Math 551, Duke University Basic Mathematics Summary

2 b b2 4ac Addition formulas

Algebra: ax + bx + c = 0 x=
2a
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Geometry cos(x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
Triangle: the law of cosines
Half-angle formulas (from cos(x + x))
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos Area= 12 (base)(height)
Parallelogram: Area=(base)(height) cos2 x = 12 (1 + cos(2x)) sin2 x = 12 (1 cos(2x))
Circle: center (h, k), radius r Product formulas (from Addition formulas)
(x h) + (y k) = r
2 2 2
sin x cos y = 12 (sin(x y) + sin(x + y))
2
Area=r Circumference s = 2r
Ellipse: center (h, k), axes a, b sin x sin y = 21 (cos(x y) cos(x + y))
( )2 ( )2 cos x cos y = 12 (cos(x y) + cos(x + y))
xh yk
a
+
b
=1 sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x cos(2x) = 2 cos2 x 1

Hyperbola: center (h, k), axes a, b Derivatives

( )2 ( )2 (d/dx) sin x = cos x (d/dx) cos x = sin x
xh yk
= 1
a b (d/dx) tan x = sec2 x (d/dx) sec x = sec x tan x
Parabola: tip (h, k) 1 1
(d/dx) sin1 x = (d/dx) tan1 x =
y = a(x h)2 + k 1 x2 1 + x2

Volumes Integrals sinm x cosn x dx
Cylinder Volume=(base area)(height) Via u-Substitution: if m = odd, then let u = cos x
Cone Volume= 13 (base area)(height) if n = odd, then let u = sin x
Sphere Volume=(4/3)r3 SurfaceArea = 4r2 sec x and tan x integrals2 : SET, TOS, sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
Polar coordinates
Vectors, Matrices, and Linear Algebra
Multiplication: Row column x = r cos y = r sin
( )( ) ( )
a b x z ax + by az + bw r = x2 + y 2 = arctan(y/x)
=
c d y w cx + dy cz + dw
Logs, Exponentials
Determinants   Notations
 a b 
  = ad bc ln x = log x = loge x
 c d 
Properties
Cramers rule1 to solve linear system Ax = f
( )( ) ( ) ln(xy) = ln x + ln y ex+y = ex ey
a b x e
= a
c d y f ln(xa ) = a ln x eax = (ex ) ba = ea ln b
   
 e b   a e  eln x = ln (ex ) = x
   
 f d   c f  Integrals
x =  
 y =  

 a b   a b 
 c d   c d  du 1 au
= ln |u| + C eau du = e +C
u a
Inverse matrix: Ax = f x = A1 f
( )1 ( ) Hyperbolic Trig
1 a b 1 d b
A = =
c d ad bc c a cosh x = 12 (ex + ex ) sinh x = 12 (ex ex )
Trig Identity: cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1
Identities Derivatives
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
(d/dx) cosh x = sinh x (d/dx) sinh x = cosh x
tan x = sin x/ cos x sec x = 1/ cos x
cot x = cos x/ sin x csc x = 1/ sin x Integrals

Complementary angles
cosh x dx = sinh x + C sinh x dx = cosh x + C
sin x = cos(/2 x) cos x = sin(/2 x)
tan x = cot(/2 x) cot x = tan(/2 x)
sec x = csc(/2 x) csc x = sec(/2 x)
1 The general formula for the solution is: nth variable = (det with nth column replaced by RHS) divided by (det of LHS matrix).
2u =Sec if Even power of Tan and u =Tan if Odd power of Sec.
 Limits Chain rule: y = f (g(x))
Function f (x) is continuous at x = a if
dy
= f (g(x))g (x)
lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a) dx
xa xa xa
Taylor series for f (t) at t = t0
If all the limits exist, then
(  )
[ ] [ ]
1 dn f 
lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x) f (t) = (t t0 )n
xa xa xa
n=0
n! dtn t=t0
[ ][ ]
lim f (x)g(x) = lim f (x) lim g(x) Integral Calculus
xa xa xa
]/[ Fundamental theorem of calculus: if F (x) = f (x) then
f (x) [ ]
lim
xa g(x)
= lim f (x)
xa
lim g(x)
xa
x
( ) F (x) = f (t) dt
a
lim f (g(x)) = f lim g(x)
xa xa
Anti-derivatives/Indefinite integrals
LHospitals rule: if f (a)/g(a) = 0/0 or /, then

f (x) dx = F (x) + C
f (x) f (x)
lim = lim
xa g(x) xa g (x)
Definite integrals
Dierential Calculus b
Limit definition of derivative for y = f (x) f (x) dx = F (b) F (a)
a
dy f (x + h) f (x)
= f (x) = lim Riemann sum definition of definite integral
dx h0 h
( )
Power rule: y = xr b
N
f (x) dx = lim f (xn ) xn
dy a N
n=0
= rxr1
dx
Integration by parts3
Product rule: y = f (x)g(x)
b
b  b
dy u(x)v (x) dx = u(x)v(x)

u (x)v(x) dx
= f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x) a a a
dx
Quotient rule: y = f (x)/g(x) Leibnizs rule
( ) b
b(t)
dy f (x)g(x) f (x)g (x) d db da
f (x, t) dx = f (b, t) f (a, t) +
f
dx
= dt dt dt
dx g(x)2 a(t) a t

A table of basic integrals

un+1 du
1) un du = +C (n = 1) 6) = sin1 u + C
n+1 1 u2

du du
2) = ln |u| + C 7) = tan1 u + C
u 1 + u2

3) eu du = eu + C 8) sec2 u du = tan u + C

4) cos u du = sin u + C 9) sec u tan u du = sec u + C

5) sin u du = cos u + C 10) sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C

Brief review of methods of integration: u-substitutions, integration by parts, use of trigonometric identities, trigono-
metric substitutions, completing the square, partial fractions...

3 Also known as the integral form of the product rule (uv) = u v + uv uv = (uv) u v.