1.

0 Introduction

Humans experienced growth and development in many aspect and level starting from
prenatal until they were old. Growth and development involve in the aspect of physical, mental,
social and emotion. Humans development was influenced by two factors which is genetic and
environment. This paper will discuss in detail about the environment influence in humans growth

2.0 Introduction in Child development Based on Environment

Munn (1969) said that environment is an outside factor that could influence the behavior
of an individual. Environment refers to the development of the child when doing interaction with
any individual does not matter if it is at home, in a school or in a society.(Perkembangan Kanak-
kanak, 2013, m/s 35). Environment could influence an individual development in several aspects
which is socioemotional, moral, language, cognitive and physical. For example, Amri and Amir
who are both 16 years old were an identical twin but were separated where Amri was taken care
by their original parents in a remote area while Amir was adopted by a well to do, loving family
and lived in a big city. These two different environment could give a huge impact in their
development.

2.1 Physical Development Theory

Haliza Hamzah and Joy N. Samuel in their book Perkembangan Kanak-kanak second
edition 2009 stated that physical development is a process of developing phychomotor skill in
each individual.This skill usually require usage of body parts, for example a child start with
recognizing words, then learn to read and then write. Pyhsical development of a child emphasizes
on tge basic of growth for a child. According to National Preschool Curriculum (Malaysia Ministry
of Education, 2003), physical development of a child can be separated into 4 parts that consist of
cleanliness of surrounding, safety, health and psychomotor. This process is frequently linked to
the ability of a child to use his body parts, muscles and coordination to do his daily activities. Base
on the book Child Development physical development refers to the change in physical size,
function of the body parts and their stature. (Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007).

For Amri, the hard life situation at the remote area made his physical development stunted
due to his daily nutrition needs is pretty difficult to be fulfilled by his parents are having financial
problem. For example, his unbalance diet affected his body as he did not consume enough
nutrition for his body to grow and his will become weak. Amris unfit body is exposed to many
dangerous diseases as his body is unable to create enough antibody so that he is immune to
these diseases such as bone marrow and lymph nodes. Furthermore, Amri also might be shorter
and thinner compared to Amir due to his lack of nutrition that made his body growth stunted. On
the other hand, the situation is very different for Amir who lives in the city, his daily nutrition needs
could be fulfilled easily by his adopted parents as they are not facing financial problem and it can
be found scattered around the city. This could prevent Amir from getting the diseases that was
mentioned before because he consumed enough nutrient through the food that he eats. If we are
to compare Amir and Amri by size, Amir would weight more and might be slightly taller compared
to Amri.

2.2 Cognitive Development Theory

Cognitive development is the ability to read, write, count and have a creative and critique
thinking. This development could be said as the development of thought and intellect of an
individual. According to Jean Piaget, our thought process change comprehensively starting from
prenatal until we reached maturity. Every individual will try to understand and adapt to the
changes that happened to their surrounding. (Haliza Hamzah and Joy N. Samuel, 2009, m/s 43).
He also stated how humans make a perception of knowledge and create a hyphothesis where
humans mind are able to create a scheme, asimilate and acomodate in gaining knowledge. There
are four stages of development that was introduced by Piaget which is sensorymotor stage for
baby that age from 0-2 years old, preoperation stage for a child that age from 2-7 years old,
concrete operation stage for a child that age from 7-11 years old and formal operation for a child
that age 11 onwards. Cognitive development usually included the surrounding of an individual
such as pempered by his parents, his diet was taken care of, and he gets enough attention.
Cognitive development required attention from the people that surrounds the child because
starting from prenatal to adolescene, the child is in the process of finding knowledge and learning
something that is new to them.

Amri will have high cognitive value because his parents give enough attention to
himmaking him ask more question. In addition, the attention that was given to Amri also could
help him learn and understand things through auditory, visual and khinestetic. Amri will be able
to make a good conclusion if he made any mistake through his speech or action. This could help
his family to teach and fix his behavior. This make Amri an open minded person and able to make
his own hyphothesis plus learn efficiently. Furthermore, Amri would be able to recognize his
surrounding of the place that he live in better. For Amir, the live in the city make it quite hard tio
develop cognitive value in himself because his parents might rarely spent their time and give him
enough attention due to work. This will force Amir to learn from individuals that is not close to
them such as friends or through social web. As a result, Amir poorly develop his knowledge and
his learning skill because he did not get encouragement from his parents and fail to make his
parents as his role model for him. Amir will think that he is not appreciated by the people that
surrounds him for this case it is the parents because they are busy with their work and did not
have the time to help him when he wanted to learn something. In the end, Amir will lost his
curiousity and this will affect his knowledge development.

2.3 Language Development Theory

Language could be separated into to which is verbal and non-verbal. Chomsky suggested
that individual language development is an inner process and was influenced by the individual
himself (Child Development, 2009, m/s 66. Each individual should pay attention to the language
that they use in their speech because what we say reflects our personality. Language is also a
tool of interacting and communicating that we use daily. Since birth, we started to use language
like cries, characters, phrases and actions. Language development of a child should be observed
to ensure that they develop a good language.

We often saw and heard kids nowadays speaking harsh words, rude
and even curse using inappropriate words that ache our ears. These
kids acquired those language from their surrounding such as family or
peers. When the kids are in the process of learning, whatever
language that was heard by them will be accepted by them and then
they will use it when they could speak
(Mohammed Haron, Sinar Online, 2 March 2017)

For Amri, the language that was used in remote area are mostly dialects and rarely using
formal language. Amri will pay attention to the words that he use as his speech was often
observerd by his parents. In the city, the language that was used by Amir might be influenced by
formal language and mixed with some English words. For them, cursing is considered normal.
The language that was used by Amri that live in the remote area would be more polite compared
to Amri.
2.4 Socioemotional Development Theory

According to Erik Erikson, Socioemotional have different stages and each stage is a
psychosocial crisis that need to be overcome before moving to the next stage (Wong Kiet Wah.
et al, 2013). Erikson divided the socioemotional development into 8 different stages according to
an individual age. For Amri and Amir that already reached 16 years old, they should experienced
5 stages of socioemotional development which is trust vs mistrust (0-2 years old), autonomy vs
shame and doubt (2-4 years old), initiative vs guilt (4-5 years old), industry vs inferiority (5-12
years old) and identity vs role confusion (13-19 years old)

Amir have a high chance to have a good socioemotional because his parents will take a
good care of him. On the other hand, Amri might develop a bad socioemotional because he faced
problems such as financial problem that befall to their family but he still loved by his family. As a
result, Amir gets what he want such as milk, diapers, toys and etc. making his trust to his parents
is high. The thing is different for Amri as his parents are having difficulty to provide him with milk
and diapers making him able to accept shortage. His trust to his parents might be low but this
could be covered by love that was given by his parents. Amri that grow in the remote area will
become more independent compared to Amir because he was taught to live in hardship since he
was small. Amir who lived a prosperous live in the city will be dependent and arrogant with the
things that he have. For Amri, the hardship that he faced in the remote area will make him a
humble person and he will not socialize with the people that surround him very much.

3.0 Closing

In conclusion, the development of physical, socioemosional, cognitive and language is

very significant to every children since because it will shape the attitude of the children when they
reached adolescent. The surrounding factors are very important to the development of the
children because everything that they faced will affect them. Parents should pay attention to these
factors so that the children could adapt and face the process of developing at its best.
Reffereces

Tajudin, H. A. (2008). Kamus Pelajar Bahasa Malaysia Edisi Kedua. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2003). Huraian Kurikulum Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Dewan

Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Haliza Hamzah dan Joy N. Samuel. (2009). Perkembangan Kanak-kanak Edisi Kedua. Kuala
Lumpur: Kumpulan Budiman Sdn. Bhd.

Wong Kiet Wah. et al. (2013). Siri Pendidikan Guru Perkembangan Kanak-kanak. Shah Alam:
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.

Sinar Online, (2017). Asuhan berbahasa santun di rumah, 2 March 2017.

Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Moral. Laman Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Diperolehi pada
5 August 2017 from http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=moral
SENARAI KANDUNGAN

PERKARA MUKA SURAT

Isi kandungan i

1.0 Pengenalan

2.0 Pengenalan perkembangan berdasarkan faktor persekitaran :

2.1 Teori perkembangan fizikal

2.2 Teori perkembangan kognitif

2.3 Teori perkembangan bahasa

2.4 Teori perkembangan sosioemosi

3.0 Penutup

Lampiran
LAMPIRAN