- :

&

: - () :
. :

1

-
1950 .

. ,
.

. ,

.
,
( ),
, Bandura, Meichenbaum,
Mahoney, Kanfer.
, ,
,
(, 1992).
,
- .
,
: ,
, ,
(Beck, 1967).

-
,
, ,
. -
(Dobson & Dozois,
1988). , -
: , ,
, , ,
, ..

2



.
H ,

.
, ,
, , .
,
,
(, 1995, . 113-114).
- ,
, o
()
.

, ,
. - ,
Beck (1963)
Ellis (1962) .
, , ,

(Kanfer, 1989) (Maichenbaum, & Goodman
1971), (D Zurilla & Goldfried, 1971),
(Suin & Richardson, 1971),
(Bakker-de Pree, 1987).

, ,

- , .
, ,
.
-

3
 - , -
, -
.

A.1
(Ellis, 1962) 1950

, .
(, ,
) .
,
. Ellis (1986), o
, . ,
. ,

, , , , . , ,


.

(Dryden & Ellis, 1988):
1.
.
,
.
2. , ,
.
.
3.
.

4

.
4.
.
.
5.
.

.

.
6. ,
.
.
, ,
.
7.
, .
.
8.
. ,
.
9.
.

.

.
10.
.

.
11.
.

5
 . ,

.

H Ellis CDE
:1
1. , (Activity- )
2.
1 (Irrational Beliefs - 1)
2 (Rational Beliefs - 2)
3.
(Consequent Affective
Emotion-C).
4. ,
:
(DisputeD).
5.
,
(Effect-).

Ellis :
1. ()
()
(C)
:

2. ()
()
(C)
:

3. ()
()
1
. (1997).

6
 (C)
:

4. ()
()
(C)
:

2.
,
.

.
(Kanfer & Gaelick-Buys, 1991). -
(Rehm & Rokke, 1988):
1.
.
,
2. -
,
3.
.

-.
.
.


.

.

.

7
Kanfer Meichanbaum
.

3. Mo
anfer (1970,)2

.
,
(Rehm & Rokke, 1988).
: ,
.
.
.

,
.

, ,

.

. ,
.

, .
.
,
,
, .

4. -
Meichenbaum & Goodman (1971),

2
. - (1995), - . (2002).

8
. .

.
. E


, , .

,
,
.
:
1. , ,
,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. .

5.
DZurilla & Goldfried (1971)
,
. H

)

)
(DZurilla & Goldfried, 1971, .108).

,
. :
1.
.

9
2.
.
3. ,

.

,
, ,
, ,
..

6.
(Suinn & Richardson, 1971)

.
.
,
. ,

.

: N

. ,
. , .
,
.

7. K
.

:

10
1. .
. ,

2. ,
.
. ,
,
3. ,
, . ,

.

, ,
,
, ,
, . ,
:
.
(Prins, 1999).

K ,
(Bakker-de Pree, 1993, -
, 2004).
,
. ,
(van Delten-van
Wolf, 1999).

H ,
,
, (Vlamings, 1999).

- .

11

(-, 2004).

9. -
, -
Beck (1963)

. O

.

. ,
.
(information-
processing model). ,

. , , ,

.

(Weishaar, 1993).

, Beck
,
(Beck ., 1979).
,
.

.
.
, , , ,
, .
.

12
 , (Stein, 1992):
, Kant

.
, .
, Piaget (
,
).
,
. ,
, , ,
, .

,
,

.

,
,
(, 1997, 1999).

,

,
. ,
,
.
(Stein, 1992):

, ,
.

13
 .

Beck ,
, :
,
.

,
,
(Stein, 1992).
Beck,

.
.

,
(, 1997).

10 Young

14
 , , Young (1990,
1999)
,
,
DSM.
, Young
.
:

, ,




-


,
, () ' .
:

'

, ,

. ,

15
 , ,

Young (1990, 1999) ,

:

I -

III -

IV -

16
 -
V -

, Young (1990, 1999) (

) ,
(modes) . ,
:

-


O
O
O

,

()

17
 . ,
, ,
,
.

. -

1. -
-
. -

3 ,
.
(Kuyken, 2006):

1:





. ; ;
.




DSM
I DSM

2:
(, )

3
.

18
 (, )
(, , )



(, )

3:
;
;
;

4:
(, , , )
(, , )


, )
(), ,

5:
,
;
:
o
o

19
 o
()
o
o
o

6:
(, ,
)
.
()


;
,

7: .
;


(
)
; ; ; ;

2.
-

.

20
 .
.
(Persons, 2005). / ,
,

. .


(Bieling & Kuyken. 2003).
,
(Tompkins, 1997).

H : ,
,
, ( -
) (Bruch &
Bond, 1998).

-
,
- (),
, .
,
.

(Kanfer, 1989)
, ,
( 1, . 32).

1,
, , .
, ,
,
. ,

21
 ,
. ,
. -
( ),
( ) (
). ,
. ,
.
, , -
- .
,

, .

, , ( ).

.

.

Buttler (1998)
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ,
;
4. (. , ) ;
5. (
, , );
6. (
, , .);
7. ;

22
8.
;
9.
;
10. ;

3.
,
,
- . 1960, Bandura
(1961) -
.
,
. Bandura
(modeling), .
,
, , , . ,
, ,
(Schaap, Bennum,
Schindler & Hoogduin, 1993).

.

,
,
, ,
.

,
, ,
,

(Wright & Davies, 1994). ,

23
 -
,
.
,


. ,
- ,
Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery (1979)
,
(Beck, 1976).
,
,
.
.

, ,
/
, .

Raue & Goldfried (1994)

- :
1.

,

2.
,

3.

24
4. 0
-

.

, -
(Case
formulation approach,
. ,
, , ,
. ,

.

,
,
,
.
() , ()
()
(Persons, 1989).
, ,
,
.

4.
-
,
,
,
(, 1999).
4 (Wells 1997):
1.
4
, . (1999).

25
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. (, )
8.
9. ()
10.

(, )
.


. ,
.
()
.
,
. ,
,
5:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. -
6. -
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
5
, . (1999).

26
, -
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
.
,

.

Bakker-de Pree, B.J. (1993). Fuctieanalyse: Back to the Basics. Gedragstherapie,

26(3), 205-210.

Bandura, A. (1971). Psychological Modeling. Chicago: Adline

Beck, A. T. (1963). Thinking and Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9, 324-

333.

Beck, A.. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New
York: Hoeber (Rebublished as Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972).

Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York:
International University Press.

Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of
Depression: A treatment manual. New York: Guilford Press.

27
Bieling P. J. & Kuyken W. (2003). Is cognitive case formulation science or science
fiction? Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice 10, 52-69. (Available from
http://www.centres.ex.ac.uk/mood/willem-kuyken.php)

Bruch, M. & Bond, F.W. (Eds) (1998). Beyond Diagnosis: Case Formulation
Approaches in CBT. New York: Wiley

Buttler, G. (1998). Clinical formulation. In A. S. Bellack & M. Hersen (Eds.)

Comprehensive clinical psychology (pp. 1-24). New York: Pergammon Press.

Dobson, K.S. & Dozois, D.J.A ( 1988). Historical and Philosophical Bases of the C.B.
Therapies In: Dobson, Keith, S. Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies. New
York: The Guilford Press.

Dryden, W. & Ellis, A. (1988). Rational-emotive therapy. In: Dobson, Keith, S.

Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies. New York: The Guilford Press.

D Zurilla, T. J. (1988). Problem Solving Therapies. In: Dobson, K Handbook of

Cognitive Behavioral Therapies. N. York: The Guilford Press.

D Zurilla, T. J. & Goldfried, M. R. (1971). Problem solving and behavior

modification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78, 107-126.

Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Stuart, New York.

Ellis, A. (1986). RationalEmotive Therapy. In Kutash, I. L. & Wolf, A. (Eds)

Psychotherapists Casebook. USA: Jossey-Bass Inc.

Ellis, A., MacLaren, C. (1998). Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. California:

Impact Publishers.

, . (1995). :
, , . . (.),
, , , .

28
, ., , . & , . (2002).
. : , .

, . (1997). : .
, .

, . (1999). - . .
(.) , University of Indianapolis Athens
Press.

Kanfer, F.H. (1989). Basiskonzepte in der Verhaltenstherapie: Wittchen H.U. (Hrsg),

Verhaltenstherapie in der Medizin. : Springer.

Kanfer, . H. (1970). Self-regulation: Research, issues, and speculation. : C.

Neuringen & J.L. Michael (. .), Behavior modification in clinical
psychology. New York: Appleaton-Century-Crofts.

Kanfer, F.H. & Gaelick-Buys, L. (1991). Self-Management Methods. In: Kanfer, F.,
H. & Goldstein, A.P. Helping People Change-A Textbook of Methods. USA: Allyn &
Bacon.

, . (1992). :
, , . : & (.)
. :
.

Kuyken W. (2006). Evidence-based case formulation: Is the emperor clothed? In

N.Tarrier (Ed.) Case formulation in cognitive behaviour therapy. Hove: Brunner-
Routlege. (Available from info.ex.ac.uk/ Psychology /docs /courses /3223
/assessment_and_formulation.pdf).

29
eichenbaum, D. & Goodman, J. (1971). Training impulsive children to talk to
themselves: A means of developing self-control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77,
115-126.

Persons, J. (1989). Cognitive Therapy in Practice- A case formulation approach N.Y:

W.W. Norton & Company.

Persons, J. (2005) Empiricism, Mechanism, and the Practice of Cognitive-Behavior

Therapy. Behavior Therapy, 36, 107-118.

Prins, F.S. (1999) Behavior regulation: a matter of controlling stimuli In: Bruins,
B.E.E. Constructional Behavior Therapy. A novel development in the Netherlands.
Symposium at the 29th Annual Congress of the European Association for Behavioural
and Cognitive Therapies, 23/09/1999, Dresden, Germany.

Raue, P.J. & Goldfried, M.R. (1994). The therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavior
therapy. : A.O. Horvath & L.S. Greenberg (Eds), he working alliance: Theory,
research, and practice (pp13-152). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Rehm, L.P. & Rokke, P. (1988) Self-Management Therapies. In: Dobson, Keith, S.
Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies. N. York: The Guilford Press.

Schaap, C., Bennum, I., Schindler, L., Hoogduin, K. (1993). The Therapeutic
Relationship in Behavioural Psychotherapy. England: Wiley

Stein, Dan J. (1992) Schemas in the Cognitive and Clinical Sciences: An Integrative
Construct. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration (2), 45-63.

Suinn, R. S. & Richardson, R. (1971) Anxiety management training: A nonspecific

behavior therapy for anxiety control. Behavior Therapy, 2, 498-510.

Tompkins, M.A. (1997). Case formulation in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In:

Leahey, R. Practicing Cognitive Therapy-A Guide to Interventions. N. Jersey: Jason
Aronson Inc.

30
Weishaar, M.E. (1993). Aaron T. Beck. Sage Publications, London.

Wright, J. & Davies, D. (1994). The therapeutic relationship in cognitive

behavioural therapy: patient perceptions and therapist responses. Cognitive and
Behavioural Practice, 1, 25-45.

Van Delden, J.D. van der Wolf. (1999) Symptoms as result of the absence of
regulating stimuli: the Theory of Dominant Active Avoidance. In: Bruins, B.E.E.
Constructional Behavior Therapy. A novel development in the Netherlands.
Symposium at the 29th Annual Congress of the European Association for Behavioural
and Cognitive Therapies, Dresden, Germany.

Vlamings, H.S.M. (1999) Basic treatment in Constructional Behavior Therapy:

restoring and strengthening present patterns of behavior regulation In: Bruins, B.E.E.
Constructional Behavior Therapy. A novel development in the Netherlands.
Symposium at the 29th Annual Congress of the European Association for Behavioural
and Cognitive Therapies, Dresden, Germany.

Young, J.E. (1990, 1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-
focused approach (revised edition). Professional Resource Press.

, . (1995). . .
(.) , , :
.

-, . (2004). -
. , 11 (4), 488-496.

31
 1

32


- ,
-
, .
Beck - Ellis
,
- ,
. , ,
-
-
, ,
.
, -
.
: - , ,
.

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is a brief description of the main theoretical influences of
cognitive-behavioural therapy and of the main therapeutic techniques involved, such
as the cognitive-behavioural assessment, the therapeutic relationship and cognitive
restructuring. Traditionally, the foundations of cognitive-behavioural therapy are
found in the framework of Becks cognitive-behavioural therapy and Elliss rational-
emotive therapy. Nevertheless, highly regarded influence to this model has been
drawn from other approaches, such as the self-management (self-regulation) model,
self-instructional therapy, problem-solving and anxiety management techniques, and
constructional behavior therapy. Assessment and therapeutic relationship depend on
the case-formulation approach, which has also become one of the main therapeutic
tools.
Key words: cognitive-behavioural therapy, case formulation, schema theory.

33

/ Keele
/ Manchester,
- . ,
& /
. ,
,
,
.

.
Concordia .

,
,
.
, ,
.
1994
() .
. , ,

.

34