Sci.Int.

(Lahore),26(5),2015-2018,2014 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 2015

PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF 132KV LESCO

TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING PSS/E SOFTWARE
Uzma Nasir1, T.Tauqeer2, Zaib Salah ud din3,
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of engineering and technology, Lahore (Pakistan) 1,3,
NUST Islamabad2
Email: uzmanasir@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT: The study of the transmission and transformation losses of any utility network is of vital
importance in determining the efficiency of any net network and play an important role in the efficient
dispatch of power. Exact determination of the losses plays an important role in the accurate calculation of
the tariff of any utility company. These losses occur during the whole process of generation, transmission
and distribution and every component of the complicated network plays its own important role in it. This
paper advocates the performance optimization of Transmission Network of Lahore Electric Supply
Company (LESCO). With the advent of simulation tools such as Power System Simulator for Engineers
(PSS/E), which is a strong computing tool to simulate actual or planned conditions of an electric power
system, we can resolve a problem where metered values do not conform to the engineering logic. Such a
situation has been encountered in a developing country like Pakistan, where evaluation of transmission and
transformation (T & T) losses based on metered values that came out either a negative value or a very
small value, unacceptable to engineering logic. Certainly the metering was flawed due to incoherent
accuracy class of meters, erroneous approaches of recording the values and human errors in logging the
measured data etc. In this research, also other stray losses such as transformers iron losses and bus bar
losses, overall annual average power and energy loss, load flow analysis for peak and off peak hours are
computed. In addition, a portion of a network is optimized for the recovery of the losses up to 2.41%.
Key words: Transmission and transformation losses, optimal power flow, commercial aspects, power system simulator
for engineers (PSS/E).

I. INTRODUCTION Technical losses which include line losses, copper losses,

Through the several preceding years, the dictate of
electricity has escalated excessively all around the world.
The electrical energy is the lions share and surpassing class
of energy, so the demand of electrical energy is increasing
with each passing day. Nevertheless, due to meagre assets
and gargantuan capital cost expenditure, its proliferation has
narrowed in a progressing state like Pakistan. The Pakistan
power system network, similar to entire different networks
in the world, spates about the whole country. However, how
heedfully the system is delineated, losses are present [1].
Transmission and transformation losses constitute
substantial portion of the power losses in any system.
Consequently, if real losses are outrageous (higher) than the
ordinary ones, the distribution companies (DISCOs) are
commercially castigated [2].
Hence it is essential for the system planners to manifest the
concern in this regard. It is the major concern of an engineer
to look at the relation between the cost and the services.
Regulatory bodies place an extreme pressure on the
distribution companies in order to achieve the maximum
efficiency and reliability of the operation and also demand to
continuously improve the efficiency in order to maintain the
reasonable relation between the cost of a KWH and
constantly raising price of fuel, labor and services [3].
Diminution in losses will bring the utmost profit and will
bring the proportion to momentous economic services
additionally to consumers [4]. Power losses commences
across the network in two different categories i.e.
I. Technical losses.
II. Non- technical losses.
iron losses including hysteresis and eddy current losses, are
instinctive in the system and are expected to deplete the
energy in conductors and equipment for the transmission and
distribution of the electric power [5]. I 2R losses are
exorbitant in a distribution system due to low voltage and
high current [2]. Whereas non-technical losses comprising of
uncertified line tapping, equipment ravaging, error in meter
perusal, are additionally ascendant in the lower voltage
levels of the distribution networks [5].Power factor
refinement also takes a significant part to retain energy,
cost and most of all stability of a power system [6].
The main aim of this research is to evaluate the power loss
of 132 KV sub transmission line of the LESCO (Lahore
electric supply company) system, formally which are
considered not to be measured precisely as the meters
utilized were incompatible with each other and had different
categories of precision. Correct paradigm of a network has
considerably an important proportion in loss computation.
Network modelling is carried for the peak and off peak
hours of the month August 2014 loading conditions in
sequence to have accurate losses. Then, Power flow analysis
is conducted for the loss estimation. In the end, optimization
of a network will be carried out for loss minimization.
PSS/E is a systematic tool that is manipulated to examine
various factors of transmission lines. Using this software a
whole power system network can be translated into
arithmetic templates and complicated equations and matrices
and are solved through contrary approaches. It can give real
time solution to power flow and related network functions,
optimal power flow, network planning and contingency
analysis [7-9].

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at 11kV outgoing feeders are of very poor accuracy class of

Literature survey 0.5 or 1.0 [10].
III. LESCO POWER NETWORK
The peak load exigency of the LESCO network is more than
4000MW. The substantial configuration of LESCO network
is deliberated in detail. The transmission network of LESCO
Collection of data and software selection
is shown in form of a SLD (single line diagram) in figure 2.

Modelling Of 132Kv Transmission Network Of

LESCO In Peak and Off Peak Hours

Convert the Base Case into Matched Case

Power flow analysis

Calculation of losses Figure 2: transmission network of LESCO

Appertaining to figure 2, some important points are given as:
132kV Single Circuit is of length 1889.34Km, 132kV
Figure 1: Research Methodology Double Circuit of 209.34Km, 132kV Single Circuit U/G
Cable of 4.85Km, 132kV Double Circuit underground Cable
The methodology of the research is laddered down in figure of 20.6Km, 66kV Single Circuit of 429Km and 66kV
1. Double Circuit of 58Km. The number of 132KV and 66KV
Section II describes the background. The overview of the substations are 79 and 8, respectively.
LESCO network is given in section III, section IV describes IV. LOAD FLOW AND MATCHING OF A NETWORK
the matching and load flow procedure followed by their I2R losses changes as the current flows in the transmission
results and discussion. Section V explains the optimization lines, transformers and bus bars. For this, a technique called
of the network and it is concluded in section V1. load flow analysis can be used to calculate the current
II. BACK GROUND flowing in transmission lines, transformers and bus bars for
LESCO is one of the comprehensive distribution corporation any loading conditions of the network i.e. both peak and off
of Pakistan power system, supplying power to greater than peak hours.
3.5 million end users. From past several years, the Matching or calibration is done after preparing a base case.
transformation and transformation losses are being It is matched with the real values of the LESCO network
computed on the basis of scanning the energy meter parameters like line currents and bus bar voltages. Matching
positioned at the energy intake and outtake points. of load flow analysis is carried out such that the current flow
Unfortunately, in Pakistan, For certain months the recorded in magnitude and direction on 132kV and 66kV lines with
transmission losses have been negative or as low as 0.1%, the value supplied by Power Dispatch Centre (PDC).
which are not logically correct and realistic. According to Currents are matched at the radial ends first and the
the size and conditions of Electric Power System used in our gradually moving towards the main buses (i.e.;220/132kV
country, the loss value should be between the ranges of 2% transformer). Loads are scaled up and down depending upon
to 3%. Certainly the metering is flawed due to incoherent the required current flows. To match the voltages on 132kV
accuracy class of meters, erroneous approaches of recording and 66 kV bus bars with that supplied by PDC. Generator
the values and human errors in logging the measured data terminal voltages of the power plants connected to 132kV
etc. Most of the issues are due to highly incompatible lines are also varied to match the bus voltages of
accuracy classes of energy meters e.g. at all the Common neighboring system of this power plant. After carrying out a
Delivery Points (CDPs) where power/energy is injected into
grid the meters are of accuracy class 0.2, whereas the meters

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 Sci.Int.(Lahore),26(5),2015-2018,2014 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 2017

number of simulations current flows have been calibrated to

very high degree of accuracy.
The LESCO power system is modelled and examined for the
year 2014 and peak load month is selected for the month of
august. Two cases are considered i.e. peak hours (1500Hrs)
with the loading conditions at its peak values and Off Peak
Hours (0200Hrs).
A. Matched Case for the Month of August during
Peak Hours
Simulations of peak hours are carried out and it is observed
that the current is adjusted to a tolerance error level of
0.28% and 131 lines attained this tolerance level, which is
considered to be a high level of precision. The PSS/E model
depicts that the power loss is 60.5MW and total percentage
losses are 2.44% of the total load 2657MW. No load losses
turns out to be 4.29MW. The current loading of three lines Figure 3: Network to be optimized
were not obtainable.
B. Matched Case for the Month of August during
Off Peak Hours
The simulations for the off peak hours is carried out and it is
concluded that current tolerance level is -0.81% which has
quite high level of perfection, almost 128 lines achieved this
tolerance level. The PSS/E model power loss is calculated to
be 33.1MW, which turns out to be the 2.38% of the total
load supplied of 1568MW. Current loading of 4 lines are not
accessible and the total no load losses are 4.29%. The three
lines were not included in the error analysis due to high level
of discrepancies.
C. Evaluation of losses
It is also concluded that total average transmission and
transformation (T&T) power losses of the LESCO power
network are calculated to be 2.41%. The average loss per
month is calculated by using the following formula:
Figure 4: optimized network
Both existing system and optimized system are modelled
and compared; loading is shown in table 1 and table 2:

Whereas, Table 1: voltage improvement percentage

And
Sr Substatio Voltage %ag
So, No n e
Without With
Hence total revenue loss is calculated to be 266 million compensation compensation Volt
rupees. age
kV p.u kV p.u impr
V. OPTIMIZATION ove
An optimization model can be achieved, considering a ment
portion of the 132KV LESCO transmission power system 1 Ghazi 121 0.917 126 0.955 4.1
network shown in figure 3, after all the losses have been 2 Batapur 119 0.900 124 0.942 4.2
calculated [5]. The optimized portion is shown in figure 4. 3 Darogaw 123 0.932 127 0.96 3.3
Various techniques for the loss minimization are found, al
conventionally the basis of loss minimization can be though 4 Shalamar 123 0.933 127 0.961 3.3
as an optimization of network design or it is also highlighted 5 Bogiwal 124 0.938 127 0.963 2.4
as reactive power compensation through the capacitor 6 Ravi 125 0.951 128 0.972 2.4
placement procedure [2,11]. So, additional capacitors are 7 Fatehgar 120 0.909 125 0.95 4.2
modelled such that they keep the power factor in the span of 8 SMRII 123 0.933 127 0.95 3.3
0.90 to 0.95 at every bus also in this manner the voltage is 9 P.W.R 125 0.946 128 0.967 2.4
kept between 0.95p.u to 1.05p.u by tap changing. 10 sunny 125 0.947 128 0.967 2.4
view
11 Chahmira 124 0.938 127 0.963 2.4
n

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 2018 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),26(5),2015-2018,2014

Table 2: percentage increase in capacity margin inrush current and resonance conditions. Construction of
Sr. Substation TRF %age Loading additional primary substation is required for long distance
No Code Without With increas transmission lines. Installation of new CTs, PTs and energy
. compens compens e in
capacit
meters is required at the grid stations, where they do not
ation ation
y exist. Replacement of all the electromechanical meters and
margin
those static meters are required, having the accuracy class
T1 57 50 7
T2 59 54 5
other than 0.2. So that reporting of the losses can be done on
1 GHAZI T3 57 51 6
the same type of the equipment.
T1 97 87 10
2 BATAPUR T2 94 85 9 REFERENCES
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T3 81 74 7 [2] Shilpa Kalambe, Ganga Agnihotri, Loss minimization
T4 64 58 6 techniques used in distribution network:
T1 75 67 8 bibliographical survey, renewable and sustainable
4 FATEHGAR T2 61 56 5 energy reviews, Vol.29, issue C, (184-200), 2014
T3 44 39 5 [3] Turen Gogen, Electrical Power Transmission system
Table 1 and 2 shows that there is an improvement in Engineering: Analysis and Design, CRC Press, 2nd
voltages on the busses, by applying the additional capacitor Edition, 2009.
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[8] Program Application Guide: PSSE 32.1, volume I,
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VI. CONCLUSION library of WAPDA house.
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completed and T&T losses came out to be 2.41%. The Littler, D. Flynn, Optimal allocation of distributed
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with the switch shunt capacitor banks to protect them from

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