H$ZmQ>H$emgZ_

gH$Vap_:-1
VVr`^mfm - gH$V_
f>r> H$`m
(Revised)

6
SAMSKRITHA RASHMIH - 1
SIXTH STANDARD
THIRD LANGUAGE - SANSKRIT

KARNATAKA TEXT BOOK SOCIETY (R)

100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru- 560 085.

i
 PREFACE

The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in

producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi which in
turn are designed on NCF- 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks
are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the
media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS,
mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects
namely mathematics, science and social science.

NCF - 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

connecting knowledge to life activities

learning to shift from rote methods

enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

Making examinations flexible and intergrating them

with classroom experiences

caring concerns within the democratic policy of the

country

making education relevant to the present and future

needs.

softening the subject boundaries - integrated

knowledge and the joy of learning

Making the child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental
approaches namely, Constructive approach, Spiral Approach
and Integrated approach.

ii
The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master
skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books
are integrated with values. The new books are not examination
oriented in their nature. On other hand they help the learner
in the all round develpment of his/ her personality, thus help
him/ her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a
productive citizen of this great country, India.

The most important objectives of teaching language are listening,

speaking, reading, writing and reference work. These skills have
been given a lot of impartance in all the language textbooks.
When learners master thesecompetencies, they would stop
studying textbooks for the sake of passing examinations. In
order to help learners master these competencies, a number of
paired and group activities, assignments nd project work have
been included in the textbooks. it is expected that these activities
would help learner master communicative skills. Ultimately, it
is expected that students master the art of learning to learn and
make use of these competencies in real life.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the

chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and
CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in
helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.
A few works of some writers and poets have been included in
these textbooks. The textbook society is extremely gratefull to
them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces in
the textbooks.

Prof G S Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar

Co-ordinator Managing Director
Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society
Karnataka Textbook Society Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Bengaluru, Karnataka.

iii
 nR>`nwVH$aMZmg{_{V:
A`j:
{dmZ {Q>.{g. AWHw$_ma:, E_.E.{~.B{S>, lr _Zmo_Zr gH$VnmR>embm, ~gdZJw{S>,
~oby-560004.
gX`m:
{dXwfr {Q>.`Z. gad{V, E_.E, {~.B{S>, {Zdmm gH$Vmon`m{gH$m , gdH$mar` nXdr
nydH$mboO, {VnQy>-561303
{dXwfr gw_bm XmS>odmbo, E_.E, {~.B{S>, A`m{nH$m, H$UmQ>H$ mT>embm, {Im- YmadmS>
- 570001.
{dmZ lrh[ae_m.{n.{d, E_.E, {~.B{S>. gH$Vm`mnH$:, nyUkm nXdrnyd H$mboO,
AX_m-$CSw>{n _S>b_
{dmZ H$U.{d.^>, E_.E, {~.B{S>, gH$VmY`mnH$:, dmgdr {dm{ZHo$VZ mT>embm,
~gdZJw{S>, ~oS>by-560004
{dmZ ~mbH$U Xm H$b^mJ, E_.E., gH$Vmon`mgH$:, `mfZb nXdrnyd H$mboO,
~gdZJw{S>, ~|Jby-560004.
Xmdb gmho~, {MH$bm {ejH$:, lr e>oda mT>embm, bJoao, ~|Jby-58.
n[aerbH$:
{dmZ. mo. {g. ZOwS>`:, mMm`:, lr H$mb^adoda doXmJ_gH$VH$mboO, Am{XMwZ{J[a-
_S>` _US>b_
gnmXH$:
S>m. H$moQ>o_Zo am_M^>:, {ZXoeH$:, doX{dkmZ emoYgWmZ_, ~|Jby.
_wIg`moOH$:
mo.{O.Eg _wS>~{S>mm`:, nmR>`dVwn[aH$aU VWm nmR>`nwVH$aMZm{d^mJ:, H$UmQ>H$
nR>`nwVH$gL>>K:, ~|Jby.
_wI_mJXeH$m-
lr ZmJ| Hw$_ma, `dWmnH${ZX}eH$:, H$.n.nw.gL>K:([a), ~|by
lr_Vr {g. ZmJ_Ur, Cn{ZX}{eH$m, H$.n.nw. gK ([a) ~|by
g`mo{OH$m
lr_Vr Eg.EZ.brbmdVr, `mo> ghm`H${ZX}{eH$m, H$.n.nw.g:([a), ~oby.

iv
 m$WZ_

gdH$maoU f>H$`mV: VVr`^mfm A{n A`{gVw N>mo`: gXdH$me:

Xm: & n#mmoma {de{VV_o {H$VmXo Ho$gdH$maoU (N.C.F.) `: {ejUH$_:

ArH$V: VXZwgmaoU a{MV{_X nwVH$_& gH$V^mfm{df`o N>mo`: Amg{$: ^doV

B{V {Y`m gabeX `moJ: nmR>m: A`mgm: M a{MVm: g[V & gH$V^mfm`m_od

`Wm ~moYZ, Zmomam{U M ^do`w:, gabgH$Vo `Wm N>mm: g^mfUboIZm{Xfw

g_Wm: VWm A`mnH$m: `Z Hw$`w: & nmR>nwVH$aMZmdgao gmhm` H$VdX`:

gd}`: H$VkVm g_`Vo&

[Q>.{g.AdWHw$_ma:
A`j:
VWm gX`mM

v
 About the Revision of Textbooks
Honourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also the Finance
Minister of Karnataka, in his response to the public opinion about the new
textbooks from standard I to X, announced, in his 2014-15 budget speech
of constituting an expert-committee, to look into the matter. He also spoke
of the basic expectations there in, which the textbook experts should follow:
The textbooks should aim at inculcating social equality, moral values,
development of personality, scientific temper, critical acumen, secularism
and the sense of national commitment, he said.
Later, for the revision of the textbooks from class I to X, the Department
of Education constituted twenty seven committees and passed an order on
24-11-2014. The committees so constituted were subject and class-wise and
were in accordance with the standards prescribed. Teachers who are experts
in matters of subjects and syllabi were in the committees.
There were already many complaints, and analyses about the textbooks.
So, a freehand was given in the order dated 24-11-2014 to the responsible
committees to examine and review text and even to prepare new text and
revise if necessary. Eventually, a new order was passed on 19-9-2015 which
also gave freedom even to re-write the textbooks if necessary. In the same
order, it was said that the completely revised textbooks could be put to force
from 2017-18 instead of 2016-17.
Many self inspired individuals and institutions, listing out the
wrong information and mistakes there in the text, had sent them to the
Education Minister and to the Textbook Society. They were rectified. Before
rectification we had exchanged ideas by arranging debates. Discussions had
taken place with Primary and Secondary Education Teachers Associations.
Questionnaires were administered among teachers to pool up opinions.
Separate meetings were held with teachers, subject inspectors and DIET
Principals. Analytical opinions had been collected. To the subject experts of
science, social science, mathematics and languages, textbooks were sent in
advance and later meetings were held for discussions. Women associations
and science related organisations were also invited for discussions. Thus, on
the basis of inputs received from various sources, the textbooks have been

vi
revised where ever necessary.
Another important aspect has to be shared here. We constituted three
expert committees. They were constituted to make suggestions after making
a comparative study of the texts of science, mathematics and social science
subjects of central schools (NCERT), along with state textbooks. Thus, the
state text books have been enriched based on the comparative analysis and
suggestions made by the experts. The state textbooks have been guarded
not to go lower in standards than the textbooks of central schools. Besides,
these textbooks have been examined along side with the textbooks of Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra states.
Another clarification has to be given here. Whatever we have done in the
committees is only revision, it is not the total preparation of the textbooks.
Therefore, the structure of the already prepared textbooks have in no way
been affected or distorted. They have only been revised in the background
of gender equality, regional representation, national integrity, equality and
social harmony. While doing so, the curriculum frames of both central and
state have not been transgressed. Besides, the aspirations of the constitution
are incorporated carefully. Further, the reviews of the committees were once
given to higher expert committees for examination and their opinions have
been inculcated into the textbooks.
Finally, we express our grateful thanks to those who strived in
all those 27 committees with complete dedication and also to those
who served in higher committees. At the same time, we thank all the
supervising officers of the Textbook Society, who sincerely worked
hard in forming the committees and managed to see the task reach
its logical completion. We thank all the members of the staff who
co-operated in this venture. Our thanks are also to the subject experts and
to the associations who gave valuable suggestions.

Narasimhaiah Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa

Mangaging Director Chairman-in-Chief
Karnataka Textbook Society State Textbook Revision Committee
Bengaluru. Bengaluru.

vii
 n[aH$aUg[_[V
1. mo. ~aJy am_Mn, gdm`j, am`nR>nwVH$n[aH$aUg{_{V, ~|Jiy.
2. lr. Ho$.Eb. kmZgmX amd, A`j, nR>nwVH$n[aH$aUg{_{V, gH$V
Cn`mgH$, [dmdYH$ g> `y[Z`a H$mboO,
amOm[OZJa, ~|Jiy.
3. lr lrYa^Q> EoZH$, [ZX}eH$, doXmV^ma[V [ejU gWm, Ho$.Ama. ZJa,
_gy [Om.
4. S>m. gVmof h>mZJb, gH$V m`mnH$, gH$V [d[dmb` (Ho$.Eg.`w)
~|Ji> .
5. S>m. Eg. ^w[b> Xod, ^m[a m`mnH$, gH$mar lr Mm_amOo gH$V
H$mboO, ~|Ji> .
6. lr_Vr gw_>bm ho>JSo>, gH$V [ejH$s, gH$m[a ~[bH$m n.ny. H$mboO,
13 H$mg, _oa , ~|Ji> .
n[aH$aUmoVg[_[V
1. S>m. EM.{d.doUwJmonmb:, [Zdm mewnmb gH$V m`mnH$:, `mfZb
H$mboO ~gdZJw{S> ~|Ji>.
2. S>m. Oo.lr[Zdmg_y[V, [Zdm mewnmb E.B.Eg.H$mboO, _oa, ~|Ji>.
3. lr h>OaV Abr. `w, Cn`mgH$, b[bV H$bm [d^mJ. Vw_Hy$ [d [dmb`,
Vw_Hy$.
_wI_mJXeH$m-
lr Zaqgh`, `dWmnH${ZX}eH$:, H$.n.nw.gL>K:([a), ~|by.
lr_Vr {g. ZmJ_Ur, Cn{ZX}{eH$m, H$.n.nw. gK ([a) ~|by.
g`mo{OH$m
lr_Vr Eg.EZ.brbmdVr, `mo> ghm`H${ZX}{eH$m, H$.n.nw.g:([a), ~oby.

viii
 {df`gyMr
H$.g. {df`gyMr n>g`m
mWZm 01
1. W_: nmR>: dU_mbm 02
2. {Vr`: nmR>: g{MdU_mbm 03
3. VVr`: nmR>: Jw{UVmjam`mg: 19
g{MnX_Oar 28
4. MVwW: nmR>: 1) nw{b eXn[aM`: 35
2) r{b eXn[aM`: 36
3) ZnwgH${b eXn[aM`: 37
5. n#m_: nmR>: VX-EVX (nw{b:) 39
6. f>: nmR>: VX-EVX (r{b:) 42
7. g_: nmR>: VX-EVX (ZnwgH${b:) 45
Zm_nX_ - {H$`mnX_ 48-50
8. A>_: nmR>: {Vr`m - VVr`m {d^{$: 51
9. Zd_: nmR>: MVwWu - n_r {d^{$: 54
10. Xe_: nmR>: f>r- g_r {d^{$: 58
11. EH$mXe: nmR>: Vmom{U (H$R>nmR>: H$aUr`:) 68
12. mXe: nmR>: eara` Am{Z 72
{eewJrV_ 74
13. `moXe: nmR>: n[adma: 75
O_{XZ` JrV_ 78

ix
 {df`gyMr

H$.g. {df`gyMr n>g`m

14. MVwXe: nmR>: Mmogd: 82
mXe_mgm: - fQ> G$Vd: 86
{VW`:-nd{XZm{Z- Cgdm: M 87
gdmgam: 88
15. n#mXe: nmR>: Ahmo H$mH$` _yIVm 91
16. fmoS>e: nmR>: `mJ_y{V: apVXod: 95
17. gXe: nmR>: gw^m{fVm{Z (H$R>nmR>: H$aUr`:) 100
18. A>mXe: nmR>: g`m: 104
g_`: 110
19. EH$moZqde: nmR>: _hmdramMm`: 111
20. qde: nmR>: draJmonmb: 114
21. EH$qde: nmR>: am_^$: _m{V: 120
22. mqde: nmR>: CmZ_ 125
23. V`moqde: nmR>: {dm{_: 130
24. MVwa{de: nmR>: gH$H$mam: 135
25. nMqde: nmR>: Xoe^{$JrV_ 137
eXH$mof: 139
nmR>`moOZm 142

x
 mWZm
(H$R>nmR>: H$aUr`:)
d{XH$mWZm
gh ZmddVw& gh Zm ^wZw$ & gh dr` H$admdh&
VoOpdZmdYrV_Vw _m{d{fmdh& D empV: empV: empV:&
~mmWZm -
Z_V_ ^JdVo AhVo g`H$ g~wm`&
~w eaU JN>m{_ &
Y_ eaU JN>m{_ &
gK eaU JN>m{_ &
OZmWZm -
Z_mo AhVmZm_ & Z_: {gmZm_&
Z_ Am`mUm_& Z_ Cnm`m`mZm_ &
Z_mo bmoHo$ gd gmYyZm_ &
_aUr`m{Z dm`m{Z
g` dX & Y_ Ma&
_mVXodmo ^d& {nVXodmo ^d&
AmMm`Xodmo ^d& A{V{WXodmo ^d&
A Z n[aMjrV& VXdV_&
Y_m} aj{V a[jV: &
namonH$mamW{_X eara_ &
1
 nW_: nmR>:
dU_mbm
A Am B B C
D$ F$ G$ b
E Eo Amo Am
A A:

H$ I J K L>
M N> O P m
Q> R> S> T> U
V W X Y Z
n \$ ~ ^ _
` a b d
e f g h
zzzzzz

2
 {Vr`: nmR>:
g{MdU_mbm

A AO:
A+O+A:

Am AmIw:
Am+I+C:

B Bfw:
B+f-C:

B Bbr
B+b+B

AH$: A{d: A_a:

Amn: AmH$me: AmnU:
BZ: B^: Bjw:
Ba: Bhm_J: B[aU_
3
 CbyH$:
C C+b+D$+
H$+A:

D$ D$:
D$+a+C:

F$ F${f:
F$+f+B:

G$ * G$H$ma:

b * bH$ma:

CaJ: CnXe: CXa_

D${_: D$fa: D$U_
F$Vw: F$j: F$f^:
- - -
- - -
4
E EU:
E+U+A:

EoamdV:
Eo Eo+a+Am+
d+A+V+A:
Amo>:
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R>+A:
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Am Am+f+A+
Y+A+_
AewH$_
A A+e+C+
H$+A+_

A: *
EH$mXe:
*
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EoVao`: EoJm[aH$: Eo`_
AmoH$: AmoVw: Amof{Y:
AmXm`_ AmXm[aH$: Am`_
Ae: Ag: Aew:
- - -
5
 H$Xbr
H$ H$+A+X+
A+b+B

I IJ:
I+A+J+A:

J JO:
J+A+O+A:

K KQ>:
K+A+Q>+A:

L> * *

H$be: H$XH$: H$`m

Ib: IS>J; I{Z:
JX^: JYd: JJZ_
Kmg: KyH$: KV_
- - -
6
 M_g:
M M+A+_+
A+g+A:
N>_
N> N>+A+V+a+
A+_
ObYa:
O O+A+b+A
+Y+A+
a+A:

P Pf:
P+A+f+A:

m * *

M: MnH$: Mmn:
N>J: N>m`m Nw>[aH$m
O~wH$: OZZr Ob_
PPmdmV: PnmH$: P{Q>{V
-
-
7
 Q>LH$:
Q> >Q>+A+L>+
H$+A: >
nrR>_
R> n+B+R>+
A+_
S>_:
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A+a+C:
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H$+Am
VU_
U V+F$+U+
A+_
{Q>{>^: Q>{>H$m Q>rH$m
- - -
{S>pS>_: {S>^: S>mobm
Tw>pS>: T>m_am Tw>{b:
- - -
8
V V:
V+A+a+C:

W aW:
a+A+W+A:

XnU:
X X+A+a+
n+A+U+A:

Y YZw:
Y+A+Z+C:
Z`Z_
Z Z+A+`+
A+Z+A+_
VjH$: VSw>b: VH$_
- - -
X[a: X[Y XeZ_
Yam YZ_ Ym`_
ZHw$b: ZXr Z^:

9
 nVmH$m

n n+A+V+Am
+H$+Am

\$bm{Z

\$ \$+A+b+Am
+Z+B

~ ~H$:
~+A+H$+A:

^zH$:

^ ^+A+b+b+
D$+H$+A:
_H$a:

_ _+A+H$+A
+a+A:
nmX: nrbwH$: nU_
\$Ur \$mJwU: \o$:
~{Ya: ~mbH$: {~S>mb:
^maV_ ^Q>: ^{JZr
_`ya: _{hf: _V
10
` `_:
`+A+_+A:

amw:
a a+A+O+
O+C:

bVm
b b+A+
V+Am

dO_
d d+A+O+
a+ A+_
`{V: `mJ: `wdH$:
aOH$: amOm aW:
bdU_ bbmQ>_ bewZ_
damh: dYy: dZ_
11
 eH$Q>:

e e+A+H$+
A+Q>+A:
fQ>nX:

f f+A+Q>+
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g g+A+a+
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h h`:
h+A+`+A:

ee: e\$a: ea:

f{>: fm_mVwa: fQ>H$moU_
g_a: g_raU: g_w:
h[aU: hg: hm{bH$:

12
 dU_mbm
A Am B B C D$
dam: F$ G$ b E Eo Amo Am

A- AZwdma:
A`moJdmhm A:- {dgJ:

`OZm{Z

H$ I J K L
M N O P m
dJu` `OZm{Z Q R S T U
V W X Y Z
n \$ ~ ^ _

AdJu``OZm{Z ` a b d e f g h

13
 ddam: 5 XrKdam: 8

Am B D$ G$ E Eo Amo Am
A B C F$ b
AZwdma: A {dgJ: A:

AnmUm: _hmmUm: AZwZm{gH$m-

jam{U

H$ J I K L>

M O N> P m

Q> S> R> T> U

V X W Y Z

n ~ \$ ^ _

` a e f

b d g h

14
 `OZ_ + da: = Jw{UVmja_

`OZ_ + da: = Jw{UVm- {M_

ja_
H$ + A = H$ -
H$ + Am = H$m m
H$ + B = {H$ [
H$ + B = H$s r
H$ + C = Hw$ w
H$ + D$ = Hy$ y
H$ + F$ = H$
H$ + G = H$
H$ + b = b b
H$ + E = Ho$ o
H$ + Eo = H$
H$ + Amo = H$mo mo
H$ + Am = H$m m
H$ + A = H$ .
H$ + A: = H$: :
15
 A Am B B C D$ F$ G b E Eo Amo Am A A:

16
 H$ I J K L M N O P m Q R S T U V W

17
 X Y Z n \$ ~ ^ _ ` a b d e f g h

18
 VVr`: nmR>: Jw{UVmjam`mg:
H$ H$ H$m {H$ H$s Hw$ Hy$ H$ H$ b Ho$ H$ H$mo H$m H$ H$:
H$
I
J

19
K
L
M
N
O
P
 m
Q
R
S
T>

20
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
n
 \$
~
^
_
`
a

21
b
d
e
f
g
h
 A`moJdmh`mo `moJ-
AZwdma=A Am B B C D$ E E| Am| Am
{dg[= A Am B B C D$ E E Amo Am
g`w$mjaboIZH$_- M - - M - ` - `dZ
H$ - - H$ - AH$ N> N> - - - - - - - - - -
I - - ` - `m{V O - - m - d - dbZ
J - - J - g`Jm`Z_ P -------
K - - Z - {dZamO: m - - M - AMb
L> - L>> - > - A>:>
Q >- Q> - > - {Q>{>^ V - - m - nmZ_
R - R>> - R> - nR>_ W - - ` - n`_
S> - S> - >- C`Vo
X - X - - Cm_
T> - T - >- T> - AmT>
U - - ` - n`_ Y - - ` - d`
Z - - - A
n - - n - ` nmbH$m`: ` - - ` - dmdmo
\$ - \$ - - - - - - - - - a - - H$ VH$_ (H$+a)
~ - - ~ - O - AO_ a - - H$ - VH$(a+H$)
^ - - ` - am_o` b - - - gH$s
_ - - _ - A_`_ d - - d-` `mH$aU_

22
e - - e - `m_b
f - - f - {ZH$_
g - - g - d - da, _aU_
h - h - -

{deof gyMZm :- `mo ~hZm dm `OZmZm g`moJ Ed g`w$mja_&

A gOmVr` g`w$mjam{U {dOmVr` g`w$mjam{U Mo{V [Ym&
gOmVr`g`w$mja `Wm-H$+H$=H$, J+J=J B`mX`& {dOm-
Vr`g`w$mja `Wm-H$+V=$, J+`=`& N>mmUm_ AdJ_Zm`
A H$m{ZMZ CXmhaUm{Z Ed Xmm{Z& boIZo nR>Zo `Wm Xmof
Z ^doV VWm A`mg H$aUr`& {ejH$m H$`m`m_ CmaUH$_
~moY`o`w&

j,,k B{V `mUm g`wVmjamUm {deofgkm ^d{V&

j = H$ + f
= V + a
k = O + m

23
 `OZ_ + `OZ_= g`w$dU:
`WmH$+H$= H$$= Hw$H$wa:

CXmhaUmZwgma {dma {b{IV

a + H$ + A = H = AH$ AH$ AH$ AH$
........... ........... ..........
V + I + A = I = CIZZ_ ........... ........... ..........
S> + J + A = S>J = IS>J: ........... ........... ..........
L + K + A = = g: ........... ........... ..........
M + M + A = = CM: ........... ........... ..........
M + N> + A = N> = JwN>: ........... ........... ..........
O + O + A = m = gmZ: ........... ........... ..........
a + P + A = P = {ZPa: ........... ........... ..........
O + m + A = k = kmZ_ ........... ........... ..........
U + Q> + A = Q> = KQ>m ........... ........... ..........
f + R> + A = > = f>: ........... ........... ..........
S> + S> + A = > = C>`Z_ ........... ........... ..........
f+ U + A = U = CU_ ........... ........... ..........
V + W + A = W = CWmZ_ ........... ........... ..........
Z + X + A = X = MXZ_ ........... ........... ..........
X + Y + A = X = `moXm ........... ........... ..........

24
V + Z + A = Z = aZ_ ........... ........... ..........
V + n + A = n = Cnb_ ........... ........... ..........
a + n + A = n = gn: ........... ........... ..........
g + \$ + A = \$ = \y${V ........... ........... ..........
a + ~ + A = ~ = X~b: ........... ........... ..........
a + ^ + A = ^ =A^H$: ........... ........... ..........
X + _ + A = = g ........... ........... ..........
J + ` + A = ` =^m`_ ........... ........... ..........
V + ` + A = ` = g`_ ........... ........... ..........
n + a + A = = {d: ........... ........... ..........
_ + a + A = _ = Am__ ........... ........... ..........
H$ + b + A = b = ewb: ........... ........... ..........
h + b + A = = AmmX: ........... ........... ..........
V + d + A = d = gda_ ........... ........... ..........
e + d + A = d = Ad: ........... ........... ..........
H$ + f + A = j = ajm ........... ........... ..........
a + f + A = f = hf: ........... ........... ..........
V + g + A = g = Cgmh: ........... ........... ..........
n + g + A = g = OwJwgm ........... ........... ..........
a + h + A = h = Ah ........... ........... ..........
25
 A`mg:
I. g`mo` {bIV &

CXmhaU_ H$+C+g+C+_+A+_ = Hw$gw__

O + Am + Z + A + H$ + B =
a + Am + _ + Am + ` + A + U + A + _ =
X + A + e + A + a + A + W + A: =
a + Am + O + A + Y + Am + Z + B =
X + E + d + Am + b + A + ` + A: =
A + Y + ` + Am + n + A + H$ + A: =
g + A + V + ` + A + d + Am + X + B =
Am + _ + a + A +\$ + A+ b+ A+ _ =
A+ ` + Amo + Y + ` + Am =

II. {d^` {bIV &

CXmhaU_ JUoe: = J + A + U + E + e + A:
dm_r{H$:, d{g>>:, {mdm{_:, AJ`:, ^Jw:
^mamO:, Am{Z, X`m}YZ:, Amamo`_ , H$U:
26
III. H$S>{b`m {bIV &
CXmhaU_ {Z{dZ: = WB
hVoZ, {damoY:, ^`m{U, VH$a:, {dZm`H$:
AmfY_, _hm^maV_, ga`y, eHw${Z:, H$Xbr
WmZ_, AdW:, dbZ:, a`:, `m{V:
IV. gH$V{b`m {bIV &
CXmhaU_ = hVoZ
AizAiB, lzB, WB, sgB, V
AzgB, i, i, ZzgAUB, B,
gzvB, iUgB, Gvgsz, CPB, zsB
V. [a$ WmZ nya`V &
CXmhaU_ {d m {_ :
dm b _
amo br

Am ` gy `:
>: m

^mfm`mg: &
* gH$VdU_mbm {bIV &
* H$S>dU_mbm {bIV &
* {Z`mon`mo{JZm dVyZm Zm_m{Z gH$V^mf`m dXV&

27
g{MnX_Oar \$bm{Z

Am_\$b_ god_ Zma_

Xm{S>_\$b_ H$Xbr\$b_ H${b\$b_

mjm\$b_ grVm\$b_ AZmZg:

_YwH$H$Q>r nZg\$b_ ^mVH$\$b_

28
g{MnX_Oar emH$m{Z

_ybH$_ CdmH$_ dVmH$:

{^S>rZH$_ nbmSw>: Hy$_mS>:

H$mado_ AmbwH$_ JmZH$_

AmH$_ {Znmd: O~ra:

29
g{MnX_Oar d`_Jm:

JO: `mK: H$U_J:

^zH$: eJmb: C>:

{Mmo>: {MH$: h[aU:

gyH$a: {Mamg^: qgh:

30
g{MnX_Oar n[jU:

ewH$: Hw$w$Q>: H$nmoV:

`oZ: H$mH$: MQ>H$:

CbyH$: JS>: hg:

H$mX~: ~H$: _`ya:

31
g{MnX_Oar m{UZ:

df^: ee: YoZw:

_mOmb: ewZH$: JX^:

A: AO: _{hfr

dmZa: _yfH$: _of:

32
g{MnX_Oar dmhZm{Z

eH$Q>: AeH$Q>: {M{H$H$m

Hy$Q>a`mZ_ {M{H$H$m H$ma`mZ_

Q>mQ>a`mZ_ ^madmhH$_ ~g`mZ_

aob`mZ_ ZmH$m {d_mZ_

33
 A`mg:
n[jU: 1. .................
2. .................
H$: m{UZ:
emH$m{Z
A

Z 1. .................
2. .................

\$bm{Z \$bmZm Zm_m{Z Apd` {bIV

1. ................... m go n gr Zm Am
2. ................... ~m jm d Vm H$ _
3. ................... A Xm \$ \$ Vm \$

4. ................... Z Zm g: b b b
Zm a _ _ _
5. ...................
H$ X br \$ b _
34
 MVwW: nmR>:
nw{beXn[aM`:

~mb: d: BZ: M:

CaJ: _H$a: Xrn: `yV:

AmgX: MfH$: gwYmIS>: H$XH$:

H$Q>: Vmb: XS>Xrn: KQ>:

35
 r{beXn[aM`:

~m{bH$m dm A`m{nH$m MnH$m

Hw$[MH$m no{Q>H$m _m{nH$m Cnr{R>>H$m

ZmH$m gy{MH$m bVm Vwbm

agZm Zm{gH$m drUm n{H$m

36
 ZnwgH${b: eXn[aM`:

nwVH$_ nU_ Jh_ {d_mZ_

ma_ gmonmZ_ \$b_ nU_

N>_ H$ad_ `wVH$_ XeZ_

Zj_ H$V_ Am^aU_ dmVm`Z_

37
 A`mg:
{M >dm Zm_ {bIV&

Ef:
............... Efm
............... EVV
..............

EVV .............. Ef: ............... Efm ..............

Efm ............... Ef: ............... EVV ..............

Ef: ............... EVV .............. Efm ..............

38
 n#m_>: nmR>
VX-EVX (nw)

g: ~mbH$:& Ef: g{ZH$: &

g: H$: ? Ef: H$: ?
g: ~mbH$:& Ef: g{ZH$:

Vm ~mbH$m& EVm g{ZH$m &

Vm H$m ? EVm H$m ?
Vm ~mbH$m & EVm g{ZH$m&

Vo ~mbH$m: & EVo g{ZH$m:&

Vo Ho$? EVo Ho$ ?
Vo ~mbH$m: EVo g{ZH$m:&
39
 g: Vm Vo
Ef: EVm EVo
H$: H$m Ho$
~mbH$: ~mbH$m ~mbH$m:
g{ZH$: g{ZH$m g{ZH$m:
A`mg:
I nR>Zm`mg: (C: nR>V)
N>m: N>mm N>mm:
A: Am Am:
~mb: ~mbm ~mbm:
{nH$: {nH$m {nH$m:
_Zw`: _Zw`m _Zw`m:
II nXmZm_ AW _mV^mf`m {bIV&
H$a: =.......... h`: =.......... Za: =..........
KQ>: =.......... H$Q>: =.......... VQ>: =..........
AO: =.......... aW: =.......... ewH$: =..........
godH$: =.......... ^mH$a: =.......... ^_a: =..........
H$XH$: =.......... {ejH$: =.......... {^jwH$: =..........
III [a$ WmZ nya`V&
AO: AOm

40
 am_m am_m:
eH$Q>: eH$Q>m:
KQ>: KQ>m
ewH$m ewH$m:
IV CXmhaUmZwgma {bIV&
CXm Ef: ewH$: EVm ewH$m EVo ewH$m:
{^jwH$: {^jwH$m {^jwH$m;
eH$Q>: eH$Q>m eH$Q>m:
aW: aWm aWm:
CXm
g: Za: Vm Zam Vo Zam:
^mH$a: ^mH$am ^mH$am:
eya: eyam eyam:
Yra: Yram Yram:
AdJN>V&
JUoe: W_mo Xod: JUoe Zm{_ gmO{b: &
JUoeoZ gw{g{_} JUoem` Z_mo Z_: &&
JUoemV b^Vo kmZ JUoe` Vw{V: ew^m&
JUoeo ^[$_mZp_ ho JUoe ew^Hw$&
gL>Jh: -bmoH${gmVH$m_wXr
41
 f>: nmR>:
VX-EVX (r)

gm ~m{bH$m& Efm dm&

gm H$m ? Efm H$m ?
gm ~m{bH$m& Efm dm&

Vo ~m{bHo$& EVo do&

Vo Ho$ ? EVo Ho ?
Vo ~m{bHo$ & EVo do&

Vm: ~m{bH$m: & EVm: dm:&

Vm: H$m:? EVm: H$m?
Vm: ~m{bH$m: EVm: dm:&
42
 gm Vo Vm:
Efm EVo EVm:
H$m Ho$ H$m:
~m{bH$m ~m{bHo$ ~m{bH$m:
dm do dm:
A`mg:
I nR>Zm`mg: (C: nR>V)
_{hbm _{hbo _{hbm:
H$Wm H$Wo H$Wm:
drUm drUo drUm:
AOm AOo AOm:
~mbm ~mbo ~mbm:
II nXmZm_ AW _mV^mf`m {bIV&
embm =.......... emIm =.......... H$`m =..........
agZm =.......... AZwOm =.......... MQ>H$m =..........
Zm{gH$m
=.......... ^mfm =.......... no{Q>H$m =..........
d{ZVm =.......... _{mH$m =.......... Hw$[MH$m =..........
N>>m`m
=.......... drUm =.......... H$Wm =..........
43
III [a$ WmZ nya`V&
^mfm ^mfm:
Zm{gHo$ Zm{gH$m:
_{mH$m _{mHo$
d{ZVm d{ZVm:
no{Q>Ho$ no{Q>H$m:
IV CXmhaUmZwgma {bIV&
CXm Efm H$`m EVo H$`o EVm: H$`m:
bbZm bbZo bbZm:
N>m`m N>m`o N>m`m:
CXm
gm AZwOm Vo AZwOo Vm: AZwOm:
H$Wm Vo H$Wm:
gm _{hbo Vm:
AdJN>V&
a_m H$`m g_w` a_m dXo h[a{`m_
a_`m a_Vo {dUw: a_m` {H$`Vo Z_: &
a_m`m H$m{YH$m Zmar a_m`m: godH$mo OZ:
a_m`m_ AZwa$` ho a_o a_go gXm &&
gL>Jh: - bmoH${gmVH$m_wXr
44
 g_: nmR>:
VX-EVX (Znw)

VV nwVH$_ EVV nU_

VV {H$_ ? EVV {H$_ ?
VV nwVH$_ & EVV nU_&

Vo nwVHo$& EVo nU} &

Vo Ho$? EVo Ho$?
Vo nwVHo$& EVo nU}&

Vm{Z nwVH$m{Z & EVm{Z nUm{Z &

Vm{Z H$m{Z ? EVm{Z $H$m{Z?
Vm{Z nwVH$m{Z & EVm{Z nUm{Z &
45
 VV Vo Vm{Z
EVV EVo EVm{Z
qH$ Ho$ H$m{Z
nwVH$_ nwVHo$ nwVH$m{Z
nU_ nU} nUm{Z
A`mg:
I nR>Zm`mg: (C: nR>V)

kmZ_ kmZo kmZm{Z

_VH$_ _VHo$ _VH$m{Z
_pXa_ _pXao _pXam{U
Zo_ Zoo Zom{U
^dZ_ ^dZo ^dZm{Z
II nXmZm_ AW _mV^mf`m {bIV&
Zo_ =.......... Ob_ =.......... dZ_ =..........
YZ_ =.......... nU_ =.......... Jh_ =..........
eara_ =.......... ^dZ_ =.......... nwVH$_ =..........
ma_ =.......... a$_ =.......... n_ =..........
\$b_ =.......... _pXa_ =.......... `mZ_ =..........
III [a$ WmZ nya`V&
nU_ nUm{Z
46
 YZo YZm{Z
~mb: ~mbm:
ewH$m ewH$m:
drUm drUo
d{ZVm d{ZVo
IV CXmhaUmZwgma {bIV&
CXm EVV H$_b_ EVo H$_bo EVm{Z H$_bm{Z
EVV ^dZo ^dZm{Z
em_ EVo EVm{Z
EVV Jho Jhm{U
CXm
VV ^dZ_ Vo ^dZo Vm{Z ^dZm{Z
nU Vo nUm{Z
VV Jho Jhm{U
Zo Vo Zom{U
AdJN>V&
kmZ kmZo M kmZm{Z dVyZm gVw gdXm &
kmZ kmZo M kmZm{Z Xmo {dmb`o Jw: &&
kmZoZ gh kmZm`m kmZ: gemoo^Vo dnw: &
kmZm` nmR>`Vm kmZmV {dZm {dmoo Z emo^Vo&&
kmZ` M \$b _mZ: kmZo g{V O`moo ^doV &
47
 Zm_nX_
AH$mamV: nw{b: XodeX:

{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_

W_m G Xod: z Xodm Eg zg Xodm: zg
g~moYZW_m J ho Xod ho Xodm Eg ho Xodm:
z zg zg
{Vr`m C Xod_ Xodm Eg zg XodmZ zg
z
VVr`m EAz XodoZ Xodm`m_ Eg z- Xod: zjAz
zAz jAz
MVwWu U, EU, P Xodm` zU Xodm`m_ Eg z- Xodo`: zjU
jU
nM_r zAz XodmV z Xodm`m_ Eg zg Xodo`: zg
zAz zAz zAz
f>r C Xod` z Xod`mo: Eg zg XodmZm_ zg
g_r C Xodo z Xod`mo: Eg zg Xodofw zg
AmH$mamV: r{b: grVm eX:
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_m grVm grVo grVm:
g~moYZW_m ho grVo ho grVo ho grVm:
{Vr`m grVm_ grVo grVm:
VVr`m grV`m grVm`m_ grVm{^:
MVwWu grVm` grVm`m_ grVm`:
nM_r grVm`m: grVm`m_ grVm`:
f>r grVm`m: grV`mo: grVmZm_
g_r grVm`m_ grV`mo: grVmgw
48
AH$mamV: ZnwgH${b: "dZ' eX:
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dM_ ~hdMZ_
W_m dZ_ dZo dZm{Z
g~moYZW_m ho dZ ho dZo ho dZm{Z
{Vr`m dZ_ dZo dZm{Z
VVr`m dZoZ dZm`m_ dZ:
MVwWu dZm` dZm`m_ dZo`:
nM_r dZmV dZm`m_ dZo`:
f>r dZ` dZ`mo: dZmZm_
g_r dZo dZ`mo: dZofw

[deofmem:
am_mo amO_{U: gXm {dO`Vo am_ a_oe ^Oo&
am_oUm{^hVm {ZemMaM_y am_m` V_ Z_: &&
am_mV ZmpV nam`U naVa am_` Xmgmo@>`h_&
am_o {Mmb`: gXm {dO`Vo ^mo! am_ _m_wa&&

49
 {H$`mnX_
bQ> bH$ma: - nR> YmVw: - dV_mZH$mb:
nwfm: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
nW_nwwf: am_: am_m am_m:
III person grVm grVo grVm:
g: nR>{V Vm nR>V: Vo nR>{V
gm Vo Vm:
VV Vo Vm{Z
_`_nwf: d_ nR>{g `wdm_ nR>W: `y`_ nR>W
II person

Cm_nwf: Ah_ nRm>{_ Amdm_ nR>md: d`_ nR>m_:

I person

Ed_ - ImX{V, ^d{V, JN>>{V, Ymd{V, n`{V

{deofYmVw$nm{U
bQ> bH$ma: - Ag YmVw:
nwf: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_nwf: (~mbH$:) ApV (~mbH$m) V: (~mbH$m:) gpV
_`_nwf: (d_ ) A{g (`wdm) W: (`y`_) W
Cm_nwf: (Ah_) Ap_ (Amdm_) d: (d`_) _:
bQ> bH$ma: - H$ YmVw:
nwf: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_nwf: (g$:) H$amo{V (Vm) Hw$V: (Vo) Hw$dpV
_`_nwf: (d_ ) H$amo{f (`wdm_) Hw$W: (`y`_) Hw$W
Cm_nwf: (Ah_) H$amo{_ (Adm_) Hw$d: (d`_) Hw$_:
50
 A>_: nmR> {Vr`m- VVr`m

{eew: jra {n~{V& JO: BjwXS> ImX{V&

N>m: nmR> nR>{V ~mbm embm JN>{V&

~mbm: H$XHo$Z H$sS>pV {ejH$: gwYmIS>oZ {bI{V

_mVm hVoZ XXm{V a_oe: {M{H$H$`m JN>{V&

51
 amOoe: embm JN>{V& amYm d jmb`{V
~mbm: nmR>mZ nR>pV& _{hbm: bmoH$ Jm`pV&
h[aham JrV Jm`V:& godH$: ^ma dh{V&
OZm: Zom`m n`[V& {nVm hVoZ `N>{V&
N>mm: boI`m {bIpV& Ad: doJoZ Ymd{V&
A`mg:
I. nR>mm`mg: (C: nR>V)
jra_ jrao jram{U
d do dm{U
H$Wm H$Wo H$Wm:
ZooU Zom`m Zo:
H$U}Z H$Um`m H$U:
hVoZ hVm`m hV:
II. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV &
1. JO: qH$ ImX{V?
C.................................................................
2. H$: jra {n~{V?
C.................................................................
3. H$m d jmb`{V?
C.................................................................
52
 4) H$m: boI`m {bIpV?
C.................................................
5) godH$: qH$ dh{V?
C.....................................................
III. [a$ WmZ nya`V&
1. Ad: .......................Ymd{V&
2. ~mbm: nmR>mZ......................&
3. ................gwYmIS>oZ {bI{V&
4. _mVm................XXm{V&
5. ..................{M{H$H$`m JN>{V&
IV. dm`{Z_mU Hw$V&
{eew:, ~mbm nmR> Ymd{V
Ad:, {ejH$: jra nmR>`{V
amOoe: doJoZ JN>{V
embm JN>V:
_pXa_ {n~{V
1 .....................................
2 .....................................
3 .....................................
4 .....................................
5 .....................................
53
 Zd_: nmR>: MVwWu-nM_r

_mVm nwm` bx>H$ `N>{V& emaXm` Z_:&

Xod: ^$m` da XXm{V& JUoem` Z_: &

\$b djmV nV{V& ~m{bH$m embm`m: AmJN>{V&

~mbH$: H$sS>mUmV AmJN>{V& d{>: _oKmV nV{V&

54
VmV: nwm` n{H$m XXm{V& N>m: embm`m: AmJN>{V&
A~m ~mbm` jra `N>{V& dU: AmnUmV nwVH$_ AmZ`{V&
~mb: {_m` MmH$boh XXm{V& {eew: n`L>H$mV nV{V&
{e[jH$m N>mm` kmZ XXm{V& nw: A~m`m: _Ywa drH$amo{V&
~m{bH$m A~m` Z_: B{V dX{V& N>mm H$`m`m: JN>{V&
nwf: _{hbm` Jmad `N>{V& ZXr ndVmV dh{V&

A`mg:
I. nR>Zm`mg: (C: nR>V)
nwm` nwm`m_ nwo`:
N>mm` N>mm`m_ N>mo`:
A~m` A~m`m_ A~m`:
_{hbm` _{hbm`m_ _{hbm`:
dZmV dZm`m_ dZo`:
ndVmV ndVm`m_ ndVo`:
embm`m: embm`m_ embm`:
H$`m`m: H$`m`m_ H$`m`:
\$bmV \$bm`m_ \$bo`:
Jm_mV Jm_m`m_ Jm_o`:
nwVH$mV nwVH$m`m_ nwVHo$`:

55
II. H$mo>H$_ Adbmo` dm`m{Z aM`V&
(nwVH$_)
Aj`:
JUoe: (n_) A_a: (boIZr)

JrVm (`yV:) `N>{V gr_m (gwYmIS>:)

{Zem {d^m (_m{nH$m)

(_mOZr)
CXmhaU - {e[jH$m H$_ qH$ `N>{V?

{e[jH$m Aj`m` nwVH$ `N>{V&

........ ........ .......
........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........
III. H$mo>H$_ Adbmo` dm`m{Z aM`V&
Jh_

_R>: CmZ_
JN>{V

nmR>embm
Xodmb`:

H$sS>mU_

56
CXmhaU_ ~mbH$: Hw$V: Hw$ JN>{V?
~mbH$: JhmV CmZ JN>{V
.......... .......... .......... ..........>>&
.......... .......... .......... ..........>>&
.......... .......... .......... ..........>>&
.......... .......... .......... ..........>>&
.......... .......... .......... ..........>>&

AdJN>V&
EH$ebmoH$s_hm^maV_
AmXm nmS>dYmVamQ> OZZ bmjmJho XmhZ_
yVo lrhaU dZo {dhaU _`mb`o dYZ_ &
brbmJmoJhU aUo {dVaU gpY{H$`mO^U_
^r_X>moUgw`moYZm{X_WZ EV_hm^maV_&&

zzzzzz

57
 Xe_: nmR: f>r-g_r

JUoe` dmhZ _yfH$: & H$U` dmhZ {M{H$H$m&

Jm`m: VQ>o H$mer ApV& VV __ Jh_ ApV&

qgh: dZo dg{V& N>mm: H$`m`m {bIpV&

Am^aU H$U} ApV& nwn bVm`m ^d{V

58
{Xbrn` Jh gwXa_ ApV& H$mgmao _rZm: gMa[V&
gwYra` _mVm dm{U jmb`{V& AmH$meo Zjm{U emo^Vo &
a_oe` ^{JZr bx>H$ {dVa{V& n[jU: ZrS>o {ZdgpV&
Ef: grVm`m: n{V:& N>mm: A``Zo {ZaVm: gpV&
EVV am_` YZw: & djofw \$bm{Z \$bpV&
JUoe: nmd`m: nw: & Hy$a_Jm: dZo {ZdgpV&
Hw$~oa: YZ` A{Yn{V: & Cnr{R>H$m`m nwVH$_ ApV&
_{hf: `_` dmhZ_& ~mbm: H$sS>mUo H$sS>pV&
{ed` Am`wY {eyb_ & Cf:H$mbo gy`: CXo{V&
gmJa` Vam: ^` OZ`pV& ~obyZJao {dYmZgmY: ApV&
A`mg:

I. nR>Zm`mg: (C: nR>V)

{Xbrn` {Xbrn`mo: {XbrnmZm_
a_oe` a_oe`mo: a_oemUm_
CXa` CXa`mo: CXamUm_
H$XH$` H$XH$`mo: H$XH$mZm_
Jm`m: J`mo: JmZm_
bVm`m: bVm`mo: bVmZm_
H$mgmao H$mgma`mo: H$mgmaofw
dZo dZ`mo: dZofw
59
 djo dj`moo: djofw
JJZo JJZ`mo: JJZofw
nmXo nmX`mo: nmXofw
Cnr{R>H$m`m_ Cnr{R>H$`mo: Cnr{R>H$mgw
bVm`m_ bV`mo: bVmgw
II. [a$ WmZ nya`V&
1) Hw$~oa: ................ A{Yn{V: & (YZ_)
2) amdU: .............. amOm& (bm)
3) {eyb_ ............ A`wY_& ({ed:)
4) _{hf................. dmhZ_&( `_:)
5) ~mbm: ............... H$sS>pV&(ZrS>_)
6) n[jU: ............... {ZdgpV& (ZrS>_)
7) nwVH$_............... ApV& (`yV:)
8) .................. _rZm: BVVV: gMapV& (Ob_)
9) nU_................. ApV& (dj:)
10) A.................. ApV& (Wm{bH$m)
^mfm`mg:
* W_mV: g_r{d^{$n`V_ EH$H$ dm` {fw {bofw aM`V&

60
 A`mg Hw$V

XH$mamV: nw{b: "VX' eX:

{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_m G g: C Vm Cjg Vo Cg
{Vr`m C V_ C Vm Cjg VmZ Cg
VVr`m EAz VoZ CAz Vm`m_ Cj- V CjAz
jAz
MVwWu U, EU, P V_ CU Vm`m_ CjjU Vo`: CjU
nM_r V_mV C Vm`m_ Cjg Vo`: Cg
zAz zAz zAz zAz
f>r C, V` C V`mo: Cjg Vofm_ Cg
g_r C Vp_Z C V`mo: Cjg Vofw Cg
XH$mamV: nw{b: "EVX' eX;
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_m G Ef E EVm Ejg EVo Eg
{Vr`m C EV_ E EVm Ejg EVmZ Eg
VVr`m EAz EVoZ EAz EVm`m_ Ej- EV: EjAz
jAz
MVwWu U, EU, P EV_ EU EVm`m_ EjjU EVo`: EjU
nM_r zAz EV_mV E EVm`m_ Ejg EVo`: Eg
zAz zAz zAz
f>r C, EV` E EV`mo: Ejg EVofm_ Eg
gV_r C EVp_Z E EV`mo: Ejg EVofw Eg
61
_H$mamV: r{b: "VX' eX:
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m gm Vo Vm:
{Vr`m Vm_ Vo Vm:
VVr`m V`m Vm`m_ Vm{^:
MVwWu V` Vm`m_ Vm`:
nM_r V`m: Vm`m_ Vm`:
f>r V`m: V`mo: Vmgm_
g_r V`m_ V`mo: Vmgw

XH$mamV: r{b: "EVX' eX:

{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m Efm EVo EVm
{Vr`m EVm_ EVo EVm:
VVr`m EV`m EVm`m_ EVm{^:
MVwWu EV` EVm`m_ EVm`:
nM_r EV`m: EVm`m_ EVm`:
f>r EV`m: EV`mo: EVmgm_
g_r EV`m_ EV`mo: EVmgw
62
XH$mamV: ZnwgH${b: "VX' eX:
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m VV Vo Vm{Z
{Vr`m VV Vo Vm{Z
VVr`m VoZ Vm`m_ V:
MVwWu V_ Vm`m_ Vo`:
nM_r V_mV Vm`m_ Vo`:
f>r V` V`mo: Vofm_
g_r Vp_Z V`mo: Vofw

XH$mamV: ZnwgH${b: "EVX' eX:

{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m EVV EVo EVm{Z
{Vr`m EVV EVo EVm{Z
VVr`m EVoZ EVm`m_ EV:
MVwWu EV_ EVm`m_ EVo`:
nM_r EV_mV EVm`m_ EVo`:
f>r EV` EV`mo: EVofm_
g_r EVp_Z EV`mo: EVofw
63
_H$mamV: nw{b: "{H$_' eX:
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m H$: H$m Ho$
{Vr`m H$_ H$m H$mZ
VVr`m Ho$Z H$m`m_ H$:
MVwWu H$_ H$m`m_ Ho$`:
nM_r H$_mV H$m`m_ Ho$`:
f>r H$` H$`mo: Ho$fm_
g_r H$p_Z H$`mo: Ho$fw

_H$mamV: r{b: "{H$_' eX:

{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m H$m Ho$ H$m:
{Vr`m H$m_ Ho$ H$m:
VVr`m H$`m H$m`m_ H$m{^:
MVwWu H$` H$m`m_ H$m`:
nM_r H$`m: H$m`m_ H$m`:
f>r H$`m: H$`mo: H$mgm_
g_r H$`m_ H$`mo: H$mgw
64
_H$mamV: ZnwgH${b: "{H$_' eX:
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m {H$_ Ho$ H$m{Z
{Vr`m {H$_ Ho$ H$m{Z
VVr`m Ho$Z H$m`m_ H$:
MVwWu H$_ H$m`m_ Ho$`:
nM_r H$_mV H$m`m_ Ho$`:
f>r H$` H$`mo: Ho$fm_
g_r H$p_Z H$`mo: Ho$fw
XH$mamV: {fw {bofw g_mZ: "`w_X' eX:
{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_
W_m G d_ `wdm_ g `y`_
{Vr`m C dm_, dm `wdm_, dm_ `w_mZ, d:
g
VVr`m EAz d`m Az `wdm`m_ - `w_m{^:
jAz Az
MVwWu U, EU, P Vw`_, Vo U `wdm`m_, dm_ `w_`_, d:
jU U
nM_r zAz dV `wdm`m_ g `w_V
zAz zAz zAz
f>r C, Vd, Vo `wd`mo:, dm_ `w_mH$_, d:
g

g_r C d{` `wd`mo: g `w_mgw

65
XH$mamV: {fw {bofw g_mZ: "A_X' eX:

{d^{$: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdM_

W_m G Ah_ Amdm_ g d`_

{Vr`m C _m_, _m Amdm_, Zm A_mZ, Z:

g

VVr`m EAz _`m Az Amdm`m_ A_m{^:

jAz Az

MVwWu U, EU, __, _o U Amdm`m_, Zm A_`_, Z:

P jU U

nM_r _V Amdm`m_ A_V

zAz zAz g zAz
zAz
f>r C, __, _o Amd`mo:, Zm A_mH$_, Z:
g

g_r C _{` Amd`mo: A_mgw

g

66
 A`mg:
1. BVadMZ$nm{U {bIV&

1. VoZ
2. EVm
3. Vmgm_
4. EV`
5. V`mo:
6. EVofw

zzzzzz

67
 EH$mXe: nmR>:
Vmom{U
(H$UR>nmR>: H$aUr`:)
Z_Vo JUZmWm`
JUmZm nV`o Z_: &
^{${`m` Xodoe
^o$`: gwIXm`H$ && 1 &&

Jw~m Jw{dUw:
JwX}dmo _hoda: &
Jw: gmjmna~m
V_ lrJwado Z_: && 2 &&

bmo{hV aW_m$T>
gdbmoH${nVm_h_ &
_hmnmnha Xod
V gy` U_m`h_ && 3 &&

X[jUo b_Umo ``
dm_o Vw OZH$m_Om&
nwaVmo _m{V``
V dXo aKwZXZ_ && 4 &&

68
 Vmom{U
1) JUZmW: ^{${`:
JUn{V:
gwa`o> ^$mZm gwIXm`H$:
2) ~m {dUw:
Jw:
_hoda: na ~m
3) a$dU: aWmT>: gdbmoH$ {nVm_h>:

gy`:

_hmnmnha:

4) b_U:(X[jUV:) OZH$m_Om(dm_V:)

am_:

_m{V:(nwaV)
69
 A`mg:
I EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV &
1) na~m H$: ?
C. ...........................................
2) am_` X[jU^mJo H$: ApV ?
C. ...........................................
3) _hmnmnha: H$: ?
C. ...........................................
4) ^{${`: H$: ?
C. ...........................................

II g`moO`V&
A Am Cmam{U
1) Am_Om AmOZo`: ..............
2) A_a: Am{X`: ..............
3) _m{V: Xod: ..............
4) gy`: nwr ..............
70
III {dmWH$ nX {bIV&
1) X[jU: x 3) {`: x
2) gwI_ x

IV Am_ / Z B{V {bIV &

1) aKwZXZ` nwaV: b_U: ApV&
2) gy`Xod: doVdUaWm$T>: ^d{V &
3) Jwamo: naVa ZmpV&
V g`w$mja {Mdm {bIV&
CXm ^o$`:
Voo `:
ZmpV
b_U:
VI {d^` {bIV &
CXm gwIXm`H$: = g+C+I+A+X+Am+`+A+H$+A:
aW_m$T_ =
aKwZXZ: =
^mfm`mg:
* {d{dYXodVmZm Vmom{U nR>V& * mWZm`m: _hd OmZVw&
zzzzzz
71
 mXe: nmR>:
eara` Am{Z
_Zw`` YmZ A {ea: & {ea{g Ho$em: gpV& _wIo bbmQ>_, ^y:,
Zoo, H$Um, Zm{gH$m, H$nmob:, Amo>m M gpV& Zom`m d` n`m_:&
H$Um`m d` lwUw_:& Zm{gH$`m JY {OKm_:& Am`oZ d` dXm_:& _wI`
AY: H$R>: ApV & VoZ Jm`H$m: Jm{`H$m: M _Ywa Jm`pV&
ea[a` _`^mJo nm`mo: H$Ym V:& ldUHw$_ma: H$Ym`m
AY{nVam ZrVdmZ& m hVm V: & hVm`m H$m` Hw$_:& `oH$p_{n
hVo nM A`:
w gpV& Abrfw w ZIm: gpV& dj:Wbo hmam: Ym`Vo&
AmhmaoU CXa nya`m_: & AYmo^mJo H${Q>: dVVo& H${Q>gyo d ~Zm_:&
eara` AYmo^mJo D$$, OmZwZr, Oo, nmXm M gpV& ^r_: X`moYZ`
D$^ H$VdmZ&
nmXm`m Za: Mb{V, Ymd{V, Hy$X{V, Cn{de{V, C{m>>{V M&

72
 :

73
 {eewJrV_
E{h gwYra! E{h gw{dH$_!
IobZmU JN>m_&
YmdZHy$XZMbZ: Iob:
dOH$m`Vm {dXm_ &&1&&
E{h gwerbo ! E{h _Um{b{Z!
nwndm[Q>H$m JN>m_&
{d{dY: Hw$gw_: {dYm` _mbm
{dZ{dZmeH$_Mm_ &&2&&
E{h {XZoe! Ud! JUoe!
kmZ{ZqY g{MZw`m_&
E{h emaXo! {J[aOo! daXo!
kmZdm[aYm {dham_ &&3&&
Vdm _Zgm {hV MaV:
gXm Jw$Z AZwJN>m_&
^maV_mVw: godmg$m:
Xoe{hVmW Ordm_ &&4&&
- OZmXZ hoJS>o
^mfm`mg:
* A`m{Z {eewJrVm{Z gJ Jm`V&
74
 `oXe: nmR>:
n[adma:
g_ra: B{V EH$: ~mbH$: & A g_ra` O_{XZ_& V` _mVm
{nVm, {nVm_hr, {nVm_h:, AJO:, AJOm, AZwOm M& EVo gd} V`
O_{XZ_ gVmofoU AmMapV&
AJN>
g_ra, A Vd
O_{XZ_& A`ZmZ A~, qH$ Zm_
H$a`m{_& A`ZmZ_?

w
e a ra boZK _Z
W_ eara VboZ mOZoZ ZmZ d
_mO`m{_& Vb_& CUOb^d{V& VZ
Y
AZVa_ CUOboZ ZmZ ^d{V gAmamo`d&
H$ma`m{_& ^d{V

AVw

75
 AVw A~, g_ra, A Vd O_{XZ_&
A`ZmZ gn_>& EVV ZyVZd Ya&
Z_m{_ A~&

gwXa_ d_& ho
VmV U_m{_& ~w{_mZ ^d&
{dmdmZ ^d&

g`, naVw __ nm BVmo@{n

gwXa& lmdmZ ^d& {dO`r __ nm` H$Vo _Ywa
^d& XXm{_& Am@@ Hw$, ImX
{nVm_h, n`Vw, __ nm, ~bdmZ ^d&
gwXa_ d_& U_m{_& `edr ^d&

76
 AVw A~, Xod
W_ Xod Z_,
AmaqV H$amo{_ Z_m{_, AZVa
nw! gd} _Ywa ImXm{_
AmJN>Vw,
AmaqV Hw$_&

g_ra` {_m{U A{n

gd} g_ram` Cnm`Z `N>pV& _Ywa
AmJVm& AmJN>Vw gd}&
ImXpV& Jm`pV, hgpV, Z`pV,
{dZmoX Hw$dpV M&

lm _oYm `e km {dm ~wq {l` ~b_>& Am`w` VoO

Amamo` XXmVw OJXra&&

77
 O_{XZ` JrV_
ew^_Vw ew^_Vw
Vd O_{XZo
ew^_Vw&&
`N>Vw `N>Vw Xod
{dm ~wq {l` ~b_&
`N>Vw `N>Vw Xod
dm` kmZ Am`w`e&& ew^_Vw.....
_mVm dX{V {nVm dX{V& ew^_Vw....
_mVm_hr dX{V {nVm_h dX{V& ew^_Vw....
AJO dX{V AJOm dX{V& ew^_Vw....
AZwO dX{V AZwOm dX{V& ew^_Vw....
`o> dX{V H${Z> dX{V& ew^_Vw...
~Yw dX{V {_ dX{V& ew^_Vw....

~mYdm
_mVm = v, {nVm = vAz, nw = U, nwr = U,
AJO = Ct, AJOm = CP, AZwO = v, AZwOm = vAV,
{nVm_h = Cd, {nVm_hr = Cf, nm = U, nmr = U.

78
 A`mg
I. CXmhaUmZwgma dm` {bIV&
CXm H$U` {nVm dgwXod& dgwXod` nw H$U&
A Am
H$U dgwXod
am_ {nVm XeaW
JUoe nw {ed
{ddoH$mZX {ddZmW
JmYr_hmoX` H$a_MX
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................

79
II. CXmhaUmZwgma dm` {bIV&
CXm : {J[aOm`m nw JUoe& JUoe` _mVm {J[aOm&
A Am
{J[aOm JUoe
H$mg`m am_
gw{_m nw b_U
grVm _mVm bd
nWm nmW
amYm H$U
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................
C. ..............................................................

80
III. `{$n[aM`

__ Zm_ ..................................&

__ {nVw (OZH$`) Zm_ ..................................&

__ _mVw (OZ`m) Zm_ ..................................&

__ embm`m Zm_ ..................................&

__ ZJa` Zm_ ..................................&

__ _S>b` Zm_ ..................................&

__ am`` Zm_ ..................................&

__ Xoe` Zm_ ..................................&

81
 MVwaXe: nmR>:
Mmogd:
ZyVZgdga` ma^:
MmogdoZ ^d{V& Ef: `wJm{X:,
dgVmogd: B{V A{n {g:,
ApV&
M_mgo ewbnjo {VnX
{XZo `wJm{X: & dgV-F$Vmo:
AmJ_Z_& Ap_Z {XZo
Am_{Z~n`mo: VmoaU: mamUm_
Abma Hw$dpV& Jh` AUo
bbZm ad{b{d`mg aM`pV&
Jh` OZm: gd} Cf:H$mbo
Ed A`ZmZ (VbZmZ_)
Hw$dpV& ZyVZdm{U YapV& XodmZ nyO`pV& Jh` `o>: nMm nR>{V&
H${Z>m: `o>mZ Jw$Z M Z_pV& AmerdmX mZwdpV& ~Yw{_o`:
ew^me` {d{Z_`` gXm`: A{n ApV& gd} {deofV: {Z~JwS>{_lU
ImXpV& AZVa nmo{bH$m^moOZ ImXpV&
gm`>mbo Xodmb`ofw nMm\$bldUH$m`H$_: (d{>:, H${f:, JhU_
B`m{X{df`mUm gyMZm:) ^d{V& _pXaofw A Ama` Zd_rn`V lram_
H$WmldU_ A{n Am`moO`pV& EV` lram_mogd: B{V H$W`pV&

82
 {Z~JwS>`mo: _hd_
Am`wd}X: H$W`{V - dgVVm}: emar[aH${dH$mamUm H$Vo {Z~ {X`mfY_&
{Z~JwS>{_lU` godZoZ Xoh` g_VmobZ gm`Vo&
eVm`wdOXohm` gdgnH$am` M&
gdm[a>{dZmem` {Z~H$Xb^jU_&&
gwIX:I_, Ah{Ze_, amJof_ EVofm goV: {Z~JwS>{_lU_ B{V
H${ddmUr & gwIX:I_ , bm^Z>_, O`mnO`_ EVmZ g_mZ^mdoZ drH$`
pWVkmo ^d B{V Am`m[_H$gXoemoo@ ApV&
M_mgo g`m{Z {dH$gpV {dbgpV M & Am_nwnm{U \${bdm
ndm{Z \$bm{Z ^dpV& Am_djo {nH$: _Ywa Hy$O{V& gd
_Zmobmg:, Zdmobmg: M ^d{V&
{deofmem:
* nwamUmZwgma ~g>o: Ama^{XZ_&
* amdU g` A`mo`m `mJV` lram_` am`^ma` ma^{XZ_&
* nMm_ - {V{W:, dma:, Zj_, `moJ:, H$aU M&
A`mg
I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&
1) Mmogd {H${_{V {g ?
C. ..............................................................
2) `wJm{X: H$p_Z {XZo ^d{V?
C. ..............................................................
83
3) OZm: Cf:H$mbo qH$ Hw$dpV?
C. ..............................................................
4) Jh` `o> : qH$ nR>{V?
C. ..............................................................
5) `wJm{X{XZo {deofV: qH$ ImXpV?
C. ..............................................................

II. g`mo` {bIV&

A Am Cmam{U
M_mg: Zdam{ Cgd: ...................
^mnX_mg: Xrnmogd: ...................
H$m{VH$_mg: gL>H$mpV Cgd: ...................
nw`_mg: JUoemogd: ...................
Amd`wwO_mg: aWmogd: ...................
lram_mogd:
III. [a$ WmZ nya`V&
1. ...............B{V Am`mp_H$gXoe:&
2. VmoaU: ..................Abma Hw$dpV&
3. {Z~JwS>{_lU` godZoZ Xoh`..............gm`Vo&
4. gd} .................... {_lU ImXpV&
5. {nH$: .................... _mgo _Ywa Hy$O{V&

84
IV. n`m`nX {bIV&
bbZm = _[Xa_ =

Jh_ = {nH$: =

V. {dmWH$ nX {bIV&
`o> : X ZyVZ_ X

O`_ X bm^: X

VI. BVadMZ` {bIV&

dj`
Xoh`mo:
dm{U

Cgd:
XodmZ
VII. BVadMZ` {bIV&
{dbg{V
ImXW:
n`m_:

85
 mXe _mgm: 12 fQ> F$Vd: 06
1) M:
dgV:
2) demI:

3) `o>:
Jr_:
4) AfmT>:

5) lmdU:
dfm
6) ^mnX:

7) Am`wO:
eaX
8) H$m{VH$:

9) _mJerf:
ho_V:
10) nw`:

11) _mK:
{e{ea:
12) \$mJwU:
86
 {VW`: nd{XZm{Z

{VnV `wJm{X{VnV
{Vr`m ^{JZr{Vr`m
VVr`m Aj`VVr`m
MVwWu JUoeMVwWu
nM_r ZmJnM_r
f>r gw~`fR>r
g_r aWg_r
A>_r XJm>_r
Zd_r _hmZd_r - A`wYnyOm
Xe_r {dO`Xe_r
EH$mXer dHw$R> EH$mXer
mXer CWmZmXer
`moXer e{Z`moXer
MVwXer ZaH$MVwXer
ny{U_m hmo{bH$m ny{U_m
A_md`m _hmb` A_md`m ({nV A_md`m)
87
 gdmgam:

1. Am{X`dmga: ^mZwdmga: na:

2. gmo_dmga: BXdmga: na:

3. _bdmga: ^m_dmga: :

4. ~wYdmga: gm`dmga: A
5. Jwdmga: ~hn{Vdmga: :
6. ewH$dmga: ^mJddmga: na:
7. e{Zdmga: _Xdmga: na:

A`mg:

A BXdmga:

zzzzzz
88
 AdYo`mem:
Ho$MZ Cgdm:
1. dfma^: - Mewb {VnV (Mm_mZo)
- _ofgH$_U_ (gma_mZo)
2. am_Zd_r - M ewb Zd_r
3. H$U O_m>_r - lmdU H$Um>_r
4. `mgny{U_m(AfmT>ny{U_m) - AmfmT> ny{U_m
5. JrVmO`Vr - _mJerf ewb EH$mXer
6. gH$Vmogd: - lmdU ny{U_m
7. JmarJUoemogdm - ^nX ewb VVr`m - MVwWu M
8. Zdammogd: - Am`wO ewb {VnX: Xe_r n`V_
9. Xrnmdbr - A`wO H$U MVwXerV: H$m{VH$ ewb {VnV
n`V_
10. JwZmZH$O`Vr - H$m[VH$ ewb ny{U_m
11. H$ZH$O`Vr - H$m{VH$ ewb VVr`m
12. dm_r{H$O`[V - Am`wO ewb MVwXer
13. {H$V O`Vr - {S>go~a nMqde{V {XZmo
14. _H$a gH$mpV: - gma_mZo _H$a {VnV
15. ~w ny{U_m - demI ny{U_m
16. _hmdra O`Vr - M ewb `moXer
17. H$m{bXmg O`Vr - H$m{VH$ ewb mXer
89
18. lr eamMm` O`Vr - demI ewb nM_r
19. lr am_mZwO O`Vr - _of_mgo Amm Zjo (gma_mZo)
20. lr _dmMm` O`Vr - Am`wO ewb Xe_r
21. ~gd O`Vr - demI ewb VVr`m
22. {ddoH$mZX O`Vr - nw` H$U g_r
23. JmYrO`Vr - AQ>mo~a {Vr` {XZmo
( ^mnX H$U EH$mXer 2-10-1869)
24. S>m&& {~. Ama. A~oa O`Vr - E{b MVwXe {XZmo
( M ewb f>r-14-4-1891)

90
 n#mXe: nmR>:
Ahmo ! H$mH$` _yIVm!
EH$: Obme`: ApV& Obme`o
hg: {dha{V& Obme`` Vrao dj:
ApV& H$mH$: hg n`{V& g: {MV`{V
""hg: gdXm Obme`o ^d{V& AV:
hg ` dU: oV:& Ah H$U: Ap_&
Ah ZmZ H$amo{_& Ah_ A{n oV:

^dm{_'' B{V&
AZVa dm`g: g{bbme` JN>{V&
OboZ eara jmb`{V& nmfmUIS>Zo eara
dma dma _mO`{V& nwZ: nwZ: ZmZ H$amo{V&
VWm{n H$mH$: H$U: Ed ApV& naVw Xoho
Vrdm doXZm ^d{V& H$mH$: H$U: Ed ApV,
oV: Z ^d{V& AYmZwH$aU {dZmeH$maU_ B{V H$mH$: AdJN>{V&
A`mg:
I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&
1. dj: Hw$ ApV?
C.................................................................
2. H$mH$: qH$ n`{V?
C.................................................................
91
3. H$mH$: OboZ qH$ jmb`{V?
C...................................................................
4. H$mH$: Ho$Z eara _mO`{V?
C...................................................................
5. H$mH$: Hw$ JN>{V?
C...................................................................
II. n`m`nX {bIV&
eara_ = Ob_ =

H$mH$: = dj: =
oV: = nwZ:nwZ: =

III. [a$ WmZ nya`V&

1. hg` dU: ...............&
2. H$mH$` dU: ..............&
3. hg:....................... {dha{V&
4. AYmZwH$aU .............&

IV. BVadMZ$nm{U {bIV&

1. JN>{V
2. ^dW

3. {MV`V:
92
 4. n`{g
5. H$wV:

6. ApV

V. H$mo>Ho$
{d_mZmZ eXmZ Cn`w`, CXmhaU >dm
dV_mZH$mbo dm`m{Z aM`V&
CXmhaU_ - ~mbH$: JN>{V.
amYm
g: ~mbH$:

JN>{V
H$: JO:

OZH$: hare:
dmhZ_

1.............................
2.............................
3.............................
4.............................
5.............................
6.............................
93
 7.............................
8.............................

VI. bQ>bH$ma$nm{U {bIV&

nwf: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_: {dha{V
_`_:
Cm_:
nwf: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_:
_`_: {n~W:
Cm_:
nwf: EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_:
_`_:
Cm_: ^dm_:

^mfm`mg: -
* nMV` H$Wm nR>V& * {hVmonXoe` H$Wm nR>V &

94
 fmoS>e: nmR>: bQ> bH$ma:
`mJ_y{V: apVXod:
mMrZH$mbo ^maVo apVXod: B{V _hmamO: AgrV & XmZH$m`}U g:
X[a: ^d{V& ~h{Z {XZm{Z `mdV ^moOZ_ A{n Z mZmo{V&
EH$p_Z {XZo apVXod:
{H${MV A, Ob M mZmo{V&
_hmamO: gVmofUo ^moOZ Im{XVw_
Cn{de{V VXm EH$: A{V{W: V
AmJN>{V& g: apVXod` g_rno
{^jm `mM{V& X`mbw: apVXod:
A` EH$ ^mJ V_ XXm{V&
A{V{W: gVmofUo JN>{V&
_hmamO: nwZ: ^moOZmW_ Cn{de{V& VXm A`: X[a: V AmJN>{V&
g: A{n {^jm `mM{V& H$Umbw: _hmamO: nwZ: A` EH$ ^mJ V_
`N>{V& X[a: AmZXoZ JN>{V&
apVXod: nwZ: ^moOZmW_ Cn{de{V& VXm Ana: [^jwH$: ewZH$:
gh AmJN>{V& g: A{n ewZH$mW {^jm mW`{V& H$nmbw: apVXod:
Ad{eQ>_ An_ A V_ XXm{V& A{V{W: hf}U JN>{V&
BXmZt _hmamO` g_rno Ho$db Ob_ ApV& g: "Ob {n~m{_' B{V
{MV`{V& VXm A`: `mMH$: AmJN>{V& g: Ob XXmVw B{V mW`{V&
H$UmgmJa: _hmamO: V_ Ob `N>{V& `mMH$: _moXoZ VV: JN>{V&
Ed _hmamO: A`o`: gnyU XmZ H$dm "`mJ_y{V:' B{V {g:
^d{V&
95
I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&
1. apVXod: Hw$ _hmamO: AmgrV?
C...................................................................
2. H$: gVmofoU JN>{V&
C...................................................................
3. H$: Ob mW`{V?
C...................................................................
4. apVXod: qH$ qH$ mZmo{V??
C...................................................................
5. `mJ_y{V: B{V H$: {g:?
C...................................................................
II. g_rMrZ {H$`mnX {Mdm {bIV&
`mM{V H$amo{V mZmo{V JN>{V AmJN>{V
1. _hmamO: ^moOZ Z ....................&
2. A{V{W: hf}U.......................&
3. X[a: {^jm .........................&
4. {^jwH$: ewZH$: gh ...................&
5. apVXod: XmZ ..........................&
96
III. g_rMrZWbo [H$`mnXm{Z Wmn`V&
nwf EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
{H$S>m_:, nV{V
W_
{bIW, Z`{g
_`_ {n~pV, n`md:
Cm_ VmS>`m{_ YmdV:, dXW:

IV. g_rMrZ {H$`mnX$nm{U {bIV&

1. N>m: nR>{V& Ah ..................&
2. Ad: Ymd{V& d...................&
3. d` Z`m_: & ~mbH$m:..............&
4. nwVH$ nV{V & \$bm{Z................&
5. Ah ImXm{_& JO:..................&
V. Cma {Mdm H$Wm nya`V&
~mbH$m dZ ............ (JN>{V, JN>V:, JN>pV)& nwaV:
^byH$: ................ (AmJN>m{_, AmJN>{g, AmJN>{V)& EH$:
~mbH$: dj_ ................ (AmamohpV, Amamoh{V, AmamohW)& A`:
_V: Bd e`Z ..................... (H$amo{V, H$amo{_, Hw$dpV)& ^byH$:
V `dm JN>{V& W_: ~mbH$: djV: ............... (Adamohmd:,
Adamohm{_, Adamoh{V)& A` nN>{V - "^byH$: {H$_ C$dmZ'? B{V&
A`:............. (dX{V, dXV:, dXm{_) - H$>H$mbo `: gmhm` Z
................(Hw$dpV, H$amo{V, H$amo{_) g: {_ Z B{V&
97
VI. {H$`mnXm{Z Apd` {bIV&
A fmoS>e (16) {H$`mnXm{Z gpV&

{b I {g d g W
Im n Im X V: V
{_ `m n {V ` n
Xm d: R> d {g V
X ~m {V ^ d pV
V {n ~m {_ Ym H$s

CXm 1. {bI{g 2. ...............

3. ............... 4. ...............

5. ............... 6. ...............

7. ............... 8. ...............

9. ............... 10. ..............

11. .............. 12. ..............

13. .............. 14. ..............

15. .............. 16. ..............

98
 {H$`mH$bmn:
VII. d` nMdm`m{Z aM`V&
CXm ~mbH$: qH$ H$amo{V?
~mbH$: jra {n~{V&
~mbH$: embm JN>{V B`mXr{Z
1. _mVm qH$ H$amo{V?
C. ..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
2) A`mnH$: qH$ H$amo{V?
C. ..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
3) ^dmZ/ ^dVr qH$ H$amo{V ?
C. ..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
zzzzzz
99
 gXe: nmR>

gw^m{fVm{Z
(H$R>nmR> H$aUr`)

1. CX`o g{dVm a$ a$MmV_`o VWm&

gnmm M {dnmm M _hVm_oH$$nVm&&

2. `Wm {Mm VWm dmM `Wm dmMVWm {H$`m&

{Mmo dm{M {H$`m`m M gmYyZm_oH$$nVm&&

3. dOmX{n H$R>moam{U _X{Z Hw$gw_mX{n&

bmoH$momamUm MoVm{g H$mo {h {dkmVw_h{V&&

4. AY_m YZ{_N>pV YZ_mZm Vw _`_m&

Cm_m _mZ{_N>pV _mZmo {h _hVm YZ_&&

5. ebo ebo Z _m{U` _m{$H$ Z JOo JOo&

gmYdmo Z {h gd MXZ Z dZo dZo&&

6. g`_oH$nX ~ g`o Y_ {V{>V&

g`_odmj`m doXm g`oZdm`Vo na_&&

100
 gw^m{fVmZm_ AWm
1) gy` CX`H$mbo AV_`H$mbo M a$dU Ed ^d{V& Ed_od
gnH$mbo AmnH$mbo M _hmnwfm g_mZm {V>pV&
2) `oZ H$maoU {MV (_Z) ^d{V VXZwgmaoU g^mfUm{Z dVVo&
Ed g^mfUm{Z ^dpV& VXZwgma H$m`m{U ^dpV& _mZgo
g^mfUo M _hm_mZ g_mZ${nU ^dpV&
3) bmoHo$ Cm_mZm _Z dOmV A{n H$R>moa ^d{V& ${MV Hw$gw_mV
A{n _X ^d{V& AV _hm_Zm {Mm kmVw H$mo {h g_W
^d{V?
4) ZrMm YZ_ BN>pV& _`_m Vw YZ Jmad M BN>pV& Cm_m
Jmad_ Ed BN>[V& _mZ Ed _hm_Zm YZ ^d{V&
5) gd}fw ebofw _m{U` Z ^d{V& gd}fw JOofw _m{$H$ Z
^d{V& gd}fw dZofw MXZdj Z ^d{V& Ed gOZm gd Z
^dpV&
6) g`{_{V EH$nX_od ~m& g`o Ed Y_ {Z{hVmo ^d{V&
g`_od Zmea{hVm doXm& g`_mJ}Ud _moj m`Vo&

101
 A`mg

I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&

1) g{dVm H$Xm a$dU ^d{V ?
C. .............................................................
2) bmoH$momamUm MooVm{g H$_mX{n H$R>moam{U ^dpV ?
C. .............................................................
3) _hVm YZ {H$_ ?
C. .............................................................
4) Ho$fm XeZ nw` ^d{V ?
C. .............................................................
5) H$` g_mJ_ g \$b{V ?
C. .............................................................

II. g`mo` {bIV&

A Am Cmam{U
1) eer 1) X`_
2) H$nV$ 2) _m{$H$_
3) JO 3) Vmn_
102
III. {dmWH$ nX {bIV&
1) gmYw X

2) _X X

3) Cm_m X

IV. MVwWnX {bIV&

1) dO_ H$R>moa_ Hw$gw__ &
2) ebo _m{U`_ dZo &
3) Cm_m _mZ_ AY_m &

V. n`m`nX {bIV&
1) g{dVm =

2) {Mm_ =

3) eer =

4) eb =

5) JO =

103
 A>mXe: nmR>
gL>`m
EH$_ 1

EH$$ X`_ EH$ _pVH$_ EH$_ CXa_

o 2

o Zoo m hVm m H$Um m nmXm

r{U 3

Zm[aHo$b` Zom{U r{U {~dnm{U r{U {ed` Zom{U r{U

Mdm[a 4

MVwd}Xm MVw_wI~m MVw_wIqgh

104
n#m 5
n#m_hm^yVm{Z

Ob_ dm`w ^y{_ A{ AmH$me

fQ> 6
fS>Xmofm hmV`m

{Zm Vm ^`_ H$moY Amb`_ XrKgyVm

fS>-agm

_Ywa_ {V$_ H$Qw> Amb H$em` bdU_

g 7 g-F$f`

d{g> ^amO {ddm{_ JmV_ A{ AJ` O_X{

105
A> 8
A>{Xe

Cmam
dm``m Bem`m

npM_m nydm

ZF$`m Amo`m
X{jUm

106
Zd 9 Zd Ym`m{Z

Xe 10 Xe-AdVmam

107
 AdYo`mem
_`Hy$_m} damhM Zqghmo dm_ZVWm&
am_moam_M H$UM ~wH$H$s VWm Xe&&
gL>`m
C nR>V - AdJN>V - [a$WmZofw {bIV M&
1 1 EH$_
2 2 o
3 3 r{U
4 4 Mdm[a
5 5 n#m
6 6 fQ>
7 7 g
8 8 A>
9 9 Zd
10 10 Xe
11 11 EH$mXe
12 12 mXe
13 13 `moXe
14 14 MVwXe

108
 15 15 n#mXe
16 16 fmoS>e
17 17 gXe
18 18 A>mXe
19 19 ZdXe
20 20 qde{V

A`mg
I. CXmhaUmZwgma {bIV&
CXm Xe = 10 fmoS>e = ..............
n#mXe = .............. MVwXe = ..............
{de{V: = .............. EH$_ = ..............
mXe = .............. .............. = 19
.............. = 18 .............. = 17
.............. = 12
II. AmdaUWm gL>`m >dm [a$ WmZ nya`V&
1. .............. ~m (1)& 6. ............. dmgam (7)
2. .............. Zoo (2)& 7. ............. AdVmam (10)&
3. .............. dMZm{Z (3)& 8. ............. m (11)&
4. .............. nmS>dm (5)& 9. ............. _mgm (12)&
5. .............. F$Vd (6) 10. ........... gH$mam (16)&
109
 g_`

EH$dmXZ_ - 1.00 {dmXZ_ - 2.00

n#mdmXZ_ - 5.00 gnmXfS>dmXZ_ 6.15

gmYgdmXZ_ - 7.30 nmXmoZ A>dmXZ_ - 7.45

Xem{YH$ZddmXZ_ - 9.10 XemoZ mXedmXZ_ - 11.50

A`mg
H$ g_` ? CXm 3.30 gmY {dmXZ_
2.30 = .................... 1.30 = ....................
4.10 = .................... 3.50 = ....................
8.45 = .................... 5.30 = ....................
10.00 = .................... 12.30 = ....................
^mfm`mg 1) g_`` _hd OmZrV& 2) {XZM`m {bIV&
110
 EH$moZqde nmR>
_hmdramMm`
gd}fw {df`ofw J{UV _wI_& mVH$mbV am{n`V H$Xm B{V
g_`JUZm, {H$`V B{V _m`JUZm, H${V B{V g`mJUZm, gXm ^d{V
Ed & J{UV {dZm OrdZ ZmpV & OJ{V J{UVjoo ^maVr`J{UVkmZm
`moJXmZ _wI_ ApV & Vofw J{UVkofw H$UmQ>H$` _hmdramMm` A`V_&
_hmdramMm` Jw~JmmV` am>Hy$Q>de` A_moKdfZnVwJ`
AmWmZo Zd_eVmYm (815-878) AmgrV & OZ_VW Ef AmMm`
J{UVgmagJh B{V {g` JW` aM{`Vm ApV& JWo Zd A`m`ofw
1100 bmoH$m gpV & {d{dYm AmH$fH$m J{UVg_`m bmoH$$noU
gpV & J{UVk` _oYme{$, H$do H$nZme{$, H$bmH$ma`
gOZe{$ Ed `mUm gJ_ _hmdramMm` B{V npS>>Vm dXpV &
n$noU H$nZme{$mam J{UV{df`` ~moYZ V` {deofVm AmgrV
& amO_hopmV` nmdby[a _U B{V J{UVk J{UVgmagJh B{V
JW` AZwdmX VobwJw^mfm`m_ AH$amoV & AJo Mo mV` gH$V`
m`mnH$ amd ~ha E_. aJmMm` gH$Vm`mnH$ {H$.e. 1912 V_o
df} Amb^mfm`m_ AZwdmX_ AH$amoV & AYwZm H$S>o, {hXr ^mfm`m_{n
Ef JW AZy{XV ApV &
_mbm$nJ{UV_
139 X 109 = 15151

11011011 X 91 = 1002002001

152207 X 73 = 11111111

14287143 X 7 = 100010001

111
 142857143 X 7 = 1000000001
333333666667 X 33 = 11000011000011
12345671 X 9 = 111111111
27994681 X 441 = 12345654321

X{jUV dm_^mJ AWdm dm_V X{jU^mJ nR>m_ MoV

EH$$ng`m Ed ^d{V & gm g`m _mbm$ng`m & Ed ~h{Z CXmhaUm{Z
J{UVgmagL>Jho gpV &
g`mkmZXrnoZ OZooU _hpdfm &
H$m{eV OJgd `oZ V U_m`h_ &&
` OZ_w{Z _hmdramMm` J{UVkmZoZ OJV H$m{eVdmZ V_
Ah U_m{_ &
A`mg

I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&

1) gd}fw {df`ofw qH$ _wI_ ?
C. .............................................................
2) _hmdramMm` H$ ?
C. .............................................................
3) _hmdramMm` H$` AmWmZo AmgrV ?
C. .............................................................

112
 4) _hmdramMm`` {g` JW` Zm_ {H$_ ?
C. .............................................................
5) J{UVgmagJhJWo J{UVg_`m Ho$Z $noU gpV ?
C. .............................................................

6) J{UVgmagJh B{V JW VobwJw^mfm`m H$ AZwdmX_ AH$amoV ?

C. .............................................................

5) J{UVgmagJh B{V JW Amb^mfm`m H$ AZwdmX_ AH$amoV?

C. .............................................................

II. g_r{d^`VnX [a$WmZo nya`V&

1. JO ............. dg{V & (dZ_)
2. ee ............. dg{V & ({~b_)
3. N>m ............. nR>{V & (dJ)
4. _mVm ............. nM{V & (Jh_)
5. {nVm ............. H$m` H$amo{V & (H$m`mb`)
6. {ejH$ ............. nmR>`{V & ({dmb`)
7. ~mb ............. H$sS>{V & (H$sS>mJU_)
8. JrVm ............. ^mfU H$amo{V & (embm)
zzzzzz
113
 qde: nmR>

draJmonmb
nwam ^maVo AmbgdH$ma AmgrV
& AmbXm`d {d` ^maVr`m
dmV`` AmXmobZ_
AmaYdV & VXm AmbgoZm
^maVr`mZm_ Cn[a CJ$noU
qhgm H$amo{V & gXma^Jpgh`
Zm_ AmbmZm H$Vo qghdZ_
AmgrV & V JhrVw goZm gd
AQ>{V &
EH$Xm EH$p_Z Jm_o ^Jpgh
^mfU Jw$noU H$amo{V &
Jm__wI ^Jpgh a{jVw_ Ed
Kmof`{V - Jm_o nwamVZ, OrU
~hV {Z~dj ApV & V`
Cn[a H$mo@{n AmamohU H$amo{V &
VWm goZm Hw$V AmJN>{V B{V
dX{V& VXm ^Jpgh A`oZ
_mJ}U nbm{`Vw eZmo{V
B{V & naVw dj` Cn[a
AmamohU ~h H$>H$a_ &
H$mo@{n Y` Z Xe`{V &
VXm Jmonmb Zm_
mXedfu` dra ~mbH$
AJo AmJN>{V, dX{V M -
Ah ^maV_mVw nw Ap_ &
114
Ah_ dj` Cn[a AmamohU H$amo{_, VWm gyM`m{_ B{V & g ~mbH$
_wI` Amkm {dZm dj` Cn[a AmamohU H$amo{V & OZm, _w`W gd}
_mVw _mVw B{V dXpV & VWm{n g dj_ Amamoh{V & djo _Yw_{jH$mUm
ZrS>m{Z gpV& _Yw_{jH$m V XepV & VWm{n g Cn[a Amamoh{V &
AmbgoZm EV ~mbH$ XaV n`{V & EH$ g{ZH$ ^wfw{S>>. Mmb`{V&
EH$m Jmo{bH$m ~mbH$ VmS>`{V M & OZm AmJN>Vw B{V AmH$moe Hw$dpV&
BVmo@{n g dra Cn[a JN>{V & CmaV EH$m goZm, npM_V EH$m
goZm AmJN>{V & X{jUV H$m{n goZm ZmpV B{V Cdm AY nV{V &
dra_aU mZmo{V &
V` Ord J_{V & ^Jpgh X{jUV nbm`Z H$amo{V & AmbgoZmV
ajU mZmo{V & Jmonmb` ~{bXmZ qghge` ^Jpgh` ajUo lrajm
^d{V&

A`mg
I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&
1) Jmonmb H$m XepV ?
C. .............................................................
2) Jm_Wm H$ a{jVw_ AmbmoM`pV ?
C. .............................................................
3) {Z~dj H$W_ ApV ?
C. .............................................................
4) H$ dj` Cn[a AmamohU H$amo{V ?
C. .............................................................
115
 5) g{ZH$ qH$ Mmb`{V?
C. .............................................................
6) Hw$V H$m{n goZm ZmpV B{V JmonmbdX{V ?
C. .............................................................
7) Jmonmb` ~{bXmZ H$` ajUo lrajm ^d{V?
C. .............................................................
8) H$` Zm_ qghdZ_ AmgrV?
C. .............................................................

II. [a$ WmZ nya`V &

EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_

Yram
lo>
OrUm
goZm
_Yw_{jHo$

116
III. {dmWH$ nX {bIV&
Aqhgm X

~hV X

dra X

nwamVZ X

AmamohU_ X

IV. BVadMZ` {bIV&

JN>{V
AQ>W

{MV`m{_
dXmd
XeV
Mmb`{V
VmS>`pV

AmamohW
gyM`m{_
117
V. AYmo{b{IVm{Z dm`m{Z KQ>ZmH$_oU nwZ {bIV&
1) Jm_ {V AmH$_U H$amo{V &
2) Jmonmb dj` AmamohU H$amo{V &
3) V` Ord JN>{V &
4) AmbXm`d ^maVr`m Z BN>pV&
5) EH$p_Z Jm_o ^Jpgh ^mfU Jw$noU H$amo{V&
6) nwam ^maVo AmbgdH$ma AmgrV &
7) ^Jpgh` ajU ^d{V&
8) goZm Hw$V AmJN>{V B{V dX{V&
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................
C. .............................................................

118
VI. bQ> bH$ma$nm{U {bIV &
nwf EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_
W_
_`_
Cm_ VmS>`m{_

nwf EH$dMZ_ {dMZ_ ~hdMZ_

W_
_`_ gyM`W
Cm_
^mfm`mg -
* ^mJVqgh - MeoIa AmOmX B`m{X draZm`H$mZm
H$Wm OmZrV&
{deofmem
gw^m{fVJWm
* gw^m{fVaZ^mS>mJma
* gw^m{fV{eVr
* gX{$H$Um_V_
* gy{$_w$md{b

119
 EH$qde: nmR>

am_^$ _m{V
_mqV H$ Z OmZm{V ? V`
H$Wm am_m`Uo _hm^maVo M
ApV & AmOZo`, hZy_mZ,
dm`wnw, Ho$garZXZ B{V V`
Zm_mVam{U gpV & AOZmXodr
V` _mVm, {nVm M Ho$gar &
AOZm{Jam V` O_ A^dV
& ~m`mV Ed _m{V EH$
Yra ~mbH$ AmgrV & EH$Xm
g gy`Xod Am_\$b_ B{V _dm
V Im{XVw `Z_ AH$amoV &
g {H$pH$Ym`m _hmamO`
gwJrd` A_m` AmgrV & g
H$Umbw _hmZ dm{_^$ M&
nwam A`mo`m`m XeaW Zm_
amOm AmgrV& V` nw
lram_& EH$Xm amKd dZdmg H$Vw grVmb_Um`m gh XS>>H$ma`
{V JN>{V & V b>m{Yn{V amdU Zm_ amjg V` nZt OmZH$s_
Anha{V & X{IV am_ gd dXohr_ Apdf{V & AVo g {H$pH$Ym
{V AmJN>{V & dm`wnw lram_ b_U M gwJrd` g_rn_ AmZ`{V
& V gwJrd lram_` gddmmV lwUmo{V & gd} grVm`m AdofU H$Vw
JN>pV & gd grVm_ ApdfpV, VWm M gd} g_wVra mZwdpV &

120
gmJamoZ H$dm grVmdofU
H$Vw dm`wnw Ed g_W ApV
& AV hZy_mZ g_w b`{V &
amdU` bm mZmo{V & bm`m
ajUmW b{Ur Zm_ EH$m amjgr
ApV & gm AmOZo` n`{V
VWm nrS>`{V, V Im{XVw_ A{n
AmJN>{V & VXm hZy_mZ `wo Vm
O`{V, bm {de{V &
AemoH$dZo ^`>aamjgr{^
n[adVm grVmXodt n`{V & am_`
Awbr`H$ `N>{V Ah am_XV
_m{V grVmdofUm` AmJV Ap_ B{V dn[aM` H$amo{V & erK_od
lram_ amdU _ma`{V & dm_ A`mo`m Z`{V B{V Vm gmd`{V &
VXZVa XemZZ` _Z{g ^rqV OZq`Vw b>mXhZ H$amo{V & VV
{H$pH$Ym {V AmJN>{V grVm`m gXoe H$W`{V M &
lram_ H${ngoZmg{hV
b>m_ AmJ` XeH$R>`
hZZ H$amo{V & grVmg_oV g
A`mo`m {V AmJN>{V & Ed
H${nda _m{V grVmam_`mo
nwZ _obZo gmhm` H$amo{V
ddm{_^q$ H$Q>`{V M
& AV g am_^$ _m{V
B{V {g &

121
 A`mg
I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&
1) _m{V {H${_{V {g ?
C. .............................................................
2) grVmdofU H$Vw H$ g_W ?
C. .............................................................
3) {H$pH$Ym`m _hmamO H$ ?
C. .............................................................
4) dXoht H$ Anha{V ?
C. .............................................................
5) _m{V {H$_W gmJamoZ H$amo{V?
C. .............................................................

II. [a$ WmZ nya`V &

1) ~m`mV Ed _m{V EH$ .................... AmgrV &
2) AmOZo`` {nVm .................... &
3) nwam A`mo`m`m .................... Zm_ amOm AmgrV &
4) amdU .................... Anha{V &
5) X{IV lram_ gd dXohr_ .................... &

122
III. g`mo` {bIV&
A Am Cmam{U
1) _mVo _mVm bL>{H$Ut O`{V &
2) amKd AOZmXodr &
3) hZy_mZ XeaW
4) grVmXodr b>m{Yn{V
5) amdU AemoH$dZ_
IV. n`m`nX {bIV&
AmOZo` = Aa`_ =

g_rn_ = OmZH$s =

am_ = gmJa =
V. {dmWH$ nX {bIV&
ApV X Am{X: X

g_rn_ X Yra X

gwI_ X

VI. A`{bnX {bIV &

~mbH$ - {nVm -

EH$ - Xod -
gm - AJOm -

123
VII. BVadMZ` {bIV&
JN>{V
AmZ`W
Anha{V
n`m_

Hw$dpV

H$W`V
^mfm`mg -
* am_m`U` H$Wm lwUwV &
* lram_` AmXeJwUmZ AdJN>V &

AdJN>V &
EH$bmoH$sam_m`U_
nyd am_ VnmodZm{^J_Z hdm _J H$m#mZ_ &
dXohrhaU OQ>m`w_aU gwJrdg^mfU_ &&
dmbr{ZJhU g_wVaU bmnwarXmhZ_ &
nMmmdUHw$^H$UhZZ EV{ am_m`U_ &&
zzzzzz
124
 mqde: nmR>
CmZ_

EVV CmZ_ & BX gwXa {demb M ApV & CmZo ZmZm{dYm

djm:, bVm, g`m{Z M gpV & djofw \$bm{Z, bVmgw g`ofw M
Hw$gw_m{Z {dbgpV & CmZo ew dm`w dh{V &
A`_ CmZ` nyd^mJ & A {d{dYm{Z g`m{Z gpV &
g`ofw nmQ>b, OnmHw$gw_, MnH$, godpVH$mXr{Z nwnm{U {dbgpV &
dooVZrba$h[aVnrVdU Hw$gw_m{Z {Mm_mH$fpV & Hw$gw_ofw ^_am _
H$aX MyfpV &
Ef CndZ` X{jU^mJ & A {d{dYm djm h[aVdU}Z
gwemo^Vo & Vofw Am_Zm{aHo$bnyJnZgH$XbrdQ>mX` nmXnm OZo` N>m`m
`N>pV & OZm nmXnmZm N>m`mgw {dlmpV_ AZw^dpV & djofw H$mH$m,
H$nmoVm, ewH$m, H$mo{H$bm, MQ>H$m M H$bad Hw$dpV &
BXmZt dm{Q>H$m`m npM_^mJ n`m_ & A Obme` ApV&
ObMam: Obme`o dgpV & _Sy>H$m, _rZm, ~H$m, hgm, Hy$_m M
125
g{bbo BVVZ g#mapV & H$mgmao H$_bm{Z {dH$gpV & Vofw ^_am
JwOpV &
A` dm{Q>H$m`m Cma^mJ A` H$sS>mdb` A {eed, ~mbH$m,
~m{bH$m M AmZXoZ H$sS>pV & dm, VUm M A `m`m_ Hw$dpV,
Xohmamo` mZwdpV M &
Ho$fw{MV CmZofw d`mZ _JmZ nOaofw nmb`pV & _H$Q>mZ, gnmZ,
^zH$mZ, AdmZ, h[aUmZ A{n Xe`pV & CmZo AQ>ZoZ gd}fm Om{_
Vm Z`{V, {Mm M g ^d{V &
A`mg
I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&
1) CmZ H$W_ ApV ?
C. ..............................................................
2) CmZ` `mUm nwnmUm Zm_m{Z {bIV ?
C. ..............................................................
3) `m`m_` `moOZ {H$_ ?
C. ..............................................................
4) CmZo AQ>ZoZ qH$ ^d{V ?
C. ..............................................................
5) djofw Ho$ H$bad Hw$dpV?
C. ..............................................................
126
II. [a$ WmZ nya`V&
1) H$_bofw..................JwO[V&
2) djm: .............. `N>pV&
3) g`ofw ............ {dbgpV&
4) ^_am ................. MyfpV&
5) gamodao ............... {dH$gpV&
III. Am_ / Z {bIV &
1) CmZo ew: dm`w: dh{V&
2) Zm{aHo$b: EH$ nwn_ &
3) OZm: bVmZm N>m`mgw {dlmpV drHw$dpV&
4) CmZ gd}fm H$Vo gVmof XXm{V&
5) d`mZ _JmZ nOaofw Xe`pV&
IV. ObMa- dj-IJ-nwn$noU {d^mJ Hw$V&

H$mH$: , nmQ>b, ~H$:, hg:, H$mo{H$b:, dQ>:, Hy$_:, ewH$:,

^_a:, MnH$, _{bH$m, Am_:
ObMa: =
dj: =
IJ: =
nwn_ =

127
V. n`mnXm{Z {Mdm {bIV&
nwn_, dj:, Obme`:, n_, dm[Q>H$m, Hw$gw__
CmZ_, Ob_, H$_b_ H$mgma:, CndZ_, g{bb_
nmXn:
VI . dU` AZwgma {d^mJ Hw$V&
AmH$me:, ewH$:, H$mo{H$b: _[bH$m, nU_,
H$mH$:, jra_, g_w:, M:,
doV: Zrb: h[aV: H$U;

VII. CXmhaUmZwgma_ Cma {bIV&

CXm f>r{d^[$:, EH$dMZ_ = am_` (am_)
1) VVr`m{d^[$:, EH$dMZ_ = .......... (dm{Q>H$m)
2) g_r{d^{$:, EH$dMZ_ = .......... (^_a:)
3) {Vr`m{d^{$:, ~hdMZ_ = .............. (ewH$:)
4) MVwWu{d^[$:, ~hdMZ_ = .............. (CmZ_)
5) nM_r{d^{$:, EH$dMZ_ = .......... (dj:)

128
VIII. H$m`
Ho$ Hw$dpV?
CXm - H$bad Hw$dpV n[jU:
N>m`m `N>pV
CmZo AQ>pV
_H$aX MyfpV
Obo dgpV
IX. dm` aM`V&
1) gwXa_ : ...........................................
2) ew_ : ...........................................
3) Amamo`_ : .........................................
4) H$sS>m : .............................................
X. MVwWnX {bIV&
1) CmZ_ - ZnwgH${b: :: dm{Q>H$m - ............ &
2) {dbgpV - W_nwf: :: n`m_: - ............ &
3) ^_am: - JwOpV :: H$_bm{Z - ............ &
4) dj` - f>r {d^{$: :: N>m`m_ - ............ &
^mfm`mg: - * {d{dYdjmUm - nwnmUm Zm_m{Z OmZrV&
*****
129
 V`moqde: nmR>

{ddm{_:

Hw${eH$deo Jm{YamO: B{V gw{g: _hmamO: AmgrV& V` nw:

H$m{eH$: & g: EH$Xm g`oZ gh ^yX[jU H$amo{V& `mmg_`o g: ~fo:
d{g>>` Aml_ JN>{V& H$m{eH$: d{g> U_{V& d{g>: H$m{eH$`
g_Jn[adma` Am{V` H$amo{V& VXW e~bm Zm_ YoZw: dmX ^moOZ {g
H$amo{V& gd} ^moOZ ImXpV, gVw>m: ^dpV M&
H$m{eH$: Aml_` YoZw XXmVw B{V d{g> mW`{V& d{g>: {Zam-
H$amo{V& H$m{eH$: ~bmV YoZw drH$Vw ~h `Z H$amo{V& naVw V` `Z:
`W: ^d{V& g: am` `O{V& {h_mb` JN>{V& Vngm {d{dYm{Z
Am{U mZmo{V&
g: Xn}U nwZ: d{g>` Aml__ AmJN>{V& Aml_` Cn[a AmH$_U
130
H$amo{V& Aml_dm{gZ: ^rVm: ^dpV& naVw d{g>: emV: ^d{V& g:
~XS> Jhrdm Aml_` _`^mJoo {V>{V& H$m{eH$` `Z: {d\$b:
^d{V&
AVo g: ~m` `moJ_ A{n H$amo{V& naVw ~XS>` AJo
VV A_ A{n emV ^d{V&

131
 VXm H$m{eH$` {ddoH$: OmJV: ^d{V& V` AhL>H$ma: Z>:
^d{V& VXm g: {MV`{V - ""d{g>>` g_rno ~~b_ ApV& V`
AJo e~b `W_'' B{V&
AV: g: nwZ: CJ Vn: AmMa{V ~{f: ^d{V M& VXma`
H$m{eH$: {ddm{_: B{V {g: &
A`mg
I. EH$dm`oZ Cma {bIV&
1) Jm{YamO: H$p_Z deo AmgrV ?
C.................................................................
2) Jm{YamO` nw: H$: ?
C.................................................................
3) H$m{eH$: H$` Aml__ JN>{V?
C.................................................................
4) Aml_` YoZmo: Zm_ {H$_ ?
C.................................................................
5) H$m{eH$: Hw$ Vn: H$amo{V?
C.................................................................
6) d{g>>` g_rno {H$_ AmgrV?
C.................................................................
132
II. [a$ WmZ nya`V&

1) H$m{eH$: g`oZ gh ............... H$amo{V&

2) d{g>>:...................... Jhrdm {V>>{V&
3) H$m{eH$` .........................Z>:&
4) H$m{eH$:..........................B{V {g: &
5) ~~b` AJo........................`W_&
III. Am_ / Z B{V {bIV&

1) H$m{eH$: ^yX[jU H$amo{V&

C. ...............................................................
2) d{g>>: H$m{eH$` Am{V` Z H$amo{V&
C. ...............................................................
3) H$m{eH$` `Z: `W: Z ^d{V$&
C. ...............................................................
4) g: {dZ`oZ nwZ: d{g>>` Aml_ JN>{V&
C. .........................................................

133
IV. n`m`nX {bH$V&

nw: = Ahma: =

YoZw: = g_rn_ =
V. {dmWH$nX {bIV&
{g: X

Cn[a X

{ddoH$: X

ApV X

AdJN>V &
EH$bmoH$s^mJdV_
AmXm Xod{H$Xo{dJ^OZZ JmonrJho dYZ_
_m`mnyV{ZOr{dVmnhaU JmodYZmomaU_
H$gN>oXZH$madm{XhZZ Hw$VrgwVm: nmbZ_
EVX^mJdV nwamUnw`H$WZ lrH$Ubrbm_V_ &&

134
 MVwa{de: nmR>:
{H$_ gH$H$mam:

?
Hw$V:
H${V {H$_W_
Hw$ H$W_
H$Xm
* Vd Zm_ {H$_?
__ Zm_ ............... &
* Xodmb`o H${V AMH$m: gpV ?
Xodmb`o nM AMH$m: gpV&
* M: Hw$ amOVo?
M: AmH$meo amOVo&
* N>m: H$Xm embm JN>{V?
N>m: gmYZddmXZo embm JN>{V&
* ~m{bH$m H$W_ Jm`{V?
~m{bH$m _Ywa Jm`{V&
* N>mm {H$_W embm JN>m{V?
N>mm nR>ZmW embm JN>m{V&
* nU Hw$V: nV{V?
nU djmV nV{V&
135
 A`mg:
Zdm`m{Z {bIV&
CXm - ~mbH$: jra {n~{V& C. ~mbH$: qH$ {n~{V?
1) g: nwVH$ nR>{V& C. ....................?
2) `yVo fQ> nwnm{U gpV& C. ....................?
3) N>mm: H$sS>mUo H$sS>pV& C. ....................?
4) H$fH$: Jm_o dg{V& C. ....................?
5) ~m{bH$m fS>dmXZo C{m>{V& C. ....................?
6) {eemoo: Zm_ H$mo_bm& C. ....................?
7) \$b djo ApV& C. ....................?
8) Zjm{U AmH$meo gpV& C. ....................?
9) g: JWmb`mV nwVH$ Z`{V& C. ....................?
10) _rZ: Obo dg{V& C. ....................?
11) ^moOZ {MH$a ApV& C. ....................?
12) N>m: nR>ZmW embm JN>{V& C. ....................?
13) Jho g OZm: gpV& C. ....................?
14) {nVm A>dmXZo H$m`mb` JN>{V& C. ....................?
15) am_: {MHy$Q>o dg{V& C. ....................?

136
 n#mqde: nmR>:

Xoe^{$JrV_

Ad{gYwam>Hy$Q>H$mo{Q>g`wVm
Xod{gYwZ_Xm{X{gYwgemo{^Vm_&
ebamO{d`gebnL>{$a{jVm
nw`^y{__mXam_m{_ ^maVmp~H$m_ &&1&&

am_Xmgam_H$U~wXod_mVa
{dH$_mH$^moOamOamOamOnm{bVm_&
^mgH$m{bXmg^[>~mU^ma{dgy
nw`^y{__mXam_m{_ ^maVmp~H$m_ &&2&&
137
`mo{Jd`eam`Y__mJX{eZt
nyOZr`_mbdr`JmpYZohgo{dVm_&&
lradr{X`H$m`bYH$s{VgVqV
nw`^y{__mXam_m{_ ^maVmp~H$m_ &&3&&

g`gdem{bZt gwY__mJX{eZt
^w{$_w{$Xm{`Zt {da{$~w{d{YZt&
nmngZm{eZt namnam nwamVZt
nw`^y{__mXam_m{_ ^maVmp~H$m_ &&4&&

- S>m. Ho$. `g. ZmJamOZ ({X)

AdJN>V &
A{n dU_`r bL>H$m Z _o b_U amoMVo&
OZZr O_^y{_M dJmX{n Jar`gr&&

138
 eXH$mof:
AO: - Dq - Goat D$U_ - Gu - Lenin / Wool
A{d: - P - Sheep D$fa: - gs - Desert

AH$: - Ai- Sun F$j: - Pgr - Bear

A^H$: - - Child EU: - P U- Black antelope

Axbr - g - Finger ES>H$: - Pj - Sheep

Axbr`H$_ - GAUg - Fingerring Ebm - KQ - Cardamom

AdofU_ - qP - Search EoJm[aH$: - P Thief

A`ZmZ_ - Ju - Oilbath AmoH$: - - House

AmIw: - E - Rat AmoV:w - P - Cat

Amn: - g - Water AmXm[aH$:- m

P - Glutter

AmnU:- CAUr - Shop Ag:- s d, U

- Shoulder

Bfw: - t - Arrow Hw$pMH$m- Q - Key

BZ:- Ai - Sun Hy$_: - D - Tortoise

B^:- D - Elephant H$nmob: - P - Cheek

Bjw: - P - Sugarcane Hy$na:- tP - Elbow

Bhm_J:- v - Wolf JwS>:- - Jaggery

CaJ: - - Snake Jmo{bH$m- UAq - Bullet

CnXe: -GP - Pickle Kmg:- - Grass
CIZZ_ - CUv - Digging KyH$:- U - Owl
139
C>`Z_ - gz - MoV: - - Intelect

Take off (fly) MQ>H$:- Ua - Sparrow

Cnm`Z_- GqUg - Gift N>mJ: - Dq - Goat

D$: - vq - Thai OmZw- Ar - Knee

D${_: - C - Wave Obme`: - P - Pond

OnmHw$gw__- z - Hibiscus _{mH$m - t - Clay

PnmH$: - g - Ape _mOZ_ - Z Uz -
PPmdmV: - gU- Storm Cleaning

Q>[L>H $H$m - g Z A iAv - _Yw_[jH$m - et -

Typewriter Honeybee

- Idol
R>$w a: - U _Sy>H$: - P- Frog
{S>^: - s t
- Embryo _{U~Y: - tPl - Wrist

Sw>{b: - D - Tortoise agZm - U - Tongue

Vm- vPrP - Drowsiness bewZ_ - Garlic

{ZPa: - dv - Waterfall bmo{hV: - PA - Red

{Z~dj - g - Neemtree bbmQ>_ - u - Forehead

ZrS>_- Uq - Nest db^: - w - Husband

nrbwH$: - Eg - Ant dj:Wb_- Jz - chest

jmbZ_- vAiz e\$a: - - Fish

140
(Pj) - Washing ewZH$: - - Dog

nmfmUIS>:- P Zg - g- - Home

Stonepiece H$Y:- U - Shoulder

nmQ>b_ - U - Rose hm{bH$:-gv - Agriculturist

{nH$: - PV - Cuckoo dr{h: -sv - Paddy

\o$: - j - Fox _mf: -GP - Black gram

~{Ya: -Qq - Deaf JmY_y : -U - Wheet

{~S>mb: - P - Cat {Vb_ -J - Sesame

^wfpw S>: - AzP - Gun MUH$_ -Pq - Chickpea
^byH$: - Pgr - Bear _w: -g P- Green gram
AmT>H$_ -u - Navane
{Znmd: - e - Bajra
Hw${iW:-gP- Horse gram
AmT>H$ vUj - Toordall

{Znmd Cg - Belardall

141
 fm_m{gH$snmR>`moOZm
_mgm: nmR>m:
W_fm_m{gH$_
OyZ g^mfU{e{~a_ (nMXe{XZm{Z) mWZm, dU_mbm,
Jw{UVmja_ g`wVmja_
Owb MVwW:, nmR>:, nM_: nmR>:, f>>: nmR>: , g_: nmR>:,
A>_: nmR>:, {H$`mnX_
AJQ> Zd_: nmR>:, Xe_:nmR>:, EH$mXe: nmR>:,mXe: nmR>:,
gQ>~a {eewJrV_, `moXe: nmR>: narjm
{Vr`fm_m{gH$_
AQ>mo~a Mmogd:, mXe_mgm:, fS>F Vd:, Ahmo H$mH$` _yIVm
Zd~a `mJ_y{V: apVXod:, gw^m{fVm{Z, gL`m:, g_`:
{S>g~a _hmdramMm`:, draJmonmb:
OZd[a am_^V: _m{V:, CmZ_,
\o$~d[a [ddm{_:, gH$H$mam:,
_mM Xoe^{$JrV_, nwZamdVZ_, narjm

142