SUMMARY OF COAL

In geological terms coal is an organic sediment deposited in tabular bodies or

strata called mantles. This is a non-crystalline gel, formed from plant remains
preserved from oxidation in swampy areas. Along with the plant remains
noncombustible materials constituting the ashes and reduce their economic value
were deposited.
CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF COAL
Development and evolution of lush vegetation
Hot and humid weather
Slow sinking
Flood protection marsh
COAL QUALITY
It depends on the volume and type of plants involved and the environment in
which they formed, among which we highlight the paralic coals and coals Limnic.
CLASSIFICATION
Coals are classified according to the process of carbonization of organic matter.
mobs, then brown coals and coals and finally the anthracite is first formed.
COAL IN PERU
Mississippians coal deposits are pre-Andean and are located in the Eastern
Cordillera Central and Southern Peru, within the Ambo Training.
During the transition from Jurassic to Cretaceous coals they were formed in
several regions of Peru. Carbons and deposits vary from one area to another;
this variation is due to differences in paleogeography and climate during
deposition.
The economically important deposits were deposited in the Cuvette West North
of Peru. The basin extends from the northern department of Lima, to the south of
the department of Cajamarca, following on both sides of the dividing of the waters
between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Coal outcrops in the Gaza Inter Andean
and in the valleys of the Western Cordillera, where erosion removed the volcanic
cover.
The coal seams are associated with shales and are in both formations. The Oyon
Formation is composed of clastic sediments such as shales, mudstones and fine
sandstones. The garments in the Chimu Formation are more numerous and are
grouped together with little shales and sandstone in various packages of some
meters thick, separated by several tens of meters of quartzite.
COAL POTENTIAL IN PERU
Verifiable reserves in the basins of the Alto Chicama, Holy, Oyon and Hatunhuasi
amounted to 131.0 million MT of which 36.0 million are available in the short term.
The total coal resources estimated at 711 million MT.
The best possibilities present exploitation and industrialization of anthracite of
north-western Andes. The potential of anthracite in the Sierra Norte is the order
of hundreds of millions of tons.
USES OF COAL
The steel of Chimbote has a pilot plant to use anthracite in the direct
reduction of iron oxide pellets from Marcona. The gas produced from
anthracite has also been successfully used in the steel.
The anthracite as fuel for generating heat or steam can replace some other
fuels; for example the bagasse, allowing use as raw material for board
manufacture.
The production of coal briquettes for domestic kitchens was studied
extensively by the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru.
WORLD COAL PRODUCTION
Coal reserves are widely dispersed, with 70 countries with exploitable deposits.
We can highlight the top 5 producers.

Country Production
China 2.549 Mt
USA 981 Mt
India 452 Mt
Australia 323 Mt
Sudfrica 244 Mt

DIAMONDS
Diamonds crystallize in the cubic system, are composed of C, and have a
hardness of 10 on the Mohs scale. They are classified into two main types and
different subtypes, depending on the nature of the defect and how it affects the
absorption of light.
Type I diamonds have nitrogen impurity majority.
Type II diamonds have little or no impurity