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Lecture #12(14). CALCULATION OF SERVICE LIFE

Plan:
1. The account of influence of mean stresses
2. Durability at program loading.

1. The account of influence of mean stresses

In flight stresses operate with a various combination of mean and peak values, i.e.
stresses have different factors of asymmetry k. There is a necessity for calculation of
equivalent stresses on durability, thus the factor of asymmetry for equivalent stresses should
be equal to asymmetry factor of available base fatigue curve. Usually the curves received at a
pulsing loading cycle when =0 (fig. 1, which else are named zero-to-tension cycle), or at a
symmetric loading cycle when =-1 are accepted as base fatigue curves.

max a

0 min

0
K= min 0
max max
Fig. 1. The pulsing cycle.

Let's consider reception of Oding's formula for calculation of equivalent stresses. For
this purpose we should write down the equation of fatigue curve as the equation offered by
Oding, in view of mean and maximal stresses
a ( a m ) N a max

c, (1)
max m a
Here in the left part is the amplitude of stresses, which enters into the equation with an
exponent , and m - accordingly amplitude and means size of a stress of this cycle in a
degree , which generally is not equal .
1. Equivalent stresses for a pulsing cycle of a stress
It is obvious, that for a pulsing cycle:
1
 2
max e
ae me (2)
2
Then all values are written with max e in (1)

max e
max e N c a a m N

(3)
2
We can cancel N in both parts.
In left part this equation we have equivalent stress and in right part we have real stress
from service.
Hence
e a a m 2

max

(4)

In a result we receive ratio:

max e 2 a a m (5)
For aluminum alloys power for is approximately equal , therefore

max e 2 a a m ( 2 a )
( a m )

(6)
1 1
( 2 a )
2 ( a m )
2 ( 2 a ) (
2
a m ) 2 2 a ( a m ) 2 ae

Here a,m - are amplitude and mean stresses of working cycle of a stress, maxe - the
maximal stress equivalent on durability zero-to-tension loading cycle.

max a

m t
0

min

Fig.2. The symmetric cycle.

2. Equivalent stresses for a symmetric cycle
For a symmetric cycle m =0, max=a , then all values are written with ae

2
 3
ae ae N a a m N

(7)
In left part this equation we have equivalent stress and in right part we have real stress
from service.

For aluminum alloys power for is approximately equal , and we cancel N

therefore
2
ae
a a m (8)
Hence
ae a a m (9)
A plenty of experiments is carried out for estimation of influence of a mean level of stresses
on durability, which, in general, confirm dependencies received by Oding and give ones
empirical dependencies.
At small values m m 0 I their increase reduce the fatigue-limit considerably. At
mean values m 0 I m 0 II influence decreases, and at big m m 0 II
increases again. If the fatigue-limit W is known at a mean stress 0I it can be counted for
another 02 by the approached empirical formula
W2 W1 02 01 (10)
This formula is valid only within the limits of one site.
For a mean site 0 I m 0 II = 0.1 for steel and = 0,25 for aluminum.
Such calculation is rather approached. As < 1 then change of m influences on endurance
Nc much less, than a.

2. Durability at program loading.

At calculation of durability spectrum of loading in operation is resulted in one typical

flight and represent as the block of the program loading which repeat in each flight.
Damaging of this block should be equal to damaging of typical flight. Thus, if we shall know
number of blocks before destruction we shall know number of typical flights, which is
durability of a structure in operation.
As in each block levels stresses operate with various values of amplitudes and mean,
directly fatigue curve is exploited impossible. Dependence is necessary which allows taking
into account damaging of each level with the values and m. Such dependencies refer to as
hypotheses of summation of fatigue damages.
The first time the hypothesis of summation of fatigue damages - a linear hypothesis
was offered in 1924 for ball-bearing by Palmgram (Swedish scientist). It looked like:
k
ni
Ni
1 (11)
i 1

3
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where k is number of loading levels in the block; ni - number of cycles of loading on the i-
th level, Ni - number of loading cycle on the i-th level before destruction at regular loading,
which determined by fatigue curve.

Fig. 3. The program block of loading

Fig. 4. The fatigue curve.

In 1942 Miner (Deutsche scientist) has given power interpretation of linear hypothesis
of summation. He has assumed that destruction of a material is connected by irreversible
dispersion of energy. That the material is destructed it was necessary to make any work,
hence in coordinates lines of loading and unloading should not coincide, that is the loop
of a hysterics should take place. The area of loop W characterizes dispersion of energy in
unitary volume. The accepted hypothesis includes next position:
1. The size of energy dispersion for a loading cycle remains constant during work.
2. It does not depend from influence of other loading levels.
3. It depends only from operating stresses at the given level.
Let us the program block of loading fig. 3 is given.

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Fig. 5. The loop of a hysterics.

Blocks repeat consistently before destruction. Let on the i-th level with ai, mi energy
Wi is dissipated for a cycle then for n cycles in the block energy will be dispersed Wini then
k
for k levels in the block energy will be dissipated niWi . If before destruction the element
i 1
of a structure operated blocks it will be disperse energy
k
ni W i
i 1
In case of destruction this energy should be equal to critical value, that is
k
niW i Wcr . (12)
i 1
But the material can be destructed at regular loading with ai, mi. Then

W i N i W cr (13)
From here we can find value of dissipated energy for a loading cycle
W
W i cr . (14)
Ni
Let's substitute this value in the formula of summation
k
W
cr ni Wcr . (15)
i 1 N i

Let's divide the left and right part on Wcr

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k
n
Nii 1
i 1 (16)
From here number of programs before destruction is equal to:
1

k
ni
Ni
i 1 (17)
Experimental researches have shown that the right part (16) usually is not equal 1. It
depends from properties of a material, the block of loads, stress concentration. Therefore
generally a linear hypothesis write down so
k
ni
Ni
ap
i 1 (18)
Right part ap is random quantity with mean value approximately equal 1.
For wing structures of transport planes from aluminum alloys according to experiment
it is possible to accept ap=0.7.
Therefore, a sequence of calculation of durability is such:
1. It is necessary to estimate a fatique curve for a material or a constructive element
(panel, spar).
2. A cycle the ground - air - the ground is eliminated from the block of program
loads.
3. Calculation equivalent stresses taking into account the factor of asymmetry,
appropriate to the chosen fatigue curve.
4. Calculate number of cycles before destruction at regular loading for each level Ni.
5. Compute damage accrued for the block and to estimate durability in number of
blocks before destruction .
Service life of a structure is estimated by calculation so:

T
, (19)
here T - is a service life in number typical flights; - total safety factor by durability
which is equal to:
1 2 3 4 ; (20)
here 1 - takes into account an error in an establishment of loads in the block;
2- takes into account dispersion, disorder fatigue characteristics the less than it is
more tested samples;
3- takes into account a degree of the responsibility of an element and opportunity of
visual detection of cracks;
4- takes into account a degree of reliability of hypotheses of summation.
For designs from untraditional materials the total factor may amount to =1520. For
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traditional materials and structures are operated in normal conditions =35, on the mean it
can be accept =4.
Service life in flight hours is equal to:
T fh T tf (21)
where tf - duration of typical flight.