern coast however, DOC makes a big myriads of rhizomes carrying on and emerging
summary
point in thoroughly controlling this species. All ma- again and again as new plants. An almost impos-
ture specimens have been removed, sometimes in sible task and on the long term an expensive ex-
a disputable manner, for at least 15 years there ercise. The Agave plants thrive on Rangitoto a
were no more flowering specimens seen here. perfect substrate and acceptable climate - and are
However, not seed dispersal is the problem. A. possibly in their many hundreds, including all the
americana was intensively planted on the island small suckers.
summary
Agave americana 'Marginata' (aka

'Variegata') - cultivated
Initially I was trying to study the development gos, Fiji, French Polynesia Islands, Tahiti, and many
of the few more or less densely populated colo- others, usually not putting pressure on native
nies, but soon I realized this was pointless as every habitats, but on occasion becoming aggressive in-
year most of the bigger plants were checked by vaders as it happened in Palau, Ogasawara Is- Asparagaceae - subfam. Agavoideae
DOC. The specimens on Rangitoto are also quite lands (Japan), or New Caledonia. Extremely hard
different from most of the plants you can see in to control, not because of the many thousands of
contemporary Auckland gardens mainly slender seeds scattered by a flowering plant, but because
specimens or variegated forms of relatively recent the rhizomes spreading through the cracks, gaps
horticultural origins; as there is a presence of Aga- and crevices of the lava fields virtually impossi-
ve americana in Hauraki Gulf and Great Auckland ble to eradicate if you have to deal with hundreds
area of over 140 years we possibly deal here with of plants at a time. Larger specimens are removed
original, unaltered stock. or literally butchered at site, for at least 15 years
However, there are only few varieties, forms or no A. americana has reached flowering age on Ran-
cultivars that have spread in cultivation and even- gitoto.
tually have been naturalized worldwide, this com- Agave americana L. Variegata is mentioned
plex is far more intricate. by Sykes (1992) as forming occasionally large
summary
A. americana comes from sub-tropical to warm- clumps growing as relicts of cultivation which
temperate regions of Mexico and has managed to I havent seen and possibly have been already
escape from cultivation in many regions of Medi- wiped out. There are several variegated forms,
terranean Europe, South Africa, Australia, New but by far A. americana Marginata is the most
Zealand and many Pacific Islands such as Lord common in cultivation in New Zealand and very
Howe Island, Pagan Island, Cook Islands, Galpa- probably this was seen by W.R. Sykes.
Yucca gloriosa var. tristis Carrire (mostly re-
ferred as Yucca recurvifolia Salisb. or Yucca glo-
summary
riosa var. recurvifolia Engelm.) is mentioned by

Sykes (1992) growing as cultivation relicts near
garden sites in Islington and Rangitoto wharf.
I have seen in Rangitoto only the occasional
regrowth, not massive plants (as an adult it has
a shrubby to tree like habit and grows up to 2-3
metres high). It comes from the south-eastern
parts of the USA.
Asparagaceae - subfam. Agavoideae

summary
summary
Ornithogalum caudatum (Aiton) Maire is men- This is a bulbous plant growing surprisingly well
tioned in Wilcox (2007) as O. longibracteatum Jac- on the lava fields you would expect it rather to
quin (sometimes spelled O. longebracteatum thrive in deeper and more porous substrate.. I
which is wrong). In later years it was reclassi- have seen dozens of mature plants, some with the
fied as Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J. C. Manning & bulb nearly 8 cm across (it can reach up to 10-12
Goldblatt, which seems to be the currently ac- cm), near the track between Yankee Wharf and the
cepted name, although less in use by amateurs. Controlled Mine Base.
O. caudatum is a classic cryptophytic succulent
(with bulb-like layered succulent stem) having
strap like slightly succulent strap like leaves which
can reach up to 80-100 cm length. Characteristic
for this species are the small bulbils growing from
the main bulb which can start a new plant when
detached, rooting readily and starting to grow
when moisture available. It seems to work well
for this species in Rangitoto, as many tiny plants
could be seen around the larger mother-plants. In
my experience it is a bit more difficult and slow to
grow from seed, planting bulbils is like a game...
Asparagaceae - subfam. Scilloideae

summary
Vernacular names are False Sea Onion (and it

looks indeed like an oversized onion) or, quite un-
derstandable, Pregnant Onion. Curious little plant
which I have no idea how could establish so well
quite far from the former dwellings. It comes from
southern and tropical eastern Africa.
summary
Senecio angulatus L.f. There are at least 13 Sene- it grows preferably on dry coastal situations it
cio species confirmed on the island (Wilcox, 2007), seems that Rangitoto is a bit too much of an ask
some adventive, most of them native, but only S. and this species needs a bit of constant moisture
angulatus (common name Cape ivy) can be con- supply throughout the year and does not very well
sidered a succulent plant, having succulent stems on hot basaltic lava slabs, with little to no organic
and semi-succulent leaves from juvenile to adult accumulations. In other locations observed by me
status. (especially Napier) S. angulatus is able to form lush
summary
Asteraceae
Sykes (1992) mentions only few patches at Is- stands, smothering various plants and even tough
lington, around old baches, struggling to spread invasive species such as Opuntia monacantha.
vegetatively. It may not form viable seed as no Senecio species are self-pollinating and propagate
seedlings or young plants were seen. easily by seed dispersal by wind so Sykes state-
I have seen only few decrepit plants I thought ment has to be put into perspective. Senecio angu-
were not really worth photographing. Although latus comes from South Africa.
summary
Impatiens sodenii Engl.

(below) used to be a
highly appreciated or-
namental plant flow-
ering almost all year
round (one vernacular
is shrub balsam) and
cultivation relics are
seen at old house sites,
around old baches or
abandoned gardens in
Islington and Rangitoto
wharf.
Sykes (1992) main-
tains it is a prolific seed-
er, but doesnt seem to
spread too much, apart
from few groups. The
species forms shrubby
plants with succulent
stems.
It comes from Kenia
and Tanzania.
Impatiens walleriana
Hook f. (left) is a similar
species, only with less
succulent stems (if this
is relevant for this pa-
per).
It is native to East Af-
rica, from Kenia to Mo-
zambique.
Balsaminaceae
summary
summary
Cakile maritima Scop. ssp. maritima is a moder- occurs with the help of sea waves and currents. It
ate halophyte shrubby annual plant with succulent is a typical beach and sand dune species; this is ac-
stems and leaves. Fruits are ripening in summer tually the only suitable habitat type. Rangitoto of-
Brassicaceae
and seeds germinate in winter, when most of the fers only one adequate spot, Whites Beach, where
summary
parent plants are dead by now. This species typi- C. maritima occurs, along with other characteristic
cally has an asynchronous germination, forming sea shore species. It comes from Europe, but be-
a seed bank lasting for several years (over three came adventive in several parts of the world, and
years from the same seed batch) assuring propa- even a noxious weed in North America, on both
gation even in adverse conditions. Seeds are dis- coasts. Several varieties and species have natural-
persed locally by wind while long range dispersal ly a mostly northern hemisphere distribution.
summary
Opuntia monacantha, here severe infestation at Tutukaka coast.

Below: Cultivated plants.
Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. The only ac- Africa, to South Africa, southeast Asia, Australia,
count on the presence of this species on the is- New Zealand and some of the Pacific Islands, and
land is Natural History of Rangitoto Island (Wilcox, I think there must be some other places too. The
2007) where it is merely listed in the species sum- worst infestations have occurred in Australia and
mary (on page 109), and not even in the index. I South Africa. It is also worthwhile mentioning that
have no other source, and I dont know based on Opuntia monacantha was first recorded in China as
what account has been included here. I havent early as 1625. Opuntia monacantha is probably the
seen it on the island, nor is it mentioned in Sykes most common opuntioid in cultivation in New Zea-
(1992). However, I am pretty sure that at some land, everyone seem to know it, have seen or had
stage this species must have been planted here, one, and so on. There is nothing special about this
maybe in Wilsons Park, the intended botanical plant, widespread and almost a pest even in its
garden, or possibly near baches, as it used to be a own habitat. It is actually a poorly studied complex
summary
common cactus in the gardens of the early to mid- of plants ranging from multi-branched shrubs to
Cactaceae
20th century. tall trunk forming arborescent types. Prolific flow-

Opuntia monacantha is native to Argentina, Bra- erer, it doesnt form seed but easily propagates
zil, Paraguay and Uruguay, but has been widely locally from detached pads and rooting fruits.
introduced and naturalized in almost all tropical Long range propagation occurs only by intentional
and subtropical regions, from Florida to tropical planting.
summary
Commelinaceae
Photo & detail: Tradescantia fluminensis, here a severe infestation
at Eastern Beach.
Above Left: Tradescantia cerinthoides, flowers - photo Isabella C..
Above right: Tradescantia fluminensis, flowers.
Tradescantia cerinthoides Kunth is naturally South America (Brazil, Argentina).

much rarer compared to Trandescantia fluminensis Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. (photos) is cur-
and currently eradicated from Rangitoto (Wilcox, rently eradicated (Wilcox, 2007) from Rangitoto,
2007). It is a typical weedy cultivation escape (hor- which is a real achievement. Known as the Wan-
ticultural waste dumped illegally). Does well on dering Jew, Wandering Willie or Wandering Gyp-
dry rock faces especially on lava. sy, this species thrives in woodland openings,
Apparently New Zealand plants do not form on moderately moist to almost swampy ground,
seed (New Zealand Plant Conservation Network) covering with its long trailing succulent stems and
but easily propagates from detached stem frag- semi-succulent leaves the ground, smothering na-
ments. It has long trailing succulent stems and tive vegetation and killing their seedlings.
semi-succulent leaves, and is distinguished from In time, it can form large monotypic vegetation
Commelinaceae
the more common and invasive Trandescantia flu- patches, causing severe infestations in only few
minensis by its colourful flowers. Sykes (1992) is years if unchecked.
summary
mentioning it from Islington. One small patch in A real concern where is sets foot. It is resistant to
a lava crevice on the margin of scrub near an old chemical control being helped by the glossy leaves
house site. () Tradescantia cerinthoides has usu- and smooth stems. It also regenerates form the
ally been treated as T. blossfeldiana Mildbr. in New smallest stem fragment left behind. Dark green
Zealand and elsewhere. This is apparently the first leaves, white flowers. This species comes also
report of it being adventive here. It comes from from South America.
summary
Crassulaceae
This plant family includes several succulent spe-
cies very well represented in Rangitoto. As a mat-
ter of fact, it is the biggest group, not only judging
by the number of species, but also by the impact
on the local flora.
Theres no better place to start, but with the most
confusing plant group: various Aeonium spp. & Ae-
onium hybrids (Macaronesia). The botanical litera-
ture mostly refers true species, but as we speak
there are very little specimens on the island which
could pass as the true species. Huge amounts of
hybrid swarms are everywhere; as a matter of fact
it becomes very difficult to draw a line as there is
a continuum of forms. However, botanists named
certain species in their works, and therefore I have
Crassulaceae - gen. Aeonium
to go this path as well.

summary
summary
Aeonium x floribundum, in early spring near Rangitoto

wharf.
Above: Aeonium x floribundum, west of Rangitoto
wharf in high summer
Aeonium x floribundum A. Berger. (A. caespitosum of A. caespitosum], so any later hybrid cannot use
x A. spathulatum) Sykes (1992) mentions three col- that name.
lections made between 1987 and 1991 in Islington, Personally I find Aeonium x barbatum visually quite
on Rangitotos eastern coast. Fact is that 20 odd different from Aeonium x floribundum and, more,
years later I have not seen this plant in Islington, even if the name Aeonium x hybridum might have
but in several occasions and in different sites in precedence I prefer not to use it, but use instead
the southern parts of Rangitoto, west of Rangi- the name referred in New Zealand botanical lit-
toto wharf, not intermingling with other Aeonium erature. The main reason is that, even if purely
species. Rather less common in fact than other from botanical point of view they might be all
Aeonium species. Synonym is Aeonium x hybridum the same; these are all hybrid entities possibly
summary
(Haw.) G.D. Rowley, although Im not very sure it is spontaneous or maybe selected, however, usually
the same plant. Some throw also Aeonium x bar- specimens we know are at the end of a long and
batum in the mix. According to International Cras- separate more likely clonal than sexual propaga-
sulaceae Network the name Aeonium x barbatum tion line. We are talking about distinct cultivated
for this hybrid is not correct because A. barbatum products, even if they all might share the same
is considered a synonym of A. simsii [a synonym parentage.
summary
Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb et Berth. var. ar-

boreum Aeonium undulatum Webb et Berth.
Heenan et al. (2008) reports a 1987 collection by
W.R. Sykes in Rangitoto. In my opinion this is an
even more dubious identification and is yet con-
tradicting a more credible Sykes 1992 statement.
summary
Heenan et al (2008) refers Sykes (2004) as the

first record, however, reading Sykess 2004 paper
I couldnt find any reference of Rangitoto or the
1987 collection in the text. This hybrid probably
exists somewhere out in the wild in New Zealand,
but very probably not in Rangitoto.
Aeonium cf. ciliatum, near Islington Bay
summary
Aeonium cf. ciliatum probably a plant of hybrid

origin, does not match exactly the description of
the original species. Given (1984) believes that this
plant may be a hybrid of A. ciliatum with A. urbicum
(C.A. Smith) Webb & Berthelot. He outlines also
the main differences: This differs from A. ciliatum
in its entirely green leaves (red margined in A. cili-
summary
atum), greenish flowers (reddish in A. ciliatum), and

somewhat apiculate leaf tips (almost blunt in A.
ciliatum). Its presence in Rangitoto is officially un-
confirmed and could be another misidentification;
however, I have seen few small seedlings which
could be a match.
Aeonium haworthii, near the Controlled Mine Base.
Detail and below: Aeonium haworthii at Islington Bay.
summary
Aeonium haworthii Webb & Berth. In later years,

mostly hybrid plants, barely any which could pass
as the true species. The plants seen here by me
where much reduced and branching sparingly (not
forming their characteristic dome of rosettes) but
nevertheless some splendid specimens were scat-
tered on the lava blocks. Used to be relatively com-
mon in Islington and Yankee Wharf (east) before
early 2008, but after a massive purge in late 2008
or early 2009, plants that might pass as the true
species became extremely rare.
In other parts of New Zealand where extensive
or scattered populations of A. haworthii exist, if left
alone, it can form dense monotypic stands, some
of them of appreciable age, spreading seed and
maintaining the true line. However, in Rangitoto,
especially during the last 10-15 years, when exotics
became more often and more thoroughly checked
by the Department of Conservation (DOC), fact is
that the true species almost disappeared being re-
placed, in time, by hybrids with possibly multiple
parentage. This is true for all Aeonium species.

summary
Aeonium undulatum Webb &
Berth. Few isolated plants were
summary
described as growing close to

the high tide line. First collec-
tion from Rangitoto is dated
1986 (W. R. Sykes). This species
used to be very common in Is-
lington and Yankee Wharf, in
the east, and less around Ran-
gitoto wharf, in the south, but
as with A. haworthii, it became
extremely rare after 2009.
Aeonium undulatum, in high summer, Islington Bay

colony.
summary
Above: Aeonium undulatum, in spring.

Detail above left: Aeonium undulatum, a somewhat
greener form, in high summer, Islington Bay colony.
Detail above right: Aeonium undulatum, in high
summer, Islington Bay colony.
summary
Aeonium undulatum x A. haworthii, in high summer, Aeonium undulatum x A. haworthii, in high summer,
from the Islington Bay colony. from the Islington Bay colony.
Aeonium undulatum x A. haworthii (left) and A. Aeonium 'Rangitoto', cultivated plant.

undulatum (right), Islington Bay colony.
Aeonium 'Rangitoto' in habitat in 2008. Aeonium havorthii and Aeonium. 'Rangitoto',

cultivated plants
Most of the plants are definitely hybrids, most Another interesting aspect is revealed by Sykes
of them apparently A. undulatum x A. haworthii (1992) in his comment on A. undulatum: One plant
having a more or less transitional aspect. This hy- from Rangitoto part of which was grown to flow-
brid seems to be very abundant, especially along ering at Auckland University has whitish or cream
the coastal track between Islington Bay wharf flowers instead of the usual golden ones of this
and Yankee Wharf. From the many forms I have species. This could have been the plant I named
seen and collected in 2008 there is a plant later Aeonium Rangitoto as lush growth in moist and
described as Aeonium Rangitoto E. Zimer (Zimer, shaded situations can resemble A. undulatum in-
2010b; Zimer, 2012), which I first thought it could deed. However, its flowers are pretty much A. ha-
be the above mentioned hybrid backcrossed to A. worthii like and this is exactly what W.R. Sykes
haworthii. noticed.
However, in time, cultivated F2 and F3 genera- In late 2008 or very early 2009 DOC has cleared
tions proved to become more and more similar to most of the larger Aeonium plants in Islington and
Aeonium Rangitoto to the point that the difference Yankee Wharf. Since then the Aeonium populations
becomes very difficult to recognize (and therefore have regenerated mostly from seedlings and got to
summary
I had to tag all my plants). In contrast to the theory flowering size in time. However, the vast majority
advanced initially I seriously consider that Aeonium of plants are hybrids so we can hardly speak now
Rangitoto is nothing else but F2 or F3 generations of the true species growing there. There still are a
of the initial A. undulatum x A. haworthii hybrid and few plants around that could indulgently pass as
that the change in appearance is due to the ge- A. undulatum, but definitely not even a handful of
netic dominance of A. haworthii. A. haworthii.
summary
Crassula coccinea. Crassula coccinea, flowers, Yankee Wharf.
Crassula coccinea, with Cladonia confusa.
Crassulaceae - gen. Crassula
Crassula coccinea L. is widespread and relatively abundant in Isling-

ton, Yankee Wharf and Rangitoto wharf, but without forming massive
stands, only specimens scattered here and there. It has spectacular big
crimson flowers in high summer. Loves lava fields and rock rubble, so
no wonder it thrives here. Used to be one of the most popular gar-
den plants in the early 20th century and still is quite often seen in old
summary
fashioned cottage gardens. Spectacular during flowering! I dont know

if Rangitoto plants produce seed, however, this species is tough as old
boots endures heat and drought in summer and endless rainy days in
winter. Even if it fails, it rarely dies off completely as new shoots emerge
when the time is right from seemingly dead plants. It comes from South
Africa (its main distribution centre being in Table Mountains).
Crassula decumbens Thunb. Seems to be a very
common cultivation relict in New Zealand, how-
summary
ever, I failed to see it in Rangitoto. Sykes (1992):

Rangitoto wharf. Only observed in and west of
this settlement where it grows on open lava fields
near coastal tracks. It may have escaped notice
elsewhere because of its small size and rather
ephemeral habit. It comes from Southern Africa
and Australia.

summary
Photo by Harry Rose in unknown location.
summary
Crassula multicava, with plantlets at Yankee Wharf.

Detail: Crassula multicava, flowering plant near
Islington Bay.
Crassula multicava Lemaire ssp. multicava is

probably next to various Aeoniums the most wide-
spread succulent pest in Rangitoto. As it is very
summary
versatile it grows everywhere, taking any available

spot from full sun on the hot lava slabs, to mois-
ture and shade. In the open it is probably not very
invasive, but in relatively sheltered situations it is
able to replace the entire ground cover vegetation
on large patches in a matter of years.
summary
Crassula multicava, with Cladonia confusa

at Yankee Wharf
It seems that New Zealand plants do not form land. I have seen few plants and literally hundreds
seed, but instead this species forms tiny plantlets in of small plantlets scattered in a place that looks to
the flower axiles and this supports its invasive be- have been used as a temporary storage halfway
haviour. The myriads of cracks, fissures and small of the southern summit track. Im monitoring this
crevices of the lava fields, offering shelter and ac- spot since 2009 and C. multicava seems to become
cumulating organic matter and moisture, are ideal more and more established here. Another place is
for the small plantlets to establish. This species is next to Wilsons Park, beneath the crater rim. Again,
very easy to distinguish from similar species (Cras- few larger plants and several scattered plantlets.
sula streyi or Crassula sarmentosa var. integrifolia) As some of the plants were growing next to stored
by the marginal hydathodes scattered on both leaf barrels containing weed control chemicals, so I
surfaces. C. multicava used to be another garden guess that the infestation has been produced by
favourite of the post-Victorian era and even if it DOC workers. In October 2014 I have noticed a
summary
was officially recorded only in 1959, it could have couple more infestation points on the southern
become an adventive plant much earlier. It comes summit track, so it seems to advance steadily and
from South Africa. Crassula multicava is unfortu- unperturbed towards the interior. Fortunately the
nately one of the very few succulent pests that infestation sources are still much localized; its
have not been contained only along the coastline only up to DOC to do something about while still a
of Rangitoto but penetrated the interior of the is- relatively easy job.
Crassula orbicularis, cultivated plant.
summary
Crassula orbicularis L. Several patches of plants

persisting in the proximity of an abandoned quar-
ry pit in Islington were reported by Sykes, 2005
(The plants were growing in fine scoria and were
evidently spreading by detachment of rosettes.
This readily happens because of the fragility of the
thread-like runners.) and by Heenan et al (2008).
summary
Being considered potentially highly invasive all

plants were removed and in 2006 no other plants
were found when the site was revisited. In my opin-
ion, as it is very frost tender, this species had little
chances to establish large populations anyway. It
comes from South Africa.
Crassula pubescens ssp. radicans, at Flax Point.
summary
Crassula pubescens ssp. radicans (Haw.) Toelken. I

stumbled across this species where I expected the

least, far from the southern human settlements,
West of Rangitoto wharf, at Flax Point relatively
close to the black back gull (Larus dominicanus)
breeding colony, out in the open lava fields, but
still finding shelter in the numerous crevices. This
contradicts somewhat Heenan et al (2008) who
suggested localized dispersal: Plants grow read-
summary
ily from detached stems and leaves () gathered

from a range of habitats and situations, usually
near garden plants, but it definitely wasnt the
case here. I have no idea how it could have ended
up here, unless dispersed by birds. This is another
South African species.
summary
Crassula sarmentosa Har-

vey was known to have es-
caped in nature since 1989 in
Auckland, but P. J. de Lange
has collected it only in 1995
from a slipway in Rangitoto,
growing as a garden discard
on scoria blocks. The finding
was published in Heenan et
al, 1999. Apparently still very
rare, Crassula sarmentosa is
not considered a threat and
is not included in any current
vegetation control program.
It comes from South Africa.

summary
Crassula sarmentosa, cultivated plants.

Detail left: Crassula sarmentosa,with completely
variegated shoot.
Crassula sieberiana (Schul-
tes et Schultes f.) Druce ssp.
summary
sieberiana is a tiny succulent

short lived perennial or even
annual herb, depending on
the circumstances. Easy to
overlook. Reported from Ran-
gitoto wharf in the south and
around the main crater rim.
This subspecies is native to
New Zealand and Australia,
while two other subspecies
(C. sieberiana ssp. tetramera
and C. sieberiana ssp. rubinea)
occur only in Australia.

summary
Crassula sieberiana ssp. sieberiana,

here at Bethells Beach.
Detail above: Crassula sieberiana ssp. sieberiana,
Bethells Beach
summary
Crassula tetragona ssp. robusta (Toelken) Toelk-

en is reported from Islington and Rangitoto wharf
(Sykes, 1992), however, in my experience it is most-

ly common in Yankee Wharf, south of Islington
wharf and is somewhat less obvious in other parts
of the island. Populations are pretty much local-
ized but contain typically a large number of plants
growing close to each other, abundantly flower-
ing in spring. I have seen only very few seedlings
but vegetative propagation is easy. The long and
summary
thin stems are quite brittle and break during gusts

or even under their own weight (especially when
flowering), being swept by winds and rooting ef-
fortlessly where they land. Vegetative propagation
is most effective for this volcanic rock rubble lov-
ing species. It comes from South Africa.
summary
Crassulaceae - gen. Echeveria
Echeveria multicaulis Rose is known from a single

W.R. Sykes 1989 collection in Rangitoto and was
first mentioned by the same in 1992. The speci-
men was collected from lava rubble near a de-
molished house site in Islington and was one on olive to copper red-brownish colours especially in
the very few plants present on site. I spent many the apical half (and hence the common name cop-
hours starting with my January 2008 trip searching per rose), depending on the light conditions, with
for this plant, more than for any other plants, but red flowers. However, this particular group of
summary
to no avail; luckily in September 2011 I chose to plants (one taller, a couple of smaller ones appar-
take a small shortcut through the bush and here it ently originating from the main specimen) wasnt
was in a small glade, just in front of me, only cou- really close to a demolished bach site. It doesnt
ple of metres from the track, but otherwise hid- have a high invasive potential, on the contrary, so
den. Tall growing, to 30-40 cm, and having usually it is just a limited exotic addition to Rangitotos var-
small tight rosettes coloured from dark green to ied flora. Echeveria multicaulis comes from Mexico.
summary
Echeveria secunda W.B. Booth was seen and

collected, according to Sykes (1992), from Is-
lington. A few small non flowering plants only
growing around an old house site. Sykes ear-
liest collection is dated 1972, the latest 1989.
Flora of New Zealand Volume IV (1988) is also
mentioning this species in Rangitoto - C. J.
Webb & al. (1988) questioning, however, the
name and suggesting that collected material
could very likely belong to one of its subspecies
very common in cultivation. A completely sen-
sible judgement. However, their short state-
ment is stunning and (for me at least) quite un-
intelligible in another aspect: Many cultivated
plants correspond to var. elegans (Baker) Otto,
which has larger and more glaucous leaves,
but it is impossible to ascertain whether or not
any dried specimens represent this var. As
far as I am concerned there is no Echeveria
secunda var. elegans (Baker) Otto! I wonder if
the authors meant the relatively similar Echeve-
ria stolonifera (Baker) Otto. Or did they mean
Echeveria elegans Rose which, even if not a va-
riety of Echeveria secunda, has indeed larger
and more glaucous leaves? Echeveria elegans
would be a very good candidate considering
both aspect and extreme popularity among
gardeners especially few decades back. I would
also consider Echeveria secunda Booth ex Lindl.
var. glauca as a good candidate (it has more
glaucous leaves indeed, although not larger),
which seems to be the more common variety
in Auckland gardens even today.

summary
Echeveria secunda f.
glauca, cultivated plant.
It is easy to propagate from cuttings, leaves and
bracts in cultivation, but rather amorphous and
summary
unable of unassisted propagation. I havent seen

it and it is hard to believe its still out there. Very
popular in New Zealand gardens (and especially
represented by var. glauca as mentioned above).
It is one of the species which became highly suc-
cessful in cultivation, and therefore less and less
interesting for serious hobbyists, to the extent
that no-one is interested anymore of the remarka-
ble variability shown in habitat. One extra problem
with this species (and generally with most similar
Echeverias) is that dried herbarium specimens
are mostly useless for a precise identification Late
Ron, if not done properly when the live genetic
material was collected. My point is under the E.
secunda umbrella might hide quite different spe-
cies, cultivars and hybrids. This is another popular
Mexican Echeveria species.

summary
Echeveria elegans, cultivated plant.
Echeveria setosa Rose & J. Purpus. Recorded by cuttings; the only problem I have found is that
Sykes (1992) as two young plants and acknowl- some organs able to assure propagation more
summary
edged by the same in 2004 as a misidentification likely in unassisted situations (i.e. detached leaves
of Echeveria Set-Oliver or bracts) are somewhat prone to fungal attacks
and even in controlled cultivation I couldnt get the
Echeveria Set-Oliver Walther has an uncertain same good results as with other similar plants, es-
status. There is at least one formally unidentified pecially in wet weather even if sheltered (due to
collection (but presumably Echeveria Set-Oliver) increased relative air humidity). I think that Ech-
dating back to the early 70s made by A.E. Esler. everia Set-Oliver could have escaped cultivation
More, Sykes (2004) is dismissing his 1992 claim as in Rangitoto or carry on as a cultivation relict for
being most likely a misidentification (almost cer- some time, but I give the plant low survival chances
tainly wrong). I am pretty confident in saying that considering the limited propagation means avail-
it has been cultivated here it was extremely pop- able and the thorough DOC vegetation checks per-
ular in Auckland gardens few decades ago, why formed especially in the last 10-20 years. It is not
wouldnt it have been in the rock gardens nearby exactly persistent either as older plants become in
the holiday baches of the same Aucklanders? It my experience less and less energetic in time. It is
does not set viable seed, so we have to look at a classic Echeveria setosa x Echeveria harmsii hybrid
vegetative propagation. It propagates readily from created by Victor Reiter Jr. in the USA in 1932.

summary
Echeveria 'Set-Oliver', cultivated plant.
summary
Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh.

is usually mentioned as Bryophyl-
lum delagoense (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schinz
in New Zealand botanical records.
Sykes (1992) mentions again Isling-
ton. I havent seen it there but along
the path to the Controlled Mine Base
were scattered literally thousands
of plants and, less numerous, few
kilometres away forming a small but
relatively steady population seem-
ingly spreading out of the aban-
doned gardens of two baches west
of Rangitoto wharf. Extremely tough,
heat and draught resistant, it is eas-
ily self-propagating due to the small
plantlets in the notches at the mar-
gin of the leaf blade. A pest in culti-
vation, especially in greenhouses, as
it tends to spread everywhere. It has
the habit here to form packed, niche
oriented populations. It comes from
tropical S-E Africa.
Kalachoe delagoensis, it is easily self-

propagating due to the small plantlets in the
notches at the margin of the leaf blade.
Crassulaceae - gen. Kalanchoe

summary
Kalachoe delagoensis, west of Rangitoto wharf.
Kalachoe ' Houghtonii' near the Controlled Mine Base.
summary
Kalanchoe Houghtonii D.B. Ward (usu-

ally mentioned as Bryophyllum Houghto-
nii (D.B. Ward) P.I. Forst in New Zealand
botanical records). Yankee Wharf locally
abundant, along the track, and also on
the huge the concrete platform at the
Controlled Mine Base, heavily infested,
where it grows in the open from all pos-
sible cracks and fissures. Was misiden-
summary
tified in early records (notably Webb et

al, 1988) as Kalanchoe delagoensis. It ap-
pears to be a spontaneous greenhouse
hybrid Kalanchoe daigremontiana x K.
tubiflora from the early 20th century, in
the United States.
summary
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. has been originally

recorded as Bryophyllum pinnatum by W.R. Sykes in
1977 in Kermadec Islands, and later on in Rangitoto

and other Hauraki Gulf islands. The air plant by its
vernacular name comes from tropical Asia and pre-
fers open scrub on sandy soil, rock crevices and out-
crops. (D.R. Given, 1984). These succulents were once
very popular house plants and are native to Madagas-
car. I havent seen any, I assume this species occupies
only localized patches kept under control by DOC. Al-
though it is the Mother of Thousands type of plant it
summary
doesnt seem to be an aggressive colonizer as the two

species mentioned above.
summary
Kalanchoe pubescens Baker is mentioned by Sykes (1992) as Bryo-

phyllum aliciae (Raym.-Hamet) A. Berger growing in Islington on an
old house site where it persists as a relic of cultivation. Not known
summary
to be naturalized or adventive anywhere else in New Zealand (not

mentioned in Howell et al, 2006). I havent seen it, in Rangitoto or
anywhere else. This species comes from Madagascar as well.
summary
Sedum acre L. can be eas-

ily confused for S. album,
more common in Rangi-
toto, when not in flower.
S. acre has, on the con-
trary, yellow flowers like
most sedums, scale like
fat and packed leaves
and a more upright stand
when not in flower. It was
recorded on Rangitoto
by Given (1984) and sub-
sequently mentioned in
Wilcox (2007), but not by
Webb et al (1988) refer-
ring only vaguely Auck-
land, and completely o-
mitted by Sykes (1992).
I havent seen it and, as it flowers in late spring to early summer, I couldnt have confused
it for Sedum album if I saw it. It may have only a much localized distribution, like many other
species on Rangitoto. In absence of more precise information on its whereabouts, I leave it to
chance to see it one day. Very easy to overlook anyway. Naturalized in several areas in New
Zealand, Stonecrop is the commonest Sedum sp. wild in N.Z. and in suitable habitats can carpet
the ground. (Given, 1984). This species comes from Europe, Western Asia and North Africa and
was known since antiquity for it acrid taste (one of its common names is Biting stonecrop) and
is naturalized in several parts of the world, including Greenland!
Sedum acre, here growing on a hillside near

Cromwell - Photo by Andr Richard Chalmers ex
Wikipedia.
Crassulaceae - gen. Sedum
summary
Sedum album, cultivated plant.
Detail right: Sedum album, plant in Rangitoto.
summary
Sedum album L. Sykes (1992) states: Islington

and Rangitoto Wharf. Near houses and beside
the tracks near the settlements sometimes form-
ing large mats several metres across. Webb et al
(1988): () Auckland, especially Rangitoto Id ().
I have seen it mainly near Islington and Yankee
Wharf in the east, and west of Rangitoto wharf,
with only a couple of exceptions in the proximity
of abandoned baches. While nice apple green in
early spring, S. album gets beautiful bronze col-
ours in high summer, when exposed to intense
sun and deprived of water. Flowers are white,

flowering stems are terminal, but also numerous
new shoots are appearing. It almost disappears in
late summer, only to recover again. The leaves are
alternate, fleshy and nearly cylindrical with a blunt,
rounded tip. This species comes from Europe,
Western Asia and North Africa and knows sever-
summary
al distinct varieties and forms. Only few of them

seem to be present and adventive in New Zealand.
However, it is one of the alpine plants seemingly
preferring the cooler climate of the South Island.
summary
Sedum forsterianum C.
A. Smith was recorded by
Webb et al (1988) in Lit-
tle Barrier Id (N. Auckland),
Rangitoto Id and several
localities in Auckland City
(as S. forsteranum sic!),
repeated in 1989 (this time
with the correct spelling),
while in Wilcox (2007) is also
listed this species, without
any comment. However,
Sykes (1992) considers this
a misidentification when
writing about S. mexicanum:
This is the plant recorded
from Rangitoto and some
other places in the region as
Sedum forsterianum Smith
(Webb et al. 1988) but the latter species apparently is not wild in New Zealand. S. forsteri-
anum has been also confused for S. reflexum (or vice versa) in historical records, which is
quite understandable as both species are extremely difficult to distinguish especially from
herbarium specimens. I would rather consider it a dubious identification. Apart from fine de-
tails in leaves form, leaves persistency and flower, sometimes impossible to assess in habitat,
the overall colour of the leaves is usually relevant: green in S. forsterianum, silvery-green in S.
reflexum. Sedum forsterianum comes from Central and Western Europe.
summary
Sedum kimnachii (Sedum decumbens), cultivated
plant.
summary
Sedum kimnachii Byalt (with a confusing history seen it in Rangitoto and, without dismissing this
and still mostly known as Sedum decumbens R. T. possibility, I rather think it has slim chances to
Clausen) is simply mentioned in Wilcox (2007) in thrive on the long term in this hot and dry habitat.
the list of vascular plants, without any comment. It is a perennial subshrub with decumbent stems,
Not mentioned by Sykes (1992) while in Webb et apple green to yellowish-green leaves producing
al (1988) only South Island locations are indicated. profuse yellow flowers in winter. Very popular
NZ Plant Conservation Network indicates as the in cultivation, it only needs extended cooler and
only North Island location Lower Hutt. (However, moister periods during the year. No wonder it es-
they still not distinguish between S. decumbens and caped cultivation especially in the South Island.
summary
S. kimnachii the very same plant in fact, which is Easy to propagate from cuttings and definitely
confusing for some enthusiasts, myself including able to self-propagate vegetatively. It is another
few years ago). Mexican species with doubtful origin, with much
How come Rangitoto? I dont know, as there is horticultural success but with no known natural
no source known to me placing this species in Ran- habitat, probably originating from the Central Pla-
gitoto or any other Hauraki Gulf island. I havent teau.
summary
Sedum mexicanum Britton. According to Sykes natural distribution area. However, according to
(1992): Rangitoto Wharf. A few patches in shady Ray Stephenson (1994) this taxon might be actu-
sites besides old houses. The plants seem to flow- ally a cultivar of Asian origin: It is possible that
er sparingly on Rangitoto but have flowered freely Sedum mexicanum originated from the Far East
when taken lo Christchurch. I havent seen it on for it has no close relatives in Mexico and it has
summary
Rangitoto and, to be honest, I find it too fragile to more affinity with Chinese species than anything
withstand the extreme heat emanated by the ba- indigenous to Central America. () The precise
saltic lava slabs. It might have been cultivated on habitat of Sedum mexicanum is unknown though
the island (again, very popular in many rockeries), it is commonly grown and has escaped in several
but little chances to survive long term. It is gener- Central American countries. Common in cultiva-
ally considered a Mexican species, with no known tion around Auckland.
summary

summary
Sedum praealtum De Candolle ssp. praealtum

is another alpine species thriving at sea level in
New Zealand.
summary
Naturalized in many places in New Zealand, S.

praealtum is a typical garden escape. Not sure
about propagation by seed, but leaves and espe-
cially broken stem fragments root easily. In Rangi-
toto plants are usually scattered, growing between
rocks or on shingle, or even in silty sand close to
the high tide mark, in shaded positions or exposed

in full sun, near Rangitoto wharf, from Islington
to Yankee Wharf, and along the path to the Con-
trolled Mine Base. Usually considered not a very
prolific flowerer in cultivation, it is freely flower-
ing plants contrast with the other () stonecrops
on Rangitoto. (Sykes, 1992). Common, but rarely
summary
forming dense stands. On occasion it can form

shrubby specimens, up to 50-70 cm high, espe-
cially in semi-shaded and sheltered positions else-
where, but I didnt see this happening here in Ran-
gitoto. Quite prone to snail damage. It also comes
from Mexico.
summary
Sedum reflexum L. is posing another challenge

Given (1984) places this plant in Rangitoto while
Webb et al (1988, 1989) take a step back and re-
veals the long time confusion with Sedum forst-
erianum. This species is not mentioned in Sykes
(1992) or any later paper in relation to Rangitoto,
summary
however, I have seen it in other locations (for in-

stance The Bluff, Napier) only not in Rangitoto. It
could be a dubious record, the result of an incor-
rect identification; however, I cannot completely
discard this species. Sedum reflexum is native to
northern, central and south-western Europe.
summary
Sedum x rubrotinctum R.T. Clausen commonly

known as the Jelly bean plant, or Pork and beans
is mentioned in Wilcox (2007) in the species list
and this is all I know in relation to this species in
relation to Rangitoto. No other record placing it on
the island. In my opinion this species is a very un-
likely candidate for long term survival on overheat-
summary
ing basaltic lava substrate and prolonged draught,

although it could have been cultivated here in the
past. It originates from Mexico, but again, from
obscure origins (Ray Stephenson, 1994, suspects
it could be a horticultural hybrid, possibly Sedum
pachyphyllum x Sedum stahlii).
summary
Euphorbia milii Desmoul var. splendens (Hook.)

Ursh & Leandri, the classic Crown of thorns, is
mentioned by Sykes (2005) as a minor garden
escape, a plant in lava crevices around an old
house site also mentioned in Wilcox (2007) in
the species list with no other comment it could
be still persisting on an old house site near Isling-
ton Bay. According to Sykes (2005) the species is
possibly represented in New Zealand by a single
clone and does not form seed. It is a shrubby,
Euphorbiaceae
marginal succulent species, very popular in cul-

summary
tivation for more than 200 years in Europe, and

fairly common in cultivation in New Zealand as
well, mostly as a garden plant. Euphorbia milii var.
splendens has larger or longer spines, leaves and
bracts compared to the type. This species comes
from Madagascar.
summary
Pelargonium inodorum Willd. (the native Storks-bill) is a coast-hardy,

sand binding species with succulent leaves and stems and a fleshy tap
root which might have been used as food. It has an annual or biannual
habit. It was mentioned by Kirk (1879), as Pelargonium australe L. var.
clandestinum (L'Hrit.) Hook. f. Pelargonium inodorum is native to both
summary
Geraniaceae
Australia and New Zealand. However, P. inodorum is a sp. of modified

communities and although recorded as indigenous by previous N.Z. Flo-
ras (e.g., Allan 1961), its status is doubtful. It is at least reasonably certain
that the sp. has greatly increased its range and abundance in modern
times. (Webb et al, 1988). This suggests that indigenous genetic stock
could have been altered by introduction of Australian genetic material.
summary
Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Hrit.

Sykes, 1992: Islington. Very few plants
in scrub near an old house site. The
cultivar represented had double pink-
ish mauve flowers and is also adventive
summary
Geraniaceae
elsewhere in New Zealand. This spe-

cies used to be very popular in cultiva-
tion but only few escapes are known. It
comes from South Africa.
summary
Pelargonium x asperum Willd. (P. graveolens Aiton offshore islands. The New Zealand plants resem-
x P. radens H. Moore) Sykes, 1992: Islington and ble the second parent much more than the first
Rangitoto Wharf. Around a number of old house one. This is a complex of hybrids coming from
summary
Geraniaceae
sites where it regenerates in the vicinity of the South Africa as well. This species is important for
original plants. The plants on Rangitoto and else- the cosmetic industry, as essential oils produced
where in New Zealand are uniform and apparently from its flowers are used in aromatherapy and
mostly spread by vegetative means. It is the com- as cosmetic ingredient, but also used to be a very
monest of the scented leaved geraniums and is popular cottage garden plant. I didnt see it being
wild around the North Island coast and on some used in modern plantings.
summary
Pelargonium x domesticum L. Bailey is another

stem succulent species very popular in old fash-
ioned gardens that managed to escape cultiva-
tion, not only in Rangitoto, but in several parts of
New Zealand. Mentioned by Sykes (1992) around
Islington and Rangitoto wharf baches, I have seen
it only in the latter location. Not numerous, but ap-
parently enduring and is regenerating locally only
vegetatively, and mostly relatively close to former
baches or their gardens. However, I spotted few
isolated plants quite far away and this suggests
that there could be a suitable dispersal vector. Pel-
argonium x domesticum is a very complex hybrid,
incompletely known. However, its parents must
have come from South Africa.
summary
Geraniaceae
summary
Epidendrum cinnabarinum Lindl. (Epidendrum ibaguense Kunth in H.B.K.) I have to quote here
the entire paragraph from Sykes (1992) as it contains pretty much all I know about this species in
Rangitoto: Islington. A single large tangled mat on a lava pinnacle around an old house site but
summary
Orchidaceae
apparently was no more than a relic of cultivation although showing a tendency to layer. This spe-
cies and its hybrids form one of the commonest groups of epiphytic orchids in cultivation in New
Zealand. The Rangitoto plant seems to belong to the species itself because its flowers resemble
those on early paintings of E. cinnabarinum. Indigenous to northern S. America. However, this
species does not appear listed in Wilcox (2007)
summary
Peperomia urvilleana A. Rich. is a small native coastal suc-

culent plant very common in North Island and only scarcely
in the upper South Island (it is a bit cold sensitive), Raoul
Island in the Kermadec Islands group, Norfolk and Lord
Howe Islands, western Samoa and Fiji. It is relatively com-
mon in Rangitoto, around Rangitoto wharf, near Flax Point,
along the summit and the south-eastern coastal tracks. It
spreads from seed dispersed copiously (freely flowering /
setting seed some 10 months per year) but also stem frag-
ments are rooting very easily. The Fijian plants are treated
by some authors as var. fijiana, but this is far from being
generally accepted as some diagnostic characters are rec-
ognizable in plants from Auckland area (Sykes, 1992). In
some databases it is a provisionally accepted name only.
summary
Peperomia urvilleana has two opposed leafs, while a very

Piperaceae
similar species, Peperomia quadrifolia (L.) Kunth, with al-

most worldwide distribution has four opposed leaves at
the same level of the stem.
summary
Xanthorrhoeaceae - subfam. Asphodeloideae

Aloe arborescens Miller was another favourite of
old fashioned cottage gardens form New Zealand.
The first specimen I saw on Rangitoto in January
2009, near Yankee Wharf, was never retrieved
again being possibly completely checked by DOC.
However, later on (especially 2014) I have seen
some regrowth (I guess this is extremely hard to
wipe out once established on the lava fields) and
even a massive stand on the path between Yankee
Wharf and the Controlled Mine Base (obviously an
old cultivation relict that hasnt been checked in
recent years). Although typically a strong and fast
grower Aloe arborescens is encountered in natural
habitats in New Zealand mostly as a persistent
cultivation relict, which may recover and establish
summary
from horticultural waste, but is not an aggressive

colonizer. One reason is the lack of seeds in New
Zealand plants, possibly due to many decades of
propagation from the same clone (cuttings root
inevitably). Aloe arborescens comes from South Af-
rica, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
summary
Aloe brevifolia Mill. is also currently eradicated from Rangitoto according to Wilcox,
2007. No other information whatsoever, just an entry on a list. This species forms
relatively large clumps and is also tough as old boots, only endures even better
summary
than A. aristata full sun exposure in Aucklands rock gardens. It flowers in late spring
to early summer. A. brevifolia comes from South Africa (Western Cape) where it is
an endangered species.
summary
Aloe aristata Haw. (known as the Lace Aloe, or

Torch plant) is currently eradicated from Rangito-
to, according to Wilcox, 2007. Im pretty confident
that this species was widely cultivated on the is-
land, as it used to be very common in rock gar-
dens, and still is. Plants do surprisingly well out-
doors in Auckland climate, even much better than
in greenhouses or conservatories, despite the pro-
longed winter rains. I dont know who recorded
this species in Rangitoto, but this comes as no sur-
summary
prise. Fact is it was eradicated although it wouldnt

make headlines because of its invasive behaviour.
It mostly propagates locally, from detached off-
sets, but generally it is a slow grower which may
become overgrown by other species in unchecked
gardens. It comes from South Africa and Lesotho.
summary
Aloe ciliaris Haw. (Climbing Aloe) is referred by Sykes (1992) in Islington. One strag-
gling plant on an old garden site. () is only a relic of cultivation. Sykes collection
is dated 1989. Probably this plant has been checked by DOC long time ago, need-
summary
less to say I havent seen any in Rangitoto. Although it is a fast grower, being able
of forming sizeable thickets in time, Aloe ciliaris typically needs a bit more moisture
(and possibly warmth over winter) than available in Rangitoto. In my opinion it had
anyway low survival chances here, even if assisted. It comes from South Africa.
summary
Aloe maculata All. (mostly referred as Aloe

saponaria (Aiton) Haw. in New Zealand
botanical records) is a very popular and
easy-going plant, and there is no wonder
that it managed to settle here. It is a quite
slow growing in the harsh conditions en-
countered in Rangitoto and probably with
a rather low dispersal rate. Rhizomes are
sent around the mother plant and even-
tually a medium sized compact colony is
formed.

summary
summary

Contrary to cultivated plants or wild plants grow- doesnt seem to occur in every year, but rather (or
ing in different conditions Rangitoto plants remain much more abundant) during cooler and moister
rather low growing, in semi-sheltered positions years, in late winter to late spring. Aloe maculata
on lava fields. It might have been the intense heat is here mostly forming small groups around older
at ground level, or the lack of water the plants I plants (or around already dead plants) but with-
have seen were looking rather stressed and most out establishing dense colonies. The plants I have
of them of brownish colour. seen were scattered on the eastern coast of the
There are two distinct forms on the island, with island, from Islington Bay wharf to Yankee Wharf
many plants (maybe most of them) having inter- and Controlled Mine Base, but also in the south-
mediate features: short leaved plants, however ern parts around Rangitoto wharf, mostly close
with wide leaf base (possibly the type identified in to the waterline, in few distinct populations. It is
1883 by T. F. Cheeseman as Aloe latifolia (Haworth) quite possibly that the plant was cultivated in gar-
Haworth), and one with much longer and narrow- dens and that originally it was a typical garden es-
er leaves. This character is usually influenced by cape; however, as I havent seen any plants grow-
specific exposure (or cultivation), but both forms ing close to abandoned baches, or their former
occur in the same habitat, sometimes only meters gardens, I am pointing rather to seed dispersal by
summary
away. I put it on a certain genetic variation. How- other means, at least for the newer generations.
ever, both types have consistently flat topped ra- Aloe maculata is in its natural habitat a variable
cemes bearing salmon-red flowers, and the lateral plant, found in a wide range of habitats across
teeth with a slightly orientation towards the leaf Southern Africa, especially southern and eastern
base (backwards). South Africa, south-eastern Botswana and Zimba-
Absolutely astonishing, in Rangitoto flowering bwe.
V.Some interesting
summary
exotic & native species
Rangitoto
Psilotum nudum, Islington Bay.
I wont go into far depth accounting for the non-succulent flora of

Rangitoto; however, I cant wrap it up without briefly presenting
some other very interesting plant species encountered here. Al-
though a fairly new island geologically speaking, Rangitoto is prob-
ably the most composite piece of land here in New Zealand, with a
summary
captivating flora.
summary
Anemone coronaria L. (or possibly A. pavonina L. ?) in time, since the early 1800s. It comes from the
(fam. Ranunculaceae) is inconsistently mentioned native to the Mediterranean region and Middle
as A. pavonina L. in Wilcox (2007) and as Anemone x East (especially Turkey, Israel and Jordan). The ver-
hybrid in Miller et al (1994). The latest is definitely nacular name used in European cultures is Span-
not the plant seen by me near Islington Bay, and ish marigold. All pictures are from the same beau-
Ranunculaceae
in my opinion possibly not A. pavonina either, but tiful stand of mixed colours flowers near Islington,
summary
A. coronaria. (A. pavonina is similar to A. coronaria in an abandoned garden. This was the only place
but the flowers are smaller). However, I have my I have seen this species but what a surprise for
doubts. Flowers are borne on a long single stem me! They are average self-seeders but its much
above a relatively low rosette of leaves and are easier to propagate them by divided tubers (some-
multi-coloured, red, blue, purple, pink, white and times called bulbs, which is technically incorrect).
many cultivars and hybrids have been developed They flower typically in late winter to early spring.
summary
Ranunculaceae
Clematis paniculata J.F.Gmel. (fam. Ranunculaceae)

summary
is an iconic endemic New Zealand plant with distri-

bution in North Island, South Island and Stewart Is-
land, and naturalized on Chatham Islands. It is a vine
(climber) growing from the base of the host tree until
up in its canopy (up to 12 metres above the ground),
where it grows foliage and flowers.
summary
Not parasitic, as it doesnt damage its host in common on Rangitoto, mostly in the scoria cone
any way. There are male and female flowers on area (Wilcox, 2007), and there is where I have
different plants, the male flowers being some- seen it indeed several times and in several places,
what bigger and showier. It was a ritual plant in but mostly growing in trees along the road from
the Maori culture, a spring harbinger, and flowers the summit to Islington (Summit Road), although
being used to make garlands. The Maori name is the picture in Wilcox (2007) was taken in 2006 on
Ranunculaceae
Puawhananga (meaning flower of the skies). C. McKenzie Bay Road, which is the south-western
summary
paniculata has a distinct juvenile form with much coastal road, quite far from the scoria cone.
narrower leaves. It flowers in August to Septem- Quite different from all other Clematis species
ber, sooner or later, depending on the weather: from New Zealand, and almost impossible to con-
the harder the winter, the later it flowers. fuse. A beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, discretely
Not rare at all, but difficult to reach as it grows scented flower. My favourite, of all non-succulent
up high in the canopy. C. paniculata is relatively plants!
summary
Astelia solandri A.Cunn. (fam. Asteliaceae) an ev- was a Swedish naturalist and an avid follower of
ergreen rhizomatous perennial growing epiphytic Carl Linnaeus. It is a beautiful plant with fascinat-
on aging trees, on the lower parts of their trunks ing, delicate flowers. In the traditional Maori cul-
but here on Rangitoto mostly lithophytic. It has 1-2 ture, its leaves were used in multi-coloured fibre
m long leaves, dark green on the upper side, and weaving and in making shallow baskets for cook-
silvery-green beneath. Plants are dioecious (male ing or serving different meals. The crimson fruits
and female flowers on separate plants), flowers are are not only edible but have an agreeable flavour.
yellowish-white and finely scented and appear in Very common in Rangitoto, where it grows near
late winter to early spring, developing later round tracks in relatively sheltered positions in light
and somewhat translucent fruits, green to yellow bushy areas or surrounded by young forest type
summary
Asteliaceae
or red-brownish. Seed dispersal is supported by vegetation. The most impressive specimens I have
fruit eating birds, here on Rangitoto especially the seen near Rangitoto wharf and on the south-east-
tui bird (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) and the ern coastal track from Yankee Wharf to Rangito-
New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae). to wharf, but Im convinced there could be many
Endemic to New Zealand, the plant was named more scattered in not-so accessible corners of the
after Daniel Carlsson Solander (1733 - 1782) who island.
summary
Brachyglottis kirkii var. kirkii (Kirk) C.J.Webb in stitute and other journals. (NZPCN)
Connor & Edgar (= Senecio kirkii Hook.f. ex Kirk) This is one of the protected species being regard-
vernacular names are Forest tree groundsel, Kirk's ed in Serious Decline nationwide only 10 years
daisy, Kohuhurangi is a New Zealand (North Is- ago, and not really recovering in recent years (At
land only) endemic shrub growing to 1-2 m high Risk Declining, in 2009 and 2012) mainly due to
and bearing up to 3 cm wide white daisy like flow- predation by possums, deer and goats. As a mat-
ers with yellow centre on large inflorescences ter of fact Rangitoto seems to be one of the few
(up to 20 flowers), however, it is growing mostly strongholds left, with numerous specimens out
epiphytic. In Rangitoto, as many other epiphytes, there luckily its traditional predators have been
Brachyglottis kirkii var. kirkii was forced to become eradicated here. I have seen this species mainly on
a lithophyte. the southern summit track, around Wilsons Gar-
I have seen this species in both situations. It was den and along the road between summit and Is-
named after Thomas Kirk (18 January 1828 - 8 lington Bay. Great plant, although Ive made a few
summary
March 1898), a NZ botanist and lecturer in natu- trips across the lava fields to be able to take the
Asteraceae
ral sciences and regarded as a leader of botanical close-ups.

enquiry in NZ for over three decades. One of his Its leaves are quite fleshy to leathery, but not
most significant publications was Forest flora of enough I guess to be technically considered a suc-
NZ (1889) but he also contributed over 130 papers culent and quite variable in shape and sometimes
to the Transactions and Proceedings of the NZ In- with loosely lobed margins.
summary
Collospermum hastatum always grows close to

the top of the trees, but here in Rangitoto, cov-
ered mostly in bush and low young Metrosideros
forest, they are often forced to grow at a lower
height and in many cases they simply turn litho-
phyte.
summary
Asteraceae
summary
Collospermum hastatum (Colenso) Skottsb. (fam. of the South Island.

Asteliaceae). The view of dozens of these dioecious This is a very interesting phenomenon which I
(male and female flowers on separate plants) nest have to follow up later on. As epiphytes they grow
epiphytes growing high on trees is truly spectacu- mostly on native trees, but on occasion they also
lar! And C. hastatum is one of the biggest plants reside on introduced species. Traditional seed
of this type, forming large and heavy clumps of dispersal is assured by the tui bird (Prosthemad-
strap-like arching leaves. Vernacular names are era novaeseelandiae) and the New Zealand pigeon
Perching lily, Kahakaha and the Widow Maker (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) eating their fruits,
summary
(name given by the early European settlers) as it but on occasion introduced birds such as Mynahs
Asteraceae
has the tendency to fall from the tall kauri trees on (Acridotheres tristis) do the same, but elsewhere
the logging workers beneath and in those times not on Rangitoto where it is absent. The clumps
there were still centennial kauri trees around, hold a small water reservoir which is used as the
bearing their heavy load. C. hastatum is common only breeding ground by Culex asteliae, a New Zea-
in the entire North Island and in the northern tip land endemic mosquito.
summary
Convolvulaceae
The most interesting fact is that Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
(fam. Convolvulaceae) usually growing on beaches or fore dunes in xerophytic condi-
summary
tions has very fleshy, succulent leaves, capable to store a certain amount of water in
order to overcome the draught; upslope plants growing more or less hidden between
higher vegetation in moist and sheltered positions have membranous leaves (more like
the other Calystegia or Convolvulus species have). On top of that its thick, fleshy roots are
also designed to store precious water and nutrients. In other words this plant has defi-
nitely placed a bid for succulence, but seemed to have stopped halfway through.
summary
Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. actly a pure native either, as we cannot be even
(fam. Convolvulaceae) is another occasionally sub- sure that native stock has not been mixed in the
succulent species. Before we continue I have to past with overseas plants, as it happened to other
clarify few things the well known Calystegia sol- relatives.
danella (Linnaeus) R. Brown (basyionym Convol- In its typical state Calystegia soldanella is a sand
vulus soldanella L., heterotypic synonym Calyste- dune pioneer, establishing quickly in exposed po-
gia sepium var. tangerine Pau), which is in fact an sitions and becoming locally dominant, but less
Convolvulaceae
invalid name (see Note 1 in Zimer, 2009b), correct- inclined to face the competition of other plants.
ly being referred as Calystegia soldanella Roem. & However, in Rangitoto it is mostly populating lava
summary
Schult., is actually a cosmopolite plant spread in blocks covered by minimal soil, sand or rock rub-
both hemispheres. Calystegia soldanella is indig- ble accumulations.
enous in New Zealand (North Island, South Island, It is very common and almost impossible to
Kermadec Islands, Three Kings Island, Stewart Is- overlook.
land and Chatham Islands). Therefore Calystegia Mentioned on Rangitoto for the first time by Kirk
soldanella is not a naturalized plant, but is not ex- (1879) as Convolvulus soldanella L.
summary
Cymbalaria muralis G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

(fam. Scrophulariaceae) is a small herb from the
Mediterranean Europe, with small snapdragon-
like flowers variably coloured from white to pink to
purple and blue (usually bi-colour), and scalloped
leaves. Common name is Kenilworth ivy. It is typi-
cally growing on rocks and walls (hence the name)
and is spreading very quickly in adequate condi-
tions. Quite invasive in fact, its been naturalized
worldwide and causes problems in certain habitats
as it tends to outgrow similar indigenous species.
Scrophulariaceae
This plant has an unusual method of propagation.

The flower stalk is initially positively phototropic
and moves towards the light after fertilisation, it
summary
becomes negatively phototropic and moves away

from the light. This results in seed being pushed
into dark crevices of rock walls, where it is more
likely to germinate and where it prefers to grow.
(Wikipedia) Otherwise a lovely plant, quite com-
mon on Auckland stone walls.
It does best in lightly shaded and moist to mod-
erately dry positions, and is very common on
summary
Rangitoto especially around the old baches and

abandoned gardens (theres no shortage of rock
substrate, of course). Tends to die back during pe-
riods of extended draught, but invariably revives
during the wet seasons. Traditionally its leaves
were used for salads (reportedly it has anti-scor-
butic properties), although a sometimes bitter or
stringent taste was reported; more, it seems to
be toxic for some animals. However, its contem-
porary use is wall cover never seen in garden
centers, but its almost omnipresent on old stony
structures, flowering some 9-10 months in a year.
Scrophulariaceae
summary
summary
Feesia laxa (Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning (fam. Iridaceae) is a small corm forming geophyte, very var-
iable, from Africa (from south-east to southern Africa) with red or pink and white flowers, bearing more
or less visible characteristic marks, very popular ornamental known as Red flame lily or False Freesia
(synonyms Anomatheca cruenta, Anomatheca laxa, Lapeirousia cruenta, Lapeirousia laxa). It has been pre-
summary
viously recorded near or west of Rangitoto wharf by E.K. Cameron in 1993 (near start of Kowhai Track.
Few plants together, flowers pale scarlet; between house sites, did not appear to be planted. Under
Iridaceae
open pohutukawa canopy.), and was also mentioned in Wilcox (2007) in the same location, however, I
have seen this species only north of Islington wharf, along the coastal track. Typically it flowers in Rangi-
toto 1-2 weeks earlier than on the mainland. The plants seen by me in Rangitoto seem to be a relatively
modern cultivar, and not exactly the true species, but still are beautiful and showy spring flowers.
summary
Freesia refracta (Jacquin) Klatt. (fam. Iridaceae), on page 20 there is a very relevant picture on the
the true Freesia, is growing abundantly around for- occurrence of F. refracta on the island, hundreds
mer settlements and sometimes along the tracks, of flowers dotting the coastal track margins near
for few metres. Freely propagating by corms and Islington Bay. A beautiful display in late winter to
seed, it is hard to stop once set foot somewhere. early spring, in white and pastel yellow, mauve,
Rangitoto is actually a perfect habitat for this orange, sometimes bicolour or with fine stripes!
species offering myriads of crevices where corms Although recorded as a true species, as with many
summary
find shelter from the scorching summer heat, only other entries in New Zealand botanical accounts,
to come to life in late winter to early spring. It the naturalized plants originate from the widely
Iridaceae
comes from South Africa and has been recorded cultivated common freesias, which are in fact hor-
as naturalized (according to NZCPN) only in 1972, ticultural products, selected cultivars or hybrids
but my firm belief is that is that it must have been with other Freesia species. This doesnt lessen
present on Rangitoto long before. In Wilcox (2007) their splendour in any way!
summary
Nerium oleander L. (fam. Apocynaceae) had its not need fertilizers or special soils (grows even in
reputation dented by the numerous poisonous compacted substrates) and it thrives if given any
plant allegations no wonder, as it belongs to sunny spot. The only real care that has to be taken
the Apocynaceae family, well known for including is to pull out from time to time its suckers while
some of the most poisonous plants of the world. young because it drains the energy of the mother
As someone once wrote the oleander has suffered plant and this is reflected by poor flowering. It is
from poor press; however, it still is highly valued by easily propagated by cuttings and rooted suckers.
some growers and due to the many existing forms, Seeds germinate also readily, however I think it is
cultivars and hybrids even an International Olean- the harder way to propagate this plant unless you
der Society has been established. As old-fashioned have a real call for this kind of propagation.
cottage gardens can be still often seen in New Zea- It has a moderate range in New Zealand, being
Apocynaceae
summary
land this plant is widespread in warmer parts of naturalized only in the warmest parts of the coun-
the country and managed to establish even in very try - Northland, greater Auckland and the Kerma-
small wild populations. dec group of islands (Raoul Island in particular).
Nerium oleander is one of the easiest shrubs to It doesnt occur in great numbers, but more or
grow and it became very popular in some warmer less isolated plants and doesnt seem to pose any
parts of the world. As it is not demanding, does threat for natural habitats.
summary
I dont think that control is necessary in this

case and Nerium oleander will probably remain
just a colourful addition to the native flora. As I am
not particularly interested in shrubs and trees I
havent noticed this plant in natural environments
until I saw it in Rangitoto. The few plants seen
here are definitely garden relics, although there is
at least one of them (the oleander pictured here)
which was quite far and isolated from any of the
former gardens or baches, along the coastal track
between Islington Bay wharf and Yankee Wharf
and this one caught my attention.
Apocynaceae
summary
Nerium oleander originates from the Mediterra-

nean basin, including North Africa, and Southwest
to South Asia, but has been widely cultivated for
hundreds and thousands of years and has been
deliberately introduced or managed to escape cul-
tivation in warmer regions of the world.
summary
Lachenalia aloides (L.f.) Asch. et

Graebner (fam. Asparagaceae, sub-
fam. Scilloideae) is a small bulbous
perennial from Western Cape
(South Africa) vernacular is Cape
cowslip - with strap-like spotted
leaves and fleshy stems (merely suc-
culent) bearing pendent tubular yel-
low flowers, sometimes red at the Asparagaceae - subfam. Scilloideae
tips (seen by me only rarely in Ran-
gitoto plants which are mostly com-
pletely golden), in late winter and
spring. Not of considerable interest
I guess for botanists, but quite a nice
little plant which is hard to overlook
when in flower. It used to be a pop-
ular container or rock garden plant,
and has been widely cultivated in
frost free areas of New Zealand, and
of course Rangitoto. It seems to be
only localized for the time being,
summary
but definitely having the potential

to spread slowly. Some of the plants
were seen quite far from the baches
or abandoned gardens. It is another
geophyte speculating the myriads of
tiny crevices of the lava fields.
summary
Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. (fam. Psilotaceae) etc. Very interesting it lacks roots too! It is fixing
(the Skeleton fork fern) is a plant species to be itself using rhizomes-like organs, also used for as-
treated with much respect ... It is limited to tropi- similation of nutrients through symbiosis with var-
cal and sub-tropical regions of the globe, and is ious fungi. In tropical regions it is strictly epiphytic
relatively common in New Zealand and fairly well plant, in other cooler areas it also grows on the
represented in Rangitoto. It is in fact a living fos- ground.
sil - its origins are very old as it is the direct de- In Rangitoto most of them - as you can see from
scendant of the first vascular plants dominating the photos prefer the lithophyte path (in fact as
the Silurian and Devonian (359-444 mil. years ago), many other typical epiphytes do here). They pre-
and considered to have only very little changed or fer rock crevices (hence the relatively large pres-
not changed at all over the last 230 million years, ence in the island), in rather exposed positions
likely even more, although theres no clear fossil where they dont have competition from other
summary
evidence to stop controversies around. In other plant species, although in other regions it is found
Psilotaceae
words, it might be older than the dinosaurs (their in swampy areas and in all sorts of intermediate
childhood has been definitely witnessed). It is one habitats. This species is not threatened nationally,
of the oldest unchanged organisms in the world! but was steadily declining in later decades due to
It is a fern and therefore is propagating by spores habitat loss or deteriorating habitat quality. Still
and, evidently, does not have flowers, or leaves, common in Rangitoto and thriving!
summary
Pulchrinodus inflatus (Hook. f. & Wilson) B.H. Al-

len (fam. Pterobryaceae) was discovered and firstly
described as a New Zealand moss, but it has in fact
a geographically much wider distribution which
includes New Caledonia and Tasmania, however,
with New Zealand remaining the main distribution
centre. Beautiful yellowish-green cushions grow-
ing in relatively sheltered and moist pockets, not
really a colonizer, but rather establishing in settled
niches. It is strictly terrestrial, growing equally in
moister and drier areas, between rocks and on
mild slopes. It is locally abundant in maybe cou-
ple of dozens of locations scattered all over New
Zealand, on both main islands. My pictures do not
make justice to this astonishing moss. Peculiar
Pterobryaceae
for this moss is that it doesnt form sporophytes

summary
(generating in time for this reason a taxonomic

back and forth) and reproduction occurs asexu-
ally through apical buds. In New Zealand it occurs
from sea level to roughly 900 m altitude, while in
Tasmania and New Caledonia it only occurs at me-
dium elevation (700 1100 m).
summary
Hymenophyllaceae
Trichomanes reniforme G. Forst. (fam. Hymeno-

phyllaceae) Kidney fern, Raurenga, is an endem-
summary
ic filmy fern and, in addition to this, technically a

sub-succulent species. T. reniforme has developed
a simple morphological improvement: instead of
one single layer of cells the fronds are 4 to 6 cells
in thickness, placed below and above a central
much stronger cell layer.
summary
The translucent frond holds enough water to

gap short draught periods.
We have here in fact a very sophisticated archi- huge amounts of water being available to keep
tecture, a functional differentiation between tis- the ball rolling. In times of moisture deficit (usu-
sues designed to provide structural support and ally high summer) it dehydrates, only to rehydrate
tissues designed to accumulate and retain certain with the next rain. Desiccated fronds are papyrus
amounts of moisture. like; well hydrated fronds are nicely green and
This may look very petty for the entire economy translucent. Quite common in Rangitoto, coloniz-
of the plant, fact is that this alone allows the Kid- ing more or less sheltered groves, especially abun-
ney fern to store enough moisture in its fronds in dant close to Rangitoto wharf (Kidney Fern Glen),
order to pass more or less prolonged periods of along the northern path to Wreck Bay, along the
summary
draught or simply evade the moist habitat restric- Coastal Track, near the summit and in other few
tions and adventure in otherwise unthinkable plac- spots. Grows sometimes lithophytic, sometimes
es such as semi-open lava fields. Without stomata epiphytic; survives in the open, but prefers filtered
organs that by opening / closing in certain condi- light and remnant moisture. Some of the largest
tions can regulate the water loss all exchanges populations I have seen anywhere in New Zea-
are membranous and this implies comparatively land. It is only rarely associated with other ferns.
VI. notable absences
summary
from the succulent flora
Euphorbia glauca,
here at Houghton Bay,
Wellington
summary
Part 1. - VI. Notable absences 133 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987
summary
Flowering Aeonium arboreum - here in

Napier.
S
peaking of notable absences I cannot ig- a complex of many dozens of forms (not to men-
nore the obvious and surprising absence tion its varieties) of which up to a dozen or so are
of few non-succulent very common spe- cultivated in Auckland area (and generally in New
cies most importantly totara (Podocarpus Zealand). Tough and hardy, does particularly well
totara, Podocarpaceae) and the coastal koromiko as a garden plant in rockeries or even in traditional
(Hebe macrocarpa, Scrophulariaceae), not only very gardens and forms plenty of highly fertile seed. In
common natives species, but also present on the several locations throughout New Zealand it be-
neighbouring Motutapu Island. This underlines came a highly invasive species, replacing indig-
the importance of the absence of specific dispersal enous coastal vegetation, in other maybe only a
vectors versus proximity. Somewhat less under- nuisance, but still proves that in coastal regions
standable is that important totara seed dispersal it is able to colonize vast areas creating dense
birds (such as the New Zealand pigeon and the tui populations. Especially if you look at the density
bird) have been seen browsing Rangitoto, attract- reached elsewhere it becomes hard to believe that
ed mostly by the kowhai flowering in springtime. it couldnt set foot here, on a real playground for
On the other hand, the succulent flora of Rangi- invasive succulents, where competition is less in-
toto is consisting mostly of adventive species, mak- tense.
ing it one of the most interesting and composite I put it simply on the lack of dispersal vectors,
in New Zealand. Some of these species are even in this case birds, and not any birds, but rock pi-
summary
found naturalized only on this relatively small is- geons (Columba livia domestica). The generally ac-
land and nowhere else in New Zealand. However, cepted theory is seed dispersal by wind, and Im
there are a few notable absences of these two not disputing that it cannot happen at least in cer-
are really interesting and worthwhile discussing. tain conditions. However, in time, looking at very
First of all Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. orbiculata, obvious dispersal anomalies such as dispersal
and this is highly surprising. This species in fact line against the prevailing wind direction in Piha
Cotyledon orbiculata- here in Napier.
summary
Euphorbia glauca - here at Houghton Bay,

Wellington.
- or analysing the characteristics of high infested of the seeds wasnt very effective. In my opinion,
spots such as Napier (especially The Bluff) or in this case wind doesnt do it. It is actually funny
Whakatane, where on the adjoining heights there that seeds dispersal by birds, highly considered in
are numerous feral pigeons nesting in the pigeon- ridiculously long dispersal ranges, is completely
holes and crevices I realized that it has some- ignored in this case.
thing to do with the pigeons Seeds dispersed by Another prominently absence is in my opinion
wind might not land always in adequate spots and Aeonium arboreum (L.) Webb & Berth., in all its
receive no other logistic support. More, seeds are forms cultivated in New Zealand, the common
fine, but small, round and compact, not the really green form, but also the hugely popular coloured
adapted for wind dispersal (gravitational, maybe?) cultivars such as Atropurpureum or Zwartkop. It
and definitely not able to be blown by whirlwinds is (or at least it was) the most popular Aeonium
for tens or even hundreds of meters upwards on in cultivation. As mentioned above, after early
the rock faces. However, seeds passing through dubious records, all seem to be in agreement that
the digestive tracts of the birds (acid breaking the Aeonium arboreum is not present on Rangitoto. I
seed coat?) and landing together with the moist havent seen it, not even plants that generally look
and Nitrogen rich droppings have much better like it.
chances of germination. Unfortunately (for the However, this species is widely naturalized
species) or luckily (for conservationists) there is no elsewhere in New Zealand, especially the green
feral rock pigeon population on Rangitoto or flying form in Greater Auckland, Hawkes Bay (Napier)
summary
regularly from the mainland to the island to serve together with A. arboreum Atropurpureum,
as a dispersal vector. Wellington where beautiful hybrids have been
I dont know if C. orbiculata was ever cultivated recorded, Canterbury, near Christchurch
on Rangitoto, however, this is quite possible as it especially in Banks Peninsula, etc. It is like most
used to be a very common garden plant in early to Aeoniums a prolific seeder, it does wonderful in
mid-20th century in Auckland. If so, wind dispersal poor soils (my preferred propagation substrate
summary
Furcraea selloa - here at at Whangarei Heads
is pure scoria), it proved to be successful in other declining as of 2012, but more important is that
areas, although not equally aggressive as A. populations may vary dramatically in number of
haworthii or A. undulatum for instance, and maybe individuals, depending on particular conditions.
less tolerant to coastal conditions. However, I have The greatest threats are browsing animals,
no satisfactory explanation for this absence. It is competition from other coastal plant species and
very unlikely not to have been cultivated on the coastal developments, but according to NZPCN
island. entire populations have been wiped out by a
Opuntioids except for one very cryptic mention fungal disease, especially on South Islands West
in Wilcox (2007), Opuntia monacantha have not Coast. This species is a prolific seeder (although
been recorded on Rangitoto either. In fact O. very good germination occurs only in fresh seeds)
monacantha could have been noted only in relation and has also a moderate rhizomatous spreading
to the intended botanical garden (site known habit, forming locally dense stands.
today as Wilsons Park). No trace of it today or any However, although currently extinct from the
mentions of other common cultivated species greater Auckland area where it used to be common
such as O. ficus-indica or O. robusta, successfully many decades ago, E. glauca is still present on two
escaped and established elsewhere. Of course, of the Hauraki Gulf islands. Why not on Rangitoto?
New Zealand does not offer the conditions for I dont know.
a rampant invasion as it happened over the Finally, I will mention two more absentees:
ditch in Australia, but still there are few pockets. Yucca gloriosa L. var gloriosa, the common Spanish
Opuntioids have been widely cultivated especially dagger so widespread in coastal conditions
in late 19th to mid-20th centuries, as for many (mostly in sand dunes or deeper soils and less on
people, along the massive Cereoids, these plants rocky substrate, this could be the explanation) and
could have represented the idea of cacti, as they Furcraea selloa K. Koch (known as the Wild Sisal)
are resilient and accommodating. Rangitoto would known from many extremely resilient cultivation
summary
be a perfect eco-climatic setup. relicts in New Zealand.

Euphorbia glauca G. Forst. was never recorded in The absence of all these species is quite
Rangitoto, although it is (or was, probably better remarkable and partly hard to explain, as Rangitoto
said) a fairly common native coastal plant in New knows the highest concentration of succulent
Zealand (it is naturally found also on Chatham species in New Zealand, both as number of species
Islands). This species is considered to be at risk and individuals confined on a limited area.
VII. conclusions
summary
Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis - white flowering form

summary
Part 1. - VII. Conclusions 137 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987
summary
Near Yankee Wharf
R
angitoto is not only an iconic landmark, a very composite piece of nature, it never was a bal-
weekend destination for many Aucklanders, anced natural island habitat and in my opinion it
but also precious conservation land. In fact, will never be in a predicable time span At least
it has become obvious that with all the pres- DOC has managed to stop the rampant spread of
sure created especially by human activities and several invasive plant species (some eradicated),
the presence of more or less invasive unwanted has managed to make Rangitoto animal pest free,
organisms, it had to be unavoidable for DOC one these are really great achievements.
of the main targets when it comes to conserve However, I am critical on the continuous drive
and rehabilitate island habitats, as they are less to adopt such a hard line for the future as the
changed by human intervention. This is poten- costs may largely exceed the benefits. My main
tially a less difficult task and basically financially reproach is that at times it is such a bureaucratic
more affordable. However, for objectives of highly approach that one would think these rehabilita-
touristic importance neighbouring areas with high tion plans were almost designed to tick boxes and
density population, such as Auckland, this be- justify funding, while other more important ser-
comes more of a Fe Morgane. viceable areas are ignored. Why was allowed to
There are big plans in regards to Rangitoto, re- quarry and to process rock on the island (for lo-
lease of native birds, plantings of naturally rare or cal utilization, this is true) if it is well known that
endangered plant species, etc., and all this has a in a such unsettled habitat dispersal of dust and
prerequisite the eradication or at least strict con- generally fine particles and changes to the surface
trol of many alien plant species (most succulents have triggered rampant dispersal of aggressive in-
here fall into this category), and stop the disper- vaders and changes of the vegetation patterns? In
sal of other invasive species as well. Considering a nutshell I would rather spend effort and money
all this, if successful, most succulents here are to fight real enemies nationwide, such as gorse
doomed to be eradicated in a not so distant future, (Ulex europaeus - a real pest, not just a nuisance:
or at least to be allowed only on limited or strictly e.g. slowly getting out of control on the Eastern
controlled areas. To be honest, although I agree in Summit Road in Rangitoto, or on the southern
some aspects I am sceptical in many others I wont slopes of Whatipu, which is supposed to be a sci-
detail here (see also in Zimer, 2008, 2009a, 2010c) entific reserve, or the heavy infestations at the
not to speak that conservation work even if prop- foot of Bream Head, a near pristine landmark?)
erly done, which is quite a rare event as such espe- or exotic grasses taking over imperceptibly near
cially when relying mostly on volunteer work, can pristine habitats all over New Zealand, rather than
summary
replace somewhat natural imbalances with other checking Aeoniums and Agaves or other more or
disproportions leading to a functionally artificial less casuals on Rangitoto. I guess that being over-
habitat anyway, in need of being maintained on zealous in some aspects and much too tolerant in
the long run. Lets not forget that Rangitoto is also others does not help long-term overall, but only
a touristic attraction and you have to find a balance aggravates the contrasts. Between conservation
here. Rangitoto used to be almost from the start a and destruction there is only a fine line.
Acknowledgements Miller, C.J., Craig, J.L. and Mitchell, N.D., 1994 - Ark 2020: A conservation
summary
First of all I would like to thank Dag Panco for sparking up my interest for suc- vision for Rangitoto and Motutapu Islands. Journal of The Royal Society
culent plants naturalization in New Zealand, many years ago. It just happened, of New Zealand 24(1): 65-90.
but he opened me this path. I would also like to thank Dag for the tremendous National Pest Plant Accord 2012. http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/nppa -
amount of work put into this project. I would like to thank my son Vlad as he last accessed 08.01.2015
was my travelling companion in most of the Rangitoto trips. I will cherish the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/
good old days, all the philosophic debates and the hilarious laughs we had! default.aspx - last accessed 08.01.2015
Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife Luana for starting my Rangito- Palmer, A.D., 1969 - Rangitoto. Auckland Botanical Society Newsletter
to obsession back in 2006, when she initiated the first trip there, and for push- 26(4): 7-8.
ing me to put this all together well, not a real book yet, but getting there! All Rangitoto Island Historic Conservation Trust http://www.rangitoto.org/
pictures by Eduart Zimer and Vlad Zimer taken in habitat on Rangitoto Island, index.html - last accessed 12.01.2015
except where otherwise stated (e.g. cultivated, or here at...). I tried to use as Stephenson, R., 1994 - Sedum: Cultivated Stonecrops. Timber Press.
many original habitat illustrations as I could; however, I have also used on Oregon, USA. 355pp.
occasion some photographs from other locations if pictures were superior or Sykes, W.R., 1992 - Succulent Plants on Rangitoto Island. Auckland Bo-
if I didnt encounter that particular species in Rangitoto. All maps or historic tanical Society Journal 47(1): 6-16.
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19971998. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 629642. Zimer, E., 2007 - Plante suculente naturalizate n Noua Zeelanda. Acc
Heenan, P. B., de Lange, P. J., Cameron, E. K. and Parris, B. S., 2008 - Aztekium. (Internet last accessed 25.06.2014).
Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes naturalised Zimer, E., 2008 - The naturalized Aeonium of Rangitoto Island (Hauraki
or casual in New Zealand: Additional records 200406. New Zealand Gulf, New Zealand). International Crassulaceae Network. (Internet last
Journal of Botany, 46(2): 257-283. accessed 25.06.2014).
Howell, C. and Sawyer, J.W.D., 2006 - New Zealand Naturalised vascular Zimer, E., 2009a - The succulent corner at Yankee Wharf, Rangitoto Is-
plant checklist, New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, November land .The New Zealand Cactus and Succulent Journal 62 (4): 114-120.
2006. 60 pp. Zimer, E., 2009b - Succulent plants from down under Adventive Plants
Howell, C., 2008 - Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New (Part 8). Unpublished. 23pp.
Zealand. Science & Technical Publishing Department of Conservation, Zimer, E., 2010a The adventive Crassulaceae of Rangitoto Island, Hau-
Wellington, New Zealand. 42pp. raki Gulf, New Zealand. International Crassulaceae Network. (Internet
International Crassulaceae Network http://www.crassulaceae.ch/de/ last accessed 25.06.2014).
home - last accessed 08.01.2015 Zimer, E., 2010b Notes on Aeonium Rangitoto I. The New Zealand
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Julian, A., 1992 - The vegetation pattern of Rangitoto. University of Auck- Cactus and Succulent Journal 63(2): 37.
land. PhD thesis. Unpublished. 297pp. Zimer, E., 2010c The fragile boundary between conservation and
Kirk, T., 1879 - Notes on the Botany of Waiheke Rangitoto and other destruction on Rangitoto Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand (Part 1).
islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Unpublished. 37pp.
Zealand Institute 11: 444-454. Zimer, E., 2012a Is Horokaka (Disphyma australe ssp. australe) more
Lancaster, T.L., 1929 - Municipal Record. Official organ of the Auckland than a regional form of Disphyma crassifolium? Xerophilia 1(2):51-70.
City Corporation of New Zealand 3(3):5-8. Zimer, E., 2012b Aeonium Rangitoto. Xerophilia 1(3): 5-22.
summary
summary
Young budding Metrosideros excelsa. This species

will be always associated with Rangitoto
summary
part 2.
whakaari
white island
summary
new zealand
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Aerial photograph of White Island (Whakaari, or

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Whakri) in the Bay of Plenty, The North Island,

New Zealand. Note there is no steam rising from
the crater lake. The coloured trail is sulphur leaking
in the sea water. 20 January 2005, photo by James
M. Shook. (Wikipedia)
whakaari
summary
W
hakaari - White Island - is
not the kind of South Pacific
island you would like to spend
your holiday on, it is mostly
barren and inhospitable. It is after all an
active volcano with fumaroles, boiling
mud pools, steam, gas and ash emissions
and astrictive sulphur smell, rumbling
and sending out tremors on a daily basis.
However, my April 2014 trip to the island
White Island volcano erupting on the 20th of August was quite memorable to say the least: it
2013. According to GeoNet the volcano erupted was my ultimate New Zealand volcanic
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only for 10 minutes throwing "mud and rocks a experience. Despite being a hostile
short distance from the source, and produced large environment it is not lifeless... which was
volumes of white steam. () A small proportion of not a surprise. As a matter of fact people
volcanic ash was carried with the steam". Photo by have worked and lived here from time
Alex and Jennifer Simon. to time, even in the times prior to the
European colonization.
Part 2. Whakaari 143 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987
summary
White Island seen off Ohope coast, near Whakatane
New Zealands At the same time the complex is formed by two

largest volcanic structure independent but overlapping stratocones: an
Whakaari is an 150,000 200,000 years old active extinct cone makes up a quarter of the island, while
volcano, part of the Taupo volcanic field, 48 km off the rest is made up of the central cone, still active.
Bay of Plenty coast, opposite Whakatane. The 238 In fact its not that simple as it is a very dynamic
ha island is rising to 321 m above sea level and landscape indeed. Historically there have been
it happens to be only a small part of the volcanic several active subcraters (Western, Central and
complex climbing some 1,600 m from the sea bed Eastern), the first two being the most unsettled,
and containing active volcanic vents up to 400 m undergoing frequent changes in known history.
deep underwater it is in fact New Zealands largest Numerous vents and pits have been created in
volcanic structure. You wouldnt have guessed time, only to be obliterated by later eruptions or
that. The magma chambers lie only 1,700-3,000 obscured by erosion. It is actually quite amazing
m deep, depending on the eruptive state, which is to see relatively deep vertical gullies scoring the
really shallow as a matter of fact. It is an andesite high slopes, carved in volcanic ash layers. Some
and dacite stratovolcano, this means at least of them seem actually quite unstable and the
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22 layers of solified volcanic lava from previous tragic event from 100 years ago has a very obvious
eruptions are alternating with layers of volcanic explanation.
ash deposits. This points out that the volcano has There is a long list of volcanic events of the past.
had a tortuous eruptive past: periods of high lava However, the actual shape of the crater was largely
extrusion have swapped with explosive activity created during the 1976-1982 eruptions and
dispersing pyroclastic ashes (Dr. Richard Roscoe). subsequently altered again between 1986-1990.
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Approaching White Island from the sea. Steam emerging from the main crater lake.
White Islands main vent during the 2000 eruption.

Photo by Michael Rogers (Wikipedia)
In the centre of the crater there is an acid lake again in 2012/2013 while the recent background
with quite volatile water levels. Truth is that 1976- volcanic action suggests that another activity spike
1991 was the longest period of intense and almost could be arriving soon. Gaseous emissions are
uninterrupted volcanic activity on the island, at mostly carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, but on
least in known history. It is believed that in 1991 occasion there are short explosive events, when
part of the high conduit channel collapsed covering fumaroles erupt, sending jets of hot steam into
the magma chambers (only 300-400 m deep at that the skies and sometimes ejecting football sized
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time) and putting the volcano to rest, not before to rocks which can land hundreds of metres away.
generate the strongest volcanic earthquake ever After the turbulent 1976-1991 period the crater
recorded in New Zealand. Subsequently there lake almost disappeared, but reappeared once the
were other significant eruptions in 2000 (when volcano settled a bit and the main crater cooled
a strombolian explosion occurred, covering the down. Although the water level is fluctuating quite
crater floor with scoriacious lava bombs) and a lot, fresh water wells are filling the lake regularly.
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Above left: Steam emerging from the main crater lake.

Above right: Corroding equipment of the 1923 sulphur ore processing factory.
Below left: Mounds of materials ejected from vents and fumaroles.
Below right: The inner walls consisting partly of ashes, eroded by rain
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Steam and sulphur fumes from the fumaroles. Steam rising from the main crater lake.
It's not a good idea to come close to the main Steam rising from the main crater lake.
crater lake without the gas mask on.
From humble beginnings to large scale spin to their cruising experience I guess. The first
mining lucrative mining operation was set up much later,
In good weather the steaming island is visible in 1874, when one of the White Island co-owners
from the coast, and theres no wonder why it started to mine small amounts of sulphur and
always has attracted visitors. The Maori used to export them to Sydney, in Australia, as fertilizer.
sail regularly to the island and gather birds and It was a relatively small scale operation, but the
their eggs for food (there still is a large gannet potential was recognized.
breeding colony here) and also to collect sulphur In 1883 "NZ Manure and Chemical Company"
which they used as fertilizer. They named the was established and a sulphur processing factory
island Whakaari (actually the full name is Te Puia was built in Tauranga. Sulphur, mined from White
o Whakaari, meaning The Dramatic Volcano), also Island, was processed here and used mainly for
spelled Whakri (1). Captain Cook discovered producing sulphuric acid. However, this operation
the island during his 1769 voyage and named it wasnt long lived either. After the dramatic Mt.
White Island, purely based on its appearance: Tarawera eruption in 1886 (2), when huge amounts
surrounded by what he thought there were of ashes were scattered in the region, covering
white clouds. He actually failed to recognize it is a with a 2-3 cm thick layer even areas located at a
volcano, with the clouds formed from the steam distance of over 100 km, the mining on the island
emissions. was abandoned, for fear that such a devastating
The first Europeans landed on the island in 1826 eruption could take place on the island as well.
and soon its economic value became very obvious. Lacking the raw material, the entire business
In 1830 the island was bought from the Maori but collapsed.
summary
only to be sold on for several times. However, Production was resumed again in 1898, but after
for a short time, White Island became a touristic four years, during which 5,000 tons of sulphur ore
attraction. were mined, the best deposits were exhausted
Boats of the Northern Star Company cruise and exploitation became uneconomical and the
ships brought on occasion visitors ashore for business was closed down once again. But not for
day trips. It wasnt big business, but added a little long.
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Steaming vents with massive sulphur ore deposits. View of the sea with Troup Head in the backgroung,
steam and sulphur deposits.
The steaming crater rim. The steaming crater rim.
Big business and tragedies Living conditions were also not optimal, as
In 1913 Brown and Mercer, two Brits running you can imagine, not to speak of the solitude.
a Canadian company, bought White Island and There was no drinkable water on the island. Only
established "The White Island Sulphur Co. of few people were attracted as the pay wasnt too
Vancouver". In order to cut cost this time the extravagant either. The average daily wage was
sulphur ore was processed directly on the island. 13 shillings, which in todays money is less than 43
A boiler house and several ovens were erected British pounds. However, the owners advertised
and sulphur was extracted and processed into worldwide that they are seeking labourers to
a fine powder, weighted and packed into sacks. work on a South Pacific island... a very appealing
People worked and lived on the island, covering prospect for many. It is said that one foreigner
long shifts for several months at a time. During tricked into a supposed exotic island life realized
peak demand time there were up to 30 people the truth only shortly before landing on White
working and living on the island. Working Island. He climbed and tied himself to the mast
conditions were hazardous and work accidents and refused vigorously to come down, shouting
were common. All metal structures (including and cursing in a foreign language none of the
summary
the retorts) were corroding quite fast in this acid sailors could understand. In the end they had
environment and at some stage one such retort to turn around and bring the lunatic back to the
exploded killing one of the workers. More, in mainland.
order to gain access to new sulphur ore deposits Much later, Claude Sarich, a sulphur miner
on the crated floor, the acidic lake was drained. working on White Island in 193132, left a vivid
Work wasnt a walk in the park. description: "The worst hell on earth, a place where
summary
In the crater of White Island (c.1930s.) A worker toils at the sulphur extraction plant on
White Island in the Bay of Plenty (in the late 1920s).
The steaming crater rim.
rocks exploded in the intense heat, where men they found all structures washed out to sea and no
had to wear wool instead of cotton because cotton trace of the 10 workers (4). No bodies have been
just fell apart in just a couple of hours, where they ever recovered, even after repeated search parties.
had to clean their teeth at least three times a day Couple of weeks later debris of the structures
because their teeth went black, and where the (poles, railway sleeps, timber and the wreckage of
land shook violently and regularly sending rocks the three existing dinghies) were washed out on
flying through the air". So, these were the living the shore, including beaches of Tauranga. It is said
conditions that an 11th man should have been on the island,
The workers were virtually left on their own on as he was recently hired as a cook for the working
the island. Every week or so a ship was arriving crew; however, the week before the tragedy
Wreckage from White Island at Tauranga, 1914.

Left: The only survivor, a cat - Peter the Great.
Middle: White Island products brochure c.1927.
in the bay loading the sulphur and leaving occurred, he had a change of mind and didnt even
supplies for the workers. The ship couldnt land bother to announce his employer. He simply didnt
safely and there was no proper wharf, so the show up and the ship left without him. However,
ship was anchored at a certain distance and the there was one survivor the crews cat Peter, later
sulphur sacks were loaded first into a dinghy and renamed Peter the Great, who was found after
transferred onto the ship, and back the same way 21 days, starved and exhausted but otherwise
summary
were transferred supplies and equipment. It was fine, wandering on the opposite side of the island,
a hard work indeed which could take up most of not affected by the disaster. Peter the Great was
the day. In September 1914 disaster struck all of a brought back to the mainland and it is said that
sudden. The supply ship transferred to the island he fathered numerous descendants, all of them
a fresh shift on the 7thof September and when it being considered good luck cats. Reportedly the
returned on the 19th with mail and supplies (3) dynasty still exists.
The beginning of the column report in the Evening Post
It is not known exactly what happened. Fact
is that part of the gigantic western flank wall
summary
collapsed into the crater triggering a devastating

lahar and leaving no chance for the workers
to escape. It is not established if the flank wall
collapsed under its own weight or if the collapse
was prompted by volcanic activity. No one on
the mainland was aware of the tragedy, although
there were later claims that explosions have been
heard and a persistent sulphur smell was in the
air at the time. When the supply ship arrived on
the 19th of September all they found was a site
of complete devastation (5). News broke out
immediately and reached Auckland on the 21st
of September when an article appeared in the
Evening Post. All 10 workers were supposedly
dead, and the total damages were estimated at
20,000 (or $50,000), which was quite a fortune at
that time. It is nevertheless strange that news of
the tradegy was published only in the page 8 of
the journal. Well, I guess that the first World War
that just started was making the headlines.
Search parties were organized as there was still
some hope. They thought the workers would have
had the time to rush in the dinghies and go out
at sea, a much safer option even on rough seas
than staying on the island. It already happened in
the 1880s when, after a small eruption, the people
had enough time to jump in the dinghies and go
out in the open seas.
But this time none of the missing workers was
ever found, dead or alive. People must have been
swept out on the sea or buried under the several
metres high mud wave. It must have been so
wicked because it caused metal poles to snap
from their base. There is also considered that the
tragedy could have happened overnight, while
everybody was sleeping, so they wouldnt have
had the slightest chance. This tragedy put a brutal
stop to all operations on White Island. People were
probably afraid to return, or maybe the raging first
World War changed priorities.
After some time, a team of scientists tried to
elucidate the mystery of what could have caused
the tragedy. They came to the conclusion that the
western flank wall would have been weakened
by erosion and riddeled by steaming vents and
collapsed at some stage, possibly following a small
earthquake.
This landslide would have obscured the crater
lake. With all the vents being obstructed now,
pressure must have been built up inside the
volcano until a violent eruption sent a wave of
hot mud across the plateau at high speed. If so,
the people would have been warned by the first
summary
landslide and they would have had enough time

to seek refuge. Instead they possibly thought that
that was that and didnt bother too much. After
all they were all tough people and shaking and
rumbling was every day business on the island.
This we will never know.
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Remains of the 1923 factory and equipment
Post World War 1 But Mr. Mercer must have been a stubborn
revival and business winding up man who wouldnt give up that easy. Pressured by
But the atrocities of the first World War have unhappy shareholders he tried several methods
dampened down the memories and the to reduce costs or to improve eficiency. But that
psychological effect of the 1914 White Island wasnt enough. During the Great Depression (1929-
tragedy. In the 1920s there was a brand new 1933) the turnover dropped and the business
dynamic world, with a booming economy and with went into tailspin, but a tenacious Mr. Mercer was
entrepreneurs always looking for new business still holding it afloat by any means. Even with the
ventures. The sulphur deposits on White Island risk of an increased bad reputation. In later years
were still atractive. At that time New Zealand had a he employed any method, from slightly illegal to
flourishing farming industry and fertilizers were in a completely dodgy jugglery, in order to make
high demand and it seemed lucrative to revive the ends meet. For instance, during the last months
sulphur exploitation on White Island. In 1923 Mr. of sulphur mining on White Island, he ordered
Mercer, a co-owner of the ill fated 1913 enterprise, the sulphur sacks to be filled three quarters with
set up the "White Island Agriculture Chemical volcanic ash and only one quatrer, at the top, with
Co. Ltd". Assisted by George Raymond Buttle, an pure sulphur. But farmers couldnt be fooled that
Auckland stock exchange broker, Mercer assured easy and they would never buy again his products.
a sizeable financial investment in his company and That was the final straw and in 1933 the company
the business took off. But this venture proved to be filed for bankruptcy. During the liquidation
also doomed from the start. Safety was important process G.R. Buttle, the financial mastermind,
summary
now, but this came at a cost. Brand new expensive purchased the island which remained in Buttle
equipment was also adding to the operating cost. family ownership until today.
More, sulphur extraction was more costly and Remains of the 1923 factory and equipment
less productive than initially estimated. As a result (corroding quickly away) are still standing and for
the company struggled financially from the very some very obvious reasons attract most of the
beginning. visitors.
summary
The desolated landscape and scoria formations seen through a gap in the standing walls.
Below left: View of the inner slopes with steam and gases arising from miriads of fissures.
Below right: Steaming fumarole near Troup Head with the sea in the background.
After the second World War the scientific value White Island is renowned for unexpected
of White Island was finally acknowledged. In 1953 volcanic events. That means scientists dont have
it was declared a private scenic reserve and in 1995 days, weeks or even months to predict major
access has been restricted. Unauthorized landing events, but in most cases only few hours. Still
is not allowed, there is a daily limited number of time enough to evacuate the island. The volcanic
people who can visit the island and all have to activity is permanently monitored, not only for
acquire permits. The time spent on the island is safety reasons, but also for scientific purposes.
also limited and only small groups are allowed Few live cameras are covering the critical spots,
under constant supervision. temperature and composition of the gases are
Risk management is paramount. Safety helmets measured in tens of the main vents, the crater lake
are compulsory and everyone gets also a gas is also monitored and there is a seismic station
mask to use if needed (and now and again you on the island as well. Live data is transmitted to
summary
really need one). The small groups are scattered the mainland labs of the Institute of Geological
on throughout the island, so in case of a minor and Nuclear Sciences and analyzed there. Any
volcanic event the tour operator doesnt have significant change in any of the measured
all the eggs in one basket. I guess anything can parametres is triggering an alarm and the situation
happen at any time, but after visiting the island I is assessed immediately. Quite interesting stuff
can say that I felt safe at all times. even for a layman.
summary
Fumarole with beautifully yellow coloured sulphur

deposits.
Detail above: Cyanidium caldarium and other diatoms
growing in the acid hot water pools and flows near the
main crater.
This hell is not lifeless! contain in a dissolved state all known chemical
Even if it provides a desolated landscape the elements or their compounds, however, most of
island is not lifeless. In fact you are out for quite them in infinitesimal, merely detectable amounts.
a surprise. I had my readings on the vegetation The vascular vegetation is quite interesting.
on White Island even before deciding to visit it, Depauperate, but one of a kind. First of all the
and even more after making that decision. In fact vegetation succession rules do not function at all
I was trying to be aware of things that I might here. Most of the vegetation is still in the primary
have missed otherwise during the tour. The succesion phase, even species that normally would
cited literature does not include references on be regarded as secondary or tertiary succesion
microscopic or bacterial life, only on vertebrates species. And, on long term, essential was the
and vascular plants. However, these life forms are struggle of species to survive, contradicting all
visibly present. theories of primary succesion sequence. The
I havent seen lichens, fungi and mosses (this number of vascular plant species ever recorded on
does not mean that they couldnt live on the the island is very small (19 in total) and even after
boulders next to the shore) but definitely I have settled periods of the late 1800s and early 1900s
seen algae and a slimy organic film in a small no more than 10 species have been recorded
waterflow originating from a geyser. This is quite in 1912 (Oliver, 1915) and no more than 13 at a
surprising as the water is very acidic (pH2, same as time (in 1967). After few major volcanic events
summary
the lemon juice) and quite hot around 45o Celsius. following since, and especially after the tumultous
Burns (1994 ex Cassie & Cooper, 1989) mentions 1976-1991 period, the number of species found
that Cyanidium caldarium and other diatoms has been halved. But the very few herbs must
(monocellular algae living in large colonies) have have been available in abundance as in the early
been observed in hot water pools near the crater, mining days even few sheep were kept (Clarkson
so this must be what Ive seen. The small streams & Clarkson, 1994 ex Parham, 1973).
Established Metrosideros scrub which seems
unharmed.
summary
Metrosideros excelsa
The dominant species is phutukawa (Metrosideros must have changed, seed has been produced
excelsa) which forms dense and almost monotypic and dispersed in the area, as I noted quite a large
scrub and young forest patches of vegetation number of seedlings and very young plants on
on the outer slopes of the cone, in sheltered the slopes near Troup Head (in the continuation
positions. A 1986 survey showed that from ca. 48 of the lahar plateau), but not in other sites. In
ha of Metrosideros scrub and young forest half the dense vegetation patches I wasnt able to tell
was destroyed, with older plants being dead or anyway from the distance. We didnt sail around
badly damaged but resprouting from epicormic the island, but while leaving I noted large patches
buds (6) (Clarkson, 1990; Clarkson & Clarkson of dense scrub and young forest on the slopes
summary
1994). According to Burns (1994) only 5% of the between Troup Head and North East Point but
Metrosideros forest survived after the initial also, closer to Troup Head, dead phutukawa
shock. Clarkson (1990) also noted that some of the trees surrounded by new growth.
plants carried seed capsules, possibly from the However, regrowth and expansion of Metro-
December 1985 flowering, but no seedlings have sideros excelsa doesnt happen very fast. Burns
been sighted. During the following years things (1994) provides a pertinent explanation. He
Regenerating Metrosideros scrub after being
wiped out.
summary
Detail right: Aerial photograph of White Island
(Whakaari) in the Bay of Plenty, The North Island,
New Zealand.
observed that the apices of many epicormic processes such as photosynthesis, suffocating the
shoots were dead, with a second epicormic shoots plants.
developing underneath from old wood. Such a Clarkson (1990) also mentions early reports
layering of the epicromic shoots delivered a bushy stating that fumes could control the distribution
growth form but at a slower pace. and extent of the Metrosideros scrub and young
An aerial photograph taken in February 2012 by forest, which is quite pertinent (see the dense
the The Ardmore Pilot (above) shows the northern vegetation on the sheltered north outer slope).
slopes covered by large areas of obviously However, he also mentions the acid rain as
summary
expanding phutukawa scrub and young forest. a possible cause, but this doesnt match in my
The cause of death was hard to determine. Clarkson opinion the very localized events:
(1990) states there was no evident damage caused I have seen an utterly destroyed phutukawa
by blast or heat, with most branches remaining section only 300 metres from a thiving patch
intact in most dead specimens. He suggests wet of vegetation that seemed to be completely
ashes coating leaves could interfere with vital unharmed.
Sparingly vegetated outcrop with a surprisingly
composite vegetation: Einadia trigonos ssp.
summary
trigonos, Disphyma australe ssp. australe, and few
miniature specimens of Poa anceps, Metrosideros
excelsa and Phormium tenax.
Detail right: Anothyer slope with numerous
scattered vegetation patches consisting of
Einadia trigonos ssp. trigonos, Disphyma australe
ssp. australe, Poa anceps, and a splendid
Metrosideros excelsa young shrublet in the fore-
ground
Other established plants species

Another frequent occurrence is Einadia trigonos
ssp. trigonos, misidentified in early records as
Chenopodium allanii. This is a prostrate or semi-
prostrate perennial herb, often mat-forming. I
have seen few patches on the outer slopes at
Crater Bay and inner slopes of Troup Head of
what seems to be this species. However, I was
wondering why some marginal patches have a
different colour but reading the description of this
species I discovered that stems and leaves could
be often purplish. Poa anceps and Phormium tenax
are two other species that survived eruptions and
all the disturbances. This pictures shows the inner
summary
rock face of the Troup Head, sparingly vegetated

by patches of Einadia trigonos ssp. trigonos and the
native ice plant Disphyma australe ssp. australe and
few minute Poa anceps, Metrosideros excelsa and
Phormium tenax individuals. The most composite
piece of land Ive seen here.
summary
A thriving Disphyma australe ssp. australe specimen growing between boulders.

Above left: D. australe ssp. australe was thriving when growing in a layer of mineral rich
volcanic ash capable of retaining a bit of moisture...
Above right: but seemed to be very stressed when growing on concrete slabs of the ore
processing factory.
A succulent plant: from miles so to speak. I have never seen such a

Disphyma australe ssp. australe large patch of Disphyma in my life, and Ive seen
The big expectation quite understandable for a a few. In the photos you cant really tell (so you
succulentophile was to see with my own eyes have to trust me) but the binoculars offered me
another survivor: Disphyma australe ssp. australe. a spectacular view. Unfortunately only few birds
The best succulent colonizer ever! This is the only where at the colony at that time. Burns (1994)
summary
other species noted in each of the 6 vegetation confirms this is a monotypic vegetation patch.
surveys since 1912 to 1990. I knew there are large The massive Disphyma mats at the gannet
masses surrounding the large gannet breeding breeding colony called into question another myth
colony on the old camp site plateau (Ohauora), about Disphyma - that acid bird droppings, when
so my first care before landing was to locate it. It washed out by heavy rain, can quickly destroy
wasnt hard at all as the green patches were visible massive patches of plants. I was really split, it
summary
Disphyma australe ssp. australe growing between A Disphyma australe ssp. australe very stressed
boulders. A perfect setup: moisture accumulations when growing on concrete slabs of the ore
in the mineral rich volcanic ashes and acidic processing factory
environment (substrate included).
A Disphyma australe ssp. australe mound consisting Disphyma australe ssp. australe, particularly stressed
of two distinct plants, growing between boulders specimens.
on a substrate consisting mostly of fist sized stones
and rock rubble.
could have made sense for some plants but not state, or gusts of acid fumes could have played an
necessarily for Disphyma. I previously saw rather important role here. As mentined above, few were
small patches of Disphyma in similar situations also growing on the inner rock face of Troup Head.
(notably at Muriwai) but there was still room for I havent seen any flowers, of course highly
doubt in my mind. Now, seeing this I am convinced unlikely at this time of the year (April, which is
that, on the contrary, Disphyma may even benefit autumn in the southern hemisphere) but few
from the acid and high Nitrogen content of the seed capsules were visible. Only a few pointing
bird droppings. It surely survived also the acid out maybe the lack of pollinators but definitely
rain or similar events on the island. seed has been scattered in the area in the past
But still I wanted to see them close. Almost and will be also scattered in the future. Another
immediately after landing at Crater Bay and observation this local form is the biggest I have
climbing up the plateau I noted the first patches, seen in this species so far, having strong stems and
small but relatively numerous, growing between longer and thicker leaves than usual. The stems
boulders or in the remains of the 1923 factory. are only just a bit reddish on occasion (reduced
summary
Some were happy (with plenty of moisture amounts of betanine) which suggests that flowers
available between and under the boulders) some could be white, not the usual pale pink. This I
were particularly stressed, especially few patches dont know for sure. After Metrosideros excelsa
growing in cracks, with virtually no soil available, this is the second species forming here monotypic
in the ruins of the former factory. I dont know vegetation patches and seems to be growing
if lack of moisture was the only reason for their almost everywhere near the shore.
summary
Cakila maritima - here at Opoutere, Coromandel - Asplenium northlandicum - here at Karekare,

was recorded only once in 1949 on White Island. Waitakere - was recorded in 1990 and 1994 near
Troup Head.
The odd casuals by sea currents (I have seen this species on Ohope
Burns (1994) found in a partial survey of the flora beach, near Whakatane).
during his December 1993 trip no bryophytes, A special discovery of the 1990 survey was
lichens or terrestrial algae, and only 4 of the vascular Asplenium northlandicum - probably a recent
plant species listed by Clarkson & Clarkson (1994). introduction as well although common in North
He also couldnt find Paronychia brasiliana, a small Island coastal habitats.
adventive herb found during the 1990 survey at Burns (1994) observed it on the cliffs at
Crater Bay, suggesting that this species must have Troup Head so this could be another touristic
been introduced by the visitors (perhaps via earth introduction. In 1985, at the site of a dead
traces on the shoe soles) but couldnt survive in Metrosideros excelsa forest a single fern Histiopteris
such a harsh environment. This could have been incisa managed to survive, only to disappear
the case with several other species seen on and completely in 1990 (Clarkson, 1990; Clarkson &
summary
off, such as Cakile maritima (recorded only in 1949), Clarkson, 1994). However, Burns (1994) reports that
Cirsium vulgare (recorded only in 1967), Coniza during the partial survey Paul Jensen rediscovered
albida (recorded in 1949 and 1967) and Coronopus Histiopteris incisa in its original 1985 location. He
didymus (recorded only in 1967). Of all, Cakile also mentions several Phormium tenax growing on
maritima has actually the biggest chances to set the northern slopes in steep gullies or on rocks,
foot on White Island, as its seeds can be dispersed that were observed from the sea.
summary
A helicopter resting on the desolated plateau.
A surprising wildlife (Passer domesticus) and Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs),

Wildlife is also very limited as number of species, both introduced species, have been reported to
but quite surprisingly. During the visit I observed populate the island. I havent seen any but I guess
a butterfly and my son Vlad a couple more, but they are spending their time mostly in the dense
to our disappointment we were not able to take Metrosideros scrub and young forest.
pictures. It was simply mesmerizing to see such Especially the presence of the sparrow is
delicate creatures flying above the barren land. I quite surprisingly as it usually lives close to
guess there is enough vegetation on the island to human settlements. However, this indicates that
support insect life, but we havent been actually substantial food resources must be available on
there and didnt notice any other insects. I wonder White Island. The Chaffinchs diet consists more of
how they could survive so close to the crater lake, seeds and vegetal materials, while chicks are fed
where we had to put our gas masks on at times. almost exclusively on insects.
Seabirds such as the Austalasian gannet (Morus Both passerines are terrestrial insectivores
serrator) and Grey-faced petrel (Pterodroma and that gives us a hint in regards to the food
summary
macroptera) have breeding colonies on the island, availability in vegetated areas of the island. As
but except few gannets guarding the deserted mentioned above, weve seen butterflies! Kiore,
colony I havent seen any. Such a remote island the Polinesian rat (Rattus exulans) is alo present
is actually an ideal breeding ground. But more here, quite common near seabird colonies as they
incredible is the passerine fauna. In times of low usually prey their eggs, even if their diet is more
volcanic disturbances the European sparrow varied.
A last look to the steam emissions while sailing
along the coast.
summary
Life has to hang on...

or start all over again!
White Island gives you another perspective on
how resilient life can be. I cant stop comparing
White Island to Rangitoto, a very young volcanic
island in the Hauraki Gulf, only 7-800 years old,
but already settled. As volcanic activity (small
gas and ash emissions) stoppend competely
only in the late 1700s we can consider that the
vegetation and fauna of Rangitoto is merely 250-
summary
350 years old. Probably Rangitoto would have

looked the same in those early days. The only
difference is that White Island volcano wasnt
put at rest yet and life has to hang on and start
more or less all over again after every significant
volvanic event.
A landslide on the outer slopes with steam rising
from the cracks.
summary
All pictures by Vlad Zimer and Eduart Zimer,

except where otherwise stated. All copyrighted
photographs have been used under the Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Literature:
Notes: Burns, B. (1994) Botanical notes on a trip to
(1) Some sources give another translation of the White Island (Whakaari), 27 November 1993.
name - that which can be made visible. The New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter,
name is very adequate but this translation is No. 35, March 1994: 8-9.
totally inaccurate. The island becomes invisible Clarkson, B.D. (1990) A Review of vegetation
in hazy days indeed, and can be clearly seen development following recent (<450 years)
(including the perpetual surrounding clouds) volcanic disturbance in North Island, New
in good weather. Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology,
(2) The 1886 Mt. Tarawera eruption killed 153 Vol. 14: 59-71.
people covered in boiling mud and hot ashes. Clarkson, B.D. & Clarkson, R.C. (1994)
(3) Some sources (e.g. Dr Richard Roscoe / Vegetation decline following recent
Photovolcanica.com) indicate 17th and 25th eruptions on White Island (Whakaari), Bay of
the dates of the last departure and arrival Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of
respectively of the supply ship but this couldnt Botany, Vol. 32:21-36.
have been possible as the news was published Cole, J.W. & al. (1995) Volcanic hazards at
in the Evening Post on the 21st of September. White Island. http://www.wi.co.nz/hazards.
More, the journal reports: "There is some htm (last retrieved 28.04.14).
uncertainty as to the actual date of the disaster, Cole, J.W. & al. (2000) Magma Origin and
but it would seem to have occurred either on Evolution of White Island (Whakaari)
Thursday, 10th September, or on Friday, 11th Volcano, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Journal
September". of Petrology, Vol. 41, No. 6: 867-895.
(4) Other sources indicate that 11 people died in Oliver, W.R.B. (1915) The vegetation of White
the disaster, but once again the Evening Post Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnaean
claims "There is grave reason for supposing Society of London, Botany 43: 41-47.
that ten lives have been lost (...)". All nominal Scott, B. & Rosenberg, M. (2007) White Island
lists I have consulted include only 10 names. Tour: Products and processes of recent
(5) The chain of events, as related by Kevin Boon: activity. Presented during the Geological
On the 10th of September black smoke was Society of New Zealand & New Zealand
seen rising from the island and a strong smell Geophysical Society joint Annual Conference,
of sulphur reached the mainland. There have Tauranga, 2007. Compiled by Ursula Cochran
been few small earthquakes and a river near and Annie Cervelli.
Te Teko began to boil all of a sudden. On the
15th of September Albert Mokomoko, the Other Internet Resources:
skipper of a pilot launch from Opotiki, sailed Ecosystems-guides.com (last retrieved
to the island, not because there were concerns 29.04.14).
about the safety of the workers, but because Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences
it was a scheduled trip. As the sea was rough (GNS Science) White Island Volcano Fact
he couldnt come ashore. He signaled but Sheet (last retrieved 28.04.14).
there was no response. He couldnt see on John Seach / White Island Volcano (last
the 50 metres high plateau where the factory retrieved 28.04.14).
was situated. On the 19th of September Albert Kevin Boon The White Island eruption (last
Mokomoko returned and was able to row a retrieved 28.04.14).
dinghy ashore. Realising the disaster he then New Zealand Volcanoes (last retrieved
rushed to the mainland to get help. 28.04.14).
(6) Epicormic buds lie dormant beneath the bark, Dr Richard Roscoe / Photovolcanica (last
their growth suppressed by hormones from retrieved 28.04.14).
active shoots higher up the plant. Under Stephanie Smith - White Island: A place
certain conditions, they develop into active of hope and despair (2012) (last retrieved
summary
shoots, such as when damage occurs to higher 28.04.14).

parts of the plant, or light levels are increased The Ardmore Pilot Stories from the sky.
following removal of nearby plants. Epicormic White Island Scenic (2012). (last retrieved
buds and shoots occur in many woody species, 28.04.14).
but are absent from many others, such as most Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
conifers. (Wikipedia) (last retrieved 28.04.14).
summary
summary
This memory will last forever ...
summary
summary
The 60 foot launch is waiting for us to step aboard.
summary
summary
Farewell, Whakaari!
Xerophilia Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015
www.xerophilia.ro
ISSN 2285-3987

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eduart zimer

the passion for cacti and other succulents

photo by the author photo by the author

Summary 2 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987

View of the Hauraki Gulf from near the summit

Contents 4 - XEROPHILIA Special Issue, No. 5, February 2015 | ISSN 2285-3987

about Rangitoto, I think it is highly time for me

Auckland City seen from halfway Summit Track

Hauraki Gulf Islands seen from near Rangitoto

Main reference works

Rangitoto between 2006 and 2014 totalling over

An ink and watercolour painting

Drying sharks on Rongitoto, a watercolour

A photograph taken by Rev. Dr. John

One thing is sure: this is how it started, from the

Early accounts on vegetation status

perfect kick start.

Dense forest-like vegetation along the Summit

Senecio angulatus, here in Napier, smothering a

Questions on Heaphy which shows the volcanic cone and the

Vegetation colonization fewer chances to penetrate an existing compact

Petrogale penicillata - photo by Hugh McGregor, ex Erinaceus europeus.

All these animal pests were actively controlled

were suspected to be also present. The number

This used to be a small building siding one of the

However, the afflux of people taking by storm

were organized in the 1890s when not only the

Ruins of the prison gate.

20th century was WW2, when Rangitoto became a defence area

Old scoria platform. The Controlled Mine Base.

Abandoned bach near Islington Bay. Restored bach.

Bach 38 - restored. Boatramp and dinghy.

Shipwrecks helped a variety of sea fauna to establish locally,

improve on the island Rangitoto is considered

tilian wildlife I have seen only the Rain-

Tui bird, here at Totara Heights. Zosterops lateralis.

At Wreck Bay with Metrosideros excelsa, in the background crop.

Dense stands of Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis.

Griselinia lucida, fruits. Griselinia lucida.

Geniostoma lingustrifolium. Pseudopanax arboreus.

Trichomanes reniforme, patches on the Leptecophylla juniperina.

Distribution ferns, Trichomanes reniforme, (Hymenophyl-

Knightia excelsa - Rewarewa tree.

Mosses, Geranium purpureum and Astelia

Coriaria arborea, flowers.

ceae) and manuka, Leptospermum scoparium

Rangitoto main crater.

Agathis australis - kauri tree - in the crater cone.

Sparsely vegetated lava slabs at Wreck Bay

Off trail plant hunting is mostly hard on the shoes ...

A rich additional herbal flora (Geraniaceae), Fumaria muralis ssp. muralis

Fumaria muralis. Cirsium vulgare near Islington Bay Road.

Thelymitra longifolia. Centranthus ruber - the purple variant.

Centranthus ruber - the red variant. Myosotis sylvatica.

Muscari armeniacum. Geranium purpureum.

Hebe stricta. Centaurium erythraea- the red variant.

Antirrhinum braun-blanquettii near Antirrhinum majus with dense infestation

Microsorum pustulatum ssp. pustulatum.

Myrsine australis & Geniostoma Aira caryophylle.

Clematis forsteri. Lonicera japonica.

Lavandula dentata east of Rangitoto Osteospermum fruticosum - an almost

Pseudocyphellaria carpoloma, a rare foliose

Verbascum blattaria f. albiflora. Stereocaulon ramulosum.